Doan Minh Mao - 061e3 - The Awareness and Employment of English Intonation Amongst Ulis 4th Year...

8/9/2019 Doan Minh Mao - 061e3 - The Awareness and Employment of English Intonation Amongst Ulis 4th Year Students of …

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0%0 HETLE@THLE+ HTY ALZOY @ED HTY ILOOVEHI@THQF

Q@KVFY HE FECKHYB Y^FFIB

0%0%0 Feckhyb hetle`thle

@y ` ilo~lefet la yv~z`yfcofet`k ~blelklcx he Feckhyb+ hetle`thle b`y

zfifhqfd `ttfethle la kf`dhec ~blefthihèy% @y ` zfyvkt+ dhyivyyhle le

sb`t hetle`thle hy èd sb`t hty aveithley he tbf Feckhyb kècv`cf `zf iè

jf alved he ` evojfzy la heakvfeth`k slzmy%

Ileelz "082>( dfahefy hetle`thle `y *tbf s`x la vyhec tvefy tl `dd

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olofet* "~%0>2(% Shtb tvef+ bf ofèy tbf ilojhe`thle la dhaafzfet

*eltfy la tbf qlhif* sbhib cl v~ èd dlse ileytètkx sbfe ~fl~kf

y~f`m% He tbhy s`x+ Ileelz#y tvef ilzzfy~ledy tl tbf ~htib ~`ttfzey la tbfqlhif+ èd hetle`thle hy bls ~fl~kf vyf tbhy ~htib q`zh`thle tl ileqfx

~z`co`thi ofèhec% Ht hy ho~lztèt tl eltf tb`t he bhy dfahehthle+ Ileelz

lekx ofethley hetle`thle `y tbf tllk tl ileqfx y~f`mfzy# affkhec%

Sfkky ":>>1+ ~%0( b`y ` dfahehthle tb`t hy f`yx tl jf cz`y~fd jx jfcheefzy

la ~blefthiy% He tbf `vtblz#y slzdy+ *Hetle`thle hy tbf ofkldx la y~ffib*

èd he ytvdxhec hetle`thle khecvhyty ytvdx bls tbf ~htib la tbf qlhif zhyfy




èd a`kky èd bls y~f`mfzy vyf tbhy ~htib ibècfy tl ileqfx elt lekx

~z`co`thi ofèhec+ `y he Ileelz#y dfahehthle+ jvt `kyl ltbfz khecvhythi

ofèhecy% Ht iè jf yffe azlo Sfkky#y dfahehthle tsl ho~lztèt ~lhety heilo~`zhyle shtb Ileelz#y% Ahzytkx+ Sfkky# hetle`thle ~`ttfze ilzzfy~ledy

tl Ileelz# tvef+ sbhib hy tbf ~htib/ibècfy he y~f`mfzy# qlhif% Yfiledkx+

`~`zt azlo ofethlehec hetle`thle#y zlkf `y ` ofè tl ileqfx y~f`mfzy#

ofèhec+ Sfkky `kyl fo~b`yhwfy tbf ltbfz khecvhythi ofèhecy tb`t

hetle`thle `ddy tl y~f`mfzy# vttfzèify%

Zlìb "0882( jfchey bhy dhyivyyhle le sb`t hy hetle`thle shtb tbfyt`tfofet tb`t *el dfahehthle hy ilo~kftfkx y`thyaìtlzx* "~%099(% Heytf`d

la chqhec ` ilo~kftf dfahehthle+ bf alivyfy le tbf zlkf la ~htib la qlhif+

sbhib bf y`xy+ hy tbf olyt ho~lztèt ~`zt he hetle`thle% @e`kxwhec

hetle`thle+ tbfe+ hy tl ljyfzqf y~f`mfzy# ~htib èd zfilcehwf *sb`t ~htib

hy dlhec*% Shtb *sb`t ~htib hy dlhec*+ ht iè jf vedfzytlld tb`t Zlìb

ofèy tsl tbhecy% Ahzytkx+ tb`t hy bls y~f`mfzy# ~htib la qlhif jfb`qfy+

lz bls ht zècfy azlo bhcb tl kls% Yfiledkx+ tbf `vtblz hy fo~b`yhwhec

sb`t ~htib dlfy he iletzhjvthle tl cftthec y~f`mfzy# ofyy`cf ìzlyy% He

ltbfz slzdy+ bf hy ytzfyyhec hty aveithley% Zlìb chqfy è ho~lztèt eltf

tb`t y~f`mfz# ~htib ibècfy iè jf i`vyfd jx ` evojfz la zf`yley+ èd

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`zf la ileifzefd tl hetle`thle`k ytvdx% Tbf ~`ttfze la tbfyf ~htib

ibècfy he vttfzèify k`tfz `zf i`kkfd tlef he bhy ~zfyfet`thle% He yblzt+ ht

iè jf jzhfakx yvoo`zhwfd tb`t shtb hetle`thle+ Zlìb zfafzy tl tbf

ibècfy he y~f`mfz# ~htib la qlhif sbhib i`zzx ylof khecvhythi

healzo`thle% He cfefz`k+ bhy dfahehthle `czffy shtb tblyf la Sfkky èd

Ileelz%

Izvttfedfe "0821( hy zfc`zdfd `y lef la tbf jfyt fr~kè`thle la

tbflzfthi`k hyyvfy he hetle`thle% @iilzdhec tl bho+ *hetle`thle heqlkqfy




tbf liivzzfeif la zfliivzzhec ~htib ~`ttfzey+ fìb la sbhib hy vyfd shtb

zfk`thqfkx ileyhytfet ofèhecy fhtbfz le yheckf slzdy lz czlv~y la slzdy

la q`zxhec kfectb%* "~%3(% Azlo tbhy dfahehthle+ ht iè jf yffe `c`he tb`thetle`thle hy `jlvt tbf ~htib ~`ttfzey% Izvttfedfe dfqltfy alvz ~`cfy he

bhy slzm tl è`kxwf tbf zfk`thleybh~ jftsffe ~htib èd tbf s`qf

azfpvfeix tb`t bvoè qli`k ilzdy# qhjz`thle ~zldvify elzo`kkx+ sbhib hy

tbf avedòfet`k azfpvfeix "A>(% Bf ilofy tl tbf ileikvyhle tb`t ~htib

iè jf fpv`tfd shtb avedòfet`k azfpvfeix% @ktblvcb tbhy hy elt `ks`xy

ìivz`tf tbflzfthi`kkx+ ht hy ìif~t`jkf he ~zìthif he tbf i`yf la

hetle`thle`k ytvdx+ èd yblvkd jf `czffd alz ~zìthi`k ~vz~lyfy% He `

yblzt dhyivyyhle+ Zlìb `kyl `czffy shtb bho le tbhy hyyvf% Ht hy `kyl

ho~lztèt tl o`mf ` ~lhet tb`t he bhy dfahehthle+ Izvttfedfe ~lhety lvt

tb`t hetle`thle zfk`tfy tl tbf ~`ttfzey la ~htib sbhib b`~~fe zf~fththqfkx%

Bf hy ytzfyyhec hetle`thle `y jfhec yxytfo`thi/ hetle`thle`k ~`ttfzey b`qf

tbfhz lse zvkfy la b`~~fehec% Avztbfzolzf+ bf bhcbkhcbty tb`t fìb

~`ttfze ileqfxy ` zfk`thqfkx ileyhytfet ofèhec+ èd ` ~`ttfze iè jfklec

tl ` yheckf slzd lz ` czlv~ la slzdy% Tbhy slzd czlv~ hy i`kkfd he

q`zhlvy s`xy df~fedhec le fìb khecvhyt#y ~zfafzfeif7 tlef czlv~+

hetle`thle`k czlv~+ hetle`thle`k ~bz`yf+ lz tlef veht%

Mzfhdkfz ":>>4( ~zlqhdfy ` jltb ho~zfyyhlehythi èd tfibehi`k dfahehthlela hetle`thle+ *hetle`thle hy tbf ofkldhfy sf ~zldvif jx ibèchec tbf

azfpvfeix la qhjz`thle la tbf qli`k ilzdy+ olytkx `t tbf ìifetfd

yxkk`jkf* "~%019(% Mzfhdkfz ofethley tbf ibècfy he tbf qhjz`thle

azfpvfeix la tbf qli`k ilzdy èd he bhy k`tfz dhyivyyhle+ bf i`kky tbhy tbf

~htib% Tbhy hy è ho~lztèt dhaafzfeif ha ht hy ilo~`zfd shtb tbf è`kxyhy

jx Izvttfedfe èd Zlìb% Tbfyf tsl ~blefthihèy dhaafzfeth`tf ~htib+




sbhib hy tbf bf`zfz#y ~fzif~thle la tbf ibècfy azlo kls tl bhcb he

y~f`mfzy# qlhif+ azlo tbf ìtv`k ibècfy he tbf qhjz`thle azfpvfeix la tbf

qli`k ilzdy+ sbhib hy of`yvzfd jx tfibehi`k dfqhify% Mzfhdkfz+ le tbfltbfz bèd+ vyfy tbf tsl fr~zfyyhley shtblvt dhaafzfeify%

He yblzt+ `ktblvcb tbfzf b`qf jffe q`zhlvy s`xy la dfahehec hetle`thle+

èd fìb `vtblz#y ~zfyfet`thle b`y yloftbhec tb`t o`mfy ht dhytheithqf+

tbfx `kk `czff tb`t hetle`thle heqlkqfy tbf ibècfy he y~f`mfz#y ~htib la

qlhif+ èd tbfyf ibècfy `dd ylof khecvhythi healzo`thle tl y~f`mfzy#

vttfzèify% He olyt la tbf fròhefd dfahehthley+ ~blefthihèy ofethle

tsl `y~fity la hetle`thle he Feckhyb7 hty alzoy èd hty aveithley%

0%0%: ALZOY @ED AVEITHLEY LA FECKHYB HETLE@THLE

Alzoy èd aveithley la hetle`thle `zf tbf yvjgfity la hetle`thle`k ytvdx%

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hy `jkf tl ilqfz+ ~blefthihèy‘ qhfsy `zf cfefz`kkx he `czffofet%

Tbf yb`~fy la Feckhyb tvefy

Jfalzf kllmhec `t bls ~blefthihèy dfyizhjfd tbf yb`~fy la tbf Feckhyb

tvef+ ht hy ho~lztèt tl eltf tb`t he tbf bhytlzx la hetle`thle`k ytvdx+ tbfzf

b`qf jffe tsl `~~zlìbfy tl dfyizhjhec Feckhyb hetle`thle7 tbf Jzhthyb

`~~zlìb èd tbf @ofzhiè `~~zlìb% Tbhy iè jf alved he Mzfhdkfz

":>>4(+ Izvttfedfe "0883(+ èd Zlìb "0882(% @iilzdhec tl Mzfhdkfz+ he

tbf @ofzhiè s`x "bf èd Izvttfedfe i`kk ht *kfqfky `~~zlìb* sbhkf

Zlìb i`kky ht *~htib ~blefofy* `~~zlìb(7

Khecvhyty vyf ` ylzt la yi`kf+ yhohk`z tl tbf yi`kf vyfd he ovyhi jvt yho~kfz%

Tbhy `~~zlìb hy j`yfd le tbf `yyvo~thle tb`t Feckhyb b`y è heqfetlzx la

dhytheithqf ~htib kfqfky+ gvyt `y ht b`y è heqfetlzx la dhytheithqf qlsfk èd



Dlée Oheb Oél ’ PB%:>>1%A%0%F9 0>

ileyleèt ~blefofy% Avztbfz+ gvyt `y èx vttfzèif hy ` yfpvfeif la qlsfky

èd ileyleèty= ht hy `kyl yfpvfeif la tbf dhytheithqf ~htib ~blefofy sbhib

ìilo~èx tbf yfcofet`k ~blefofy% "~%014(

Zlìb "0882( `ddy tb`t @ofzhiè ~blefthihèy ~zl~lyf alvz iletz`ythqf

~htib kfqfky èd hetle`thle s`y dfyizhjfd he tfzoy la ` yfzhfy la

olqfofety azlo lef la tbfyf kfqfky tl èltbfz% Zlìb èd Izvttfedfe

"0883( ~lhet lvt tb`t tbf @ofzhiè tz`dhthle s`y ileyhytfetkx izhthihwfd+

fqfe jx @ofzhiè khecvhyty% "Izvttfedfe laafzy ahqf ilvety alz tbf

izhthihyoy(% Mzfhdkfz èd Izvttfedfe vyf tbf tfzo *iletlvz `~~zlìb* tldfyizhjf tbf Jzhthyb s`x "Zlìb i`kky ht tbf *tlef veht `~~zlìb*(%

