DO NOWDO NOW WHAT WAS THE POPULIST PARTY PLATFORM? WHAT WAS THE POPULIST PARTY PLATFORM? LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ YOUR LOOK IN YOUR NOTES AND READ YOUR

TEXTBOOK ON PAGE 221 UNDER THE TEXTBOOK ON PAGE 221 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE POPULIST PARTY SECTION TITLED “THE POPULIST PARTY PLATFORM”PLATFORM”

Chapter 6: A New Industrial Age After the Civil War, the United

States was still largely an agricultural nation. By the 1920s—a mere 60 yrs later—it had become the leading industrial power in the world. This immense industrial boom was due to several factors, including: a wealth of natural resources, government support for business, and a growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products.

Section 1: The Expansion of Section 1: The Expansion of IndustryIndustry

Though Eastern Native American tribes had made fuel and Though Eastern Native American tribes had made fuel and medicine from crude oil long before Europeans arrived on the medicine from crude oil long before Europeans arrived on the

continent, early American settlers had little use for oil. In the late continent, early American settlers had little use for oil. In the late 1840s, Americans began using kerosene to light lamps after the 1840s, Americans began using kerosene to light lamps after the

Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner discovered how to distill the Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner discovered how to distill the fuel from oil or coal. It wasn’t until 1859, however, when Edwin L. fuel from oil or coal. It wasn’t until 1859, however, when Edwin L.

Drake successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Drake successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth’s Titusville, Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earth’s

surface became practical.surface became practical.

1. United States 1. United States 1920s1920s

2. factors of the 2. factors of the industrial boomindustrial boom

1. 1. becoming a leading becoming a leading industrial powerindustrial power

2. 2. a wealth of natural a wealth of natural resources (oil), gov. support resources (oil), gov. support for business, growing urban for business, growing urban (city) population(city) population

An oil boom started that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, An oil boom started that spread to Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and eventually, Texas. Petroleum-refining industries Indiana, and eventually, Texas. Petroleum-refining industries arose in Cleveland and Pittsburgh as entrepreneurs rushed to arose in Cleveland and Pittsburgh as entrepreneurs rushed to transform the oil into kerosene. Gasoline, a byproduct of the transform the oil into kerosene. Gasoline, a byproduct of the refining process, originally was thrown away. But after the refining process, originally was thrown away. But after the

automobile became popular, gasoline became the most important automobile became popular, gasoline became the most important form of oil. Oil was not the only natural resource that was plentiful form of oil. Oil was not the only natural resource that was plentiful

in the United States. There was also abundant deposits of coal in the United States. There was also abundant deposits of coal and iron. Coal production skyrocketed—from 33 million tons in and iron. Coal production skyrocketed—from 33 million tons in

1870 to more than 250 million tons in 1900.1870 to more than 250 million tons in 1900. 3. crude oil3. crude oil

4. other abundant 4. other abundant natural resourcesnatural resources

3. 3. commonly known as commonly known as petroleum is a liquid dug petroleum is a liquid dug from earth’s rock (fossil from earth’s rock (fossil oil)oil)

4. 4. coal and iron (which coal and iron (which will lead to developing will lead to developing steel)steel)

Bessemer Steel ProcessBessemer Steel Process Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and Iron is a dense metal, but it is soft and tends to break and

rust. It also usually contains other elements, such as rust. It also usually contains other elements, such as carbon. Removing the carbon from the iron produces a carbon. Removing the carbon from the iron produces a lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal---steel. The lighter, more flexible, and rust-resistant metal---steel. The raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; raw materials needed to make steel were readily available; all was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing all was needed was a cheap and efficient manufacturing process. The Bessemer process, developed independently process. The Bessemer process, developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely ironmaker William Kelly around 1850, soon became widely used. This technique involved injecting air into molten iron used. This technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon from other impurities. By 1880, to remove the carbon from other impurities. By 1880, American manufacturers were using the new method to American manufacturers were using the new method to produce more than 90% of the nation’s steel.produce more than 90% of the nation’s steel.

Steel changed the face of the nation as well as it made innovation Steel changed the face of the nation as well as it made innovation construction possible. One of the most remarkable structures was construction possible. One of the most remarkable structures was the Brooklyn Bridge. Completed in 1883, it spanned 1,593 feet of the Brooklyn Bridge. Completed in 1883, it spanned 1,593 feet of the East River in New York City. Its steel cables were supported the East River in New York City. Its steel cables were supported

by towers higher than any man-made weight bearing structure by towers higher than any man-made weight bearing structure except the pyramids of Egypt. Before steel, the weight of large except the pyramids of Egypt. Before steel, the weight of large

buildings was supported entirely by their walls or their iron frames, buildings was supported entirely by their walls or their iron frames, which limited the buildings’ height. With a steel frame to support which limited the buildings’ height. With a steel frame to support

the weight, however, architects could build as high as they the weight, however, architects could build as high as they wanted. As structures soared into the air, not even the sky wanted. As structures soared into the air, not even the sky

seemed to limit what Americans could achieve.seemed to limit what Americans could achieve.

