DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with...

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Transcript of DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with...

Page 1: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 2: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 3: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

DNA 双螺旋模型 The DNA Helix Mo

del

Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager to win the race to unravel the code. Their 900-word paper, published in Nature (171 : 737, 1953), concluded, famously, "It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."

Page 4: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

Watson

和Crick

的著名论文

全文

Page 5: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

重组 DNA 技术 Recombinant DNA Technology 1972 P. Berg creates first recombinant DNA molecules in Results of his experiments, represented crucial steps in the subsequent development of recombinant genetic engineering. In 1973 H. Boyer and S. N. Cohen reported the construction of functional organisms that combined and replicated genetic information from different species. Their experiments dramatically demonstrated the potential impact of DNA recombinant engineering on medicine and pharmacology, industry and agriculture.

Page 6: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 7: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 8: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

基因工程基本步骤 ( 切、接、转、增、检)

施工材料的准备:目的基因、载体、工具酶和受体细胞(宿主)的准备。用限制性内切酶分别将外源 DNA 和载体分子切开。

目的基因与载体 DNA 的体外重组,形成重组 DNA 分子。

把重组的 DNA 分子引入受体细胞,并建立起无性繁殖系。

筛选出所需要的无性繁殖系,并保证外源基因在受体细胞中稳定遗传、正确表达

Page 9: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

基因工程的意义 基因工程可以绕过远缘有性杂交的困难,

使基因在微生物、植物、动物之间交流,迅速并定向的获得人类需要的新的生物类型 。

概括地讲,其意义体现在以下三个方面:大规模的生产生物分子设计构建新物种搜寻、分离和鉴定生物体尤其是人体内的遗传

信息。

Page 10: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

细胞工程学

李志忠

Page 11: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 12: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 13: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 14: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 15: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

动物细胞工程

李志忠

Page 16: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

1 动物细胞特点 无细胞壁 倍增时间长,生长缓慢 需氧量少,对搅拌敏感 聚集体形成 原代细胞培养 50 代即开始退化

Page 17: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

2 动物细胞培养定义 动物细胞与组织培养是从动物体内取出细

胞或者组织,模拟体内的生理环境,在无菌、适温和丰富的营养条件下,使离体细胞或者组织生存、生长并维持结构和功能的一门技术。

是动物细胞工程的基础。

Page 18: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

3 发展历史

1907 ,美国的哈里森使用盖玻片悬滴培养蛙胚神经组织细胞

Page 19: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

4 生长特性 贴附生长型 如人胚肺细胞, Hela 细胞,巨噬细胞,

神经细胞

悬浮生长型细胞 如血液白细胞,淋巴组织细胞等

Page 20: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5 体外培养细胞基本技术 体外培养特点 体外培养工具 体外培养条件 体外细胞生长增殖过程 培养方法 大规模培养技术

Page 21: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.1 体外培养特点 营养条件苛刻

适应性差 , 敏感

培养时间长,易污染

Page 22: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

Animal cells are more difficult to culture than microorganisms because they require many more nutrients and typically grow only when attached to specially coated surfaces. Despite these difficulties, various types of animal cells, including both undifferentiated and differentiated ones, can be cultured successfully.

Page 23: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.2 体外培养工具 空心纤维

微球

Page 24: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.3 体外培养条件 温度, 37 度 pH : 7.2-7.4 气体,氧,二氧化碳,氮气 营养条件 需要多种氨基酸,维生素,辅酶,核酸,

嘌呤,嘧啶,激素和生长因子,其中多种成分可以由血清提供

Page 25: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

Rich Media Are Required for Culture of Animal Cells Nine amino acids, referred to as the essential amino acid

s, cannot be synthesized by adult vertebrate animals and thus must be obtained from their diet. Animal cells grown in culture also must be supplied with these nine amino acids, namely, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

addition, most cultured cells require cysteine, glutamine, and tyrosine.

