Dominica’s 4th National Report

to the

Convention of Biological Diversity

Table of Contents

Terms and Acronyms Pg. 3 Executive Summary Pg. 5 Background and Introduction Pg. 7 Overview of biodiversity Trends and Status Pg. 19 Current Status Of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Pg. 33 Sectoral And Cross–Sectoral Integration Or Mainstreaming Of

Biodiversity Considerations Pg. 40

Progress Towards The 2010 Target And Consideration For

Implementation Of The Strategic Plan Pg. 48

Appendix 1 Pg. 50

Terms and Acronyms

ABS Access Benefit Sharing CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDERA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora COTS Caribbean Open Trade Strategy DARAC Dominica Association of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning DWA Dominica Water-Sports Association ECU Environmental Coordinating Unit EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Emergency Management Act ESDU Environmental and Sustainable Development Unit EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IODE Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange IUCN The World Conservation Union LAMA Local Area Management Authority MDG Millennium Development Goal

NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan NBSF National Biosafety Framework NLUP Nation Land Use Plan OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States ODM Office of Disaster Management

OPAAL OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods Project

SIDS Small Island Developing States SLM Sustainable Land Management SSMR Soufriere-Scottshead Marine Reserve TPMP Terminal Phase-out Management Plan UNDP United Nation Development Programme UNEP United Nation Environmental Programme UNESCO United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development

Executive Summary

In this report an update of the developments which have taken place since the last

reporting period is undertaken followed by the 2010 targets which, as listed, despite the

prevailing circumstances, are quite attainable as most of them have had the requisite

ground-works for their fruition initiated. However, the perpetuation of the environment to

foster such deliberations remains a critical challenge.

Since the development and approval of the National Biological Strategy and Action Plan

(NBSAP) for the period 2001 – 2005, Dominica has grappled with the elements to try to

realise some of the NBSAP’s basic components. In the face of a rapidly declining global

economic situation, which propagates circumstances that make fiscal prudence the watch-

word of any governing authority, the challenges faced by Small Island Developing States

(SIDS) like Dominica to implement its NBSAP, become daunting progressively. These

circumstances create the situation whereby there is a struggle for governments to decide

between long term goals and short term gains.

In the face of all such adversities Dominica can report progress, though not in the

projected magnitude. However, environmental challenges continue to be a factor arising

from inadequate and inappropriate land use practices and coastal zone management, all of

which emanate from inadequate planning, poor regulation and enforcement. The regular

onslaughts of natural phenomena such as hurricanes and of late increases in seismic

activities signal the dire need to ensure that biodiversity and human livelihoods need to

be preserved by the implementation of appropriate policies.

Consolidation and improve policy and regulatory reforms need attention. This must also

be complemented by an increase in human resource capacity. Efforts at doubling the level

of in-house expertise in Dominica must be given due consideration. The programmes that

are in trend in Dominica that highlight the importance of conservation of biological

diversity must be continued and allowed to continue to spread.

The work of the parties involved in raising the level of public awareness as to the

conservation of biological diversity in Dominica has been commendable. The drive to

bring to the fore the importance of, and the rights of indigenous people to Access Benefit

Sharing can be singled out as one of the major platforms set during the review period.

This is coupled by issues relevant to sensitization of the respective authorities to address

legislative regimes that should make the hard work of the respective stakeholders

meaningful in their quest realize the State’s obligation to the convention.

Greater investment in environmental conservation is critical, especially within the private

sector and tourism industry. New partnerships with the various sectors of society must be

forged in that quest to uplift the awareness and maintain the drive to reduce the

destruction of biodiversity.

The importance of establishing uniformly higher environmental standards, strengthening

compliance with environmental laws and regulations, and raising public awareness and

reporting on environmental issues needs to be taken to a new level. This can be attained if

the appropriate and timely review of the NBSAP is undertaken. Since the development of

the NBSAP more relevant concerns have come to light as well as the many new players

have surfaced and need to be integrated into the action plan. The call to revisit the

strategy and action plan is important and should be heeded to with the greatest degree of

expedience.

While the report card of Dominica as to its performance during the period in review can

be rated as progressive, there is still scope for short term gains. For this a listing of

imminent targets followed by a summarization of components that complete the 2010

targets slate are presented.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1. The Commonwealth of Dominica occupies a central location along the

archipelago of the Eastern Caribbean, lies between the French islands of Guadeloupe to

the north and Martinique to the south, at 15° 30’ North Latitude and 61° 25’ West

Longitude. Dominica is the most northerly and largest of the sub-regional Windward

Islands grouping, with a total land area of 750.6 square kilometres (290 square miles).

Figure 1 Location of Dominica within the Caribbean

2. Dominica has 153 kilometers (95 miles) of coastline, which adjoins a 715 sq. km

coastal shelf. Its narrow continental shelf, which is more extensive on the east coast along

with its steep, undulating underwater contours present special challenges and features for

those who harvest as well as those who have to harness its potential.

3. The island’s total population recorded in 2001 was 71,727*. The population

distribution by parish or population zones indicates that the largest communities are

* Central Statistics Division Ministry of Finance, Dominica

Roseau and its environs with 14 847 persons which represents almost 21% of the total

population. Most of the population centers are along the coast.

4. Dominica is very mountainous and of volcanic origin and measures 47 kilometres

long and 22 kilometres wide, at its widest point. The topography of the island is

dominated by a central line of volcanic peaks that rise to 1,220 metres and from which

radiate numerous ridges that extend to the coastline where they sometimes end abruptly

as steep sea cliffs. The rich volcanic soils are porous but partly unstable with variable

depths and degrees of drainage. The rich volcanic soils are usually well watered by

numerous streams and rivers. The terrain is very rugged and steep. The high mountains

and deep ravines are covered in rich tropical forests.

5. The central watershed areas are no more than 6.5 km from the sea in all directions

and for conservation purposes has been demarcated as Forest Reserve or National Park

Reserve in which no agricultural farming is permitted. A number of subsidiary peaks

(about 610 metres) are found just outside this central line of ridges, dislocating to some

extent the natural radial distribution of the main ridges. The relief is extraordinarily

abrupt with highly dissected terrain, numerous steep or precipitous slopes and with

relatively little flat land. Estimates of land slope classes as a percentage of the total area

indicated that 85% of the land is very steep or mountainous, 13% is steeply undulating

and 2% is flat or gently undulating. As a result only a relatively small proportion of the

land area is considered available for agriculture. Of an estimated total landmass of

197,500 ha, 94,800 ha have been classified as unutilized, and 17,800 ha classified as

suitable for agriculture. According to the 1995 Agriculture Census, 23,473 ha were under

farms of which 61% or 13,031 ha were cultivated and 28.1 % or 5,980 ha in forest.

6. Flat land is restricted to the coastal areas and certain isolated pockets in the centre

of the island. Population centres are concentrated in these areas. Thus, farming is

generally restricted to the many rugged slopes, which already is an indication of how

vulnerable these farm lands are, and can become, depending of the method of farming

that is being undertaken in these very susceptible areas.

7. Figure 3 Land Use Map of Dominica

Climate

8. The climate of Dominica is classified as “humid tropical marine”, with average

temperatures of 27oC (80oF). Because of the island's elevated and rugged topography,

micro-climatic variability can exist over very short distances and is influenced by the

high moisture content of the air masses (the northeasterly trade winds) that enter from the

Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Average annual rainfall over the island ranges

from just above 2,000 mm (79 in) along the west coast to in excess of 7,620 mm (300 in)

in the interior. The bulk of the rainfall occurs between June and November, which are

the peak months for cyclonic activity. The drier period extends from January to May.

9. High rainfall makes the island susceptible to landslides particularly in

mountainous areas. Dominica’s rugged topography results in considerable amount of

orographic rainfall.