5. railroad 5. railroad companiescompanies

6. steel innovation 6. steel innovation (development)(development)

5. 5. became the biggest became the biggest customers for steelcustomers for steel

6. 6. skyscrapers are skyscrapers are developed; massive developed; massive bridges constructedbridges constructed

http://www.history.com/topics/http://www.history.com/topics/home-insurance-buildinghome-insurance-building

http://www.webburr.com/misc/tallest-building-in-world-tallest-buildings/1621http://www.webburr.com/misc/tallest-building-in-world-tallest-buildings/1621

DO NOWDO NOW HOW DID ELECTRICITY CHANGE HOW DID ELECTRICITY CHANGE

AMERICAN LIFE?AMERICAN LIFE? READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES

232-233 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED 232-233 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE: THE “INVENTIONS PROMOTE CHANGE: THE POWER OF ELECTRICITY”POWER OF ELECTRICITY”

Section 2: The Age of the RailroadSection 2: The Age of the Railroad

Railroads span time and spaceRailroads span time and space Rails made local transit reliable and westward Rails made local transit reliable and westward

expansion possible for business as well as for expansion possible for business as well as for people. Realizing how important railroads were people. Realizing how important railroads were for settling West and developing the country, for settling West and developing the country, the government made huge land grants and the government made huge land grants and loans to the railroad companies.loans to the railroad companies.

A National NetworkA National Network By 1856, the railroads extended west to By 1856, the railroads extended west to

the Mississippi River, and three years the Mississippi River, and three years later, they crossed the Missouri. Just over later, they crossed the Missouri. Just over a decade later, crowds across the United a decade later, crowds across the United States cheered as the Central Pacific and States cheered as the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met at Promontory Union Pacific Railroads met at Promontory Utah, on May 10, 1869. A golden spike Utah, on May 10, 1869. A golden spike marked the spanning of the nation by the marked the spanning of the nation by the first transcontinental railroad. Other first transcontinental railroad. Other transcontinental lines followed, and transcontinental lines followed, and regional lines multiplied as well. At the regional lines multiplied as well. At the start of the Civil War, the nation had had start of the Civil War, the nation had had about 30,000 miles of track. By 1890, about 30,000 miles of track. By 1890, that figure was nearly 180,000 miles.that figure was nearly 180,000 miles.

The railroads brought the dreams of available land, adventure, The railroads brought the dreams of available land, adventure, and a fresh start within the grasp of many Americans. This and a fresh start within the grasp of many Americans. This

romance was made possible, however, only by the harsh lives of romance was made possible, however, only by the harsh lives of railroad workers. The Central Pacific Railroad employed railroad workers. The Central Pacific Railroad employed

thousands of Chinese immigrants. The Union Pacific hired Irish thousands of Chinese immigrants. The Union Pacific hired Irish immigrants and desperate, out-of-work Civil War veterans to lay immigrants and desperate, out-of-work Civil War veterans to lay track across treacherous terrain while enduing attacks by Native track across treacherous terrain while enduing attacks by Native

Americans. Accidents and diseases disabled and killed Americans. Accidents and diseases disabled and killed thousands of men each year. In 1888, when the first railroad thousands of men each year. In 1888, when the first railroad

statistics were published, the casualties totaled more than 2,000 statistics were published, the casualties totaled more than 2,000 employees and 20,000 injured.employees and 20,000 injured.

1. transcontinental 1. transcontinental railroad employeesrailroad employees

2. immigrant2. immigrant

1. 1. out-of-work civil war out-of-work civil war veterans, Irish and veterans, Irish and Chinese immigrantsChinese immigrants

2. 2. a person coming to live a person coming to live permanently in a foreign permanently in a foreign countrycountry

Chinese Immigrants and the Chinese Immigrants and the RailroadsRailroads

Although railroads paid all Although railroads paid all their employees poorly, their employees poorly, Asians usually earned less Asians usually earned less than whites. The average pay than whites. The average pay for whites working a ten-hour for whites working a ten-hour day was $40 to $60 a month day was $40 to $60 a month plus free meals. Chinese plus free meals. Chinese immigrants hired by the immigrants hired by the Central Pacific performed Central Pacific performed similar tasks from dawn to similar tasks from dawn to dusk for about $35 a month—dusk for about $35 a month—and they had to supply their and they had to supply their own food.own food.

Though linked in physical space, each community still operated on its Though linked in physical space, each community still operated on its own time, with noon when the sun was directly overhead. Noon in own time, with noon when the sun was directly overhead. Noon in

Boston, for example, was almost 12 minutes later than noon in New Boston, for example, was almost 12 minutes later than noon in New York. Travelers riding from Maine to California might reset their York. Travelers riding from Maine to California might reset their

watches 20 times. In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. watches 20 times. In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 times zones, Dowd proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 times zones, one for each hour of the day. Under his plan, the United States would one for each hour of the day. Under his plan, the United States would contain four zones: the Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time contain four zones: the Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time

zones. The railroad companies endorsed Dowd’s plan enthusiastically, zones. The railroad companies endorsed Dowd’s plan enthusiastically, and many towns followed suit. and many towns followed suit.

3. railroad time3. railroad time

4. U.S. time zones4. U.S. time zones

3. 3. earth’s surface is earth’s surface is divided into 24 time divided into 24 time zones (one for each hour zones (one for each hour of the day)of the day)

4. 4. Eastern, Central, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific Mountain, and Pacific timestimes

New towns and marketsNew towns and markets The growth of the railroads influenced the industries The growth of the railroads influenced the industries

and businesses in which Americans worked. Iron, coal, and businesses in which Americans worked. Iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass industries grew rapidly as they steel, lumber, and glass industries grew rapidly as they tried to keep pace with railroads’ demand for material tried to keep pace with railroads’ demand for material and parts. The rapid spread of railroad lines also and parts. The rapid spread of railroad lines also fostered growth of towns, helped establish new fostered growth of towns, helped establish new markets, and offered rich opportunities for both markets, and offered rich opportunities for both visionaries and profiteers.visionaries and profiteers.

