DNA & RNA Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

DNA & RNAChapter 13Protein Synthesis

DNADeoxyribonucleic Acid

RNARibonucleic Acid

Where does DNA “live”?

The NUCLEUS!

Why is DNA so Important?* DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic

information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses.

* DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code

for making proteins

* DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins.

* Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive.

What are the parts of DNA?

*

D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR)

P = Phosphate

The “Backbone”

Has 2 Parts

2 Strands called:

Double Helix


* The

“Rungs”

The Nitrogen Bases

A = Adenine

T = Thymine

C = Cytosine

G = Guanine

A - T

C - G

How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:

A bonds with T

Think: A T & T phone company

How to remember Nitrogen Bonds:

C bonds with G

Think: Half circles

These are 2 examples of nucleic acids:

A. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria

B. Carbohydrates & LipidsC. DNA & RNAD. Nucleus & Ribosomes

Clicker Question #1

DNA holds the instructions for making:

A. EnergyB. ProteinsC. Carbon dioxideD. Deoxyribose

Clicker Question #2

If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then:

A. it also has 80% Guanine B. it also has 50% CytosineC. it also has 80% AdenineD. it also has 20% Adenine

Clicker Question #3

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

A. PhosphorousB. ThymineC. RiboseD. Deoxyribose

Clicker Question #4

The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes

to make the proteins.

A. DNAB. mRNAC. tRNAD. ATP

Clicker Question #5


*

Nucleotides:

1 Sugar

1 Phosphate

1 Nitrogen Base

Let’s Practice:What are the complementary nitrogen

bases in this sequence of DNA?

ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG

TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT TGC

What did we just do?

Yes!We made

DNA!

Why is mRNA Important?

* mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus.

* mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins.

* DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages.

What are the parts of RNA?

* Just Like DNA, RNA has:

Sugar

Phosphate

Nitrogen Base

BUT…..RNA is Made of:

Ribose (SUGAR)

Phosphate (same as DNA)

Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G)

First:

Notice that RNA has 1 Strand!NO THYMINE in

RNA!!

U stands for Uracil….a different nitrogen base

RNA Nitrogen Bases:A bonds with U

C bonds with G

THYMINE in RNA!!

What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

A. Nucleus, DNA, & RNAB. Adenine, Thymine, & CytosineC. Sugar, Phosphate, & a

Nitrogen baseD. Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA

Clicker Question #6

Where is mRNA made?

A. In the nucleusB. In the cytoplasmC. In the mitochondriaD. In the ribosomes

Clicker Question #7

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A. DeoxyriboseB. CarbohydrateC. Ribonucleic acidD. Ribose

Clicker Question #8

Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not

have?

A. UracilB. ThymineC. AdenineD. Cytosine

Clicker Question #9

If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then

A. it also contains 40% GuanineB. it also contains 60% ThymineC. it also contains 40% CytosineD. it also contains 60% Guanine

Clicker Question #10

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?

* First: Transcription * Second: Translation

* There are 2 major steps in this process

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein?

Transcription : Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template.

* mRNA: (messenger RNA) holds the

recipe for making proteins.

*** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.***

HINT:

How does Transcription work?

* QUESTION…have you been to court?

* There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record.

SHORTENED CODE = mRNA

Let’s Practice:Create an RNA strand using this

sequence of DNA?

ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG

UAA GCA AUA GCA GAC UUU UGC

We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!

This is mRNA!

What does mRNA do?A. It carries the instructions from DNA

to ribosomes to make proteins

B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA

C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy

D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy


What is transcription?

A. The process of making energyB. The process of making proteins

C. The process of making DNAD. The process of making mRNA


Let’s Practice This Again:Create an RNA strand using this

sequence of DNA?

ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC

UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG

What did we just

do?

YES! We transcribed/made

mRNA from DNA.Now

what?

Now What?...Translation!

Translation: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made.

* Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA

Words to know:

* Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds

to build proteins* Ribosome: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can

synthesize/make proteins

ACG ATA CGG CTTThere are 20 different Amino Acids.

Different combination of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins.

Now What?...Translation!

* tRNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that

transports amino acids to the ribosome

More Words to know:

* Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can pair that

corresponds with the codons on the mRNA

tRNAAmino Acid

Anticodon

What happens during translation?

Ribosome

Peptide chain/

Protein Chain tRNA

Amino Acid

Anticodon

Codon

Where does translation occur?

A. In the nucleusB. In the mitochondriaC. In the DNAD. In the ribosome


What is made during translation?

A. DNAB. mRNAC. ProteinD. Energy


What is another name for polypeptide chain?

A. Protein chainB. Carbohydrate chainC. Lipid chainD. Nucleic acid


#1. AUG GCA UCC UGA

Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop

#2. AUG CCC GGU UAG

Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop

#3. AUG AAG GUG UGAMethionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop

Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains

(protein chains)

What is the amino acid for the following codons?

AAUAsparagine

(Asn)

GUGValine

(Val)

UGGTryptophan

(Trp)

How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help

biologists?We can use the sequences to see how organisms

are related!

Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine

Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine

Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine

Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine

Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related?

Transcription Video….

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9ArupXZg



The end…For now…

DNA Mutations & Technology

What are genetic mutations?

Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes.

Causes of mutations include:

* Viruses

* Radiation

* Chemicals

* Errors during mitosis and meiosis

Are mutations harmful?

Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing.

Harmful example:

- Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders


Helpful example:

- Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria


Not harmful or helpful:

- Peppered moths come in dark or light colors

What are some types of mutations?

There are many different types…we will do an activity that demonstrates these mutations:

1. Insertion


2. Deletion


3. Translocation


4. Duplication

How has technology changed DNA?

Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism.

Transgenic Organism: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.

How has technology changed DNA?

Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size.

We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint

-DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses:

1.Solve crimes

2.Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”

DNA Fingerprinting

Which of the following are his/her parents?

Who did it?

What is the human genome?Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an

organism

The Human Genome Project:* Began in 1990 and completed in 2003* Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base

pairs* Used to understand genetic disorders and to

them

What is cloning?

Cloning: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced.

“Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal

DNA & RNA Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid.

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