10. Table 1.1(a) and Table 1.1(b) below provide rainfall and temperature data. The

data provided by both Tables indicates the significant climatic differences that may exist

within Dominica, despite the small size of the country.

Table 1.1(a): Data Recorded at Melville Hall Airport Temperature†,

Rainfall and Humidity (1994-2007)

Year Average Maximum Temperature

(Celcius)

Min. Average Annual

Temperature

Total Rainfall (Mm)

Average Relative Humidity (%)

1994 30.5 21.0 1950.6 75 1995 31.6 20.8 2873.8 76 1996 30.8 21.3 2709.0 77 1997 30.9 21.8 2195.1 76 1998 30.1 24.0 3319.5 79 1999 29.7 23.4 2309.1 77 2000 29.4 23.7 2309.1 77 2001 29.7 23.8 2415.8 77 2002 29.4 24.0 2365.9 78 2003 29.9 23.6 2719.0 76 2004 29.8 23.3 3731.8 75 2005 31.8 21.5 2417.6 75 2006 31.5 21.7 2554.6 76 2007 30.2 23.7 2331.0 74 † Degrees centigrade

Table 1.1(b): Data recorded at Canefield Airport Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity

Year Max. Mean Annual Air Temperature

Min. Mean Annual

Temperature

Total Rainfall (Mm)

Average Relative Humidity (%)

1994 30.7 23.1 1547.2 69 1995 31.1 23.2 1706.2 72 1996 30.8 23.3 1986.3 72 1997 31.0 23.6 1800.3 69 1998 31.5 23.9 2204.2 72 1999 31.1 23.5 1660.8 70 2000 30.6 23.4 1266.1 68 2001 31.0 23.5 1573.2 67 2002 33.3 25.5 1476.8 68 2003 31.0 23.8 1644.0 68 2004 30.8 23.2 2057.3 70 2005 33.6 21.6 1803.1 68 2006 33.0 21.1 1737.8 64 2007 31.3 22.9 1678.0 62

Source: Commonwealth of Dominica Meteorological Office.2008

Natural Hazards and Vulnerability

8. The conclusion of the United Nations Global Conference on the Sustainable

Development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS.) held in Barbados in 1994 left no

doubt that Small Island developing states, like Dominica are economically, socially,

culturally and environmentally vulnerable. The vulnerability of the land resources, human

settlements and infrastructure to the consequences of Climate Change has been more

apparent recently. Terrestrial and marine biodiversity are coming under increasing

pressures from the island’s economic development, based primarily on agricultural

(bananas) and ago-processing, and manufacturing activities and more recently tourism.

9. The primary natural hazards affecting the island are tropical storms and

hurricanes and their attendant impacts, which include erosion, landslides and floods.

There may be occasional localized drought spells which is not widespread. The

Commonwealth Vulnerability Index rates Dominica as having the sixth (out of 111

countries evaluated) most vulnerable economy (to external shocks and natural hazards) in

the world, and the most vulnerable in the Caribbean.

10. Figure 4 Landslide Hazard Map

11. The island is located within the Atlantic hurricane belt. Hurricanes are

characterized by strong winds and are generally accompanied by heavy rainfall and by

storm surges in coastal areas. Impacts of these storms include loss of life, damage to

property, and disruptions to the natural environment. Rainfall associated with the passage

of tropical weather systems is an important source of freshwater which to some extend is

a supplement for the rich vegetation and water resources Dominica is endowed with.

12. Over the period 1987 to 1997, Dominica was affected by nine tropical cyclonic

systems which ranged in intensity from localized wind blows to intense hurricanes.

Certain parts of the island and infrastructure are yet to recover fully from the impact of

Hurricane David which dealt the most severe blow to the island in history in 1979. This

trend continues up to the present whereby weather disturbances of similar range of

magnitude persist seasonally.

Figure 5. Storm surge of Hurricane Lenny in 1999 flooding the water front promenade, Roseau

Figure 6 Wave-action during Hurricane Omar (2008) at the water front promenade, Roseau.

13. In November 1999 the latter part of the hurricane season the west coast of

Dominica was devastated by Hurricane Lenny. It dumped comparatively little rain but

produced waves that were unprecedented and destroyed homes, property and the set the

fisheries sector a few years back as most marine resources and fisheries boats and land-

base infrastructure there were severely affected. A replica of that incident occurred in

September 2008.

14. As late as August 16th – 17th, 2007, the island was struck by Hurricane Dean.

Dominica suffered immensely from the passage of this category 2 weather system whose

eye or centre travelled between Martinique and St. Lucia but whose outer-bands dumped

a total of 8 inches of rain over an 18-hour period on the island and generated wind gusts

up to 78 mph. Infrastructure, agriculture, transport and fisheries were severely impacted.

15. The impact of Hurricane Dean was assessed as significant. The high levels of

precipitation resulted in landslides which accounted for two deaths and caused sever

damage to the island’s road network. High winds and flash flooding also resulted in

significant damage to the agricultural sector, commercial and residential buildings and

other key physical infrastructure. Damages sustained were in excess of EC $162 million

amounting to approximately 24% of Dominica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

16. Figure 6. Waves during Hurricane Lenny battering tourism facilities

That figure was further revised and set up to about $ EC 225 million (US $ 83.3 million).

The island is yet to recuperate from the impact of this hurricane which rendered the main

agricultural export crop to its longest period of none production since 1979. (Office of

Disaster Management –Situation Report of Hurricane Dean, 2007). Replacement or rehabilitation

cost is project to exceed the aforementioned.

17. As recent as September 2008 the unexpected impact of Hurricane Omar with 40-

foot waves struck the west coast of Dominica and caused considerable damage to marine

systems while reaping havoc and consequential loss to the coastal infrastructure, roads,

homes and fisheries facilities. Several coastal communities were temporarily isolated

because roads were uprooted by heavy seas, disrupting any form of vehicular traffic for

days.

18. Much of Dominica’s communities are located on the coast and access to them is

usually by routes that meander cliffs’ that overhang or line the coastline. Any hurricane

with accompanying turbulent seas threatens life and property in the many coastal

communities that lay there. The overall estimated cost of damage to fisheries

infrastructure alone borders around EC $16 million. The frequent devastations to coastal

infrastructure by natural phenomenon makes it incumbent to put in place sea defence

structures some of which may have adverse impacts of some form on living biota.

19. Evidence of neglect to basis sustainable land management principles and the

mentality to focus on short term gains and planning are often exposed with the passage of

hurricanes. In a coastal vulnerability assessment undertaken in 2007, “a consistent theme

observed was the vulnerability of roads and buildings that are near or on the beach to

storm surge flooding. A serious lack of planning was observed, as houses are currently

being constructed on the beach, with no guidance of required setback distances and

consideration for constructing outside of the wave inundation zone.”‡ The same is true

for settlements that are in low lying areas some of which are vulnerable to flooding from

river action.

20. In a survey conducted in 2006 to assess which communities were most vulnerable

to coastal impacts, inland flooding and landslide hazards, the following show the

findings. The communities were listed and then prioritized with respect to vulnerability,

with one (1) indicating the most vulnerable, and increasing numbers representing a

decrease in vulnerability. The assessment also determined that the following

communities (not listed in any specific order) were vulnerable due to poverty: Dublanc /

Bioche, Pointe Michel/ Soufriere/Scotts Head, Toucarie, Thibaud, Fond St. Jean, and

Layou.