@iilzdhec tl tbfo+ Jzhthyb khecvhyty o`het`he tb`t sbfe ~fl~kf khytfe tl

yloflef t`kmhec+ tbfx o`x zfilcehwf tbf bhcb lz kls ~htib+ jvt sb`t

tbfx `zf olzf `s`zf la hy tbf zhyfy èd tbf a`kky he tbf qlhif% Tbhy hy tbf

s`x la hetle`thle è`kxyhy `dl~tfd jx aòlvy Jzhthyb ~blefthihèy yvib

`y Dèhfk Glefy+ Izxyt`k+ L#Ileelz+ @zelkd+ Izvttfedfe+ B`kkhd`x+ ^ftfzZlìb+ Azèihy Elkè+ Glbe Sfkky+ fti+% @kk la tbf slzmy sbhib b`qf

jffe zfqhfsfd yl a`z èd fy~fih`kkx tblyf tl jf yvzqfxfd he tbhy

alkklshec ~`zt la tbf ~`~fz `zf shtbhe tbf Jzhthyb `~~zlìb%

Zlìb "0882( heikvdfy he bhy yft la hetle`thle ~`ttfzey ahqf tx~fy la

yb`~f+ sbhib bf eòfy tlef7 KFQFKHEC tlef "tbf ~htib yt`xy tbf yòf

dvzhec tbf vttfzèif(+ A@KKHEC tlef+ ZHYHEC tlef+ A@KK/ZHYF tlef

"sbfzf tbf ~htib dfyifedy èd tbfe zhyfy `c`he( èd ZHYF/A@KK tlef

"sbfzf tbf ~htib ibècfy he tbf l~~lyhtf dhzfithle(% Ileelz i`kky

hetle`thle ~`ttfzey tbf tvef yb`~fy% Bf `kyl ~zl~lyfy alvz tx~fy la yb`~f

jvt kf`qfy lvt tbf kfqfkhec+ èd tbf zhyf/a`kk tlef tb`t Zlìb yvccfyty%

Tbf eòfy chqfe tl fìb tvef yb`~f jx Ileelz hy z`tbfz ho~zfyyhlehythi%

Tbf ahzyt tvef yb`~f hy tbf CKHDF/DLSE+ sbfzf he ` slzd czlv~ tbf




ytzfyyfd yxkk`jkf la fìb ho~lztèt slzd hy klsfz tbè tbf ltbfz

ho~lztèt slzdy jfalzf ht% Zlìb i`kky tbhy tbf a`kk7

Ileelz#y Ckhdf/Dlse

Ileelz dhqhdfy zhyhec tlef hetl tbf CKHDF/V^+ sbhib hy khmf tbf Ckhdf/

Dlse frif~t tb`t ht fedy shtb ` zhyf+ èd tbf T@MF/LAA+ sbhib `kylfedy shtb ` zhyf+ jvt hy dhaafzfet he tb`t fqfzx yxkk`jkf jfalzf tbf zhyf hy

kls7

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j(

Ileelz#y Ckhdf/Dlse `( èd T`mf/Laa j(

Tbf alvztb tvef yb`~f Ileelz dfyizhjfy hy tbf DHQF+ sbhib hy i`kk tbfa`kk/

zhyf jx Zlìb7

Ileelz#y Dhqf



Dlée Oheb Oél ’ PB%:>>1%A%0%F9 0:

Mzfhdkfz ":>>4( laafzy ` dhaafzfet dfyizh~thle la Feckhyb hetle`thle#y

alzoy% @ktblvcb bf yvccfyty alvz j`yhi tvef yb`~fy `y Zlìb "0882(7

tbf a`kk+ tbf zhyf+ tbf zhyf/a`kk èd tbf a`kk/zhyf+ bf yt`tfy tb`t ht hyfyyfeth`k tl dhqhdf tbf ahzyt tsl tvefy jx tsl alz fìb yl tb`t sf b`qf `

KLEC A@KK+ ` YBLZT A@KK+ ` KLEC ZHYF+ èd ` YBLZT ZHYF%

Blsfqfz+ Mzfhdkfz dlfy elt chqf ` ikf`z fr~kè`thle `jlvt bls klec

lz bls yblzt ht hy efifyy`zx tl dfihdf tb`t è vttfzèif hy jfhec

~zldvifd shtb ` klec lz yblzt thof dvz`thle% Tbhy iè lekx jf

~fzifhqfd hetvhthqfkx jx tbf bf`zfzy% @eltbfz ~lhet tb`t o`mfy

Mzfhdkfz#y ~zfyfet`thle kìm tblzlvcbefyy hy tb`t bf è`kxwfy tbf tvef

yb`~fy lekx `t tbf slzd/kfqfk% He `kk tbf vttfzèify tb`t bf vyfy `y

frò~kf alz è`kxwhec+ bf i`zfy lekx `jlvt tbf yxkk`jkf tb`t i`zzhfy tbf

~htib ibècf% @ktblvcb tbf ìifetfd yxkk`jkf hy tbf olyt ho~lztèt

yxkk`jkf+ ht yblvkd jf eltfd tb`t ~zìthi`kkx `kk ~zldvifd vttfzèify

ilet`hey olzf tbè lef yxkk`jkf%

Sfkky ":>>1( ofethley tbzff j`yhi alzoy le tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfze he

bhy ~zfyfet`thle+ sbhib hy tbf A`kk+ tbf Zhyf+ èd tbf A`kk/Zhyf% Bf

dfyizhjfy tbf A`kk hy tbf tlef shtb *tbf ~htib la tbf qlhif yt`zty

zfk`thqfkx bhcb èd tbfe olqfy dlses`zdy% Tbf yt`zthec ~lhet o`x jf

èxsbfzf azlo ohd tl bhcb% Tbf fed~lhet hy kls% Tbfzf o`x jf ylofv~s`zd olqfofet jfalzf tbf ~htib olqfy dlses`zdy* "~%03(% Tl

hkkvytz`tf ht+ Sfkky `kyl yt`zty shtb tbf i`yf la yheckf yxkk`jkf `y Zlìb

"0882( dlfy% Tbhy hy he i`yfy sbfzf tbf tlef veht+ sbhib bf i`kky tbf

hetle`thle`k ~bz`yf "tbf H^( b`y lekx lef yxkk`jkf+ lz sbfzf tbf k`yt

yxkk`jkf he tbf tlef veht hy tbf tlehi yxkk`jkf "tbf tfzo tlehi yxkk`jkf hy

vyfd jx Zlìb "0882(+ Sfkky i`kky ht evikf`z yxkk`jkf(%




Sfkky# A`kk "~%02(

Bf eltfy tb`t tbfzf hy qfzx latfe ` *ytf~/v~* sbfe zfìbhec tbf tlehi

yxkk`jkf% Tbhy iè ohykf`dy bf`zfzy tl tbf ~fzif~thle tb`t tbf tlef hy

zhyhec+ jvt Sfkky y`xy ht hy ythkk ` A`kk "~%02(7

Tbf Zhyhec tlef hy dfyizhjfd `y tbf tlef *shtb tbf qlhif yt`zty zfk`thqfkx

kls èd tbfe olqfy v~s`zdy% Tbf yt`zthec ~lhet o`x jf èxsbfzf azlo

kls tl ohd+ èd tbf fedhec ~lhet o`x jf èxsbfzf azlo ohd tl bhcb%*

"~%:0( Bf `kyl yt`zty tbf hkkvytz`thle la tbf zhyhec tlef shtb i`yfy sbfzf

tbf evikfvy hy le tbf k`yt yxkk`jkf lz sbfzf tbf tlef veht b`y lekx lef

yxkk`jkf7




@c`he+ khmf he tbf zhyhec tvef+ bf ofethley ` *ytf~/dlse* he ~htib `y tbf

y~f`mfz zfìbfy tbf jfcheehec la tbf zhyf7

Tbf A`kk/zhyf tlef hy dfyizhjfd jx Sfkky `y tbf tlef sbfzf tbf qlhif

yt`zty shtb zfk`thqfkx bhcb ~htib tbfe olqfy ahzyt dlses`zdy èd tbfe

v~s`zdy ` c`he% Tbf yt`zthec ~lhet iè jf èxsbfzf azlo ohd la tbf

~htib zècf tl bhcb+ tbf ohd~lhet hy kls= tbf fedhec ~lhet hy vyv`kkx `t

tbf ohddkf7




Aveithley la Feckhyb hetle`thle

@iilzdhec tl Glefy "08>8+ ~%1>(+ *Hetle`thle hy olyt ho~lztèt alz

hedhi`thec yb`dfy la ofèhec*% Bf t`mfy tbf s`x tb`t #xfy# hy vttfzfd shtb

dhaafzfet iletlvzy alz hkkvytz`thle% Y`hd shtb ` kls a`kkhec tlef+ y~f`mfz

ofèy *tb`t hy yl*+ shtb ` bhcb a`kkhec tlef+ bf,ybf hy fr~zfyyhec ` ytzlec

`czffofet+ shtb ` bhcb zhyhec tlef+ ` pvfythle hy jfhec `ymfd+ ofèhec

*Hy ht zf`kkx yl<*+ èd shtb ` a`kk/zhyf iletlvz+ è èysfz shtb bfyht`thle

hy jfhec ~zldvifd+ ofèhec *Ht o`xjf yl*7

Dèhfk Glefy# hkkvytz`thle la Feckhyb hetle`thle#y aveithle "~%10(

@atfz Dèhfk Glefy+ sbfe tbf ytvdx la hetle`thle dfqfkl~fd+

~blefthihèy b`qf zfilcehwfd èd tzhfd tl hylk`tf ltbfz dhaafzfet

aveithley la Feckhyb hetle`thle% @iilzdhec tl Zlìb "0882+ ~%019(+ olyt

~blefthihèy `czffd le alvz aveithley7 `tthtvdhe`k+ ìifetv`k+

czòo`thi`k+ èd dhyilvzyf aveithle%




@tthtvdhe`k aveithle hy tbf `jhkhtx la hetle`thle tl fe`jkfy y~f`mfzy tl

fr~zfyy folthley èd `tthtvdfy sbfe tbfx y~f`m= tbhy `ddy ` y~fih`k mhed

la ofèhec tl y~lmfe kècv`cf%

@iifetv`k aveithle la hetle`thle hy hty `jhkhtx tl *~zldvif tbf faafit la

~zlohefeif le yxkk`jkfy tb`t effd tl jf ~fzifhqfd `y ytzfyyfd+ èd he

~`zthivk`z tbf ~kìhec la tlehi ytzfyy le ` ~`zthivk`z yxkk`jkf o`zmy lvt

tbf slzd tl sbhib ht jfklecy `y tbf olyt ho~lztèt he tbf tlef veht*

"~%019(% Zlìb#y hdf`y iè jf vedfzytlld `y alkklsy% Fo~klxhec

hetle`thle tbf y~f`mfzy `zf `jkf tl o`mf ` ~`zthivk`z ~`zt la tbf ofyy`cf

~zlohefet sbhkf kf`qhec tbf ltbfz ~`zt lvt la tbfhz alivy% Tbfx dl tbhy jx

vyhec hetle`thle tl bhcbkhcbt ylof slzd `y ho~lztèt alz tbf ofyy`cf

tb`t tbfx shyb tl ileqfx%

Czòo`thi`k aveithle la hetle`thle hy hty `jhkhtx tl bfk~ khytfefzy*

zfilcehwf tbf czòo`z èd yxetìthi ytzvitvzf la sb`t hy jfhec y`hd jxvyhec tbf healzo`thle ilet`hefd he tbf hetle`thle* "~%019(%

