DNA
description
Transcript of DNA
THE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFETHE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFE
What is DNA?What is DNA?Shape of DNAShape of DNA
Information in DNA
Information in DNA
ReplicationReplication
SummarySummary
What is RNA?What is RNA?TranscriptionTranscription
TranslationTranslation
JeopardyJeopardy
THE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFETHE WONDERFUL MOLECULE OF LIFE
Activities Videos Additional Info
Previous Main Page Next
Icon key
What is DNA?
What is DNA?
DNA is often called the blueprint of life.
In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions
for making proteins within the cell.
Click here for a closer lookClick here for a closer look
Our genes are on our chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of a DNA.
What is DNA?
What is DNA?
The Shape of DNAThe Shape of DNADNA is a very long DNA is a very long polymer.polymer.
The basic shape is like The basic shape is like a twisted ladder or a twisted ladder or zipper.zipper.
This is called a double This is called a double helix.helix.
The structure of DNA The structure of DNA was discovered by was discovered by James Watson & Francis James Watson & Francis CrickCrick WATSON & CRICKWATSON & CRICK
The Structure of The Structure of DNADNA
The DNA double The DNA double helix has two helix has two strands twisted strands twisted together.together.
The backbone of The backbone of the molecule is the molecule is alternating alternating phosphate and phosphate and deoxyribose, a deoxyribose, a sugar, parts.sugar, parts.
The teeth are The teeth are nitrogenous bases.nitrogenous bases.
Click here for a closer lookClick here for a closer look
DNA has four different DNA has four different nitrogen bases nitrogen bases
Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Thymine (T)Adenine (A)Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Guanine (G)
The bases attract each The bases attract each other because of hydrogen other because of hydrogen bonds.bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are weak Hydrogen bonds are weak but there are millions and but there are millions and millions of them in a single millions of them in a single molecule of DNA.molecule of DNA.
The Structure of The Structure of DNADNA
Adenine and Thymine Adenine and Thymine always join togetheralways join together
A = TA = T
Cytosine and Cytosine and Guanine always join Guanine always join togethertogether
C = GC = G
Information in DNAInformation in DNA•Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA), is genetic material of all cellular organisms.
•DNA carries the information needed to direct protein synthesis and replication.
• Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins needed by the cell for its activities and development.
DNA ReplicationDNA ReplicationThe DNA molecule The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary new complementary strands following the strands following the rules of base pairing: rules of base pairing:
A-T, G-CA-T, G-C
Each strand of the Each strand of the original DNA serves as original DNA serves as a template for the new a template for the new strandstrand
As cells grow and divide the cell must make more As cells grow and divide the cell must make more DNA to carry out the functions of the cell.DNA to carry out the functions of the cell.
DNA can “unzip” DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA itself and RNA nucleotides match nucleotides match up to the DNA up to the DNA strand.strand.
Both DNA & RNA Both DNA & RNA are formed from are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC are called NUCLEIC acids.acids.
What is RNA?DNA contains the information for making proteins, but it does not make protein.
There are 3 forms of RNA that are responsible for using the information stored in DNA to make protein.
mRNArRNAtRNA
DNADNA RNARNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) The Genetic Blueprint
Messenger RNA (mRNA) The Genetic Blueprint
Messenger RNA is a copy Messenger RNA is a copy of the genetic information of the genetic information that was transcribed from that was transcribed from the cell’s DNA. the cell’s DNA.
It is like a ‘blueprint’ of It is like a ‘blueprint’ of the genetic information the genetic information and is brought to the and is brought to the ribosome and translated ribosome and translated into protein with the help into protein with the help of tRNA.of tRNA.
DNA TranscriptionDNA TranscriptionTranscription makes Transcription makes messenger RNA (mRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry the code for to carry the code for proteins out of the proteins out of the nucleus to the nucleus to the ribosomes in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.
RNA polymerase binds RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strands, then uses one strand as a template to strand as a template to assemble mRNA.assemble mRNA.
DNA vs mRNADNA has deoxyribose, mRNA has ribose;
DNA has 2 strands, mRNA has one strand;
DNA has thymine, mRNA has uracil.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) The Protein Factories
Most of the RNA in cells is associated with small cellular structures known as ribosomes, the protein factories of the cells.
Ribosomes are the site of Translation, where mRNA arrives with genetic instructions for building proteins from amino acid monomers brought by tRNA.
DNA TranslationTranslation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.
The cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) The Amino Acid
Suppliers
Transfer RNA is part of the process of translation. It brings the amino acid coded for by mRNA, and these amino acids are joined together to form proteins.
Summary• Standard Powerpoint presentations work very well when they are being presented at the front of the room. Standard Powerpoint presentations are designed to run from the first slide to the last. My Powerpoint presentation takes a slightly different approach to the standard presentation. I designed this presentation to be used by a presenter or as an interactive learning aid for students to use on their own. This presentation allows the students to skip back and fourth between topics to check things that they did not quite understand the first time around. With this presentation the student can jump past stuff that they already know and go directly to the topic that interest them. I achieved this effect by creating hyperlinks that were designed to look like buttons. I also, added hyperlinks to different websites that contain review activities, additional information, and video clips that will allow the learner to gain a greater understanding about the topic.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
WelcomeWelcome
toto
Jeopardy!
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
Round 1
0 0 0
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
Watson and Crick
The Genetic
Alphabet
What are my
chances?