‡Inception Report of Coastal Vulnerability Assessment – Dominica

Table 1-2. Prioritization of Coastal Villages' Vulnerability

Coastal Inland Flooding

Landslides

1 Pointe Michel/ Soufriere/ Scottshead

Layou Valley Bellevue/Pichelin/ Grand Bay

2 Calibishie Pichelin Carib Reserve 3 Thibaud Melville Hall Pointe Michel/Soufriere/

Scottshead 4 Grand Bay/ Dubique / Fond St. Jean

Calibishie Carholm / Layou

5 Mahaut Dublanc Calibishie 6 Layou Roseau Valley 7 Dublanc/Bioche Thibaud 8 Toucarie 9 Rosalie

21. Many of the communities appear to be vulnerable to more than one hazard. In

some cases the fact that several are listed as being vulnerable by virtue of poverty levels,

indicated that these should be included in the assessment listing, particularly where multi-

hazard vulnerability was a factor. In summary therefore, the following sites (Table 2-3)

were put forward as candidates for the most vulnerable coastal towns and villages.

Table 1-3 Most vulnerable coastal towns and villages. Towns Coastal Villages

West Coast East Coast

Roseau Soufriere to Scotts Head Calibishie

Portsmouth Mahaut Thibaud

Layou Dubique to Fond St. Jean

Bioche

Dublanc

Toucarie

22. The mechanisms to counter such level of vulnerability include erecting water

defense walls. These are cost intensive structures and while they have been deemed as

essential, they cannot be erected due to financial constraints at the rate of seasonal

destruction which results and continue to cause loss of biodiversity among others.

23. This and other developments reveal the challenges in the implementation of the

some aspects of the CBD convention, many of which are daunting, and emphasizes the

need to work concertedly at putting in place the supporting mechanisms to foster

realization of the islands commitment to the convention.

24. Seismic activity in Dominica is significant and can be frequent. It is estimated

that over 90% of the population live within 5 kilometres of seismic activity zones. In

November 2004 the country’s vulnerability to seismic hazards was brought into sharp

focus with the occurrence of torrential rains delivering over 530 mm over a 5-day period

(recorded at the Melville Hall Airport between November 17th and 22nd) that coincided

with a strong earthquake§ on November 21st. The events triggered major landslides at the

communities of Thibaud, Vieille Case and Penville situated in the north of the island.

Massive flooding with observed heavy soil loss due to erosion contributed to significant

silting of major rivers in the east such as the Rosalie River (Rosalie area), the Sari-Sari

and Thabari Rivers (La Plaine area), the Mahaut River (Morne Jaune area) along with

sedimentation of the near-shore marine environments.

§ Source: http://earthquake.uszs.gov/recenteqsww/quakes/usrcaz.htp. The earthquake which had a measured magnitude of 6.3 on the Richter Scale occurred at 7:41:07 am (local time at epicenter at location 15.677° N, 61.650° W or 15 miles WNW (300°) from Portsmouth, Dominica, on November 21, 2004. While no fatalities were sustained, there was significant damage to buildings and other infrastructure (including hospitals, schools, churches and dwelling houses) in the north and north east of the island. The official estimate for necessary repairs, rehabilitation and reconstruction work to official buildings as a consequence of the recent earthquake and accompanying heavy rainfall is US$19.1 million. This estimate takes account of funds needed for restoring public works, i.e. roads, bridges, schools and health facilities. It does not include the cost of repairs to private homes and other facilities, nor does it represent a full economic, social and environmental impact of the damage.

CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY TRENDS AND STATUS

1. In the NBSAP some major threats to biodiversity were listed as summarized

in the ensuing table with an indication of the rating of progress that has been made in

addressing these. Despite the progress ratings so tabulated as captured by assessments

of various government bodies, there is still much work to be done and to continue as

progressively new challenges and areas of concern become development dynamic.

2. Table 2-0 Summary of Biodiversity Threats

Stated Threats Rating Action

Deforestation Decline There is a gradual movement from agriculture. Less unsuitable land is being cleared for cultivation. However in some areas agricultural land is being converted into housing/real estate areas

Over-exploitation of wildlife Decline An increase in public awareness progrmmes and the more direct involvement of communities in natural resource management. Enforcement of relevant laws is on the rise

Encroachment Decline Vigilant forest rangers act as deterrent. Land ownership disputes acted on promptly

Unregulated development Problematic Lack of effective and consistent policy and inadequate manpower resources

Introduction of foreign species Problematic Illegal trading and trans-boundary movement from nearby French Departments are difficult to control. Introduction of CITES principles and human resource beefing up required

Loss of agro-biodiversity Problematic Measures to control this will be featured in legal regimes under consideration

Impacts from climate change Concern Comprehensive multi-sectoral measures are being considered

Uncontrolled use of biotechnology

Being addressed Work in progress by various agencies

Pollution Being addressed Measures being introduced to address this concern

Natural disasters Increasing Increase in seismic and cyclonic activity. Disaster mitigation measures

Loss of traditional knowledge Gradual decline

Awareness building ongoing. Legislative support initiated

Inappropriate legal/institutional frameworks

Concern Manpower resources lacking. Training and legal support initiated

3. The mere inclination from the various agencies concerned that the prevailing

situation has not moved to more grave status is a positive sign. However, the task of

achieving any degree of forward motion gets more challenging as resources get

scarce.

Biodiversity

4. Dominica possesses an extensive range of terrestrial and marine biodiversity,

despite its small size. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the island area is covered by natural

vegetation ranging from dry scrub woodland on the west coast to lush, tropical rain

forest in the interior and a wide variety of fauna and flora. (Agriculture Census 1995)

Some 155 families, 672 genera and 1226 species of vascular plants have been

identified on the island. A number of plant species are considered endemic to the

island including Sabinea carinalis (Bwa Kwaib), the national flower of Dominica.

5. Seven (7) distinct vegetation communities are present ranging from montane

rainforest to coastal swamp and dry scrub woodland. Fumarole vegetation associated

with volcanic activity is also present.

6. The avifauna of Dominica is very diverse and may be the most diverse among

States in the Eastern Caribbean. It comprises an excess of 175 species of birds most

of which are migratory but 60 of which are known to breed in Dominica, including

the endemic parrot species Amazona imperialis and Amazona arausiaca that are

considered endangered and threatened respectively (IUCN Red Data List). Their

population recorded earlier as at 200 and 1500 respectively have increased. They are

listed as specially protected birds under Dominican law. Reports of illegal trafficking

of some wildlife species out of the State have heightened concern. To address that

issue a workshop of stakeholders was held. Stakeholders were brought up to date with

some of the measures that are being implemented by CITES authorities globally to

combat the trans boundary movement of wildlife products and their implications. It is

expected that mechanisms to secure our borders so as to eradicate such activities will

be strengthened.

7. Dominica's very youthful and fragile forest landscape makes it very

susceptible to the effects of land degradation. Historically, Dominica has had a strong

tradition of conserving its land resource base. Early records indicate formal attempts

at land preservation and sustainable management of biodiversity dating back to the

Botanical Gardens Act of 1898. By the 1950's the first Forest Ordinance was enacted

which authorized the establishment of Forest Reserves on Crown Lands and protected

forest on private land for purposes of soil and water conservation. (O. Grell, NCSA

Report 2005.).

8. The efforts of the Division of Forestry, the lead agency with responsibility for

the management of the forest, continue at promoting measures to curtail intrusion into

the forest reserves along with critical vigilance to enforce laws that govern the harvest

of terrestrial wildlife. To that extent, public awareness building through regular radio

programmes and meeting with special interest groups and communities have been

ongoing. This is also tied in with a nationwide trend at promoting Dominica as an

eco-tourism destination. The collaboration of other sectors in this endeavour has been

encouraging but lacking in full effectiveness.

9. There has been a renewed thrust in the tourism sector targeting land-base

resources. This will definitely bring to bear pressure on the terrestrial resources of

Dominica. As a means to ensuring the perpetuation of terrestrial species, government

through an EU funded initiative has undertaken the development of a major eco-

tourism project named Waitikubuli National Trail. This trail will extend the length of

the island from north to south and will traverse the island’s various climatic,

vegetative, topographic as well as social communities. This project is anticipated to

be a means to reduce adverse impacts of tourism related activities as exist today have

on the environment; with a strong tendency to be scattered and unregulated all over

the island,. This national trail initiative is a comprehensive approach at sustainable

land management and involves the participation of all related sectors. It provides for

active roles and derivatives for communities that it traverses. Hence the level of

involvement of stakeholders will be tremendous and consequently their awareness to

implementation of components of the NBSAP.

