DNA/RNA/Protein SynthesisAll illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

GriffithF for failing to find genetic material!

F for finding:

TRANSFORMATIONHe found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

Avery actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria

Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

Rosalind Franklin used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like.

She died from too much radiation

Watson & Crick discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Hershey & Chase used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA

Hint: Bacteriophages “chase” bacteria

Bacteriophage(Virus)

Bacteria Cell

Hershey & Chase

CHARGAFF

Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

% of Adenine = % Thymine% Cytosine = % Guanine

A, T, C, G

Hint: You “Pee Urine” (purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house

Out-houseHouse

Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “Y” in their names like Pyrimidine

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?

DOUBLE HELIX

2 sides like a ladder

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)

Deoxyribose

What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

DNA in a Prokaryote is a

long loop found in the cytoplasm

DNA in a Eukaryote is individual chromosomes in

the nucleus

What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?

Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

(building block / monomer)

1

2 3

1. Phosphate Group

2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

Must have 2 identical strands of DNA

Each has one original strand and one new strand

Cell Division!

Why is DNA Replication important?

1. Original double helix unzips/unwinds

2. DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA

3. 2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G)

4. Two identical double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand

DNA Replication

C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l

G C C A T A C T A new strandHydrogen Bonds

What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?

Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”

Histone This is the protein that DNA wraps around to

coil up!

List 3 Similarities and Differences

DNA RNASimilarities

Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases

DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose SugarThymine base Uracil baseDouble Helix Single Strand

RNA

Remember:RNA loves

“U”

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (sous chef)

rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

What does RNA stand for ?Ribonucleic Acid

2. How many different kinds are there?3- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

3. What is RNA’s function?To make proteins

4. What sugar is in RNA?Ribose sugar

5. Where is RNA found?In the cytoplasm

mmRNA

mtRNA

rRNA

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

List the steps to make mRNA“TRANSCRIPTION”

1. In the nucleus, DNA unzips

2. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region

3. RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA and edits it

4. mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, what is kept in the mRNA and what is edited (cut) out?

Introns – Bad - get rid of it!

Exons – Good - keep!

List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)

1. In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA

2. rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”

3. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon

4. Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =

PROTEIN

tRNA

Amino Acid

Polypeptide Chain =

PROTEIN

mRNArRNA

ribosome

Codon

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

How many amino acids are there? 20

How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome

1 codon = 1 amino acid3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

Can you Translate this mRNA ?

A U G U G C G U C U A A

What is a gene mutation?

Change in nucleotide sequence

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation

I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

POINTMUTATION

What type of gene mutation is it when insertion or deletion takes place?

FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

chromosomal mutations

HOX Genes control the basic plan for where cells, tissues and organs are to go in an embryo (organism)