Dominant City States
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Transcript of Dominant City States
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Dominant City States
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• After the Greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen in ancient Greece.
• Villages started to band together to form strong trading centers. These groups of villages that banded together were called city-states. Soon, hundreds of city-states had formed in ancient Greece.
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City built around a defensible fortification called an acropolis
• Average polis covered between 30 to 500 square miles. Athens covered 1,000 square miles
• No professional bureaucracy, no professional army, no professional politicians
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Argos• Argos lies four miles distance from the Argolic gulf,
at the north eastern Peloponnese. It is the second oldest city after Sikyon – Sikyon was the first settlement of Achaeans, therefore
the most ancient city state of Greece. – According to the old common belief it was here that
Prometheus brought the fire to mankind. • Prior to the Greek Dark Ages, Argos became
dependant to the nearby city of Mycenae.
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Argos• Argos was actively
involved in the arts. – Their magnificent stone
sculptures of athletes, rippling with stone muscles, were the envy of many a Greek city-state.
• Argos was famous for their wonderful musicians and poets.
• Drama reached new heights in their polis
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The Theater at Argos• The capacity of the theater
was about 20,000 people • The sound control is
excellent. • Greek theater normally
has no roof but this theater should have had a roof. – There is a hole on every
13steps which seems to the hole for pillars to support a roof
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Megara• Megara was a highly respected city-
state in ancient Greece.
• As a coastal city-state, their history was similar to Corinth's, their neighbor.
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Megara• Like Athens, Megara
offered its citizens a great deal of freedom.
• Like nearly all Greek city-states, Megara had beautiful temples, gorgeous statues, and open-air theatres.
• They were famous for their glorious textiles, which were the envy of other Greek city-states.
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Megara• As a coastal town,
Megara did a great deal of trading.
• They had their own coinage,– an idea they
copied from Corinth – (who copied it from
Argos.)
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Byzantium• They were also
explorers. – The city-state of
Megara founded the city of Byzantium,
– It was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance.
• Another advantage was the Golden Horn
– a deep inlet that offers excellent protection to the city:
– an army can only approach it from the west.
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Megara• Coastal City-State• Famous for textiles• Own coinage• Founded city of
Byzantium (Constantinople, Istanbul) in 630 B.C.E.
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Corinth
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Corinth• Founded in the 10th
Century B. C.– Strategically located
• Guards the narrow isthmus that connects the Peloponnesus to the mainland and hosts the important harbors of Lechaion and Kenchreai
– Became the richest port and at one time the largest city in Ancient Greece
Temple of Apollo
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Corinth• The two seaports were
only four miles apart– Lechaion, the western
harbor in the Corinthian Gulf was the trading port to Italy and Sicily
– Kenchreai, the eastern harbor in the Saronic Gulf, was the port for the eastern Mediterranean countries
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Corinth: Diolkos
• The diolkos was an ancient paved path that enabled ships to be moved overland across the Isthmus of Corinth from sea to sea.
• Periander constructed the five foot wide rock-cut tract for wheeling small ships and their unloaded cargo from one gulf to the other.
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Corinth: Government• With increased wealth and more
complicated trade relations and social structures, some city-states overthrew their traditional hereditary kings– Corinth, the richest city-state, led the way – Instead of developing long-term solutions
to the societal and economic problems, ambitious politicians or generals called “tyrants” seized power by irregular means and ruled without being subject to the law
Periander, second tyrant of Corinth
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Corinth: Government• Tyrants were usually members of the ruling
aristocracy who either had a personal grievance or led an unsuccessful faction
• They were generally supported by the politically powerless new wealthy and by poor farmers
• Once in power they often seized land from the aristocrats and divided it among their own supporters
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Corinth: Government• Tyrants were not necessarily oppressive
despots– Many were quite popular, in part due to the
public works programs they established and the debts they cancelled
– The word “tyrant” comes from how they gained power rather than how they governed
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Corinth• Coastal City-state that
became cultural and trade center
• Well-educated• Famous bronze
statues, pottery, and vase paintings
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Sparta• Covered by hills and mountains, isolation
contributed to the Spartan’s desire to be left alone.
• Education focused entirely on physical fitness and military training (men were full time soldiers from 20 to 30 years of age)
• Women were to bear children, but were also known for their wealth and indepence
• Almost no interest in the arts or philosophy
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Sparta• The Spartan citizens were, in fact, the
descendants of 9th century BC Doric invaders to the Peloponnese. – Rather than exterminating or enslaving the native
population, – the Spartans had—for whatever reason—managed
to come to a unique arrangement with the conquered inhabitants.
• These continued to live and work in Laconia, enjoying distinctly different status and privileges from the Spartan citizens, or Spartiates, but far better than that of chattel slaves.
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Sparta: Perioikoi• These peoples were divided into two broad
categories:– The residents of the pre-Doric towns, who enjoyed a
free but dependent status as "Perioikoi," – and the peasants, who enjoyed a far more restricted
status as "helots." • The Perioikoi had their own laws and customs,
could pursue any profession or trade they liked, and had their own local officials and dignitaries.
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Sparta: Helots• The "helots" were tied to the land and were
officially the property of the Lacedaemonian government.
• By the 6th Century B.C., helots probably outnumbered Sparta citizens by 10 to 1
• The large number of helots allowed the Spartans to cultivate their region efficiently, but also posed the threat of constant rebellion
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Sparta: Helots• The Spartan helots—if compared to slaves in
other Greek city-states—were very privileged indeed.
• Helots were not chattels. – They could not be bought and sold by their "masters." – They could marry who and when they willed. – They even legally had parents and children.