10. Dominica has since 2004 drafted an up-to-date Emergency Management Act

(EMA) which is yet to be enacted. Part VI of the Act addresses Specially Vulnerable

Areas and makes provisions for the Director of the Office of Disaster Management

(ODM) to demarcate especially hazard prone areas for formal declaration by the

Minister. It goes further to permit development of special area precautionary plans

inclusive of strategies, policies and standards for future development. The proposed

act contains sections that are complementary to, and supportive of, existing laws from

other agencies as far as sustainable land management is concerned. It adds depth to

the 2002 Physical Planning Act which addresses construction practices, sub-division

and development review by having provision for prohibitions to land use activities

that remove vegetation or disturb soils and geological resources. The inappropriate

management of land promotes to a large extent in a Dominican context, vulnerability

of biodiversity to natural phenomena.

11. The introduction of plantation agriculture from early colonization and with

commercial mono-crop agriculture (bananas in particular), in the post 1940 period,

are trends that brought about significant pressures to bear on the fragile resource base

and increased levels of potential for biodiversity loss, land degradation and

desertification. Presently, the situation is exacerbated by impacts associated with the

conversion of large plantations to small farmer holdings, modernization of the

economy through the construction and tourism sectors in particular, as well as the

gradual acquisition and occupation of farmlands for housing and community

expansion, particularly in the rural areas.

12. In Dominica factors such as deforestation, pollution, overexploitation of

resources, unregulated development, natural disasters, and impacts from climate

change are still considered as the main threats to biodiversity.

13. With a decline in profitability and viability of engagement in the banana

industry, a condition brought about by removal of preferential treatment by Europe

for our banana exports and the imposition of several global trade restrictions and

conditions, there has been a concerted trend towards developing tourism as an

alternative and ,or, substitute to agriculture. This initiative is being undertaken by the

appropriate authorities with the view that the precautionary approach should be at the

forefront of any development to accommodate this tourism development thrust.

However, in the absence of the appropriate mechanisms and sound strategic planning,

even in the short term, there exists the possibility for ad hoc development for short

term gains as is currently evident in the tourism sector. The conversion of prime

agricultural lands into housing lots and schemes, resorts and other uses, is a growing

trend which dictates the need for immediate and appropriate attention.

14. There has been certain actions taken in the form of land use planning

programmes and zoning developed since the last report but full implementation of

same has not been forthcoming. In the interim there continues to be a perpetuation of

the practices which compromise the integrity of many natural ecosystems. Such

developments are not only restricted to agricultural lands but also include beach /

coastal areas.

1.3. Protected Areas.

(i). Terrestrial

15. Twenty-five percent of Dominica’s forest lands are legally protected either as

forest reserves or National Parks. Dominica has two (2) declared Government Forest

Reserves namely the Central Forest Reserve (410 hectares) established in 1951 and

the Northern Forest Reserve (5,475 hectares) established in 1977. These two Forest

Reserves in the north-central part of the island cover over 11% of Dominica’s land

area.

16. Three National Parks have been designated. The Morne Trois Pitons National

Park (6,872 hectares) was established in 1975, the Cabrits National Park (5,388

hectares), which includes a marine component, was established in 1986, and the

Morne Diablotin National Park (3,335 hectares) was established in 2000. The Morne

Trois Pitons National Park was officially declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in

1998. Management Plans have been developed for the three National Parks.

17. Figure National Parks, Marine and Forest Reserves

18. There is constant monitoring of the activities executed in these areas and the

impacts of these may have on the biodiversity contained therein. One of the major

developing trends within these spaces is development of tourism related activities.

Already within the national parks tourism is thriving and efforts at ensuring the limits

of the carrying capacity of these areas are critical. However, as a means to allay any

negative impacts on carrying capacity brought about by growing interests and

investments in tourism activities, the aforementioned new national trail should serve

in good stead.

19. The development of many organized tourism activities such as an aerial tram

through the More Trois Piton national park, wilderness rides and adventure related

theme parks and the development of natural wellness centres are positive attributes

towards containing and managing developments that if allowed to persist unregulated

can have severe impacts on the State’s biodiversity. Many small, private holdings are

being converted into localities that are attuned to tourist attractions. In this manner, a

certain degree of awareness to the fragility of living biota is perpetuated and

consequently realisation of some aspects of the valuable of the biodiversity will take

root.

20. There is an increase in the number of sites that have been come under the

guise of Protected Areas though not legislated. Some of these include sections of a

river or a water fall, an old plantation, a historic site, etc. These are private holdings

that have been so designated by the owners or community operations. The activities

permitted to be executed are in sync with those executed in the officially designated

sites. These sites however tend to have an affinity towards being a tourist attraction.

Regardless of the form of shape these take they indicate a growing level of

discretionary awareness for the preservation of the biodiversity.

(ii). Marine

Cabrits National Park – Marine Component

21. The marine component of the Cabrits National Park though so designated

since the establishment of the Park, has not been made fully operational. At present

there is an initiative to model a management scheme to bring to bear a programme

that may make fully operative the said sector. This project is supposed to have a

strong community-base component and intends to bring together a grouping of

stakeholders to manage the operations. Funding for the initial phase of

implementation of that project has been secured under the Protected Areas and

Associated Livelihoods Project (OPAAL) as part of the Organization of Eastern

Caribbean States Environmental and Sustainable Development Unit (OECS-ESDU)

Soufriere-Scottshead Marine Reserve (SSMR)

22. An expanse of the marine waters of the south of the island was designated as

Marine Reserve in 1998. That marine reserve is fully operational. This marine space

referred to as the Soufriere-Scottshead Marine Reserve (SSMR) was so developed to

avoid user conflicts between traditional users (fishermen) and new entrants in the

water-sports sector of the tourism industry. The SSMR allows for the protection of a

very unique marine ecosystem including the adjacent fringing coastline. That said

space contains some of the islands most wholesome coral reef systems, warm

underwater sulphur vents, abrupt underwater drop-offs, ideal location for schooling

migrating coastal pelagic fish and cetacean species, thus making the site a focal point

for recreation as well as being heavily favoured by the immediate surrounding

communities as a traditional area of fishing, for food security and income generation.

Components of it are internationally rate as a world class scuba diving destination.

23. That protection status granted to this marine area and adjacent fringing

coastline was among others, an attempt to give protection to the biodiversity therein,

as well as to establish zones within that marine space for designated sustainable

marine related activities, thereby reducing user conflict issues and allaying any

possibility of the tourism activities depriving the traditional users access to the

resource.

24. The impacts of these have brought about systematic approaches to

management of the resource. Increases in recreational activities have been recorded

and the issue of carrying capacity from both activities (new recreational and

traditional users) are being kept under close scrutiny.

25. There are ongoing monitoring activities for impacts of natural and other land

base processes that may occur. Sedimentation traps as an example are located along

various sections of the SSMR for that purpose. The issue of coral bleaching has been

a concern but not yet a threat and surveillance for same remains a priority. There is a

community base approach to management of the SSMR in place. This is reaping good

results and is a mechanism that is used to enhance public awareness. This awareness

has been on the upswing.

SSMR-Day

26. Local businesses in the area together with the Dominica Water-Sports

Association (DWA) teamed up with the Fisheries Division and the Local Area

Management Authority (LAMA) of the SSMR to host schools (35 - 50) from across

the island each year to observe SSMR-DAY (Soufriere-Scottshead Marine Reserve

Day). This event allows schools to interact with different features of the reserve.