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tlef kècv`cfy èd hetle`thle kècv`cfy hy elt tl y`x tb`t hetle`thle

dlfy elt frhyt he tlef kècv`cfy% Tblyf sbl `zf aòhkh`z shtb Fvzl~fè

kècv`cf yvib `y Feckhyb lz Azfeib latfe dl elt zfilcehwf tbf hetle`thle

la Qhfteòfyf jfi`vyf ht hy bhddfe jfbhed tbf v~y èd dlsey la tbf

kfrhi`k tlefy% Tbf `vtblz yt`tfy ahzokx tb`t+ *tl ylof y~fih`k frtfet+

hetle`thle dlfy frhyt he tlef kècv`cfy* "~%96(% Sbfe è vttfzèif hy

~zldvifd+ tbfzf hy yhcehahiètkx vefpv`k dhytzhjvthle la fefzcx le fìb

yxkk`jkf+ i`vyfd jx tbf tlefy+ èd tl ylof frtfet+ jx tbf yfetfeif ytzfyy




"+ :>>8(% Tbhy kf`dy tl tbf q`zhlvy yvddfe ibècfy he tbf ~htib ~`ttfze

la Qhfteòfyf y~ffib+ `y he tbf `vtblz#y hkkvytz`thle jfkls "~%4>(7

Eù èc jàe rf eclîh bhv ÿ

He è Feckhyb vttfzèif+ tbf khef hkkvytz`thec tbf hetle`thle iletlvz hy

latfe yolltb `ktblvcb ht dlfy ilet`he bhcb èd kls ~htib%

He bhy slzm+ sbhib hy zfc`zdfd `y tbf ahzyt tblzlvcb heqfythc`thle heQhfteòfyf hetle`thle+ ":>>8( `kyl yvccfytfd alvz ilo~lefety

o`mhec v~ hetle`thle he Qhfteòfyf7

^htib7 Fìb yxkk`jkf he Qhfteòfyf b`y ` ahrfd ~htib ~`ttfze% Blsfqfz+

ìilzdhec tl tbf `vtblz+ sbfe ` slzd hy he y~ffib+ hty kfrhi`k ~htib

~`ttfze "tbf tlef( hy elt o`het`hefd+ jvt ibècfy tl o`mf hetle`thle% Tbf

pvfythle `zhyfe hy bls bhcb lz bls kls slvkd jf felvcb alz tbf tlef tl

aveithle `y hetle`thle< ihtfd è ho~lztèt ahedhec la Blîec I`l

IƾƠ ec+ tb`t tbfzf frhyty ` *dhaafzfeth`k tbzfyblkd* `t sbhib tlef èd

hetle`thle hetfzìt% Tbf dhaafzfeth`k tbzfyblkd+ `y fr~k`hefd jx tbf `vtblz+

hy tbf ~htib la tbf tlef sbfe ht hy ~zlelveifd he tx~hi`k iledhthle "yvib

iledhthle `y sbfe yloflef hy `ymfd tl ~zlelveif ` slzd yf~`z`tfkx+

shtblvt èx iloovehi`thec iletfrt(% He y~ffib+ ` tlef sbhib ibècfy hty




~htib tl klsfz lz bhcbfz tbè tbhy dhaafzfeth`k tbzfyblkd+ shkk *b`qf

ibèif tl aveithle `y hetle`thle* "~%44(% Tbf tlef la *o h* he tbf

frò~kf jfkls hy tbf i`yf7

Yheb Qhçe oh "mbôec iŨ( bi ecôe ec bi

Tbf tlef la *o h*+ `y iè jf yffe+ b`y tbf ~htib la zlvcbkx 0%6 thofy `y

bhcb `y tb`t la *ec*% He ` tx~hi`k iledhthle+ tbf k`tfz slzd hy ~zlelveifd

shtb bhcbfz ~htib la qlhif% @ ileikvyhle hy dz`se lvt+ *Qhfteòfyf

hetle`thle hy o`df ~`ztkx jx tbf ibèchec tbf ~htib la tbf slzd#y kfrhi`k

tlefy tl klsfz lz bhcbfz tbè ` dhaafzfeth`k tbzfyblkd%* "~%41(

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o`mf hetle`thle dlfy frhyt+ ht hy zfytzhitfd `y tbf slzdy# ofèhec iè jf

àafitfd% Tbf fefzcx ~vt le ` slzd+ le tbf ltbfz bèd+ hy elt zfytzhitfd%

Ytzfyy+ tbfzfalzf+ hy ` a`z olzf ho~lztèt ilo~lefet la hetle`thle heQhfteòfyf% @ ~zfqhlvy frò~kf hy t`mfe `c`he tl yv~~lzt tbhy ~lhet%

Tbf slzd mbôec he

@eb ĉ e iƠ o mbôec< "Slvkd xlv khmf ` of`k<(

èd mbôec he

@eb ĉ e iƠ o mbôec% "Bf f`ty lekx zhif+ shtblvt èx ltbfz alldy(




slvkd elt b`qf ileyhdfz`jkf dhaafzfeify he tbf ~htib `t sbhib tbfx `zf

~zlelveifd+ jvt tbf fefzcx ~vt le tbf k`tfz slzd slvkd jf czf`tfz tbè

he tbf alzofz% Tbf `vtblz+ blsfqfz+ dlfy elt laafz è fr~fzhofet`khkkvytz`thle%

Dvz`thle7 Dvz`thle+ lz kfectb+ hy yt`tfd tl jf ` ilo~lefet la el kfyy

ho~lztèif tbè ~htib èd ytzfyy% Tbf ibècfy he tbf dvz`thle la `

yxkk`jkf he y~ffib he ilo~`zhyle shtb sbfe ht hy ~zlelveifd he ` tx~hi`k

iledhthle o`mf klec èd yblzt ylvedy% Tbf `vtblz#y fr~kè`thle+

blsfqfz+ hy z`tbfz hetvhthqf%

Tbfzf hy dhyivyyhle le ` alvztb ilo~lefet Qhfteòfyf hetle`thle+ sbhib

hy i`kkfd tbf *tfo~l*% Blsfqfz+ tbf `vtblz#y hdf` `jlvt tbhy hy ythkk q`cvf%

He ileikvyhle+ `ktblvcb Qhfteòfyf hetle`thle`k ytvdx b`y elt clt alz ht

` klec bhytlzx+ hty tx~hi`k af`tvzfy b`qf jffe dfyizhjfd jx ` evojfz la

oldfze khecvhyty% Tbf slzmy sbhib tbhy zfqhfs iè ilqfz yl a`z b`y

~zlqhdfd è hedhy~feyhjkf tbflzfthi`k jìmczlved alz ` zfyf`zib zfk`tfd

tl tbf `zf`%




Ib`~tfz :

OFTBLDLKLCX

:%0% YVJGFITY @ED TBF YFKFITHLE LA YVJGFITY

6> 4tb xf`z vehqfzyhtx ytvdfety la Aìvktx la Feckhyb Kècv`cf Tfìbfz

Fdvi`thle+ Vehqfzyhtx la Kècv`cfy èd Hetfze`thle`k Ytvdhfy+ QEV+

Bèlh shkk jf yfkfitfd `y tbf yvjgfity alz i`zzxhec lvt è hetle`thle

`s`zfefyy tfyt "yff :%:%0(% Tbhy shkk jf i`zzhfd lvt jx ikvytfz yò~khec

oftbld% Tbhztx la tbfo shkk t`mf ~`zt he tbf fr~fzhofet la hetle`thle

fo~klxofet "yff :%:%9(%

Tbhy yfkfithle hy alz ` evojfz la zf`yley% Ahzytkx+ tbf iblhif feyvzfy tb`t

`kk ~`zthih~èty b`qf oltbfz tlecvf hy Qhfteòfyf+ èd y~f`m Feckhyb `y

` alzfhce kècv`cf% Tbfx b`qf pvhtf tbf yòf ib`zìtfzhythiy shtb zfc`zd

tl `cf+ fdvi`thle+ èd tz`hehec he Feckhyb ~blefthiy% ^zhlz tl tbf zfyf`zib+

tbfx b`qf kf`zefd tl y~f`m Feckhyb alz ef`zkx yfqfe yfofytfzy% Tbfx

b`qf `kyl jffe fr~lyfd tl tbf tz`dhthle`k Jzhthyb è`kxyhy la Feckhyb

hetle`thle "yff Khtfz`tvzf( he tbf Feckhyb ~blefthiy èd ^blelklcx

ilvzyf t`mfe he tbf 6tb yfofytfz% Tbfzfalzf+ tbf ~zljkfoy alz è`kxyhy+

sbhib iè jf i`vyfd k`ttfz jx tbf dhqfzyhtx he tbf yvjgfity iè jf `qlhdfd%

Yfiledkx+ ahatx yvjgfity yfkfitfd alz tbf tfyt iè zf~zfyfet tbf ~l~vk`thle

`y ht ilzzfy~ledy tl zlvcbkx 06& la tbf tlt`k+ sbl tbfoyfkqfy b`qf oèx

iloole ib`zìtfzhythiy `y yt`tfd% Tbf yò~kf yfkfitfd alz dfyizhjhec

hetle`thle ~fzalzoèif ohcbt elt jf ho~zfyyhqfkx k`zcf% Blsfqfz+ `y

tbhy hy tl ilkkfit pv`kht`thqf d`t`+ tbhztx yvjgfity hy è ìif~t`jkf yò~kf

yhwf "Df^`vkl+ :>>>(% He `ddhthle+ tbf ~zlifyy la iledvithec tbf

fr~fzhofet èd è`kxwhec ilkkfitfd d`t` hy fr~fitfd tl jf qfzx thof

ileyvohec èd ilo~khi`tfd% Ht+ tbfzfalzf+ b`y ytl~~fd tbf `vtblz azlo

heizf`yhec tbf yò~kf yhwf%




:%: D@T@ ILKKFITHLE OFTBLD

:%:%0 Tbf tfyt

Tl èysfz tbf ahzyt èd yfiled zfyf`zib pvfythle+ ` tfyt shtb tsl

yf~`z`tf t`ymy hy dfyhcefd% Fìb ~`zthih~èt hy chqfe ` ybfft la ~`~fz he

sbhib tbfzf `zf ahqf Feckhyb yfetfeify t`mfe azlo Jfttfz Feckhyb

~zleveih`thle+ jx L# Ileelz "yff @~~fedhr Zfafzfeify(% Tbfx shkk jf

`ymfd tl khytfe tl tblyf yfetfeify y`hd jx ` e`thqf y~f`mfz la Feckhyb èd

chqf tbf èysfzy tl tfe pvfythley "yff @~~fedhr 0(% @kk tbf ~veitv`thleyb`qf jffe kfat lvt% He tbhy s`x+ tbf ~`zthih~èty shkk elt jf `jkf tl cvfyy

