Does Net Zero Design LEED to Net Zero Cost?

11

Does Net Zero Design LEED to Zero Cost?

Presented toSociety for College and University Planning

July 12

Learning Outcomes

1. Identify building candidates at the master plan level

to optimize net zero design options.

2. Define performance goals that drive design toward

net zero.

3. Educate building occupants, facilities maintenance,

and administration to facilitate the shift to a net zero

paradigm.

4. Incorporate post-occupancy evaluations,

measurement, verification, and recommissioning to ensure a successful outcome.

Expanding Number of Zero Net Initiatives

• University of California Climate Neutral Action Plans– UCSB Student Services / Division of Student Affairs ZNE Initiatives

• California State University Sustainability Building Practices

• LACCD’s Sustainable Building Program

• DSA Grid Neutral Schools Program

• California Public Utilities ZNE Non-Residential Goals

– All new construction ZNE by 2030

– 50% of existing buildings ZNE by 2030

• Architecture 2030

• AB32 Global Warming Solutions Act

http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/index.html

California Warming

Plausible Increases in Los Angeles Average TemperaturesIPCC Scenario A2 IPCC Scenario B1

Based on 2009 Scenarios Project climate modeling

Anticipated Climate Changes in CA

http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/index.html

Trends in Building Energy Use

National Historical Data for Non-Residential Buildings

Plug loads are driving increasing energy use

Trends in Building Energy Use

Energy Prices Rises and Volatility in California

Electricity and gas prices have risen at an annualized rate of 5-6% since 1970

Post Occupancy Performance Certification

• In the near future all green building certification programs will have some form of post-occupancy performance evaluation

• LEED – Disclosure of building performance

• Required for all certified projects

• Must allow USGBC access to utility data for at least 5 years

New ASHRAE Building EQ Label

• Achieving ZNE provides significant opportunity for LEED Credits

• EAc1 Optimize Energy Performance (19)

• EAc2 Optimize On-Site Renewable Energy (7)

• EAc3 Enhanced Commissioning (1)

• EAc5 Measurement and Verification (1)

• EAc2 Increased Ventilation (1)

• EAc7.1 Thermal Comfort – Design (1)

• EAc8.1 Daylight and Views – Daylight (1)

• ID ZNE (1)

• RP EAc2, EAc8.1 (2)

LEED NC Version 3 – Energy Performance Credits

0

20

40

60

80

100

LEED NC

LEED

NC

Po

ints

34 Points

ZNE

Climate Analysis

Performance Goals

Shoebox ModelingParametric Analysis

Detailed Modeling and Design

Whole Building Models

Post-Occupancy Performance

Integrated Design Process

Pushing the Envelope

Low Energy Systems

Energy Savings

Building Life Time Cost

100%

Minimum LCC

ZNE

Energy Savings at the Least Cost

• Energy efficiency and conservationshould come first

• Add on-site renewables when cost analysis shows it is cheaper than more aggressive energy efficiency

Transition to on-site

renewables

Energy Savings at the Least Cost

• Simulation tools are available which find the least cost curve

• Example here is from BeOpt developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory

• Output is a set of alternative ‘measure packages’ for achieving ZNE

Lifecycle Cost Example

• What is the net present value of eliminating utility bills?

• How much capital investment is justified to achieve ZNE?

• Hypothetical new building in California:• 100,000 sf

• Construction cost of $300/sf

• Energy use intensity of 40 kBtu/sf/yr

• 60% electricity and 40% gas consumption

• Electricity cost of $0.14/kWh and gas cost of $1.00/therm

• Cost of photovoltaics is $5/watt

• Study period of 25 years

• Real discount rate of 3%

• ZNE achieved using energy efficiency and rooftop PV

Return on Investment

Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours,

time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions

The higher the increased project cost to achieve ZNE the lower the rate of return

To achieve an ROI of 3% the cost of ZNE would need to be approximately $5.6M

Efficiency vs On-Site Renewables

Assuming a budget of $5.6M for PV, the building must have an EUI of 16 kBtu/sf/yr to achieve ZNE

Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours,

time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions

The Path to ZNE

Making ZNE financially attractive is possible through aggressive levels of energy efficiency

None monetized benefits should also be considered:

-Healthy high quality spaces-Improved productivity-Employee recruitment and retention-Hedge against rising energy costs

Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yrPV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yrPV Covers 50% of roof area

Grid NeutralEUI = 25

Net Zero EnergyEUI = 40

200

150

100

50

0

PV

PV Solar Budget

Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr)

PV

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVSingle Story Building



200

150

100

50

0

PV Solar Budget


PV

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVTwo Story Building




200

150

100

50

0

PV Solar Budget


PV

Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVThree Story Building


Watch the Plug LoadsPost Occupancy Performance

Owner/PM

A/E

GC

O&M

The

Commissioning

Process

Watch the Plug LoadsPost Occupancy Performance

• Commissioning

• Conduct design reviews

• Verify Training for Operators and Occupants.

• Perform a Post Occupancy Review by 10

months after completion.

• Measurement and Verification

• Develop M&V Plan

• Measure actual energy use

• Verify actual versus predicted energy cost

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San Diego Community College DistrictPropositions S and N Construction Bond Program

$1.555 billion construction bond program provides for

80+ projects at City, Mesa and Miramar Colleges, and six Continuing Education campuses:

State of the art teaching and learning facilities

Major renovations and modernizations

Campus-wide infrastructure projects

Green Building Policy

San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N

Overview

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Global warming, diminishing resources and

escalating costs of energy and rubbish

disposal require that management at all

levels focus on the efficient and effective

use of energy and resources.

Environmental sustainability is an

essential goal of the District.


Environmental Sustainability Policy

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• The Board of Trustees is committed to environmental stewardship as a fundamental operational objective and integral to fulfilling our educational mission.

• The Board recognizes its fiscal responsibility to use taxpayers' dollars wisely for the best long-term, long-range investment.

• The goal of this policy is to provide working and learning environments that are:

– Efficient in use of energy, material and water

– Easy to maintain and operate

– Thermally, visually and acoustically comfortable and healthy

– Safe and secure

– Sited in an environmentally responsible manner.


Green Building Policy

Exceed Title 24 of California Code of Regulations energy efficiency standards by at least 10%.

10% of the energy utilized by the project must be renewable with at least 5% generated on site.

Divert at least 75% of construction anddemolition debris from landfills.

Pursue formal LEEDTM certificationwith LEEDTM Silver as a minimum standard;Gold or higher where applicable.


Green Building Policy: Goals

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•Incorporate life-cycle costing that includes initial construction costs, operating costs, maintenance repair and replacement costs

•Integrated systems design

•Perform commissioning and facility performance evaluations


Green Building Policy: Methodology

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• 50 year design life

• 100,000 square foot classroom building

• Design and construction cost - $30 million

• Capital Renewal: 2% of current replacement value

(APPA benchmark)

• O&M Budget $5.69/square foot

• Inflation: 3%


Total Cost of Ownership Example

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SavingsD&C: $30M Total NPVCap.R: $101M $5M $1.1MO&M: $149M $15M $3.4MTotal: $280M $20M $4.4M

Total Cost of Ownership

53%

36%

11%

Save 5% in Cap. Renewal

Save 10% in

O&M


Savings in O&M and Capital Renewal

http://www.sdccdprops-n.com/BUILDING%20STANDARDS/SDCCD_BIM_Standards_Ver01.pdf


BIM Standards

http://www.sdccdprops-n.com/BUILDING STANDARDS/SDCCD_BIM_Standards_Ver01.pdf



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BIM was used to optimize efficiency by making sure that at key times of the year the panels on a classroom building with sloped roofs would not be in the shade.

This example shows shading on the building in the afternoon on December 1st.