Allows for promotion and appreciation of various components of the reserve and

most importantly educate participants as to the rational and importance of setting up a

marine reserve in the quest to protect and manage biodiversity. A keenly contested

quiz on matters at the SSMR among the visiting schools on that day makes up an

integral part of that day’s activities. This has become a staple event on the calendar of

all schools on the island which has been ongoing since 1992.

27. A feasibility study is on its way in the SSMR with the assistance of GEF

Small Grant Project to probe into the establishment of more coral reefs as a means to

address future increasing demands on the resource therein, with the increase of cruise

tourism being experienced. If successful a Biorock reef development project will

come to fruition.

28. Marine Resources

29. The living marine resources in the near-shore space around Dominica are

limited due to the narrow continental shelf that lines the island. The reef resources

around there are few in comparison to the abundance in other Caribbean States.

Exploitation of the living marine resources is relatively under control in that there is a

regime of fisheries laws and regulations that are fairly modern and addresses

control/management mechanisms. Also trends in further development of that sector

are inclined towards offshore pelagic fish species thus reducing introduction of undue

stress on coral reef fish species.

Table Status of Critical Coastal Marine Resources

Status Species Then Current

Cause

White Sea Urchin Endangered

Threatened

Exact cause is not known. There is no fishery for this resource - some environmental factors such as poor water quality are suspected Population on the rise where habitat conditions improve – less polluted runoffs, reduced sedimentation, etc

Marine Turtles Threatened

Lessened Threat

illegal harvesting, loss of habitat and nesting grounds Above still present but at reduced level. Community conservation initiatives having positive impact

Corals Severely Threatened Severely

Threatened Siltation due to erosion from poor land management practices, anchor damage, scuba diving, collection of coral for export5, poor fishing practices, natural disasters.

Sea grass Threatened

Lessened Threat

Siltation is the main cause of death of this species. Population has proliferated where siltation has been absent but concerns remain

a). Reef Fish

and

b). coastal pelagic

resources

Threatened a). Threatened

b). Lessened

Threat

Habitat destruction, poor water quality poor fishing practices along west coast of Dominica. Resource rebounded positively. Lately harvest levels of coastal pelagics are on the rise

5 There is a reduction in such activity as mechanisms (CITES and others) are in place. Also a State approved outfit that use to export coral to lucrative foreign market has been banned.

30. Dominica’s inshore fisheries resources are already very vulnerable to nature’s

seasonal deeds but poor agricultural and developmental practices and of late increase

in land mining activities add further stress onto that limited resource base.

31. Land base Mining

32. Quarrying for stones, sand, pumice and other construction base material is a

growing enterprise in Dominica. It is seen as a major export oriented activity, in light of

the existing economic situation. Many coastal ridges and mountains along with portions

of Dominica’s largest river (Layou River) are major mining centres. Most quarries on

island are foreign owned with a substantial export volume of quarry material destined for

the French West Indies, the United States of America and to other Organization of

Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) destinations.

33. The runoffs from these mining facilities are having devastating impacts on the

marine ecosystem. It destroys whatever little remnant of coral habitat that is there,

making fishing in these parts a nightmare. The impacts of effluents from these land

mining sites on to the ocean after heavy downpours or hurricane is alarming.

34. However, the growing numbers of land mining operations concentrated on the

west coast of the island will not be allowed to contribute to the further demise of the

coastal resources and by extension the livelihood of approximately 18 fishing

communities that are directly affected by the impact of land mining operations. Last

year Government took the decision to cease the granting of any further new licences

to land mining operations. This is being followed by a number of monitoring

programmes to see that the measures suggested to mitigate their impacts on the

environment are effective.

35. While there is a freeze on mining operations on the west coast, two new

mining operations, one dealing with the extraction of pumice in the south and another

on the south east extracting rocks have commenced operations.

Currently Operated 1) West Indies Aggregates, Colihaut

2) R.D.R. Williams Inc., Anse Cola

3) P.H. Williams & Co. Ltd., Anse Gabriel

4) Sodex Enterprises Ltd., Bouleau

5) West Indies Sand, Layou

6) Walsh Trucking, Layou

7) West Indies Sand, Hillsborough Estate

8) Caribbean Aggregate, Mahaut

9) P.H. Williams & Co. Ltd., Les Pointes

10) P.H. Williams & Co. Ltd., Canefield

11) P.H. Williams & Co. Ltd., Cocoyer

12) Carib Sand & Stone Ltd., La Falaise

Planned or Proposed 1) Aggpit Caribbean Inc., Bouleau-Coulibistrie

2) Brookhill Estate, St. Joseph 3) Stone quarry (Stowe – South east) 4) Pumice mining (Soufriere – South)

36. Despite of this aforementioned policy decision by government which is

indicative of the level of commitment that is being exhibited for the preservation of

the State’s biodiversity, it must be noted that Mining and Quarrying (12 percent)6

were among the three sectors of the economy which registered positive performance

in the economy for 2007-2008.

37. In light of the foregoing developments, there is need to look into making

adjustments to the NBSAP to address and accommodate the challenges and

advancements respectively that have developed since the passage of the strategy and

action plan. The new projects, programmes and their requisite authorities, some of

which did not exist at the time of the commissioning of the NBSAP will have to be

brought on board.

6 Prime Minister’s 2008 Budget Address

38. With the developments that are taking place since the last reporting period, it

is imperative that the strategy be revisited by bringing together the stakeholders to

take stock and review the issues with a view to forging a management regime to see

to the effectiveness of the implementation of the NBSAP. The need for this approach

is deemed as being a top priority agenda.

CHAPTER 2

CURRENT STATUS OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AN D

ACTION PLANS

1. Since the passage of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

(NBSAP), Dominica has worked hard and steadily towards implementation of the varied

components of that plan amidst severe constraints brought about by natural disasters

(passage of frequent hurricanes), contracting economies, and implementation of various

austerity measures influenced by global economic trends that led to funds becoming a

scarce commodity. These were accompanied by a gradual decline in production of the

mainstay of the economy brought about by changing international trade regimes. For the

first half of 2007 (January to August), export production of the main export crop, banana,

reached almost 7000 tonnes bringing in an amount of EC$ 9.6 million. Following the

passage of Hurricane Dean, a mere 130 tonnes of banana were exported for the rest of the

year, earning only $175,000. Preliminary figures suggest that the agricultural sector

contracted by 5.2%.7

2. While these persist, the shift from the dominance of the dependence on

agriculture moved to tourism, which also recorded a contraction in the vicinity of 5%.8

The developing global economic meltdown though not being felt in its full magnitude

yet, will undoubtedly generate significant challenges that will impact on the living biota

and trends of man’s interaction with the biodiversity. These exaggerate demands on the

need for effective, sustainable and immediate implementation of the NBSAP.

Maximizing of profits in a highly competitive environment became the norm.

3. Work on the development of a National Land Use Plan (NLUP) has commenced

although not fully realized. To this end a consultancy has been awarded for the

development of a Terms of Reference as a precursor. Funding for this initiative was

secured in part from the European Union Ecotourism Development Project. Its execution

7 Prime Ministers 2009 Budget Address 8 ibid

is consistent with the Physical Planning Act, No. 5 of 2002 and will involve a series of

public awareness and consultation. The NLUP and this proposed Sustainable Land

Management (SLM) Project are congruent with sustainable development initiatives

promoted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and in support of the

MDGs.

4. The NLUP and the recently approved Sustainable Land Management Project

(SLM) under the Government of Dominica and UNDP LDC-SIDS Portfolio Project for

SLM are complementary with sustainable development initiatives promoted by the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and in support of the MDGs. This

project has several components that address training of personnel, establishment of data

bases, procurement of appropriate tools and materials and community participation.

These will definitely enhance the fulfillment of the commitment of Dominica under the

CBD obligations. The process on implantation of the SLM project is in progress as

recruitment of personnel to lead different components of the project has began.