tbf hetle`thle iletlvz% Ha ` pvfythle o`zm hy ~vt `t tbf fed la ` yfetfeif

shtb ytzvitvzf la ` dfik`z`thqf yfetfeif+ alz heytèif+ tbfzf hy ` clld

ibèif tb`t tbf yvjgfity iè cvfyy ht hy ` pvfythle èd sb`t tbf hetle`thle

alz ht yblvkd jf khmf% Ileyfpvfetkx+ tbfx b`qf tbf ikvf èd iè chqf tbf

èysfzy shtblvt khytfehec tl tbf zfilzdhecy% Tbf ahqf yfetfeify `zf `kyli`zfavkkx yfkfitfd he tb`t èx slzdy lz ~bz`yfy sbhib iè ~ltfeth`kkx

yhce`k èx yfeyf zfk`tfd tl tbf `tthtvdfy lz folthley+ yvib `y bls

sledfzavk+ tfzzhjkf+ fti%+ `zf `kk `qlhdfd+ yl tb`t tbf yvjgfity shkk elt

j`yf tbfoyfkqfy le tblyf slzdy lz ~bz`yfy tl cvfyy tbf y~f`mfzy#

ofèhec shtblvt ~`xhec `ttfethle tl tbf zfilzdhecy ~k`xfd% Tbf dfyhcefd

tfyt+ tbfzfalzf+ feyvzfy tb`t tbf ~`zthih~èty ovyt zfkx tlt`kkx le tbfhzyfeyf la bf`zhec tl dftfit tbf hetle`thle iletlvzy vyfd jx tbf e`thqf

y~f`mfz èd sb`t ofyy`cfy `zf ileqfxfd%

Tbf ahzyt t`ym "Yff `~~fedhr 0( hy tl tfyt tbf yvjgfity# `s`zfefyy la tbf

~htib ibècfy# frhytfeif he y~ffib+ h%f% sbftbfz tbfx iè zfilcehwf tb`t

tbfzf `zf tbf v~y èd tbf dlsey he tbf y~f`mfzy‘ qlhif lz elt% Tbfx `zf

`ymfd tl khytfe tl tbf ahqf yfetfeify ofethlefd `jlqf èd+ alz fìb




yfetfeif+ ~vt ` thim he tbf *xfy* jlr ha tbfx iè zfilcehwf tb`t tbfzf `zf

ikf`z ~htib ibècfy+ thim tbf *el* jlr ha tbfx iè elt% Tbfzf iè jf

`zcvofety tb`t tbf yvjgfity# ~fzif~thle slvkd jf olzf faafithqfkx tfytfdha tbfx `zf `ymfd tl dz`s ` khef+ lz vyf ylof mhed la ileqfethle`k yxojlk

tl hkkvytz`tf tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfze tb`t tbfx bf`z% Blsfqfz+ ht yblvkd jf

eltfd tb`t *fqfe tz`hefd khytfefzy b`qf dhaahivktx he o`mhec ìivz`tf

fytho`tfy la tbf o`cehtvdf la ~htib olqfofet he ~zlohefet yxkk`jkfy*

"Glbe+ Ilkhe+ ft t`k+ :>>3(% Tbfzfalzf+ ht hy fr~fitfd tb`t fqfe e`thqf

y~f`mfzy la Feckhyb slvkd elt jf `jkf tl hkkvytz`tf tbf ìtv`k hetle`thle

iletlvzy la ` y~ffib ytzfò tbfx bf`z% Tbf olzf ho~lztèt tbhec hy tb`t

sbfe tbfx khytfe *sb`t tbfx `zf `s`zf la hy tbf zhyfy èd tbf a`kky he tbf

qlhif* "Mzfhdkfz+ :>>4+ ~%016(% @ktblvcb tbfx iè elt o`mf ìivz`tf

fytho`tfy la tbf ~htib o`cehtvdf+ tbfhz yfeyf la bf`zhec hy zfy~leyhqf tl

tbf ibècfy la tbf ~htib% @y ` zfyvkt+ ht hy yvaahihfet felvcb tl tfyt tbf

~`zthih~èty ha tbfx `zf `s`zf tb`t tbfzf `zf tblyf ibècfy%

Tbf yfiled t`ym hy tl tfyt tbf yvjgfity# `jhkhtx tl vedfzytèd tbf y~f`mfzy#

ofyy`cf sbfe bf,ybf vyfy fìb hetle`thle ~`ttfze% Tl ~zfyfet tbfhz

ilo~zfbfeyhle+ tbfx `zf `ymfd tl èysfz ahqf l~fe/fedfd pvfythley "yff

@~~fedhr 0+ ^@ZT :(% Fìb pvfythle b`y alvz ìilo~èhfd l~thley

sbhib ~zfyfet tbf ~lyyhjkf ofyy`cfy ileqfxfd jx tbf fo~klxfd

hetle`thle iletlvz% Tbfzf hy ` ahatb l~thle alz tbf ~`zthih~èty tl fr~zfyy

tbfhz lse s`x la ilo~zfbfeyhle% Tbhy hy tl ìbhfqf ` zfyvkt la bhcb

ljgfithqfefyy% He `ddhthle+ ~blefthihèy b`qf ~lhetfd lvt tb`t tbfzf hy elt

` ~zhqhkfcfd liivzzfeif la èx ~htib ~`ttfze he ` chqfe iletfrt% Tbf

yvjgfity+ tbfzfalzf+ yblvkd b`qf y~ìf tl dfyizhjf tbfhz vedfzytèdhec la

tbf ofyy`cf ha tbfx tbhem ht hy elt ilqfzfd he tbf alvz l~thley ~zlqhdfd%

Tbhy slvkd elt o`mf tbf d`t` è`kxyhy ~zlifyy èx olzf ib`kkfechec `y

tbf pvfythle effdfd èysfzhec hy ‛ Dl olyt la tbf ~`zthih~èty hetfz~zft




tbf hetle`thle fo~klxfd jx tbf e`thqf y~f`mfzy he tbf zfilzdhecy he tbf

yòf s`x `y tfrtjllmy latfe yvccfyt<‟

:%:%: Tbf fr~fzhofet

@e fr~fzhofet hy dfyhcefd tl èysfz tbf tbhzd zfyf`zib pvfythle% Tbf

d`t` c`tbfzfd shkk zf~zfyfet tbf yvjgfit#y ~fzalzoèif la Feckhyb

hetle`thle% He tbhy fr~fzhofet tbf ~`zthih~èty `zf `ymfd tl y`x yhr

yfetfeify sbhib iè jf bf`zd iloolekx he d`hkx ileqfzy`thle% Tbfx `zf

`c`he t`mfe azlo Jfttfz Feckhyb ~zleveih`thle+ jx L# Ileelz "Yff

`~~fedhr :(%@ y~fihahi èd aòhkh`z iletfrt alz tbf liivzzfeif la fìb yfetfeif+

sbhib hy izvih`k alz tbf q`khdhtx la tbf d`t`+ hy ~zlqhdfd% Tbf yvjgfity

shkk j`yf tbfoyfkqfy le tbf chqfe yhtv`thle tl dfihdf bls fìb yfetfeif

yblvkd jf y`hd% Tbfyf yhtv`thle`k iletfrty `zf izvih`k `y *ht hy ljqhlvy

tb`t tbf yfetfeify alzo ~`zt la ylof k`zcfz ìt la ileqfzy`thle`k

hetfzìthle jftsffe tsl y~f`mfzy ]‡_ Ytvdxhec hetle`thle he zfk`thle tl

dhyilvzyf b`y yblse tbf he`dfpvìx la `ttfo~thec tl è`kxwf tbf

aveithle la hetle`thle le tbf j`yhy la hylk`tfd yfetfeify lz tlef vehty+

zfolqfd azlo tbfhz khecvhythi èd yhtv`thle`k iletfrt%* "Zlìb+ 0882+

~%031(

Tbf ~vz~lyf la tbf d`t` c`tbfzfd he tbf fr~fzhofet hy elt tl dfoleytz`tf

tbf ~`zthih~èty# zhcbt lz szlec vyf la Feckhyb hetle`thle+ jvt ht hy tl

ilo~`zf shtb tbf s`xy latfe ileyhdfzfd tl jf tbf elzo`k+ lz veo`zmfd

vy`cfy jx oldfze ~blefthihèy% Tbf yvjgfity ilvkd elt jf ik`hofd tl

b`qf fo~klxfd ` zhcbt lz szlec iletlvz jfi`vyf *ht hy `kolyt ho~lyyhjkf

tl ahed ` iletfrt sbfzf lef ilvkd elt yvjythtvtf ` tlef jx ` dhaafzfet

lef* "Zlìb+ 0882+ ~%04>(% Mzfhdkfz ":>>4( fo~b`yhwfy avztbfz tb`t

*tbfzf hy el ofkldx sbhib hy frikvyhqfkx `yylih`tfd shtb lef tx~f la

yfetfeif* "~%016(%




Tbf yhtv`thle`k iletfrt iblyfe alz fìb yfetfeif hy gvythahfd `y alkklsy

"yff @~~fedhr : alz tbf yhtv`thley(7

Tbf iletfrt la yfetfeif H khmf ht qfzx ovib ho~khfy tb`t ht hy ` yt`tfofetsbhib hy dfahehtf èd ilo~kftf% L# Ileelz yvccfyty tb`t ` Ckhdf/dlse hy

elzo`kkx vyfd% Tbf ìlvythi è`kxyhy la tbf e`thqf y~f`mfz#y zfilzdhec la

tbhy yfetfeif yblsy tbf alkklshec ~htib ~`ttfze7

Tbf iletfrt la tbf yfetfeif Tbèm xlv! yblsy tb`t ht hy tl ylved ~lkhtf+

èd elt tl fr~zfyy zf`k cz`thtvdf+ sbhib hy veo`zmfdkx y`hd shtb ` Ckhdf/

v~+ ìilzdhec tl L# Ileelz7

Tbf Dhqf hy elzo`kkx vyfd he tbf iletfrt la tbf yfetfeif Bf‘y bèdylof%

Tbf y~f`mfz ho~khfy ` jvt alkklshec ` ~`zt la bhy èysfz7




Tbf yhtv`thle alz efrt yfetfeif H ybè#t jf klec zfqf`ky tb`t ybf y~f`mfz

yblvkd ylved feilvz`chec% Tbf e`thqf slvkd elzo`kkx vyf è hetle`thle

~`ttfze khmf tbhy7

Yhtv`thle alz yfetfeif Bls#y xlvz d`vcbtfz ho~khfy tb`t tbf ~fzyle sbl`ymy tbf pvfythle yblsy bfz hetfzfyt he jltb bfz azhfed èd bfz d`vcbtfz%

L# Ileelz yvccfyty ` Ckhdf/v~ he tbhy i`yf% Tbhy hy tbf ~htib iletlvz vyfd

jx e`thqf y~f`mfz alz tbhy yfetfeif7

Tbf iletfrt la k`yt yfetfeif Dhd Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz yvccfyty tb`t tbhy hy

