Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example

Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Tetanus E. coli

Archaea Archae- bacteria

Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Methanogens

Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular & multicellular

Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Amoebas Euglenas Kelps

Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin

Unicellular & multicellular

Heterotrophic Yeasts Mushrooms

Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose

Multicellular Autotrophic Ferns Pine trees Moss

Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Birds Earthworms Fish

DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS

Fungus-like Protists – Heterotrophic

– Absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter

– Have centrioles; no chitin in cell wall

– Types include slime molds and water molds

Zooflagellates - Use flagella to move

– Most absorb food through cell membrane – Most reproduce asexually, but some can

reproduce sexually by dividing to form gametes – Examples:

– Trypanosoma (African Sleeping Sickness) – Giardia (intestinal parasite) – Trychonympha (termites)

Sarcodines - Use pseudopods to move

– Most engulf their food by surrounding it and taking it into a food vacuole

– Reproduction by binary fission (asexual) – Examples:

– Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebic Dysentery)

– Foraminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate shells

– Heliozoans – secrete silica shells

Ciliates - Use cilia to move

– Many use cilia to “sweep” food into a gullet, which traps food and forces it into food vacuoles

– Reproduction by binary fission (asexual)

– Can occasionally exchange genetic information by conjugation

– Examples: – Paramecium – Stentor – Vorticella

Sporozoans - non-motile

– Parasitic—often with complex life-cycles involving more than one host

– Examples: – Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) – Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)

Euglenophytes – (Euglenophyta)

– No cell wall – 2 flagella (very similar to some zooflagellates) – Examples:

– Euglena

Dinoflagellates – (Pyrrophyta)

– Approx. half are photosynthetic & half are heterotrophic

– 2 flagella that wrap around the organism in grooves between two thick plates of cellulose that protect the cell.

– Asexual reproduction – Many are luminescent – Only known eukaryotes

that do not have histones – Example:

– “Red tides”

Chrysophytes – (Chrysophyta)

– Contain bright yellow pigments (Chrysophyta means “golden plants”)

– Most have 1 or 2 flagella, though some may be amoeboid or sessile

– Examples: – Yellow-green algae – Golden-brown algae

Diatoms – (Bacillariophyta)

– One of the most abundant organisms on earth. – Thin, delicate silicate cell walls (very beautiful) – Cell walls shaped like petri dish with two flat

sides that fit together along the rim – Cell walls have fine lines and patterns that look

like they are etched into them

Red Algae – (Rhodophyta)

– Contain red pigment in addition to chlorophyll – Red pigment is good at absorbing blue light,

which allows them to live at unusual depths for photosynthetic organisms

– Most are multicellular with complex life cycles – Some are used in foods (i.e. sushi, certain

puddings, certain gelatinous food additives) – Examples:

– “Irish moss” – tide pools & rocky coastlines – Coralline algae – involved in formation and

stabilization of coral reefs

Brown Algae – (Phaeophyta)

– Contain brown accessory pigment in addition to chlorophyll

– All are multicellular – Most are marine – Examples:

– Giant Kelp – can reach heights of more than 200 ft.

– Sargassum – can form huge floating masses several miles long

Green Algae – (Chlorophyta)

– Very similar to plants – Many live most of their lives as single cells

– Chlamydomonas – commonly grows in ponds, ditches, & wet soil

– Some form colonies (cells group together, but do not specialize) – Spirogyra – forms long threadlike

colonies called filaments – Volvox – forms spherical colonies

of 500 – 50,000 individual cells – Some are truly multicellular (well-developed

specialized structures) – Ulva – “sea lettuce”

Slime Molds

– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:

– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that

closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:

– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from

each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)

– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia

Slime Molds

– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:

– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that

closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:

– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from

each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)

– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia

Slime Molds

– Important decomposers – 2 major stages in life cycle:

– Free-living unicellular amoeboid cells – Mold-like spore-producing clumps that

closely resemble fungi – Two broad groups of slime molds:

– Cellular Slime Molds – (acrasiomycota) – Individual cells remain distinct from

each other during all stages in life-cycle – Acellular Slime Molds – (myxomycota)

– Individual cells fuse together to form large multinucleated structures known as plasmodia

Water Molds – (Oomycota)

– Important decomposers in water – Parasitize plants on land – Produce multinucleated filaments

called hyphae – Life cycles include sexual and

asexual reproductive stages – Example – Irish Potato Blight (1845)

Cell type Cell Structure Body Type Nutrition Example

Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Cell wall, peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Tetanus E. coli

Archaea Archae- bacteria

Prokaryotic Cell wall, no peptidoglycan

Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Methanogens

Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Mixed Unicellular & multicellular

Autotrophic & heterotrophic

Amoebas Euglenas Kelps

Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Cell wall, chitin

Unicellular & multicellular

Heterotrophic Yeasts Mushrooms

Eukarya Plantae Eukaryotic Cell wall, cellulose

Multicellular Autotrophic Ferns Pine trees Moss

Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic Birds Earthworms Fish

DOMAIN KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS

Spore-

producing

structures Hyphae

Fru

iting

Bo

dy

Myceliu

m

DIPLOID NUCLEI

HAPLOID NUCLEI

DIKARYOTIC

1. Germination 2. Fusion of cytoplasm 3. Mushroom

formation 4. Fusion of nuclei

(fertilization) 5. Meiosis 6. Spore formation 7. Mycelia growth

1

4

3 2

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Spores

Plasmogamy

Fertilization

6

7

5

Meiosis

Lichens – Mutualistic relationship between fungus and

green algae, cyanobacteria, or both

– Extremely resistant to cold and drought

– Able to grow where few other organisms can (i.e. dry, bare rock in deserts or mountain-tops)

– Often first to colonize barren environments

– Benefits of relationship:

– Photosynthesis provides energy

– Fungus provides water, minerals, & protection from intense sunlight

– Help in early formation of soil by gradually breaking down rocks on which they grow

Mycorrhizae – Mutualistic relationship between

fungus and plant

– Hyphae of fungi form intricate network in and around roots of plants

– One fungal network may interact with multiple plant root systems

– Benefits of relationship – Presence of fungus dramatically

improves plant’s ability to absorb water and minerals from soil – Hyphae network effectively increases

surface area of plant root system

– Fungus releases enzymes that frees nutrients in soil

– Plants provide fungi with sugars produced during photosynthesis

– Estimated 80 – 90% of plants are dependent on these fungal symbionts (some cannot survive without them)