5. The USAID Caribbean Open Trade Strategy (COTS) Project, which is consistent

with the NLUP, is ongoing. It seeks to support the effective management of natural

resources and the integration of disaster risk reduction and mitigation concepts into the

region’s economic planning and implementation. This undertaking in Dominica is under

the purview of the Physical Planning Department and involved development of land use

programmes in Grand Bay, an area in the northeast and the Pont Cassé/Sylvania/Layou

Park/Belles area in the western interior. This project will serve as a model to be replicated

in other regions. It will build on existing capacities in land management plan

development and produce natural hazard maps for these areas and complement the NLUP

in integrating SLM principles in development planning.

6. The USAID/COTS outfit also during the reporting period executed a Coastal Area

Vulnerability Assessment project that identified areas (communities and structures) that

are susceptible to threats from natural and environmental processes. From this project a

map of the respective areas vis-à-vis vulnerability to different phenomenon was

developed. This exercise is an important tool that can be and will be given due

consideration in any review of the NBSAP.

7. Because of the importance of agriculture and its role in the foreseeable future as a

major sustaining element in rural livelihoods and contribution to economic growth,

government according to the 2008 budget address, plans to modernize that sector. A

sector must be globally competitive with a critical role in providing citizens with food

security and employment. To this end among the other programmes that will come on

stream is the development of legislation and regulations for land use and land availability

with regard to the establishment of a land bank.9 This is very much in sync with the

issues raised earlier and demonstrates the government’s mainstreaming intentions.

8. PUBLIC AWARENESS

9. During the period of review, efforts at creating a greater sense of awareness

among the various stakeholders were an ongoing priority. Many activities were executed

targeting stakeholders on a continuous basis and many different sectors of society. These

took several different formats and used varied medium to transmit the message to the

targeted stakeholders. These ranged from school marches to direct encounters with

various interest groups. Print and mass media were also used to reach various sectors of

the population.

10. These activities include:

• Regular public radio programmes “Environment and Social

Development”, hosted by the Environmental Coordinating Unit (ECU),

featuring issues of national interest on biological diversity and hosting

regional and local personalities as guests. This follows several other radio

episodes that have been hosted by the ECU during the period in review.

• The Forestry Division hosts a weekly radio programme “A Moment with

Nature” and a television programme “Environmental Corner”. These

9 Prime Minister’s 2008 budget address

promote environmental conservation, provide an opportunity for public

dialogue on matters of biological diversity among others and highlight

aspects of the NBSAP that relate to public sensitization.

• Schools’ visits undertaken by the various government agencies promoting

issues relating to the convention. These are planned in keeping with

annually designated activities. Such activities involve the ECU and the

Divisions of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Environmental Health.

• Observances of designated international events such as Earth Day,

International Biodiversity Day, Water Day, etc., relative to environmental

management are highlighted throughout the year. These usually involve

public addresses (over the mass media) by a Minister of Government,

public panel discussions as well as public demonstration events such as

public school marches, open-house, etc.

• Essay writing competitions, poster designing contests, etc.. These are

among some of the activities that involve the schools and other civil

society groups to articulate their views and knowledge on relevant

environmental issues.

• Publication of annual calendars that highlight various aspects of

management and related policies relevant to the biological diversity are

made for distribution to the general public. Highlighted on these calendars

are different conventions that Dominica is party to, inclusive of dates of

signing and ratification. These usually contain photos that reveal

messages to the public on aspects of environmental conservation.

• Publication of brochures and booklets. A series of educational material are

being published for consumption by the public and schools, e.g. “Protect

our Earth – Save the Ozone Layer”, “ National Biosafety Framework

(NBSF)”, etc. The ECU also undertook to distribute on a regular basis

material to public institutions and private stakeholder entities relevant

documents and other medium such as a DVD entitled “OZZY Ozone”

produced by UNEP.

TRAINING

11. It is accepted that a cadre of personnel to improve on the capacity of the State to

manage its own affairs is of extreme importance. Efforts in that area have never ceased

and as such the exposure of personnel from various sectors of the public service and civil

society to training in related fields continues. These have taken several formats and

involve participation in locally hosted workshops and selected overseas training for

individuals who in return would impact of the local environment and population. The

spin-offs of these have been very significant in local capacity building.

12. Staff member of the ECU and other stakeholder entities attended various

discipline-specific designed regional workshops as well as those held further a-field.

Upon return these individual assist in shaping policy documents for the attention the

higher echelon in the decision making process.

13. Several individuals attached to the aforementioned entities as well as private

individuals have since the inception of the NBSAP, proceeded to pursue bachelors and

masters degree and other forms of specialized training qualifications in areas related to

conservation of biological diversity.

14. In order to meet the demands of the convention on ozone levels depletion, a three-

week certification training session for refrigeration technicians was conducted as part of

the Terminal Phase-out Management Plan (TPMP) of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)

initiative under a UNEP project consistent with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that

Deplete the Ozone Layer. This was preceded by workshops that brought together

personnel from the Department of Customs and Excise and refrigeration technicians to

deal with the TPMP. As a precursor to these developments, a survey was conducted by a

UNEP consultant in collaboration with local entities to undertake an inventory of the

Chlorofluorocarbon gases in Dominica and to establish the mechanisms for phase-out.

15. The commitment of Government to develop a pool of expertise to foster

implementation of the various protocols and conventions that impact of this CBD and

others related agreements is progressing. There are several (government funded as well as

private initiatives) student pursuing training overseas at higher institutions of learning in

various disciplines that relate to conservation of biological diversity.

16. Despite the aforementioned there remains a dearth in training opportunities for

persons at the policy, management and implementation level as well as at the stake-

holders level. Actions to counteract this (particularly in the case of the latter), will form

the basis of a thrust to be pursued in the upcoming period. Stake holders will be a

significant focus of such training exercises which will be conducted based on areas of

interest and at different set zones on the island as was set up for the Access Benefit

Sharing (ABS) workshop and training last year.

FUNDING

17. During this period in focus, attempts were made to develop programmes and

projects to secure funding as well as to tap resources available for capacity building. The

recent approval of the LDC-SIDS Portfolio Project for SLM is a significant line of

financing which will contribute towards realization of some meaningful advancement.

18. Funding from other sources to execute related programmes has come from the EU

and USAID. Government continues to pursue other avenues for funding and is

strategizing new methods to harness assistance mechanisms locally and from outside.

19. The Zoological Society of London assisted the Forestry Division through fiscal

and technical initiatives to establish a captive breeding facility for mountain chicken

Leptodactyllus fallax , a frog species that is being harvested for food and showing signs

of a stressed population. Funding was also accessed for the development of management

plans for Morne Diablotin and Cabrits National Park to include the marine section.

20. The government continues to source funding from traditional spheres to assist in

meeting the obligations of the convention. In view of the global economic meltdown, the

scarcity of funds and made difficult in allocation of resources whenever they become

available. The government recently in the 2008 budget deliberations announced the

support it had received to help with ‘legislative review for better management of genetic

resources and biodiversity” from the FAO.

CHAPTER 3

SECTORAL AND CROSS–SECTORAL INTEGRATION OR MAINSTRE AMING

OF BIODIVERSITY CONSIDERATIONS

1. The work towards sectoral collaboration was greatly influenced by events of the

moment, one notable being the impact of natural disasters. The passage of the onslaught

of Hurricane Dean caused a diversion of attention as this ravaged the agricultural and

transport sectors of society. It brought vividly to many (authorities and general public)

the resultant impacts of disregard for the fragility and management of the country’s

biodiversity. However, it gave cause to reflect on the need to take due cognizance of the

development trends that pay little attention to the issue of sustainable land management.

Coastal Vulnerability

2. Work on coastal vulnerability assessment with emphasis on storm surge, coastal

erosion and coastal flooding hazards had been undertaken under a USAID/COTS project.