By linking previously isolated cities, towns and settlements, the By linking previously isolated cities, towns and settlements, the railroads promoted trade and interdependence. New towns and railroads promoted trade and interdependence. New towns and cities also grew up along the railroad lines. Cities as diverse as cities also grew up along the railroad lines. Cities as diverse as

Abilene, Kansas; Flagstaff, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; and Abilene, Kansas; Flagstaff, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; and Seattle, Washington, owed their prosperity, if not their very Seattle, Washington, owed their prosperity, if not their very

existence to the railroads.existence to the railroads. 5. impact of 5. impact of

railroads on railroads on urbanizationurbanization

5. 5. led to growth of cities in led to growth of cities in Northeast and Midwest and Northeast and Midwest and to the development of new to the development of new cities in the Westcities in the West

Individual towns began to Individual towns began to specialize in particular specialize in particular products (i.e. Chicago products (i.e. Chicago became known for its became known for its stockyards and Minneapolis stockyards and Minneapolis for its grain industriesfor its grain industries

Credit MobilierCredit Mobilier Some railroad magnates, or powerful and influential Some railroad magnates, or powerful and influential

industrials began to turn their desires into self-serving industrials began to turn their desires into self-serving corruption. In one of the most infamous schemes, corruption. In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed., in stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed., in 1864, a construction company called Credit Mobilier. 1864, a construction company called Credit Mobilier. The Union Pacific along with the Credit Mobilier The Union Pacific along with the Credit Mobilier Construction Company built a transcontinental railroad. Construction Company built a transcontinental railroad. The companies hired themselves to build the railroad, The companies hired themselves to build the railroad, at inflated prices, by giving them profits of 348% The at inflated prices, by giving them profits of 348% The stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track stockholders gave this company a contract to lay track at two to three times the actual cost---and pocketed the at two to three times the actual cost---and pocketed the profits. They donated shares of stock to about 20 profits. They donated shares of stock to about 20 representatives in Congress in 1867.representatives in Congress in 1867.

 To keep the Scandal a secret, the company gave shares of stock at enormous discounts to two congressmen, including Oakes Ames. Vice

President Schulyer Colfax also accepted payments from the company to keep it under cover. In return, the congressmen voted for the

government funds to cover the inflated charge of Credit Mobilier.  The scandal was uncovered by the New York Sun newspaper, who was against President Grant. 72 million dollars had been given to Credit

Mobilier, for a railroad that cost 53 million. After the stories were released, the company's was left bankrupt. Reputations were ruined,

and politicians resigned, but convictions were never made.

6. Credit 6. Credit MobilierMobilier

7. railroad 7. railroad scandalscandal

6. 6. construction company made construction company made up of railroad owners (Union up of railroad owners (Union Pacific)Pacific)

7. 7. Credit Mobilier hired Credit Mobilier hired themselves & charged 72 themselves & charged 72 million dollars (348% profits); million dollars (348% profits); paid off republican politicianspaid off republican politicians

DO NOWDO NOW The reigns held by the The reigns held by the

railroad magnates railroad magnates attach not only to the attach not only to the trains but also to the trains but also to the tracks and the railroad tracks and the railroad station. What does this station. What does this convey (express) about convey (express) about the magnates’ control of the magnates’ control of the railroads?the railroads?

You may look in your You may look in your textbooks on page textbooks on page 240 to get a closer 240 to get a closer look.look.

http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/67400/67477/67477_cred_mob.htm

A congressional investigation of the company, spurred by A congressional investigation of the company, spurred by reports in the New York Sun, eventually found that the reports in the New York Sun, eventually found that the officers of the Union Pacific had taken up to $23 million in officers of the Union Pacific had taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds, and cash. Testimony implicated such well-stocks, bonds, and cash. Testimony implicated such well-known and respected federal officials as Vice-President known and respected federal officials as Vice-President Schuyler Colfax and Congressman James Garfield, who later Schuyler Colfax and Congressman James Garfield, who later became president. Although these public figures kept their became president. Although these public figures kept their profits and received little more than a slap on the wrist, the profits and received little more than a slap on the wrist, the reputation of the Republican Party was tarnished.reputation of the Republican Party was tarnished.

Text quoted from ABC CLIO american History, regarding the picture above:"Depiction of Uncle Sam scolding party participants for eating his cake, which is labeled "Crédit Mobilier" in this 1873 political cartoon titled "Injured Innocents." Crédit Mobilier was a company created to underwrite the construction of the transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad. The company sold shares at low rates or gave away shares to influential congress members in return for political favors."

UNCLE SAM DIRECTS U.S. SENATORS (AND REPRESENTATIVES?) IMPLICATED IN THE CREDIT MOBILIER SCHEME TO COMMIT HARI-KARI. CARL SCHURZ AND CHARLES SUMNER PEER OUT FROM BEHIND A SCREEN.