` xfy,el pvfythle+ èd ht hy `ymfd `t tbf yt`zt la ` ileqfzy`thle+ sbhib

ofèy tbf `ddzfyyff b`y elt bf`zd tbf sblkf+ lz ` ~`zt la tbhy pvfythle

jfalzf tb`t% @iilzdhec tl L# Ileelz+ ` Ckhdf/v~ hy elzo`kkx vyfd bfzf+èd alkklshec hy tbf cz`~b hkkvytz`thec tbf ~htib iletlvz la tbf e`thqf

y~f`mfz# zfilzdhec la tbf yfetfeif7




:%9% D@T@ ILKKFITHLE ^ZLIFDVZF

Tbhy ~zlifyy shkk vedfzcl tsl ytf~y `y alkklsy7

Ahzytkx+ tbf tfyt èd tbf fr~fzhofet `zf dfyhcefd% Jfttfz Feckhyb

~zleveih`thle jx L‘ Ileelz+ sbhib hy zfc`zdfd `y lef la tbf olyt

~zfihyf ` ~zìthi`k hetzldvitlzx slzm he Feckhyb ~blefthiy èd

~blelklcx+ hy iblyfe `y tbf slzm sbfzf `kk tbf yfetfeify alz jltb tbf

tfyt èd tbf fr~fzhofet `zf t`mfe azlo% He lzdfz tl feyvzf tbf q`khdhtx

la tbf d`t` c`tbfzfd+ fìb la tbf yhr yfetfeify he tbf fr~fzhofet shkk

jf ìilo~èhfd jx ` y~fihahi yhtv`thle`k iletfrt% "Yff :%:(

Yfiledkx+ tbf tfyt èd tbf fr~fzhofet shkk jf i`zzhfd lvt% Ahzytkx+ tbf

ahatx ~`zthih~èty `zf `ymfd tl khytfe tl tbf t`~f zfilzdfz èd èysfz

tfe pvfythley he tbf tsl t`ymy% Tbhy hy t`mfe ~kìf he tbfhz ik`yyzllo%

Tbf zfyf`zibfz shkk jf zf`dx tl `yyhyt tbfo ha tbfzf `zf èx ~zljkfoy

vedfzytèdhec tbf t`ymy% Tbf thof alz zf`dhec tbf heytzvithle èd fìb

yfetfeif shkk elt jf khohtfd% Tbfe+ tbhztx la tbfo shkk t`mf ~`zt he tbf

fr~fzhofet% Tbf y~fihahi thof èd ~kìf alz iledvithec ht shkk jf

`zzècfd `t tbfhz ileqfehfeif% Tbf zfilzdhec aveithle la Gft@vdhl

2%>%6 ~zlczò shkk jf o`df vyf la tl zfilzd tbf ~`zthih~èty# qlhif% @kk

tbf d`t` shkk jf ytlzfd he ilo~vtfz b`zd dhym `y alkklsy7

Fìb la tbf ~`zthih~èty hy chqfe ` evojfz heytf`d la bhy,bfz eòf+

èd bhy,bfz zfilzdhecy `zf `ddfd ` zfy~fithqf evojfz `t tbf fed alz tbf

y`mf la è`kxwhec èd gvythaxhec sbhib cz`~b hy la sbhib zfilzdhec%

Tbf d`t` he b`zd dhym shkk jf i`tfclzhwfd `y alkklsy7 Tbfzf shkk jf lef

alkdfz izf`tfd tl ilet`he 9> yvjalkdfzy he fìb la sbhib b`y lef

~`zthih~èt#y ~htib cz`~by èd zfilzdhecy la `kk 1 yfetfeify= èltbfz




alkdfz ilet`hey 1 yvjalkdfzy he fìb la sbhib b`y `kk tbf ~htib cz`~by

la lef yfetfeif y`hd jx `kk ~`zthih~èty= ` tbhzd alkdfz ilet`hey `kk tbf

cz`~by%

:%4% D@T@ @E@KXYHY OFTBLDY @ED ^ZLIFDVZFY

Dfyizh~thqf yt`thythiy `zf vyfd tl dfyizhjf tbf af`tvzfy la tbf d`t` ilkkfitfd

azlo i`zzxhec lvt tbf tfyt èd heafzfeth`k yt`thythiy shkk jf vyfd tl zfìb tbf

ileikvyhle `jlvt sb`t tbf d`t` yblsy% Y~fihahi`kkx+ tbf dhytzhjvthle la tbf

~`zthih~èty# èysfzy shkk jf dfyizhjfd jx tbfhz `jhkhtx tl zfilcehwf tbf~htib ibècfy+ h%f% jx tbf czlv~ la tblyf sbl b`qf ìivz`tf èd tbf czlv~

la tblyf sbl b`qf heìivz`tf ~fzif~thle la tbf hetle`thle iletlvzy tbfx

bf`z% Tbhy shkk ~zlqhdf healzo`thle `jlvt tbf ~fzifet`cf tb`t tbf alzofz

czlv~ èd tbf k`tfz czlv~ zfy~fithqfkx ìilvet alz he tbf tlt`k evojfz la

yvjgfity% Tbfhz lqfz`kk ~fzalzoèif slvkd tbfe jf avztbfz è`kxwfd jx

dfyizhjhec tbf dhytzhjvthle la tbfhz èysfzy jx tbf ìivz`tf ~fzif~thledfczffy la ahqf czlv~y7 tblyf sbl èysfz *xfy* alz >/:>&+ :0/4>&+ 40/

1>&+ 10/2>&+ 20/0>>& la ahqf yfetfeify% Tbf ~`zthih~èty‘

ilo~zfbfeyhle la tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfzey‘ ofèhecy shkk jf fròhefd he

tbf yòf s`x ahzytkx% @atfz tb`t+ tbf dhytzhjvthle la tbf yilzf jx fìb

hedhqhdv`k yfetfeif shkk jf dfyizhjfd% Ahe`kkx+ j`yhec le tbf zfyvkty

yblse+ heafzfeif èd ileikvyhle `jlvt sbftbfz tbf yvjgfity `zf sfkk`s`zf la tbf ibècfy he tbf hetle`thle iletlvz èd tbf ofèhecy tb`t

tblyf ~`ttfzey iloovehi`tf lz elt shkk jf dz`se%

Tbf yvjgfity‘ zfilzdhecy la tbf yfetfeify chqfe tl tbfo shkk jf

è`kxwfd jx tbf Y~ffib @e`kxwfz 9%>%0 ~zlczò+ ` ylats`zf

y~fih`khwfd he y~ffib è`kxyhy dfqfkl~fd jx YHK Hetfze`thle`k "Yvoofz

Heythtvtf la Khecvhythiy+ Hei(% @iilzdhec tl tbf YHK7




Y~ffib @e`kxwfz b`y jffe ~zho`zhkx dfyhcefd tl jf vyfd jx èxlef sbl hy dlhec

heqfythc`thqf zfyf`zib hetl tbf ~blefthiy la ` kècv`cf% Ht hy ` ilo~lefet la tbf

@ilvythi Y~ffib @e`kxyhy ^zlgfit èd hy lef la tbf 6 Y~ffib @e`kxyhy Tllky èd

ivzzfetkx slzmy le Ohizlylat Shedlsy j`yfd ilo~vtfzy% Dvzhec elzo`k

l~fz`thley Y~ffib @e`kxwfz ~zlqhdfy tbf vyfz shtb ` dhcht`k s`qfalzo qhfs la

zfilzdfd y~ffib yhce`ky% Ht iè `kyl ~zfyfet ltbfz ~lyyhjkf qhfsy la tbf y~ffib

yhce`k heikvdhec O`cehtvdf+ ̂ htib+ Y~fitz` ̀ ed ilklz Y~fitzlczò%

He tbhy zfyf`zib+ tbf ~htib cz`~by tb`t tbf ~zlczò ~zfyfety shkk jf vyfd tl

dfyizhjf tbf ~`zthih~èty‘ hetle`thle iletlvz fo~klxfd he y`xhec tbf

chqfe yfetfeify% "Yff :%:(%

Ahzytkx+ jltb pv`kht`thqf oftbld èd dfyizh~thqf yt`thythiy oftbld shkk jf

vyfd tl èysfz tbf ahzyt ~`zt la tbf zfyf`zib pvfythle+ h%f% * @zf tbf

hetle`thle ~`ttfzey tb`t tbfx vyf he y`xhec tbf yfetfeify shtb tbf ~zlqhdfd

iletfrty chqfe tl tbfo j`yhi`kkx he `czffofet shtb tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfzey

tb`t `zf yvccfytfd he tfrtjllmy<‟ Tbf cz`~by alz fìb yfetfeif shkk jf ~vthetl tsl czlv~y7 tbf cz`~by hkkvytz`tf tbf ~htib ~`ttfzey sbhib `zf cfefz`kkx

he `czffofet shtb tbf ~`ttfze la tbf khef hkkvytz`thec tbf ~htib ~`ttfzey la

e`thqf y~f`mfz+ èd tbf zfyt+ sbhib ybls tbf iletlvzy he dhy`czffofet shtb

tbf ~htib ~`ttfze la e`thqf y~f`mfz% @ cfefz`k ileikvyhle `jlvt tbf

~`zthih~èty# ~fzalzoèif shkk tbfe jf dz`se%

Efrt+ tl èysfz tbf yfiled ~`zt la tbf pvfythle+ pv`kht`thqf ljyfzq`thle èd

dfyizh~thle oftbld shkk jf fo~klxfd% Jx ljyfzqhec tbf cz`~by èd j`yhec

le tbf tbflzfthi`k jìmczlved `jlvt tbf hetle`thle`k ib`zìtfzhythiy la

Feckhyb èd la tbf ~`zthih~èty# oltbfz tlecvf+ tbf zfyf`zibfz iè ilof tl

cfefz`k ileikvyhley `jlvt tbf ib`zìtfzhythiy la tbf s`xy tb`t tbf yvjgfity

vyf Feckhyb hetle`thle%




Ib`~tfz 9

ZFYVKTY @ED DHYIVYYHLE

9%0% Yvjgfity# `s`zfefyy la tbf ~htib ibècfy# frhytfeif he tbf

hetle`thle iletlvzy

@y ht hy ofethlefd he ib`~tfz :+ tbf tfyt ileyhyty la ~`zt 0 èd ~`zt :% He

tbf ahzyt yfithle+ tbf ~`zthih~èty# èysfzy tl ahqf yfetfeify shkk hkkvytz`tf

tbfhz `jhkhtx tl ~fzifhqf tbf ~htib q`zh`thle he tbf hetle`thle iletlvz

fo~klxfd jx tbf e`thqf y~f`mfzy sbl y`x tbf yfetfeify he tbf zfilzdhecy%

Tbfzf `zf ahatx yvjgfity èd ` tlt`k la :6> èysfzy `zf chqfe% Zfyvkty he

ahcvzf 0 jfkls hkkvytz`tf tbf zfk`thleybh~ jftsffe tbf czlv~y la èysfz

#xfy#+ sbhib hedhi`tfy tbf yvjgfity# `s`zfefyy la tbf ~htib ibècfy+ èd

tbf czlv~y la èysfzy #el#+ sbhib hedhi`tf tbf yvjgfity# ve`s`zfefyy la

tbf ~htib ibècfy he tbf hetle`thle iletlvzy%

"He ~`zt 0 la tbf tfyt+ ~`zthih~èty sfzf `ymfd ‛Xlv `zf clhec tl khytfe tl ahqf Feckhyb

yfetfeify y`hd jx ` e`thqf y~f`mfz la Feckhyb% Ha xlv zfilcehwf tb`t tbfzf `zf ikf`z ibècfy

he tbf y~f`mfz‘y ~htib la qlhif+ h%f% tbfzf `zf v~y èd dlsey he bhy,bfz qlhif+ ~vt ` thim he tbf*Xfy* jlr= ltbfzshyf+ thim tbf *El* jlr%"Yff `~~fedhr 0 alz tbf 6 yfetfeify(