This will definitely continue in the area of development planning as it will play a

significant role in the preservation of the country’s biological diversity.

3. The havoc wreaked by Hurricane Omar in September 2008 on the marine and

coastal resources and physical infrastructure, was yet another eye opener to ensure that

development thrusts do give due cognizance to natural processes and the manner in

which the man’s interaction with various components of the of the environment needs to

be delicately planned.

4. Since these yearly occurrences continue to threaten lives, livelihoods, investments

and biodiversity, government embarked on construction of sea defense structures to help

reduce the impact of these storms. It currently is installing structure along the west and

south coasts of the island where these threats are most prevalent. Notable in all these

developments is modification in design for accommodation for biological processes to

continue unimpeded such as, the yearly / seasonal migration of crabs to the shoreline for

reproduction. The structures being erected make allowances from young crabs to find

their way back to the hinterland after birth.

5. Dominica does not have a national hazard mitigation policy and plan. In the

absence of that, supportive components of various projects have addressed issues that

bring to bear positives on the conservation of Dominica’s biodiversity. In the initial

stages of the coastal vulnerability assessment, work focused on creating the necessary

institutional framework for risk reduction by:

(1) Conducting hazard mapping and a vulnerability assessment;

(2) Developing a hazard mitigation policy; and,

(3) Initiating the national hazard mitigation plan development process, based upon

a model developed by CDERA *

*(USAID/COTS review)

6. Based on the results of the finding of this assessment it is deemed that the Office

of Disaster Management (ODM) will meet the various stakeholders as a way forward to

nationalize hazard mitigation approach. The Disaster Management authority has been

very proactive in reaching out to other agencies to deal with mitigation measures. In this

sphere meetings with the media in the form of workshops to sensitize the different media

houses on matters of disaster management have been regular.

Preservation of Species

7. The works of the Forestry and Wildlife Division, Fisheries Division and the

Department of Tourism have been in tandem with the determination to see to

preservation of Dominica’s biodiversity while promoting the tourism product. Work

initiated on maintaining and restoration of National Parks following the passage of

Hurricane Dean was a prime example of what augurs well for the environment. The

execution of the Waitikubuli National Trail project and the public sensitization aspect as

well as community involvement are welcome as continuing vehicles of public education.

8. The continuing vigilance of the Divisions of Forestry and Fisheries to enforce

observance of closed seasons for some terrestrial and aquatic species of flora and fauna

and the involvement of community based groups in these endeavours speak volumes.

9. Works on the protection of wildlife as far as trans-boundary illegal trading of

species were enhanced. A workshop under the auspices of CITES to upgrade and

augment a level of stakeholders awareness on the status of that trade and the means to

counteract any illicit activities was held. The workshop brought together all relevant

government departments and agencies to deliberate on this issue.

10. The Forestry Division continues its work on the protection of avian species. There

are laws that prohibit the capture of birds at all times. And likewise the Fisheries Division

they both have closed and open seasons for hunting certain organisms.

11. The work of the Division of Agriculture as far as the control of alien species

introduction has been commendable. It has always been quick in response to allay any

introductions or invasion of alien species based on any suspicions or known occurrences

of potential sources or avenues by which such could reach the State. This Division has

had a good public relations reputation and collaborates very effectively with other

agencies in hosting workshops and seminars as required. The Division has a full-time

presence at all Air and Sea – ports.

12. The Division of Agriculture has also been involved in the area of genetic material

pooling. It has over the years been involved in the setting up tissue culture laboratories

and the introduction of specific strains of planting material.

Marine

13. The Fisheries Division became an affiliate of the Intergovernmental

Oceanographic Commission (IOC) International Oceanographic Data and Information

Exchange (IODE) which was established in 1961 to enhance marine research,

exploitation and development by facilitating the exchange of oceanographic data and

information between participating Member States and by meeting the needs of users for

data and information products. The Division held meetings of relevant government

departments and civil society agencies to launch a major undertaking of this network; to

develop a Caribbean Marine Atlas. This exercise will better equip the relevant

stakeholders (inclusive of private sector entities such as shipping agents, etc) with a

readily available real-time database that can be used for management of marine

resources.

14. There has been a focus on alternative means of energy as a future for Dominica.

To this end the State has granted licences to two separate entities to undertake landbase

geo-thermal exploration activities. This is being pursued with the view to reducing

petroleum hydrocarbons usage in electricity generation and a consequential reduction in

emissions. In addition it is envisaged that based on the amount of geothermal resources in

Dominica, a considerable amount can be put it for sale to the neighbouring French

Departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique.

15. The Fisheries Division collaborates with other sectors to control activities that

impact on the marine biota. It partners with the Division of Tourism to regular activities

that pertain to uses of the coral resources; extraction of coral from the sea is prohibited. It

collaborates with agencies such as the DWA and the LAMA of the SSMR to regulate

scuba diving activities and other water-sports which impact on the marine ecosystem.

Physical Planning

16. There have been commitments by Government to ensure that most development

trends in the island are insync with the dictates of the NBSAP. It is now a requirement

consistent with the policies and supporting legislation (the Physical Planning Act No. 2 of

2002) that EIAs are prerequisites for all forms of physical development initiatives. This

was further enhanced when Dominica hosted the Organization of Eastern Caribbean

States (OECS) Regional Symposium on the Management of Environmental Impact on

March 4-5, 2009. This symposium would make recommendations to governments

following reviews of laws, regulations, policies and institutions that manage

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Such an event according to the Government

Minister at that gathering, in addition to strengthening the aforementioned would

strengthen public awareness and capacity building. This is evident of the government’s

desire to advance the process of Biodiversity responsibility.

17. The ECU among other government agencies are consulted for technical review of

all such proposals, there are laws in draft for matters relating to harvesting, movement

and ownership of biological material, to name a few.

Access and Benefit Sharing

18. There is a deep commitment by government to give greater attention to promoting

the various aspects of the NBSAP particularly the rights of the Indigenous People as they

pertain to their culture. Late last year Dominica hosted a regional workshop on

Indigenous Peoples Right to Genetic and Biological Resources, it brought participants

from the Wider Caribbean (inclusive of Haiti, Jamaica, Ethiopia, Philippines, Malaysia)

together to deliberate on that subject area and to set in motion mechanisms that would see

to the appropriate legislation to facilitate this. This workshop was preceded by four other

zonal workshops leading up to the regional (Caribbean) consultation. This initiative was

funded by the Christensen Fund grant, the ECU, the Small Grants Programme of the

GEF, Edmonds Institute, Third World Network and Tebtebba Foundation. Some of the

regional (Caribbean) representatives contacted Third World Network for help with ABS

concerns. And the Edmonds Institute, in cooperation with the Tebtebba Foundation

engaged a researcher to investigate biopiracy in the Caribbean.

19. Government has approved and granted manpower resources to the proposal for a

project to see into putting appropriate legislation and mechanisms in place.

20. The issue of Access Benefit Sharing for particular interest groups in Dominica has

been another area where progress has been made. Following the aforementioned regional

meeting a local committee has been set up to work with various stakeholders to guide the

process of setting up local laws compatible with the various international protocols.

21. Also the Carib Community primarily through the efforts of the its chief,

continued to maintain close ties with the Tebtebba Foundation and continued to

investigate how best to protect indigenous rights and the viability of Carib biodiversity

and traditional knowledge. Efforts are afoot with funding from the Edmonds Institute, to

ensure the carib people sustain their links to indigenous peoples in other places and

continue to remain informed about international venues that affect their biodiversity and

traditional knowledge. By extend funding is being sought to help the Carib people attend

an ABS meeting of the CBD and to help the ECU sustain the meetings and work of the

National Stakeholders Committee on ABS.