Farmers were especially disturbed by what they viewed as Farmers were especially disturbed by what they viewed as railroad construction. The Grangers—members of the Grange, a railroad construction. The Grangers—members of the Grange, a

farmers’ organization founded in 1867—began demanding farmers’ organization founded in 1867—began demanding governmental control over the railroad industry. Farmers were governmental control over the railroad industry. Farmers were

angry with railroad companies for a host of reasons. They were angry with railroad companies for a host of reasons. They were upset by misuse of government land grants, which the railroads upset by misuse of government land grants, which the railroads sold to other businesses. The railroads also entered into formal sold to other businesses. The railroads also entered into formal

agreements to fix prices, which helped keep farmers in their debt. agreements to fix prices, which helped keep farmers in their debt. In addition, they charged different customers different rates.In addition, they charged different customers different rates.

8. Granger’s 8. Granger’s (farmer’s) (farmer’s) organization (1867)organization (1867)

9. Granger laws9. Granger laws

8. 8. demanded for gov. demanded for gov. regulation (control) over regulation (control) over railroads (privately owned)railroads (privately owned)

9. 9. established maximum established maximum freight and passenger rate freight and passenger rate (fees) and prohibited (fees) and prohibited discriminationdiscrimination

The railroads fought back, challenging the constitutionality of the The railroads fought back, challenging the constitutionality of the regulatory laws. In 1877, however, in the case of Munn v. Illinois, regulatory laws. In 1877, however, in the case of Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to the Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two. The states thus won the right to regulate the railroads for the two. The states thus won the right to regulate the railroads for the

benefit of farmers and consumers. The Grangers also helped benefit of farmers and consumers. The Grangers also helped establish an important principle—the federal government’s right to establish an important principle—the federal government’s right to

regulate private industry to serve the public interest.regulate private industry to serve the public interest. 10. railroad’s fight 10. railroad’s fight

backback

11. Munn v. Illinois11. Munn v. Illinois

10. 10. claim the Granger laws claim the Granger laws were unconstitutionalwere unconstitutional

11. 11. states won the right to states won the right to regulate (control) the regulate (control) the railroads for the benefit of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumersfarmers and consumers

The Grangers also helped establish an important principle—the The Grangers also helped establish an important principle—the federal government’s right to regulate private industry to serve the federal government’s right to regulate private industry to serve the

public interest.public interest.

DO NOWDO NOW The reigns held by the The reigns held by the

railroad magnates railroad magnates attach not only to the attach not only to the trains but also to the trains but also to the tracks and the railroad tracks and the railroad station. What does this station. What does this convey (express) about convey (express) about the magnates’ control of the magnates’ control of the railroads?the railroads?

You may look in your You may look in your textbooks on page textbooks on page 240 to get a closer 240 to get a closer look.look.

Section 3: Big Business and LaborSection 3: Big Business and Labor Born in Scotland to penniless parents, Born in Scotland to penniless parents,

Andrew Carnegie came to this country in Andrew Carnegie came to this country in 1848, at age 12. Six years later, he worked 1848, at age 12. Six years later, he worked his way up to become private secretary to his way up to become private secretary to the local superintendent of the the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. One morning, Pennsylvania Railroad. One morning, Carnegie single-handedly relayed Carnegie single-handedly relayed messages that unsnarled a tangle of freight messages that unsnarled a tangle of freight and passenger trains. His boss, Thomas A. and passenger trains. His boss, Thomas A. Scott, rewarded Carnegie by giving him a Scott, rewarded Carnegie by giving him a chance to buy stock. Carnegie’s mother chance to buy stock. Carnegie’s mother mortgaged the family home to make the mortgaged the family home to make the purchase possible. Soon Carnegie received purchase possible. Soon Carnegie received his first dividend.his first dividend.

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls to Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls to

make his own fortune. His rise from rags to riches, along make his own fortune. His rise from rags to riches, along with his passion for supporting charities, made him a model with his passion for supporting charities, made him a model of the American success story.of the American success story.

By 1865, Carnegie was so busy managing the money he had By 1865, Carnegie was so busy managing the money he had earned in dividends that he happily left his job at the earned in dividends that he happily left his job at the Pennsylvania Railroad. He entered the steel business in 1873 Pennsylvania Railroad. He entered the steel business in 1873 after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome after touring a British steel mill and witnessing the awesome spectacle of the Bessemer process in action (a machine that spectacle of the Bessemer process in action (a machine that pushes air into iron to remove carbon and develop steel). By pushes air into iron to remove carbon and develop steel). By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain.than all the factories in Great Britain.

Carnegie’s Steel PlantCarnegie’s Steel Plant

Carnegie’s success was due in part to management practices that Carnegie’s success was due in part to management practices that he initiated and that soon became widespread. First, he he initiated and that soon became widespread. First, he

continually searched for ways to make better products more continually searched for ways to make better products more cheaply. He incorporated new machinery and techniques, such cheaply. He incorporated new machinery and techniques, such as accounting systems that enabled him to track precise costs. as accounting systems that enabled him to track precise costs.

Second, he attracted talented people by offering them stock in the Second, he attracted talented people by offering them stock in the company, and he encouraged competition among his assistants. company, and he encouraged competition among his assistants.