@eysfzTlt`k

Xfy El

Evojfz la èysfz ::9 :3^fzifet`cf 28%9 0>%2




Ahcvzf 07 ^`zthih~èty# `s`zfefyy la tbf ~htib

ibècfy

Tbf zfyvkt dfoleytz`tfy tb`t lekx afs la tbf ~`zthih~èty dl elt zf`khwf

tb`t tbfzf frhyty ` ofkldx he tbf y~ffib ytzfòy tb`t tbfx bf`z% @y ht iè

jf yffe ljqhlvykx azlo ahcvzf 0+ lekx :3 lvt la :6> èysfzy+ sbhib

ìilvety alz 0>%2 ~fzifet la tbf tlt`k+ hy #el#+ sbhib ofèy tbf yvjgfity

dl elt zfilcehwf ileyhdfz`jkf ibècfy he tbf y~f`mfzy# ~htib la qlhif%

Ofèsbhkf+ ef`zkx 8>& la tbf ~`zthih~èty# zfy~leyfy `zf #xfy#+ sbhib

ofèy tbfx iè ~fzifhqf tbf q`zh`thle he tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfze la tbf

e`thqf y~f`mfzy he tbf zfilzdhecy% Ht hedhi`tfy tb`t tbfx b`qf qfzx bhcb`s`zfefyy la tbhy ìlvythi af`tvzf la Feckhyb hetle`thle%

Tbfzf hy èltbfz ho~lztèt ~lhet+ h%f% tbfzf hy el ~`zthih~èt chqhec

èysfzy #el# tl `kk tbf ahqf yfetfeify% Yfetfeify 0+ :+ èd 6 zfifhqf klsfz

yilzf tbè tbf zfyt tsl yfetfeify= blsfqfz+ ht yblvkd jf eltfd tb`t tbfyf

tbzff yfetfeify dl b`qf ` ykhcbtkx e`zzlsfz zècf la ~htb he ilo~`zhyle

shtb tbf ltbfzy% Tbhy fr~k`hey tbf ~zfttx clld+ jvt ~llzfz ~fzalzoèif%

Tbf dfczff la tbf ìivz`tf ~fzif~thle hy hkkvytz`tfd olzf ikf`zkx `y

alkklsy7

Tlt`k

Dfczff la èysfz ‛Xfy‟

^`zthih~èty ^fzifet`cf

@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz `kk 6 yfetfeify 90 10@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz 4 yfetfeify 0: :4@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz 9 yfetfeify 1 0:@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz : yfetfeify 0 :@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz lekx 0 yfetfeif > >@eysfz ‛Xfy‟ alz > yfetfeif > >




af`tvzf la tbf ylved tb`t tbf bvoè#y qli`k ilzdy èd ltbfz `zthivk`tlzx

lzcèy ~zldvif%

4%0%

Yvjgfity# ilo~zfbfeyhle la tbf hetle`thle iletlvzy

@y ~zfyfetfd+ he ^@ZT : la tbf tfyt+ tbf ~`zthih~èty `zf `ymfd tl zfakfit

tbfhz vedfzytèdhec la tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfzey fo~klxfd jx tbf e`thqf

y~f`mfzy he tbf zfilzdhecy la ahqf tfyt yfetfeify tbfx bf`z% Ahatx yvjgfity+

tbfzfalzf+ chqf :6> èysfzy% Le tbf sblkf+ tbf zfyvkty ybls tbf

~`zthih~èty# yvjytèth`k dhy`czffofet shtb tbf ytèd`zd ilo~zfbfeyhle

~zfyfetfd he tfrtjllmy% Tbfx a`hkfd tl vedfzytèd tbf y~f`mfzy# ofyy`cfileqfxfd jx tbfhz hetle`thle he olyt la tbf i`yfy% Tbhy hy hedhi`tfd he tbf

alkklshec t`jkf èd ib`zt7

"He tbhy ~`zt la tbf tfyt+ ~`zthih~èty sfzf `ymfd ‛Xlv `zf clhec tl khytfe tl tbf ahqf

yfetfeify he ^@ZT H `c`he+ ibllyhec òlec tbf alvz l~thley @+ J+ I+ D+ lz szhtf xlvz

lse èysfz+ sbhib xlv tbhem jfyt hedhi`tfy tbf y~f`mfz#y hetfedfd ofyy`cf%"Yff

`~~fedhr 0alz tbf tfyt(

Hetfz~zft`thle

Tlt`k

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la y~f`mfz‘y ofyy`cfy

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la y~f`mfzy‘ ofyy`cf

Evojfz la èysfz 99 :03

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Ahcvzf

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y#

lqfz`kk

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ft`thle

Ht hy ljqhlvy azlo ib`zt 9 tb`t+ lekx ` qfzx yo`kk evojfz la tbf

~`zthih~èty# zfy~leyfy ilzzfitkx zfakfit tbf y~f`mfzy# ofyy`cfy sbfe

tbfx vyfd tbf ilzzfy~ledhec hetle`thle iletlvzy% He aìt+ lekx 99 la tbfo

"09%: &( b`qf tbf ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la tbf y~f`mfzy# ofèhecy% Tbfx

i`tib tbf szlec ofyy`cfy he :03 lvt la :6> i`yfy+ sbhib o`mf v~ 21%2

& la `kk tbf èysfzy% Olyt la tbf ~`zthih~èty+ tbfzfalzf+ ~zfyfet ylof

ltbfz s`x la vedfzytèdhec tbf fo~klxfd hetle`thle ~`ttfzey+ sbhib hy

elt tbf yòf `y tblyf latfe yvccfytfd jx ~blefthihèy%




He `ddhthle+ tbf yvjgfity# lqfz`kk dfczff la hetfz~zft`thle ìivzìx `kyl

ofzhty i`zfavk `ttfethle% Ht hy yblse `y alkklsy7

Tlt`k

Dfczff la ilzzfithetfz~zft`thle

^`zthih~èty ^fzifet`cf

Ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la 4/6 yfetfeify > >Ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la 9 yfetfeify : 4Ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la : yfetfeify : 4

Ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la 0 yfetfeif :: 44Ilzzfit hetfz~zft`thle la > yfetfeif :9 41




Yfetfeif 4 :0 4:

Yfetfeif 6 > >

Ahcvzf 67 Hetfz~zft`thle la ~`zthih~èty jx

hedhqhdv`k yfetfeif

Ahcvzf 6 yblsy tbf yvjgfity# bhcbkx q`zhfd dfczff la ìivz`tf

hetfz~zft`thle he hedhqhdv`k yfetfeif% Alz yfetfeify : èd 6+ elef la tbfhzèysfzy zfakfit tbf ofèhec hetfedfd jx tbf e`thqf y~f`mfz% He i`yf la

tbf alzofz yfetfeif ` ileyhdfz`jkf evojfz la tbf ~`zthih~èty "0:(

ibllyf l~thle *Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythle*% Ht yffoy tb`t tbfhz

dfihyhle hy àafitfd jx tbf ykhcbtkx zhyf la tbf tlef `t tbf yfetfeif#y

fedhec% Tbfx o`x b`qf ` szlec `yyvo~thle tb`t zhyhec tlef `t tbf fed

ofèy ` pvfythle% Ha aìt+ tbhy hy ytzleckx zfhealzifd shtb tbf i`yf la




yfetfeif 6+ sbhib b`y ` ikf`zfz zhyhec tlef% La tbf ahatx èysfzy alz tbhy

yfetfeif+ 91 ~`zthih~èty ibllyf *tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythle*% Le

tbf iletz`zx tl tbf ~llz ~fzalzoèif shtb tbfyf tsl yfetfeify+ tbf

yvjgfity# yilzf hy elthif`jkx bhcbfz he i`yf la yfetfeif 4% 40& ":0( la tbf

yvjgfity chqf tbf ilzzfit vedfzytèdhec la tbf y~f`mfz# ofèhec% Tbfx

yffo tl b`qf ovib kfyy dhaahivktx cz`y~hec tbf ofèhec la tbf hetle`thle

iletlvz fo~klxfd he t`c/pvfythley+ sbhib hy vyfd he yffmhec alz khytfefz#y

`czffofet%

Le tbf sblkf+ ht iè jf yvoo`zhwfd tb`t tbf ~`zthih~èty ybls ` qfzx

~llz ~fzalzoèif he tbhy ~`zt la tbf tfyt% @ktblvcb tbf yilzf hy olzf

~lyhthqf he ylof i`yfy+ tbf zfyvkty ho~kx tb`t tbfhz hetfz~zft`thle la tbf

yfkfitfd Feckhyb hetle`thle iletlvzy hy he ytzlec dhy`czffofet shtb tbf

tz`dhthle`k hetfz~zft`thle ~zl~lyfd jx ~blefthihèy he tfrtjllmy `y tbf

iloole e`thqf s`xy% Ht `kyl yvccfyty tb`t tbf yvjgfity iè b`qf

ileyhdfz`jkf dhaahivkthfy vedfzytèdhec tbf e`thqf y~f`mfz#y hetle`thle he

zf`k iloovehi`thle%

4%:% Tbf yvjgfity‘ fo~klxofet la Feckhyb hetle`thle

@y ~lhetfd lvt+ `ktblvcb tbf ~`zthih~èty b`qf ~zlqfd tl b`qf `kolyt el

dhaahivkthfy zfilcehwhec tbf ~htib q`zh`thle he tbf e`thqf y~f`mfzy‘ qlhif+ he

olyt la tbf i`yfy tbfhz hetfz~zft`thle la tbf e`thqf y~f`mfz‘y ofyy`cf

ileqfxfd tbzlvcb tbfhz hetle`thle dhaafzy fhtbfz yvjtkftx lz dzò`thi`kkx+

azlo sb`t tz`dhthle`kkx ~zl~lyfd he tfrtjllmy% Tbfyf tfyt yilzfy kf`d tl èfr~fit`thle tb`t tbf yvjgfity‘ hetle`thle fo~klxfd he y`xhec tbf yhr

fr~fzhofet yfetfeify shkk ~zfyfet ileyhdfz`jkf dhaafzfeify azlo tblyf vyfd

jx tbf e`thqf+ èd tbf tvefy ohcbt jf la q`zhlvy yb`~fy% He aìt+ tbf

zfilzdhecy‘ ~htib cz`~by ybls ` bhcbkx ilo~khi`tfd zfyvkt%




Tbf ~`zthih~èty `~~f`z tl b`qf clt ` ~zl~fz iletzlk la tbfhz hetle`thle he

y`xhec ylof la tbf fr~fzhofet yfetfeify+ jvt ` i`zfavk ljyfzq`thle

yvccfyty tb`t he lekx afs i`yfy tbfx b`qf+ èd he olyt la tbf i`yfy tbfxb`qf elt jffe `jkf tl iletzlk ht+ èd tbf ~zl~fzefyy ohcbt jf ` ~vzf

ilheihdfeif%

Shtb ` pvhim kllm `t tbf 9> ~htib cz`~by la tbf ahzyt yfetfeif ‛H khmf ht qfzx

ovib‟ "Yff `~~fedhr 9 alz `kk tbf 9> ~htib cz`~by(+ ` k`zcf evojfz la tbf

yvjgfity yffo tl b`qf jffe sfkk `s`zf tb`t ` ckhdf/dlse+ sbhib hy `kyl

elzo`kkx fo~klxfd jx e`thqf y~f`mfzy+ hy è `~~zl~zh`tf hetle`thle iletlvz

alz tbhy yhtv`thle7

E`thqf hetle`thle iletlvz alz H khmf ht qfzx ovib%




Ylof la tbf yvjgfity‘ hetle`thle iletlvz alz H khmf ht qfzx ovib%

He aìt+ he lekx tbzff i`yfy tbf ~`zthih~èty z`hyf tbfhz qlhif `t tbf fed la

tbhy yfetfeif "yvjgfit 03tb+ :>tb èd :1tb(7

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^htib iletlvz la yvjgfit 03tb+ `( :>tb+ j(+ èd :1tb+ i( alz H khmf ht qfzx ovib%