22. As of May 2009 a consultation organized by the FAO and the government of

Dominica is scheduled in Dominica. It will seek to provide support for the TCP on

Dominica’s legal systems to develop laws governing access to genetic and biological

resources and benefit sharing. The consultation will give recommendations on the best

way forward and best practices in preparation of a draft legislation for Dominica’s

biodiversity.

Terminal Phase-out Management Plan of CFCs dependent refrigeration systems.

23. As a signatory to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone

Layer, Dominica is committed and obligated to undertake various activities, as stipulated

within its country programme, in order to remain in full compliance with the Protocol.

The country programme has initiated a project entitled Terminal Phase-out Management

Plan for the air conditioning and refrigeration sector. The objective of the project being to

minimize the release of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) into the atmosphere during

service and disposal of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dependent refrigeration systems and

to recycle and reclaim a substantial part of the refrigerants through the provision of the

appropriate tools and equipment.

On March 18th, 2009, the Environmental Coordinating Unit (ECU) in conjunction with

the United Nations Environment Programmes (UNEP), handed-over such appropriate

tools and equipment to the Dominica Association of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

(DARAC), preceding a training session for technician refreshers.

Biosphere Reserve

24. Another initiative to support the government’s desire to realize the ramifications

of the NBSAP is the move to begin the process of establishing biosphere reserves in

Dominica in tandem with the UNECSO Man and the Biosphere programme. Earlier this

year the Dominica National Commission for UNESCO authority and various government

departments met under the tutelage of a UNCESCO Consultant to advance this process of

selection of specific areas for a biosphere reserve. These areas will be protected zones set

aside for certain species, ecosystems, habitats and genetic pools for presentand future

generations.

CHAPTER 4

PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2010 TARGET AND CONSIDERATION FOR

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN

1. The 17 indicative action plan activities outlined in the NBSAP document must

serve as the measuring stick to assess strides that have been accomplished in

implementing the fabric of the convention. Work has started on most of the stated points

but may not have been sustained to anticipated levels as a result of the several mitigating

factors highlighted earlier. It is anticipated that most of the initiatives that began in the

years in review will be further elaborated, placed in proper perspective and carried over

to the ensuing years so that thy may be fulfilled

2. In order to continue any meaningful progress there must be constant dialogue

across a wide spectrum of stakeholders and civil society. The NBSAP will have to come

under review. This will include a stock taking exercise to see where the implementation

of that action plan has fallen short, deviated or needs realignment based on new

development thrusts that are in trend or may be projected.

3. An assessment of the implementation of the NBSAP by a team external to the

Steering Committee may be required. The findings of this will be the basis for future

action to be undertaken.

4. For this purpose 4 major workshops will be required. The first of which will bring

together stakeholders who will address the various sectors of the NBSAP that they think

needs realignment if not completely changed. The findings mentioned above with

recommendations which will be carried over to an ensuing technical seminar, comprising

of experts who will put these information into proper perspective. Material emanating

from this gathering will form a major component of the matter to be dealt by the

assessment. The report of the assessment by that external team (i.e. external to the

persons who make up the NBSAP’s Steering Committee and original Project Team), will

be presented to the stakeholders at a subsequent special forum for their vetting. The

Steering and Project team or committees along with the assessment team will meet to

review the concerns of the stakeholders and place it in tandem with current and future

demands, developments and perspective so as to be appropriately assimilated into

Government’s plans and policies.

No. WORKSHOPS PARTICIPANTS

1 NBSAP Review meeting All stakeholders (including public sector

and civil society representatives)

2 Technical workshop Experts (inclusive of government high

level policy/decision makers)

3 Tabling of Assessment Consultants, Steering & Project

Committee

4 Final Revision of NBSAP All Stakeholders

5. This is deemed necessary so as to give any semblance of advancement towards

the 2010 Target. A new and or revised NBSAP will then be presented to the general body

for discussion and adoption before being forwarded to the Cabinet of Ministers for

approval.

6. It is anticipated that government will continue to pursue its commitment to enact

appropriate legislation that will give prominence to the NBSAP. In the same vein,

building and augmenting the capacity of the legal expertise components of the

government to be able to repond to the dictates of the various sections of the convention

is important and expected to be a priority. This should be a 2010 indicator target.

7. It is an acceptable premise that the public awareness strides that are undertaken by

the entities involved in the promotion of the convention can be thwarted without the

requisite legislative framework to give validity to the policies so structured. Despite the

unexpected, increasing the momentum of public awareness initiatives should be given

foremost attention. In this light, the involvement of private sector entities in the

promotion of such awareness and forging relevant partnerships will be 2010 target.

Keeping progress towards the 2010 Target in focus, the following components of the will

form the critical element of the NBSAP that will pursued:

• Implement a fiscal incentive program to encourage commercial ventures to make

sustainable use of biodiversity (Strategy No.24)

• Development Plan for Indigenous Carib Peoples (Strategy No. 27) tied in with the

enactment of legislation on Rights to Genetic Resources and Access Benefit

Sharing

• Program for the Conservation of Traditional Knowledge, Culture and Values

(Strategy No. 26)

• Develop a program that captures and shares traditional knowledge and encourages

practice of self reliance (Strategy No. 11 and 22, 25).

• Public Information, Awareness, and Education Program (Strategy No.3, 8, 18, 20,

and 31). Though elements of these are in progress it is expected to be taken to a

higher level on issues of environmental protection and conservation of coastal and

marine biological diversity.

And in keeping with the newly launched programme on reduction of CFC’s, it is

anticipated that a 2010 target will be a reduction to acceptable levels. This may be

recorded in either of, or both in, in situ measurements or by inventory records,

Realization of 2010 targets though not exhaustive, but however, set within the context

of challenging times to come, can be realized once the environment conducive to

wholesome public participation is maintained.

In the ensuing Appendix 1, a tabular summarization of other tangible 2010 targets are listed. Appendix 1

D/ca’s Progress 2010 Target Indicators Growth towards 2010 Targets

Implementation and review of NBSAPs

Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention

(Sub-Target 11.1.) New and additional financial resources transferred to developing country Parties

Development of NLUP Areas of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management

Step towards land zoning

Approval of SLM Project (LDC-SIDS Portfolio Project)

> Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention > Areas of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management

Development of a sustainable land management policy in place

Public Awareness Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention

Mainstreaming of Biodiversity

Training Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention

(Goal 11:) Parties have improved financial, human, scientific, technical and technological capacity to implement the Convention

Funding Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention

(Sub-Target 11.1.)

Development of 4th National Report

Official development assistance provided in support of the Convention

Continue work in monitoring and evaluation

Fisheries Division affiliate of IOC/IODE

Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species

(Sub-Target 2.1:) Restore, maintain, or reduce the decline of populations of Sp’s of selected taxonomic groups.

Conservation/Preservation measures - Forestry Div.

>Coverage of protected areas >Trends in abundance and distribution of selected species >Trends in extent of selected biomes, ecosystems and habitats

(Sub-Target 1.1:) At least 10% of each of the world’s ecological regions effectively conserved. (Sub-Target 1.2:) Areas of particular importance to biodiversity protected.

Coastal vulnerability assessment

Connectivity/fragmentation of ecosystems

(Sub-Target 7.1.) Maintain and enhance resilience of the components of biodiversity to adapt to climate change.

Forestry Division and Department of Tourism in preservation of Dominica’s biodiversity while promoting the tourism product

>Area of forest, agricultural and aquaculture ecosystems under sustainable management >Proportion of products derived from sustainable sources (indicator under development)

(Sub-Target 4.1:) Biodiversity-based products derived from sources that are sustainably managed, and production areas managed consistent with the conservation of biodiversity. (Sub-Target 8.1.) Capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services maintained.

The GEF SGP COMPACT – funding of the “Kalinago Youth Empowerment Initiative” project

Indicator to be developed (Sub-Target 9.2.) Protect the rights of indigenous and local communities over their traditional knowledge, innovations and practices, including their rights to benefit sharing.