1. Carnegie’s 1. Carnegie’s management management practicespractices

2. stock2. stock

1. 1. used accounting systems to used accounting systems to track precise costs; recruited track precise costs; recruited talented workers by offering talented workers by offering stock; encourage competitionstock; encourage competition

2. 2. a claim on a company’s a claim on a company’s assets and earningsassets and earnings

In addition to improving his own manufacturing operation, In addition to improving his own manufacturing operation,

Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as he Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as he could. He did this mainly by vertical integration, a process in which could. He did this mainly by vertical integration, a process in which

he bought out his suppliers—coal fields and iron mines, ore he bought out his suppliers—coal fields and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines– in order to control the raw materials freighters, and railroad lines– in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems. Carnegie also attempted to buy out and transportation systems. Carnegie also attempted to buy out competing steel producers. In this process, known as horizontal competing steel producers. In this process, known as horizontal

integration, companies producing similar products merge.integration, companies producing similar products merge. 3. vertical 3. vertical

integrationintegration

4. horizontal 4. horizontal integrationintegration

3. 3. buying out his suppliers—buying out his suppliers—coal and iron mines, ore coal and iron mines, ore freighters and railroad linesfreighters and railroad lines

4. 4. buying out competing steel buying out competing steel producers (merging w/ producers (merging w/ companies producing similar companies producing similar products)products)

Social Darwinism and BusinessSocial Darwinism and Business Andrew Carnegie explained his Andrew Carnegie explained his

extraordinary success by extraordinary success by pointing out to his hard work, pointing out to his hard work, shrewd investments, and shrewd investments, and innovative business practices. innovative business practices. Late-19Late-19thth Century philosophers Century philosophers (thinkers) offered a different (thinkers) offered a different explanation for Carnegie’s explanation for Carnegie’s success. They said it could be success. They said it could be explained scientifically by a explained scientifically by a new theory—Social Darwinism.new theory—Social Darwinism.

This philosophy grew out of English naturalist Charles This philosophy grew out of English naturalist Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution (1859). Darwin Darwin’s theory of biological evolution (1859). Darwin describes his observations that some individuals of a describes his observations that some individuals of a species flourish and pass their traits along to the next species flourish and pass their traits along to the next generation, while others do not. He explained that a generation, while others do not. He explained that a process of “natural selection” weeded out less-suited process of “natural selection” weeded out less-suited individuals and enabled the best-adapted to survive. individuals and enabled the best-adapted to survive.

The English philosopher Herbert Spencer used Darwin’s biological The English philosopher Herbert Spencer used Darwin’s biological theories to explain the evolution of human society. Soon, theories to explain the evolution of human society. Soon,

economists found in Social Darwinism a way to justify the doctrine economists found in Social Darwinism a way to justify the doctrine of laissez faire (a French term meaning “allow to do”). According of laissez faire (a French term meaning “allow to do”). According to this doctrine, the marketplace should not be regulated. William to this doctrine, the marketplace should not be regulated. William

G. Sumner, a political science professor at Yale University, G. Sumner, a political science professor at Yale University, promoted the theory that success and failure in business were promoted the theory that success and failure in business were

governed by natural law and that no one has the right to governed by natural law and that no one has the right to intervene.intervene.

5. Social 5. Social DarwinismDarwinism

6. laissez faire6. laissez faire 7. success and 7. success and

failure of failure of businessbusiness

5. 5. strongest (best adapted) strongest (best adapted) survives by natural selection; survives by natural selection; justifies laissez fairejustifies laissez faire

6. 6. “allow to do”“allow to do” 7. 7. is governed by natural law; is governed by natural law;

no one has the right to no one has the right to interfere including the gov.interfere including the gov.

A New Definition of SuccessA New Definition of Success The premise of the survival and success of the most capable The premise of the survival and success of the most capable

naturally made sense to the 4,000 millionaires who had naturally made sense to the 4,000 millionaires who had emerged since the Civil War. Because the theory supported emerged since the Civil War. Because the theory supported the notion of individual responsibility and blame, it also the notion of individual responsibility and blame, it also appealed to the Protestant work ethic of many Americans. appealed to the Protestant work ethic of many Americans. According to Social Darwinism, riches were a sign of God’s According to Social Darwinism, riches were a sign of God’s favor, and therefore the poor must be lazy or inferior people favor, and therefore the poor must be lazy or inferior people who deserved their lot in life.who deserved their lot in life.

According to Social Darwinism, riches were a sign of God’s favor, and therefore the According to Social Darwinism, riches were a sign of God’s favor, and therefore the poor must be lazy or inferior people who deserved their lot in life.poor must be lazy or inferior people who deserved their lot in life.

Many industrialists took the approach “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em.” Many industrialists took the approach “If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em.” They often pursued horizontal integration in the form of mergers. A They often pursued horizontal integration in the form of mergers. A

merger usually occurred when one corporation bought out the stock of merger usually occurred when one corporation bought out the stock of another. A firm that bought out all its competitors could achieve a another. A firm that bought out all its competitors could achieve a

monopoly, or complete control over its industry’s production, wages, and monopoly, or complete control over its industry’s production, wages, and prices. One way to create a monopoly was to set up a holding prices. One way to create a monopoly was to set up a holding

company, a corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of their company, a corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of their companies. Headed by banker J.P. Morgan, United States Steel was companies. Headed by banker J.P. Morgan, United States Steel was

one of the most successful holding companies. In 1901, when it bought one of the most successful holding companies. In 1901, when it bought the largest manufacturer, Carnegie Steel, it became the world’s largest the largest manufacturer, Carnegie Steel, it became the world’s largest

business.business. 8. many 8. many

industrialists industrialists began to mergebegan to merge

9. mergers 9. mergers occurredoccurred

8. 8. similar business coming similar business coming together to form one together to form one business business

9. 9. when one corporation when one corporation bought out the stock of bought out the stock of anotheranother

Corporations such as the Standard Oil Company, established by John Corporations such as the Standard Oil Company, established by John D. Rockefeller, took a different approach to mergers: they joined with D. Rockefeller, took a different approach to mergers: they joined with

competing companies in trust agreements. Participants in a trust turned competing companies in trust agreements. Participants in a trust turned their stock over to a group of trustees—people who ran the separate their stock over to a group of trustees—people who ran the separate companies as one large corporation. It return, the companies were companies as one large corporation. It return, the companies were

entitled to dividends on profits earned by the trust. Trusts were not legal entitled to dividends on profits earned by the trust. Trusts were not legal mergers, however. Rockefeller used a trust to gain total control of the mergers, however. Rockefeller used a trust to gain total control of the

oil industry in America.oil industry in America. 10. John D. 10. John D.