• (In other Greek states, a slave was not allowed to marry, and offspring of sexual intercourse, regardless of the partner, "belonged" to the owner of the slave; parenthood was not recognized.)
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Sparta: Spartiates• In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal
– To discourage economic and social distinctions, Spartans observed an extraordinarily austere lifestyle as a matter of policy
• No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth
– Even today, “spartan” means• Practicing great self-denial• Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or
judgment • Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity
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What was it like to be a Spartan?
• Taken away from your parents at age 7, you lived a harsh and often brutal life in the soldiers barracks.
• You were beaten by older children who started fights to help make you tough and strong.
• You were often were whipped in front of groups of other Spartans, including your parents, but never cried out in pain.
• You were given very little food, but encouraged to steal food, instead. If caught stealing, you were beaten.
• To avoid severe pain, you learned to be cunning, to lie, to cheat, to steal, and how to get away with it!
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Sparta: Education• What distinctions did exist in Spartan society
were based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent
• Spartan educational system cultivated such attributes from an early age– Boys left their homes at age seven to live in military
barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training
– At age 20 they took a test of Athletics and Leadership
• If they passed, they went into the military as citizens where they served until retirement
• If they failed, they became part of the Perioikoi
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Sparta: Spartiates• Women married at age
18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands– The men stayed in the
barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children
– Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children
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• Even after they were married, the men did not live with their wives and families. They lived in the barracks.
• Military service did not end until a Spartan male reached the age of 60.
• Only then could a Spartan soldier retire and live in their home with their family.
Sparta: Spartiates
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Sparta: Government• Highly unusual
government that contained elements of democracy, timocracy, monarchy, and oligarchy
King Leonidas ca. 530 BC-480 BC
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Sparta: Government• Oligarchy
– Rule by a few– Power was in the
hands of five men called Ephores who were elected annually by the Council of Elders
• Timocracy– Government by
people of honor– All Ephores were over
the age of 60 and had completed their military career
– The Ephores controlled all daily life in Sparta
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Sparta: Government• Monarchy
– Rule by a hereditary sovereign
– Under the five Ephores there were two Kings that came from the two noble families of Sparta
– With divine approval, shown in an oracle or an omen, the Ephores had the power to force the Kings’ abdication
• Democracy– Election based on
numerical majority– Under the Kings were
the Council of the Elders. – The council passed laws
and elected the five Ephores
– Beneath them were the rest of the free Spartan men who voted for the Council of Elders
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Sparta• Oligarchy is dominant
government• Military strength most
important• Harsh treatment of their
slaves• Farming Economy
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Life in the Polis• Life centered around agora (marketplace)• Divided into three groups
– Adult men: citizens with political rights– Free people (women, children and resident
foreigners: no political rights– Slaves: prisoners of war or for debt
• Girls were considered economic liabilities since they had to be provided with dowries before they could get married
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Law codes • Laws were enforced by aristocrats and
ruled as they saw fit• Demands grew to force the aristocrats to
codify, or write down, the customary laws and procedures governing the cities
• As the laws were made public for all to see the rule of the aristocrats was brought to an end
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Tyrrany: Solon the Lawgiver • Social unrest leads to
new system• Solon canceled debts and
abolished enslavement for debt.
• Citizenship based on wealth– Public office was open to
the three upper classes– Fourth class was ineligible
for public office• Problems for poor
farmers continued
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Peisistratus & Cleisthenes• Peisistratus the Tyrant
– Wielding sole political power in violation of the established law, but with the support of the people
– Beautified the city and increased the sense of being a Athenian by civic festivals
• Cleisthenes democracy– Mixed different tribes in hope to destroy the regional power of the
aristocracy – Created Council of Five Hundred– Direct democracy: all legislative and electoral power remained with the
popular assembly, made up of all voting citizens
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Women in Athens • Women did not have citizen rights.
• They could only go out to weddings, funerals, religious festivals and to visit female friends.
• In wealthy families girls were educated to run the household of servants and slaves, and were usually married by the age of 13.
• In poorer families women worked alongside men, farming in the fields or running the family business.
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Education in Athens • Until age 6 or 7, boys were taught at
home by their mother or by a male slave.
• They boys learnt the poetry of Homer and how to play the lyre.
• Their teacher, who was always a man, could choose what other subjects he wanted to teach.
• He might choose to teach drama, public speaking, government, art, reading, writing, maths and the flute.
• Books were expensive and rare, so lessons were read out-loud, and the boys had to memorize everything.
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• They were taught to read and write the Greek alphabet. • They didn’t have books to write in. Instead, they use a wax tablet, and wrote
on this with a metal 'pen'. The pen had a sharp end and a rounded end. • They wrote with the sharp end, and then rubbed out the work with the
rounded end.
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• At 14 boys attended a higher school for four more years. • When they turned 18, they entered military school for two
additional years.• At age 20, they graduated. • Girls were not educated at school, but many learned to read
and write at home.
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What it was like to be an Athenian
• Be polite.
• You have had a good education.
• Until age 6 or 7, you were taught at home by your mother, or by a male slave.
• From age 7-14, you attended a day school in the neighborhood where you memorized poetry and learned to play the lyre.
• You learned drama, public speaking, reading, writing, math, and perhaps even how to play the flute.
• You attended four years of higher school, and learned more about math and science and government.
• At 18, you attended military school for two additional years!
• You believe you are better than any other city, and are proud to be an Athenian!
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Athens
• Democratic government
• Education valued• Trade Economy
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How was order maintained in Greece?• GovernmentGovernment
– SpartaSparta• Military meansMilitary means
– AthensAthens• Democratic meansDemocratic means
– CorinthCorinth• TyrantsTyrants