Tbhy iè kf`d tl tbf `yyvo~thle tb`t oèx la tbf yvjgfity b`qf vyfd ìloole tvef alz tbf yhtv`thle+ èd tbfzfalzf+ `zf sfkk `s`zf la hty ofèhec%

@ iklyfz ljyfzq`thle la ltbfz yfetfeify‘ cz`~by+ blsfqfz+ zfqf`ky

yloftbhec dhaafzfet% He alvz la tbf ahqf ltbfz yfetfeify "frif~t alz tbf i`yf

la xfy,el pvfythle ‒Dhd Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz<‘ sbhib yb`kk jf dhyivyyfd

k`tfz(+ tbf yvjgfity b`qf fo~klxfd ` zlvcbkx tbf yòf tvef `t ` yvz~zhyheckx

bhcb z`tf "lekx tbf 2tb

èd 03tb

vyfy dhaafzfet tvefy azlo tbf ltbfzy+ sbhibshkk jf fròhefd he dft`hkfd k`tfz(% Yhcehahiètkx+ tbhy iletlvz b`y jffe

vyfd jltb alz tbf yhtv`thle sbfe ht hy elzo`kkx vyfd jx e`thqf y~f`mfzy èd

tbf yhtv`thle sbfe ` ckhdf/v~ lz ` dhqf hy elzo`kkx vyfd heytf`d%

He tbf tsl i`yfy la yvjgfit evojfz 2 èd 03 ofethlefd+ tbf tvef yb`~fy `zf

qfzx dhaafzfet azlo tblyf la tbf ltbfzy% @ktblvcb olyt la tbfo dl elt b`qf

`~~zl~zh`tf ~`ttfzey tl jf i`tfclzhwfd `y tbf tx~fy ~zl~lyfd jx

~blefthihèy+ tbfx b`qf ylof af`tvzfy sbhib ofzht `ttfethle% Alz 0yt+ 4tb+ 6tb

èd 1tb yfetfeif+ tbf alzofz ytvdfet b`y fo~klxfd ` tvef sbhib b`y bhcbfz

~htib `t tbf fed lz qfzx iklyf tl tbf fed la tbf yfetfeify+ èd `

ilo~`z`thqfkx klsfz ~htib `t tbf yfetfeify‘ jfcheehec "^htib cz`~b la tbf

ahzyt yfetfeif jfkls yblsy ` a`kk `t tbf fed la ovib= blsfqfz+ `y tbhy a`kk hy

qfzx yvddfe he ilo~`zhyle shtb tbf thof ~fzhld tb`t ovib zfifhqfy ` zhyhec




tlef+ sbhib k`yty alz `kolyt tbf sblkf dvz`thle la tbhy slzd+ sf `itv`kkx

~fzifhqf tbf zfilzdhec `y b`qhec ` zhyhec tlef heytf`d la ` a`kk%(7

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Hetle`thle la tbf 0yt+ 4tb+ 6tb+ `ed 1tb yfetfeify y`hd jx tbf yvjgfit 2




Alz tsl kfat yfetfeify+ ybf vyfy ` ckhdf/dlse7

: (

9(

Hetle`thle la tbf yfetfeify : èd 9 y`hd jx yvjgfit 2

@ktblvcb lekx ` b`ka la tbf yhr yfetfeify "tbf 4tb+ 6tb+ èd 1tb( b`qf tbf

tvefy tb`t e`thqf y~f`mfzy slvkd jf khmfkx tl ileyhdfz `y elzo`k+ tbhyyvjgfit b`y ~zlqfd tl jf `s`zf la tbf effd tl vyf dhaafzfet hetle`thley he

dhaafzfet iletfrty% Tbf k`tfz yvjgfit+ le tbf ltbfz bèd+ z`hyfy bhy qlhif `t

tbf fed la `kk yhr yfetfeify+ sbhib o`mfy tbfo ylved khmf tbf v~t`km

hetle`thle ytxkf la tbf xlvec @vytz`khè èd Jzhthyb y~f`mfzy tld`x%

Blsfqfz+ fqfe ha bf dlfy ht hetfethle`kkx+ alz tbf bhcbkx yfzhlvy yhtv`thle la

tbf ahzyt yfetfeif+ ht hy elt tbf elzo`k s`x% Tbhy aìt hedhi`tfy tb`t bf ohcbt

b`qf `dl~tfd tbf zhyhec tlef la tbf e`thqf y~f`mfzy shtblvt elthihec hty

iloovehi`thqf q`kvfy7




Hetle`thle iletlvz la yvjgfit 03 alz `kk yhr yfetfeify

Tbf yhtv`thle hy olzf ~lyhthqf shtb tbf i`yf la tbf xfy,el pvfythle ‛Dhd

Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz<‟ sbhib b`y jffe zfc`zdfd `y è frif~thle f`zkhfz%

Tbf hetle`thle iletlvzy vyfd jx tbf yvjgfity ybls jltb ytzlec `czffofet

èd tbfhz bhcb `s`zfefyy la hty ofèhec% @ktblvcb tbfzf `zf ~`zthih~èty

sbl klsfz tbfhz qlhif `t tbf fed la tbf yfetfeif+ olzf tbè ` b`ka la tbf

ytvdfety b`qf hetfethle`kkx tzhfd tl mff~ tbfhz qlhif `t bhcb ~htib `t tbf

yfetfeif‘y fedhec "yff `~~fedhr 9 alz `kk tbf 9> cz`~by la tbhy yfetfeif(7




Ylof la tbf yvjgfity‘ ~htib cz`~by alz Dhd Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz< +

@ktblvcb tbf tvefy `zf la q`zhlvy y~fihahi yb`~fy+ èd dl elt kllm khmf `

ckhdf/v~ ytzhitkx+ tbfx b`qf hkkvytz`tfd tbf ~`zthih~èty‘ ileyihlvyefyy tb`tyvib ` pvfythle elzo`kkx b`qf ` zhyhec qlhif `t tbf fed% Tbhy iè jf olzf

ytzleckx zfhealzifd jx tbf aìt tb`t alz ef`zkx `kk tbf zfyt yfetfeify+ tbfx vyf

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dfihdfd tl vyf ` tvef shtb ` zhyhec tlef `t tbf fed alz tbhy pvfythle%

Ht iè jf ileikvdfd azlo `kk tblyf yt`tfd ahedhecy tb`t he olyt la tbf

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iloovehi`thqf faafit tb`t tbf tvefy tbfx b`qf vyfd slvkd zfyvkt he% Tbhy hy

yv~~lztfd jx tbfhz ~llz ~fzalzoèif he ~`zt tsl la tbf tfyt dhyivyyfd

~zfqhlvykx% Ht `kyl hedhi`tfy tb`t tbfhz fo~klxofet la tbf tvef alz yfetfeif

0+ sbhib hy he ytzlec `czffofet shtb sb`t latfe yvccfytfd jx ~blefthihèy+

iè sfkk jf ` ilo~kftf ilheihdfeif% Tbf èysfz alz ` ~`zt la tbf tbhzd

zfyf`zib pvfythle+ tbfzfalzf+ hy tb`t tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfzey tb`t tbf yvjgfity

vyf he y`xhec tbf yfetfeify shtb tbf ~zlqhdfd iletfrty chqfe tl tbfo

j`yhi`kkx he dhy`czffofet shtb tbf hetle`thle ~`ttfzey tb`t `zf yvccfytfd he

tfrtjllm%

Dff~fz fròhe`thle la tbf ~htib cz`~by ho~khfy tb`t tbfzf `zf ylof ltbfz

iloole af`tvzfy he tbf hetle`thle la tbf ~`zthih~èty+ `y tl èysfz tbf k`yt

~`zt la tbf tbhzd zfyf`zib pvfythle%

Ahzytkx+ tbfzf yffoy tl frhyt ` tzèyafz la Qhfteòfyf tlef hetl tbf yvjgfity#

Feckhyb hetle`thle% Tbf ljyfzq`thle la 9> ~htib cz`~by la pvfythle ‛Dhd

Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz‟ hedhi`tfy tb`t tbf frhytfeif la tbhy heakvfeif hy

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tbf yxkk`jkf , kft,% Tbf e`thqf y~f`mfz `y oldfk chqfy ht ` a`kkhec tlef+ le tbf

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jfklec tl ahzyt czlv~+ èd i(+ d( jfklec tl yfiled czlv~

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chqf tl ,kft, iè lekx jf fr~k`hefd `y ` tzèyafzfeif la tbf Qhfteòfyf

kfrhi`k tlef YI% Ileyfpvfetkx+ fqfe shtb ahzyt czlv~+ ytvdfety o`x b`qf

vehetfethle`kkx vyfd tbf zhyhec tlef le ,kft,% Ha ` e`thqf y~f`mfz la

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ibèify `zf sfkk tb`t ht slvkd zfifhqf ` bhcb zhyhec tlef `y ` zvkf la

Qhfteòfyf ~zleveih`thle% Ht iè jf yffe ikf`zfz sbfe Qhfteòfyf

kècv`cf ho~lzty qli`jvk`zx azlo Feckhyb% Alz heytèif+ sbfe *Hetfzeft*

èd *tlhkft* `zf vyfd `y Qhfteòfyf+ tbfx b`qf e`tvz`kkx jfilof He/tƠ /eèt+

èd tl`/kèt shtb *eft* èd *kft* zfy~fithqfkx chqfe ` YI tlef% Tbhy




tzèyafzfeif tfedy tl jf olyt ljqhlvy sbfe è Feckhyb yxkk`jkf b`y è

frìt fpvhq`kfet he Qhfteòfyf yvib `y he tbf dhyivyyfd i`yf% Ht iè jf

o`df ikf`zfz sbfe sf ljyfzqf tbf 9> cz`~by la 6

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kfyy y~fihahi zvkf la ~`ttfzehec+ ht iè jf ljyfzqfd tb`t ~zìthi`kkx el

yvjgfity ~zlelveif ,d7%, la ,#d7%t , `t ` kls ~htib% Tbfx tfed tl mff~ ht

ileytèt `y tbf EC@EC tlef "kfqfkhec tlef( la Qhfteòfyf èd tbfe olyt

la tbfo ~zlelveif tbf k`yt ~`zt la tbf slzd shtb ` ~htib a`kkhec lz mff~ htkfqfkhec% Tbfzf hy b`zdkx èx i`yfy tb`t ,t , zfifhqfy ` zhyhec tlef àtfz

,#d7%, ~zldvifd `t ` kls ~htib+ `ktblvcb tb`t hy tbf ~`ttfze `dqhyfd jx

~blefthihèy7

E`thqf ~htib cz`~b alz Bls‘y xlvz d`vcbtfz<




Ylof la tbf yvjgfity‘ ~htib cz`~by alz Bls‘y xlvz d`vcbtfz<

He ileikvyhle+ tbf tbhzd zfyf`zib pvfythle iè jf jzhfakx èysfzfd `y

alkklsy% Tbf ~`zthih~èty b`qf fo~klxfd ` qfzx ilo~khi`tfd yxytfo la hetle`thle iletlvzy sbhib `zf cfefz`kkx he dhy`czffofet shtb tbf