Rockefeller (1880)Rockefeller (1880)

11. Rockefeller11. Rockefeller

10. 10. oil tycoon; joined oil tycoon; joined w/competing companies in w/competing companies in trust agreements eventually trust agreements eventually controlling 90% of oil controlling 90% of oil companiescompanies

11. 11. paid low wages; lowered paid low wages; lowered prices of oil driving prices of oil driving competitors out; then raised competitors out; then raised prices sky high prices sky high

This 1900 cartoon, captioned “What a funny little This 1900 cartoon, captioned “What a funny little government!” is a commentary on the owner of the government!” is a commentary on the owner of the Standard Oil empire. John D. Rockefeller holds the Standard Oil empire. John D. Rockefeller holds the White House in his hand.White House in his hand.

Robbers and PhilanthropistsRobbers and Philanthropists Although Rockefeller kept most of his assets, he still Although Rockefeller kept most of his assets, he still

gave away over $500 million, establishing the gave away over $500 million, establishing the Rockefeller Foundation, providing funds to found the Rockefeller Foundation, providing funds to found the University of Chicago, and creating a medical institute University of Chicago, and creating a medical institute that helped find a cure for yellow fever.that helped find a cure for yellow fever.

Andrew Carnegie donated about 90% of the wealth he Andrew Carnegie donated about 90% of the wealth he accumulated during his lifetime; his fortune still accumulated during his lifetime; his fortune still supports the arts and learning today. “It will be a great supports the arts and learning today. “It will be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires,” mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires,” he said, “for they are the bees that make the most he said, “for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most to the hive even after they honey, and contribute most to the hive even after they have gorged themselves full.have gorged themselves full.

The government was concerned that expanding corporations The government was concerned that expanding corporations would stifle free competition. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act would stifle free competition. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act

made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. Prosecuting companies between states or with other countries. Prosecuting companies under the Sherman Act was not easy, however, because the act under the Sherman Act was not easy, however, because the act didn’t really define terms such as trust. In addition, if firms such didn’t really define terms such as trust. In addition, if firms such as Standard Oil felt pressure from the government, they simply as Standard Oil felt pressure from the government, they simply reorganized into single corporations. The Supreme Court threw reorganized into single corporations. The Supreme Court threw

out seven of the eight cases the federal government brought out seven of the eight cases the federal government brought against trusts. Eventually, the gov. stopped trying to enforce the against trusts. Eventually, the gov. stopped trying to enforce the

Sherman act, and the consolidation of business continued.Sherman act, and the consolidation of business continued. 12. gov. 12. gov.

concernconcern

13. Sherman 13. Sherman Antitrust Act Antitrust Act (1890)(1890)

12. 12. expanding corporations expanding corporations (mergers) would prevent (mergers) would prevent competitioncompetition

13. 13. made it illegal to form a made it illegal to form a trust that interfered w/free trust that interfered w/free trade b/t states or countriestrade b/t states or countries

Labor Unions EmergeLabor Unions Emerge As business leaders merged and As business leaders merged and

consolidated their forces, it consolidated their forces, it seemed necessary for workers to seemed necessary for workers to do the same. Although Northern do the same. Although Northern wages were generally higher than wages were generally higher than Southern wages, exploitation and Southern wages, exploitation and unsafe working conditions drew unsafe working conditions drew workers together across regions in workers together across regions in a nationwide labor movement. a nationwide labor movement. Laborers—skilled and unskilled, Laborers—skilled and unskilled, female and male, black and whitefemale and male, black and white—joined together in unions to try —joined together in unions to try to improve their lot.to improve their lot.

One of the largest employers, the steel mills, often demanded a seven-One of the largest employers, the steel mills, often demanded a seven-day workweek. Seamstresses, like factory workers in most industries, day workweek. Seamstresses, like factory workers in most industries, worked 12 or more hours a day, six days a week. Employees were not worked 12 or more hours a day, six days a week. Employees were not

entitled to vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or entitled to vacation, sick leave, unemployment compensation, or reimbursement for injuries suffered on the job. In 1882, an average of reimbursement for injuries suffered on the job. In 1882, an average of

675 laborers were killed in work related accidents each week. 675 laborers were killed in work related accidents each week. 14. factory 14. factory

workersworkers

15. consequences15. consequences

14. 14. worked for low wages worked for low wages and no benefits; working and no benefits; working 12 or more hours per day 12 or more hours per day in horrid conditionsin horrid conditions

15. 15. factory workers began factory workers began to organize unions to organize unions (organization of (organization of employees)employees)

DO NOWDO NOW HOW DID INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS HOW DID INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS

CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF THE LABOR CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF THE LABOR MOVEMENT (UNIONS)?MOVEMENT (UNIONS)?

READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 244-READ IN YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 244-245 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “LABOR 245 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “LABOR UNIONS EMERGE: LONG HOURS AND UNIONS EMERGE: LONG HOURS AND DANGERDANGER””

Long Hours and DangerLong Hours and Danger In addition, wages were so low that most families could In addition, wages were so low that most families could

not survive unless everyone held a job. Between 1890 not survive unless everyone held a job. Between 1890 and 1910, for example, the number of women working and 1910, for example, the number of women working for wages doubled, from 4 million to more than 8 for wages doubled, from 4 million to more than 8 million. With little time or energy left for school, child million. With little time or energy left for school, child laborers forfeited their futures to help their families laborers forfeited their futures to help their families make ends meat. Not surprisingly, sweatshop jobs paid make ends meat. Not surprisingly, sweatshop jobs paid the lowest wages—often as little as 27 cents for a the lowest wages—often as little as 27 cents for a child’s 14 hour day. child’s 14 hour day.

In 1889, women earned an average of $267 a year, In 1889, women earned an average of $267 a year, nearly half of men’s average pay of $498. the very nearly half of men’s average pay of $498. the very next year Andrew Carnegie made $23 million with no next year Andrew Carnegie made $23 million with no income tax.income tax.

Skilled workers had formed small, local unions since the late Skilled workers had formed small, local unions since the late 1700s. The first large-scale national organization of laborers, the 1700s. The first large-scale national organization of laborers, the

National Labor Union (NLU) was formed in 1866 by ironworker National Labor Union (NLU) was formed in 1866 by ironworker William Sylvis. The refusal of some NLU local chapters to admit William Sylvis. The refusal of some NLU local chapters to admit

African Americans led to the creation of the Colored National African Americans led to the creation of the Colored National Labor Union (CNLU). Nevertheless, NLU membership grew to Labor Union (CNLU). Nevertheless, NLU membership grew to 640,000. In 1868, the NLU persuaded Congress to legalize an 640,000. In 1868, the NLU persuaded Congress to legalize an

eight-hour day for government workers.eight-hour day for government workers.

17. National 17. National Labor Union Labor Union (NLU)(NLU)

18. Knights of 18. Knights of LaborLabor

19. CNLU19. CNLU

17. 17. persuaded Congress to persuaded Congress to legalize 8-hour workdaylegalize 8-hour workday

18. 18. promoted 8-hr workday; promoted 8-hr workday; equal pay for equal work by equal pay for equal work by men and womenmen and women

19. Colored National Labor 19. Colored National Labor UnionUnion

As labor activism spread, it diversified. Two major types of unions As labor activism spread, it diversified. Two major types of unions made great gains under forceful leaders. One form of labor made great gains under forceful leaders. One form of labor

organization was craft unionism, which included skilled workers organization was craft unionism, which included skilled workers from one or more trades. Jewish immigrant Samuel Gompers led from one or more trades. Jewish immigrant Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join other craft unions in the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join other craft unions in 1866. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) with Gompers as 1866. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) with Gompers as

its president, focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation its president, focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.

20. American 20. American Federation of LaborFederation of Labor

21. collective 21. collective bargainingbargaining

20. 20. included skilled included skilled workers from one or more workers from one or more tradestrades

21. negotiation b/t 21. negotiation b/t representatives of labor representatives of labor and management on and management on wages, hours and working wages, hours and working conditionsconditions

Craft UnionismCraft Unionism

Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL used Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL used strikes as a major tactic. Successful strikes as a major tactic. Successful strikes helped the AFL win higher wages strikes helped the AFL win higher wages and shorter workweeks. Between 1890 and shorter workweeks. Between 1890 and 1915, the average weekly wages in and 1915, the average weekly wages in unionized industries rose from $17.50 to unionized industries rose from $17.50 to $24, and the average workweek fell from $24, and the average workweek fell from almost 54.5 hours to just under 49 hours.almost 54.5 hours to just under 49 hours.

In an attempt to solve problems faced by workers, some of the In an attempt to solve problems faced by workers, some of the other labor activists eventually turned to socialism, an economic other labor activists eventually turned to socialism, an economic and political system based on government control of business and political system based on government control of business

property and equal distribution of wealth. Socialism carried to its property and equal distribution of wealth. Socialism carried to its extreme form communism, as advocated by the German extreme form communism, as advocated by the German

philosopher Karl Marx—would result in the overthrow of the philosopher Karl Marx—would result in the overthrow of the capitalist system. Most socialists in the late-19capitalist system. Most socialists in the late-19thth-century America -century America drew back from this goal, however, and worked within the labor drew back from this goal, however, and worked within the labor

movement to achieve better working conditions for workers.movement to achieve better working conditions for workers. 22. socialism22. socialism

23. Industrial 23. Industrial Workers of the Workers of the World (IWW)World (IWW)

22. 22. gov. control of business gov. control of business property and equal property and equal distribution of wealthdistribution of wealth

23. 23. socialist included miners, socialist included miners, lumberers, and cannery and lumberers, and cannery and dock workersdock workers

In July 1877, workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck In July 1877, workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to protest their second wage cut in two months. The work to protest their second wage cut in two months. The work

stoppage spread to other lines. Most freight and even some stoppage spread to other lines. Most freight and even some passenger traffic, covering over 50,000 miles, was stopped for passenger traffic, covering over 50,000 miles, was stopped for

more than a week. After several state governors asked President more than a week. After several state governors asked President Rutherford B. Hayes to intervene, saying that the strikers were Rutherford B. Hayes to intervene, saying that the strikers were impeding interstate commerce, federal troops ended the strikeimpeding interstate commerce, federal troops ended the strike..

