Double JeopardyHepatotoxins Sensitizers

(Skin)

Sensitizers

(Occ asthma/ HP)

Neuropathy Teratogens

20 20 20 20 20

40 40 40 40 40

60 60 60 60 60

80 80 80 80 80

100 100 100 100 100

Used for making phosphates, detergents, fertilizer. When ingested, causes smoking luminescent stools

Phosphorus (yellow or white)

“Universal Solvent”Penetrates most plastics (makes them swell)Acrylic fiber production, paint strippers

Dimethylformamide (DMF): CLN, steatosis

Heat transfer liquid (transformers/ hydraulic fluid)Fumigant in vineyards (don’t confuse with Bordeaux= copper sulfate)

Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene (HCBD): (hepatic fatty degeneration)

Halogenated hydrocarbon which clasically causes liver injury

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

Paint remover, solvent for plastics (dissolves PVC)

Dimethylacetamide (DMAC)

- Fumigant, solvent- Production of dye, lubricants, adhesives, drugs- Penetrates rubber- Sweet, chloroform odor has poor warning property

Epichlorohydrin

Solvent in plastics/ rubber

Ethylenediamine

Use in dyes, fungicides, veterinary antihelminthic

O-Phenylenediamine (OPD): severe dermatitis

Polymer productionFlocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage)

Acrylamides

Cross-linking properties Making: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA= plexiglass)

Acrylates

Uses: Producing polyurethane polymersVERY common cause of occupational asthma (HP)

Toluene diisocyante (TDI)

Uses: dyes, solvent, emulsifier (skin creams/ latex)

Ethylenediamine (EDA)

Enamels, bonding, synthesis of malathion

In addition to occupational asthma, can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)

Maleic AnhydrideTrimeletic anhydride

Plasticizing for vinyl, plastics (PVC)…  

Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP):

Pyrethrum

Chemical derived from the chrysanthemumUsed as an insecticideCan cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)

-Polymer production, flocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage)- Water treatment, paper, oil, grout

Acrylamides

Uses: Photographic, hot tub chemicals, fumigants...

Bromides (methyl bromide)

Volatile organic solventCold vulcanization of rubber, rayon

Carbon disulfide

Used in plastics, styrofoam, insulation, paint

Styrene

4 Different Agents:1. Halogenated hydrocarbon, industrial solvent/ degreaser

which causes a myelinopathy rather than axonopathy2. Plasticizer in lacquer, hydraulic fluid (Jake leg)3. Used as a solvent in paints, lacquers, ink thinners, glues,

and resins. Acetone odor.4. Industrial solvent classically causing axonopathy

1. Trichloroethylene (myelinopathy)2. Triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)3. Methy-n-butyl ketone (MnBK)4. n-hexane

Polymer productionFlocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage)

Acrylamides (rodents: tibial & optic nerve degeneration)

Volatile organic solventCold vulcanization of rubber, rayon

Carbon disulfide (heart, CNS, craniofacial)

A solvent used as a fluid in transformers, capacitors, and as a coolantA persistent organic pollutant, banned in US in 1979

PCB’s: Cola-colored skinIUGRSkull calcifications

Sources of this toxin are primarily from environmental release of elemental mercury

Methylmercury (CP-like syndrome)

Carbon monoxide is a teratogen (cerebral atrophy, MR, death). What organic solvent is metabolized to CO-?

Methylene chloride