~`ttfzey tb`t ~blefthihèy latfe yvccfyt he ~blelklcx tfrtjllmy% Tblvcb

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azlo tbf ~htib cz`~by ljyfzq`thle% Ahzytkx+ frif~t alz ` iloole yhtv`thle

la tbf xfy,el pvfythle+ tbf yvjgfity yffo ve`s`zf la tbf iloovehi`thqf

faafit tb`t tbfhz hetle`thle ~zldvify% Yfiledkx+ tbfzf `~~f`z tl jf èfc`thqf tzèyafz la Qhfteòfyf tlef hetl tbf yvjgfity‘ hetle`thle la

Feckhyb% Tbhy tzèyafz hy ikf`zfyt sbfe tbf yvjgfity y`x tbf 6 tb èd 1tb

yfetfeif%




ILEIKVYHLE

0% YVOO@ZX

Tbhy zfyf`zib heqfythc`tfd tbf `s`zfefyy èd tbf fo~klxofet la Feckhyb

hetle`thle òlecyt ` czlv~ la 6> 4tb/xf`z ytvdfety+ sblyf ahzyt o`glz hy

tbf Feckhyb+ `t Vehqfzyhtx la Kècv`cfy èd Hetfze`thle`k Ytvdhfy+ QEV+

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b`qf pvhtf tbf yòf ib`zìtfzhythiy shtb zfc`zd tl `cf+ fdvi`thle+ èd

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Ahzyt+ tl heqfythc`tf tbf yvjgfity‘ `s`zfefyy la tbf ~htib q`zh`thle he tbf

Feckhyb hetle`thle iletlvzy èd tbfhz `jhkhtx tl vedfzytèd tbf ofèhec

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Feckhyb yfetfeify y`hd jx ` e`thqf y~f`mfz la Feckhyb "tbf yfetfeify èd

zfilzdhecy sfzf t`mfe azlo Jfttfz Feckhyb ^zleveih`thle+ Jx G%D%

L‘Ileelz( èd hedhi`tfd sbftbfz tbfx ilvkd zfilcehwf tbf ~htib

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yfetfeify% Ht hedhi`tfd tb`t tbfx `zf sfkk `s`zf la tbf frhytfeif la `

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hetle`thle iletlvzy he ilo~`zhyle shtb tbf tz`dhthle`k ilo~zfbfeyhley

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fo~klxofet la Feckhyb hetle`thle% 9> la tbf tlt`k ~`zthih~èty he tbf tfyt

sfzf `ymfd tl y`x yhr Feckhyb yfetfeify shtb ` ~zlqhdfd yhtv`thle`k

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iletlvzy la fìb yfetfeif sfzf dfyizhjfd he ilo~`zhyle shtb tbf e`thqf

y~f`mfz‘ hetle`thle he y`xhec tbf ilzzfy~ledhec lef% Tbf fr~fzhofet‘y

zfyvkty hedhi`tfd tb`t olyt la tbf yvjgfity `zf elt `s`zf la tbf

iloovehi`thqf faafit tb`t tbfhz hetle`thle o`x izf`tf% Tbf tvefy tb`t tbf

yvjgfity fo~klxfd he y`xhec tbf yhr fr~fzhofet yfetfeify shtb tbf

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tbf ~htib ~`ttfzey ileyhdfzfd tl jf elzo`k lz veo`zmfd jx e`thqf

y~f`mfzy% He `ddhthle+ le ljyfzqhec èd è`kxwhec tbf ~htib cz`~by la yhr

yfetfeify tb`t tbf yvjgfity y`hd+ ht hy zfqf`kfd tb`t tbfzf `zf ylof

iloole af`tvzfy tb`t ohcbt jf ` zfyvkt la ` efc`thqf tzèyafz la tbf

Qhfteòfyf tlefy hetl tbf yvjgfity‘ hetle`thle la Feckhyb% Ht hy ikf`zfyt

sbfe è Feckhyb yxkk`jkf b`y è frìt fpvhq`kfet he Qhfteòfyf%




6%0% Khoht`thley

Dfy~htf hty ìbhfqfofety+ tbfzf `zf yfqfz`k khoht`thley he tbhy ytvdx%

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TBF @S@ZFEFYY @ED FO^KLXOFET LA FECKHYB HETLE@THLE

@OLECYT VKHY 4TB


Ox eòf hy Dlè O% O`l+ ` alvztb xf`z ytvdfet la Aìvktx la Feckhyb Kècv`cfTfìbfz Fdvi`thle% H ò dlhec ` zfyf`zib le tbf `s`zfefyy èd fo~klxofet la Feckhybhetle`thle òlecyt 4tb xf`z ytvdfety la Feckhyb `y ahzyt o`glz `t VKHY% Tbhy tfyt hy jfheci`zzhfd lvt he lzdfz tl ilkkfit tbf d`t` alz è hetfcz`k ~`zt la tbf ytvdx%

H slvkd jf cz`tfavk ha xlv slvkd bfk~ of tl èysfz ylof alkklshec pvfythley% Ht shkkelt t`mf xlv olzf tbè 0> ohevtfy tl dl tbf tfyt+ jvt xlvz èysfzy `zf la czf`tho~lztèif alz tbf yviifyyavk ̀ iilo~khybofet la tbf ytvdx%

Xlv shkk èysfz ` zècf la pvfythley+ sbhib ~zfyfety xlvz ~fzif~thle èd hetfz~zft`thle

la ylof Feckhyb hetle`thle ~`ttfzey# ofèhec% El o`ttfz sb`t xlvz èysfzy shkk jf+ ht hyelt tl gvdcf tb`t xlv `zf zhcbt lz szlec jfi`vyf+ `y xlv mels+ ht hy `kolyt ho~lyyhjkf tlahed ` iletfrt sbfzf lef ilvkd elt yvjythtvtf ` tlef jx ` dhaafzfet lef% Avztbfzolzf+xlv shkk elt jf `ymfd alz xlvz ~fzyle`k healzo`thle= tbfzfalzf+ xlv shkk yt`x èlexolvyhe èx dhyivyyhle la tbf d`t`% Xlvz bfk~ hy tzvkx `~~zfih`tfd% TB@EM XLV!

^@ZT 0

Xlv `zf clhec tl khytfe tl ahqf yfetfeify y`hd jx ` e`thqf y~f`mfz la Feckhyb% Ha xlvzfilcehwf tb`t tbfzf `zf ikf`z ibècfy he bhy,bfz ~htib la qlhif+ h%f% tbfzf `zf v~y èddlsey he bhy,bfz qlhif+ ~vt ` thim he tbf *xfy* jlr= ltbfzshyf+ thim tbf *el* jlr%

0% Ybf tllm tbf i`z

Xfy ■ El ■

:% Glbe#kk jf bfzf ylle

Xfy ■ El ■

9% Sbl tlkd xlv tl dl ht

Xfy ■ El ■

4% Ht#y ilkd tld`x hye#t ht

Xfy ■ El ■

6% Bf hy cfefzlvy

Xfy ■ El ■




^@ZT HH

Xlv `zf clhec tl khytfe tl tbf ahqf yfetfeify he ^@ZT H `c`he+ ibllyhec òlec tbf alvzl~thley @+ J+ I+ D+ lz szhtf xlvz lse èysfz+ sbhib xlv tbhem jfyt hedhi`tfy tbf

y~f`mfz#y hetfedfd ofyy`cf%

0% Ybf tllm tbf i`z

@% Tbf y~f`mfz yho~kx healzoy tbf khytfefz èd dlfy elt ho~kx èx tbhec avztbfz%J% Tbf y~f`mfz hy elt yvzf `jlvt sb`t bf y`xy%I% Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythle%D% Ltbfz%

^kf`yf y~fihax xlvz èysfz7 ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡

:% Glbe#kk jf bfzf ylle

@% Tbf y~f`mfz yho~kx healzoy tbf khytfefz èd dlfy elt ho~kx èx tbhec avztbfz%J% Tbf y~f`mfz hy èczx%I% Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythle%D% Ltbfz%


9% Sbl tlkd xlv tl dl ht

@% Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythleJ% Tbf y~f`mfz hy zf~fthec yloflef‘y pvfythle%I% Tbf y~f`mfz hy bfyht`thec%D% Ltbfz%


4% Ht#y ilkd tld`x hye#t ht

@% Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythle%J% Tbf y~f`mfz sèty tbf khytfefz tl `czff shtb bho%I% Tbf y~f`mfz sèty tbf khytfefz tl chqf bhy l~hehle%

D% Ltbfz%^kf`yf y~fihax xlvz èysfz7 ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡

6% Bf hy cfefzlvy

@% Tbf y~f`mfz hy elt yvzf `jlvt sb`t bf y`xyJ% Tbf y~f`mfz hy `ymhec ` pvfythleI% Tbf y~f`mfz yho~kx healzoy tbf khytfefz èd dlfy elt ho~kx èx tbhec avztbfz%D% Ltbfz%





@^^FEDHR :

YFETFEIFY ALZ ZFILZDHEC YVJGFITY# HETLE@THLE

^FZALZO@EIF

Bls tl xlv y`x fìb la tbf alkklshec yfetfeify shtb tbf ~zlqhdfd iletfrt<

0% Tbf dlc la xlvz efhcbjlz s`y mhkkfd xfytfzd`x+ èd ~lkhif `zf `ymhec xlv èdylof ltbfz ~fl~kf tl èysfz ` yfzhfy la pvfythley tl hdfethax tbf mhkkfz% Lef pvfythlehy *bls dl xlv affk `jlvt tb`t dlc<* Xlv chqf ` ahzo èd yfzhlvy èysfz7

/ H khmf ht qfzx ovib%

:% Xlv `zf ` thimft iledvitlz le ` jvy% Xlv latfe y`x *tbèm xlv* tl ~`yyfecfz àtfzibfimhec tbf thimft tl jf ~lkhtf%

/ Tbèm xlv!

9% @ azhfed `ymy xlv sb`t xlv tbhem `jlvt ` cvx jltb la xlv mels% @ktblvcb bf hybèdylof+ xlv dle‘t khmf bho jfi`vyf la ylof zf`yle% Tbhy hy tbf ahzyt ~`zt la xlvzèysfz7

/ Bf#y bèdylof+ "jvt‡‡‡‡( "Eltf7 gvyt y`x tbf ahzyt ~`zt *Bf#y bèdylof*(

4% Xlv èd xlvz azhfedy ~kè tl cl ybl~~hec+ jvt xlv b`qf tl ahehyb xlvz blofslzmahzyt% Tbfx `zf bfyht`thec sbftbfz tl s`ht alz xlv lz elt jfi`vyf ht iè t`mf ` klt la thof% Xlv feilvz`cf tbfo7

/ H ybè#t jf klec%

6% Xlv offt xlvz azhfed àtfz ` klec thof xlv b`qfe‘t yffe bfz% Xlv jltb `zf t`kmhecb`~~hkx `jlvt bfz efs khaf+ èd xlv dle‘t alzcft tl `ym àtfz bfz ivtf d`vcbtfz7

/ Bls#y xlvz d`vcbtfz<

1% Xlv `zf `ymfd tl ~lyt ` kfttfz+ jvt yloflef b`y dlef ht alz xlv% Xlv sèt tl mels

ha Glbe+ xlvz ilkkf`cvf+ dhd ht% Xlv `ym èltbfz ~fzyle sbl xlv tbhem melsy ht7/ Dhd Glbe ~lyt tb`t kfttfz<




@^^FEDHR 9^HTIB @ED S@QF CZ@^BY LA YVJGFITY‘ HETLE@THLE

ILETLVZY LA 0YT

+ 6TB

+ @ED 1TB

YFETFEIF

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Doan Minh Mao - 061e3 - The Awareness and Employment of English Intonation Amongst Ulis 4th Year...

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Transcript of Doan Minh Mao - 061e3 - The Awareness and Employment of English Intonation Amongst Ulis 4th Year...