24. Great Strike of 24. Great Strike of 18771877

25. strike25. strike

26. Federal gov.26. Federal gov.

24. 24. Baltimore and Ohio Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers went Railroad workers went on strikeon strike

25. 25. massive refusal of massive refusal of employees to workemployees to work

26. 26. sent in federal sent in federal troops to end the striketroops to end the strike

The Haymarket AffairThe Haymarket Affair Encouraged by the impact off the 1877 strike, labor leaders Encouraged by the impact off the 1877 strike, labor leaders

continued to press for change. On the evening of May 4, 1886 continued to press for change. On the evening of May 4, 1886 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality—a striker had been killed and several had been police brutality—a striker had been killed and several had been wounded at the McCormick Harvester plant the day before. Rain wounded at the McCormick Harvester plant the day before. Rain began to fall at about 10 o’clock, and the crowd was dispersing began to fall at about 10 o’clock, and the crowd was dispersing when police arrived. Then someone tossed a bomb into the when police arrived. Then someone tossed a bomb into the police line. Police fired on the workers; seven police officers and police line. Police fired on the workers; seven police officers and several workers died in the chaos that followed.several workers died in the chaos that followed.

No one ever learned who threw the bomb, but the three speakers No one ever learned who threw the bomb, but the three speakers at the demonstration and five other radicals were charged with at the demonstration and five other radicals were charged with inciting a riot. All eight were convicted; four were hanged and inciting a riot. All eight were convicted; four were hanged and one committed suicide in prison. After Haymarket, the public one committed suicide in prison. After Haymarket, the public began to turn against the labor movement. began to turn against the labor movement.

The Homestead StrikeThe Homestead Strike Despite the violence and rising public anger, workers Despite the violence and rising public anger, workers

continued to strike. The steelworkers finally called a strike on continued to strike. The steelworkers finally called a strike on June 29, 1892, after the company president Henry Clay Frick, June 29, 1892, after the company president Henry Clay Frick, announced his plan to cut wages. Frick hired armed guards announced his plan to cut wages. Frick hired armed guards from the Pinkerton Detective Agency to protect the plant so from the Pinkerton Detective Agency to protect the plant so that he could hire scabs or strikebreakers, to keep it that he could hire scabs or strikebreakers, to keep it operating. In a pitched battle that left at least three operating. In a pitched battle that left at least three detectives and nine workers dead, the steelworkers forced detectives and nine workers dead, the steelworkers forced out the Pinkertons and kept the plant closed until the out the Pinkertons and kept the plant closed until the Pennsylvania National Coast Guard arrived on July 12. Pennsylvania National Coast Guard arrived on July 12.

The strike continued until November, but by then the union The strike continued until November, but by then the union had lost much of its support and gave in to the company. It had lost much of its support and gave in to the company. It would take 45 years for steel workers to mobilize once again. would take 45 years for steel workers to mobilize once again.

Perhaps the most prominent organizer in the women’s labor Perhaps the most prominent organizer in the women’s labor movement was Mary Harris Jones. Jones supported the Great movement was Mary Harris Jones. Jones supported the Great

Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). She endured death threats and jail with coal America (UMW). She endured death threats and jail with coal miners, who gave her the nickname Mother Jones. In 1903, to miners, who gave her the nickname Mother Jones. In 1903, to

expose the cruelties of child labor, she led 80 mill children—many expose the cruelties of child labor, she led 80 mill children—many with hideous injuries—on march to the home of President with hideous injuries—on march to the home of President

Theodore Roosevelt. Their crusade influenced the passage of Theodore Roosevelt. Their crusade influenced the passage of child labor laws.child labor laws.

27. Mary Harris 27. Mary Harris Jones (Mother Jones (Mother Jones)Jones)

28. Pauline 28. Pauline NewmanNewman

27. 27. organized United Mine organized United Mine Workers of America; Workers of America; influenced passage of child influenced passage of child labor lawslabor laws

28.28. organizer of organizer of International Ladies’ International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ UnionGarment Workers’ Union

Child Labor WebsiteChild Labor Websitehttp://www.demilked.com/usa-child-labour-lewis-hines/

The Triangle FireThe Triangle Fire The public could no longer ignore conditions in garment The public could no longer ignore conditions in garment

factories after a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist factories after a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in New York City on March 25, 1911. The fire spread factory in New York City on March 25, 1911. The fire spread swiftly through the oil-soaked machines and piles of cloth, swiftly through the oil-soaked machines and piles of cloth, engulfing the 8engulfing the 8thth, 9, 9thth, and 10, and 10thth floors. As workers attempted to floors. As workers attempted to flee they discovered that the company had locked all but one flee they discovered that the company had locked all but one of the exit doors to prevent theft. The unlocked door was of the exit doors to prevent theft. The unlocked door was blocked by fire. The factory had no sprinkler system, and the blocked by fire. The factory had no sprinkler system, and the single fire escape collapsed almost immediately. In all 146 single fire escape collapsed almost immediately. In all 146 women died; some were found huddled with their faces raised women died; some were found huddled with their faces raised to a small window. Public outrage flared after a jury acquitted to a small window. Public outrage flared after a jury acquitted the factory owners of manslaughter. In response, the state of the factory owners of manslaughter. In response, the state of New York set up a task force to study factory working New York set up a task force to study factory working conditions.conditions.