BIM: Sustainable Design

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• Will be first LEED Platinum project for a

community college in San Diego County

• Passive cooling & lighting systems

• Green roof and green screen

• Reclaimed water

• Solar chimney


Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station


Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station

SOLAR CHIMNEY

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Mo

nth

ly H

eat

ing,

Co

olin

g an

d F

an

Ene

rgy

(kB

tu/s

f)

Mechanical System Only

Mixed Mode Natural Ventilation System

GREEN WALL

CAMPUS PLAN

Bus Stop

Bus Stop

Metro Station

Student Union

Project Site

NORTH

SUSTAINABLE

STRATEGIES:

-MIXED MODE HVAC

-NIGHT FLUSHING

-EXTERIOR SHADING

-DAYLIGHTING

-PHOTOVOLTAICS

SUSTAINABILITY

Exposed Concrete Frame Works As Thermal Mass:

It stores The Heat During The Day,

Night-Flushing Cools It Down Over Night

Perspective Views Of Concrete Frame

Operable Windows For

Natural Ventilation

Will Support Night-Flushing

Concrete structural system

SUSTAINABILITY

Large North

Facing Glass

Walls

Section Cut:

Three Story VolumeDaylighting strategies

Borrowed Light

Through

Extensive Interior

Glazing.

North Facing

Skylights

Roof Mounted

PV Panels

Sunshade Structures

On South and East Facing

Glazing

Clerestory SkylightSkylight With

Bench-Seating

Ecotect Model With Daily Sun Path

SUSTAINABILITY

Light monitors

angled and

oriented correctly

so that no direct

sun enters the

space

Analysis of Initial Design

Daylight In Multi Purpose Space

Analysis of Corrected Design

SUSTAINABLE

STRATEGIES:

-EXTERIOR SHADING

-DAYLIGHTING

-PHOTOVOLTAICS

Exterior sun shade structure- prevents heat gain, glare

Interior light shelf-reflects daylight deeper into the room

ORIGINAL SUNSHADE REVISED SUNSHADE

WITH LIGHT-SHELF

SOUTH FACING SKYLIGHT,WITH PV INTER LAYER CLERESTORY DESIGN

ATRIUM DESIGNDAYLIGHT FACTOR FOR 1ST FLOOR

SOLATUBE APPLICATION- BRING DAYLIGHT TO FIRST FLOOR

ISSUES:- ADDITIONAL SHAFT SPACE- FIRE RATED SHAFT, NEED FIRE DAMPER

Rec Center 1Activities Gym, Weight Rooms,

Squash/Racketball Courts and Offices

Rec Center 1Pavillion Gym

Rec Center 2Multi-Activity Center

UNIVERITY OF SANTA BARBARA RECREATION CENTER

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

6/1/

2005

10/1

/200

5

2/1/

2006

6/1/

2006

10/1

/200

6

2/1/

2007

6/1/

2007

10/1

/200

7

2/1/

2008

6/1/

2008

10/1

/200

8

2/1/

2009

kBtu

Sit

e E

ne

rgy

(k

Btu

)

Pool Heating

Pool Pumping

Rec 2 building

Outdoor Lighting

Rec 1 building

Outdoor Lighting

Sports Lighting

PoolClosed

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES:

-NATURAL VENTILATION

-RADIANT FLOOR

-DAYLIGHTING

-EXTERIOR SHADING

-PHOTOVOLTAICS

-SOLAR THERMAL SPACE HEATING

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sep-07 Dec-07 Mar-08 Jun-08 Sep-08 Dec-08 Mar-09 Jun-09 Sep-09

Ro

llin

g 1

2 M

on

th E

ne

rgy

Use

Inte

nsi

ty (

kBtu

/sf/

yr)

Energy Consumption for Existing Berkeley Libraries

West North South Central Claremont

EUI Performance Design Goal = 20 kBtu/sf/yr

WIND DRIVEN NEGATIVE PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION AROUND THERMAL CHIMNEY

INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH AIR

6060

Thank You

Questions?

Does Net Zero Design LEED to Net Zero Cost?

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