Inheritance Patterns
G-netics Genetic Photo
Gallery
$100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100
$200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200
$300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300
$400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400
$500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
Watson and Crick's most famous discovery.
Watson and Crick's most famous discovery.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What is the structure of DNA?What is the structure of DNA?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
The country where Watson and Crick made their discovery.
The country where Watson and Crick made their discovery.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is England? What is England?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
The term used to describe the structure of DNA.
The term used to describe the structure of DNA.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is the double helix? What is the double helix?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
The year Watson and Crick made their famous discovery.
The year Watson and Crick made their famous discovery.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
What is 1953?What is 1953?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
The woman whose work Watson and Crick built upon to decipher
the structure of DNA.
The woman whose work Watson and Crick built upon to decipher
the structure of DNA.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
Who is Rosalind Franklin?Who is Rosalind Franklin?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
Breast cancer susceptibility genes.
Breast cancer susceptibility genes.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What are BRCA1/2?What are BRCA1/2?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
In DNA base-pairing, guanine binds with this nucleotide base?
In DNA base-pairing, guanine binds with this nucleotide base?
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is cytosine?What is cytosine?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
Guanine-cytosine base pairs involve this many hydrogen
bonds.
Guanine-cytosine base pairs involve this many hydrogen
bonds.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is three?What is three?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
DailyDouble
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
FISH is an acronym for this cytogenetic technique.
FISH is an acronym for this cytogenetic technique.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
What is fluorescence in situ hybridization?
What is fluorescence in situ hybridization?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
CAG repeat expansions cause diseases such as Huntington’s
disease. CAG codes for this amino acid.
CAG repeat expansions cause diseases such as Huntington’s
disease. CAG codes for this amino acid.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
What is glutamine?What is glutamine?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
The chance that my child will have a recessive disorder if both my husband and I carry the disease
allele for the same disorder.
The chance that my child will have a recessive disorder if both my husband and I carry the disease
allele for the same disorder.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What is 25% or 1 in 4?What is 25% or 1 in 4?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
The risk that the son of a woman who carries an X-linked recessive disorder will have the disorder.
The risk that the son of a woman who carries an X-linked recessive disorder will have the disorder.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is 50% or 1/2?What is 50% or 1/2?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
Joey’s grandfather died of Huntington’s disease (an
autosomal dominant disorder). The chance that Joey will also
have the disease.
Joey’s grandfather died of Huntington’s disease (an
autosomal dominant disorder). The chance that Joey will also
have the disease.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is 25% or 1 in 4?
(A ½ chance his mother inherited the at-risk allele, and ½ chance Joey inherited the at risk allele)
What is 25% or 1 in 4?
(A ½ chance his mother inherited the at-risk allele, and ½ chance Joey inherited the at risk allele)
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
The carrier frequency of Cystic Fibrosis in the North American
Caucasian population?
The carrier frequency of Cystic Fibrosis in the North American
Caucasian population?
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
What is 1/25? What is 1/25?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
Cindy and Tom have 2 boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy. The chance that the baby girl that
Cindy is currently carrying will also have DMD (an X-linked
recessive disorder)?
Cindy and Tom have 2 boys with Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy. The chance that the baby girl that
Cindy is currently carrying will also have DMD (an X-linked
recessive disorder)?
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
What is nearly 0%? What is nearly 0%?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
Consanguinity may be an indicator of this type of
inheritance.
Consanguinity may be an indicator of this type of
inheritance.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What is recessive inheritance?What is recessive inheritance?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
A type of inheritance that necessitates the disease
presenting mainly in males.
A type of inheritance that necessitates the disease
presenting mainly in males.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is X-linked recessive inheritance?
What is X-linked recessive inheritance?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
A type of disease that can be inherited by both boys and girls,
but only from their mother?
A type of disease that can be inherited by both boys and girls,
but only from their mother?
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is a mitochondrial disorder?What is a mitochondrial disorder?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
This type of inheritance is involved in diseases such as
sporadic cancer.
This type of inheritance is involved in diseases such as
sporadic cancer.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
What is multifactorial inheritance?What is multifactorial inheritance?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
Huntington’s disease follows which pattern of inheritance?Huntington’s disease follows which pattern of inheritance?
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
What is autosomal dominant inheritance?
What is autosomal dominant inheritance?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
Exons and introns are the main parts of these.
Exons and introns are the main parts of these.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What are genes?What are genes?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
A term for all of the genes and associated DNA found in human
cells.
A term for all of the genes and associated DNA found in human
cells.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is the human genome?What is the human genome?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
A laboratory method used to visualize the results of a PCR
reaction.
A laboratory method used to visualize the results of a PCR
reaction.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is gel electrophoresis?What is gel electrophoresis?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
One quarter of our DNA comes from each of these relatives.
One quarter of our DNA comes from each of these relatives.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
Who are our grandparents?Who are our grandparents?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
A genetics professional responsible for providing information on inherited
disorders, assessing risk, and interpreting genetics test results.
A genetics professional responsible for providing information on inherited
disorders, assessing risk, and interpreting genetics test results.
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
Who is a genetic counselor?Who is a genetic counselor?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$100$100
What is a karyotype?What is a karyotype?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$200$200
What is a pedigree?What is a pedigree?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$300$300
What is amniocentesis?What is amniocentesis?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$400$400
What is SKY?What is SKY?
Scores
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved
$500$500
Who are Watson and Crick?Who are Watson and Crick?
Scores