The other essential components of a medium for culturing animal cells are vitamins, which the cells cannot make at all or in adequate amounts; various salts; glucose; and serum, the noncellular part of the blood

Page 26: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.4 体外细胞生长增殖过程 原代培养期

传代培养期

衰退期

Page 27: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.5 培养方法 悬滴 旋转管 灌注小室 培养瓶 培养板

Page 28: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

5.6 大规模培养技术

悬液培养,使用微球载体

Page 29: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

6 动物细胞培养应用

1962 年开始,用于生物医学研究,生产酶制剂,生长因子,疫苗,单抗等

Page 30: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

Vero 细胞和狂犬病毒的培养工艺

DMEM 培养基

胎牛血清

其他成分

锥形瓶逐级放大培养

加碱(碳酸氢钠)

加糖(葡萄糖)

灌注培养液

微载体

5L 种子罐培养

培养液

50L

接种狂犬

病毒

出液口

收获病毒

Page 31: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

6.1 单克隆抗体

1975 年英国科学家 Milstein 和 Kohler 将产生抗体 的淋巴细胞同肿瘤细胞融合,成功建立了单克隆抗 体技术,而获得 1984 年诺贝尔医学和生理学奖。 每个 B 淋巴细胞仅专一地产生、分泌一种针对某 种抗原决定簇的特异性抗体,而肿瘤细胞可以无限 增殖,因此杂交瘤细胞可在体外培养或移植到体内 条件下分泌大量单克隆抗体。 单克隆抗体技术的最主要优点是可以用不纯的抗 原分子大量制备纯一的单克隆抗体。

Page 32: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

杂交瘤细胞产生

单克隆抗体示意图

Page 33: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

6.2 动物克隆

生物繁殖后代通常是以精、卵细胞结合的有性生殖方式进行。通过营养体细胞繁殖个体的方法称 为无性繁殖。克隆是指离体条件下的无性繁殖。 1981 年 Illmenses 率先报告用小鼠幼胚细胞核克隆出正常小鼠。随后,1984 年 Willadsen 用未成熟羊胚细胞核克隆出一头羊。

英国 PPI 生物技术的罗斯林( Roslin )研究所的维尔穆特 (Wilmut)博士 1997 年 2月 27日在世界著名 权威杂志《 Nature》宣布的用 乳腺细胞的细胞 核克隆出一只绵羊“ 多莉 (Dolly) ” 的消息。“多莉”的诞生,既说明了体细胞核的遗传全能性, 也翻开了人类以体细胞核竞相克隆哺乳动物的新篇章。此项技术因而荣登美国《 Science》周刊评出的 1997 年十大科学发现 的榜首。

Page 34: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

绵羊 B

乳腺细胞核

易核卵(空)

融合卵(组装卵)

绵羊 C 子宫

多莉

植入

植入

生产

克隆多莉羊示意图

取出

未受精卵去核

电激

体外胚胎发育

绵羊 A

Page 35: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

多莉 克隆猴

Page 36: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

(1)遗传素质完全一 致的克隆动物将 更有利于开展对动物 ( 人 ) 生长、发育、衰老和健康等机理的研究;

(2) 有利于大量培养品质优良的家 畜 ;

(3) 经转基因的克隆 哺乳动物,将能为人类提供源源不断的廉价的药品、保健品以及较易被人体接受的移植器官;

(4) 科学家将很快地从目前的同种克隆技术 推进到异种克隆 , 即借腹怀胎的新领域 ,这无疑将大大促进对濒临灭种的哺乳动物的保护工作。

克隆技术将对 21世纪产生的重大 影响

Page 37: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

6.3 干细胞工程

•干细胞定义

现在发现哺乳动物的许多已分化组织和器 官中都保留了一些能够分裂形成该组织或器官的未分化原始细胞,这些细胞称为干细胞。

•干细胞形态特征:

圆形,椭圆型,体积小,核质比大,具有较强的端粒酶活性,因此具有较强增殖能力。

Page 38: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

干细胞增殖特性 缓慢性,自稳性

干细胞分类 人体干细胞基本分为三种类型:全能干细胞、

多能干细胞和专能干细胞。

Page 39: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

· 干细胞分化模式

· 胚胎干细胞(embryo stem ce

ll) :具有分化成多种细胞类型及构建组织的潜能。

·造血干细胞

· 单能干细胞( monopotential cel

l )

Page 40: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

体内干细胞的意义 在于源源不断地补充体内一些短命组织的

细胞来源,如血液细胞、皮肤细胞以及精巢等,或者组织或器官受到局部损伤时,它们可以再分裂形成新的该组织和器 官,是体内的一种 自我修复机制。

人类干细胞工程就是利用人体内干细胞的特征来达到体外产生人类所需的产物的 探索。主要用于器官修复,基因治疗等。

Page 41: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

植物细胞工程

Page 42: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

植物细胞工程就是进行物种改良,选育优良作物品种,

增加植物的优良性状,利用植物生产各种化学制品,还可用于保留濒危灭绝和有重要经济价值的植物物种。

Page 43: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

植物细胞工程技术:

  一、快速繁殖技术  通过植物体细胞胚胎再生成一完整植株。这种技术主要用于花卉、树木、蔬菜、果树、中草药和农作物的快速繁殖。  二、诱导增加或减少植物体内染色体组数的技术  有些植株的染 色体比正常细胞少一半(单倍体),而有些经诱导后染色体加倍(多倍体)。单倍体对植物品种的改良很有利;多倍体产量高,为不同倍性植物间的杂交提供了遗传保证。  三、体细胞杂交技术  利用自然或人工方法使两个工几个不同细胞融合成一个细胞,形成体细胞杂种。  四、植物细胞应用生产技术  利用植物细胞培养技术,给植物细胞提供最适宜的生活环境,让它们进行无性繁殖,大量地培养成植株,解决天然资源的不 足。

Page 44: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

一 . 植物组织培养

外植体 愈伤组织 新植株

Page 45: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

进行植物组织培养,一般要经历以下五个阶段: 1 外植体的选择及培养 。 2 诱导去分化阶段 。 3 继代增殖阶段 。 4 诱导分化生根成芽阶段 。 5 移栽成活阶段 。

Page 46: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

植物细胞培养定义 在离体条件下,将愈伤组织活则其他易

分散的组织置于液体培养基中,进行振荡培养,得到分散成游离的悬浮细胞,通过继代培养使细胞增殖,从而获得大量的细胞群体的一种技术。

二 . 植物细胞培养

Page 47: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

工业化植物细胞培养系统主要有两大类: 悬浮细胞培养系统和固定化细胞培养系统

Page 48: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

蝴蝶兰试管苗工厂化生产

Page 49: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

三 . 植物细胞杂交(细胞融合)

1960 年英国诺丁汉大学 Cocking 教授领导的小组率先利用真菌纤维素酶,成功地制备出了大量具有高度活性可再生的番茄幼根细胞原生质体 , 开辟了原生质体融合研究的新阶段。

植物细胞杂交的主要过程如下: 1. 原生质体的制备。

2. 原生质体的融合 。

3. 杂合体的鉴别与筛选 。

Page 50: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

细胞育种

诱导突变,筛选新品系、新品种 次生代谢产物生成

从培养的植物细胞中提取所需的代谢产物。 优点 比栽培原料作物更易控制最佳生产条件; 培养物为无菌、无虫材料,能保证产品质量;

工艺操作较为简单,可减少劳动费用,提高

生产率。

植物细胞工程的应用

Page 51: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 52: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.

微生物培养与发酵 Microbial Cell Culture and Fermentation

Page 53: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.
Page 54: DNA 双螺 旋模型 The DNA Helix Model Watson and Crick , the brash duo were impatient with authority, dismissive of prevailing opinions -- and very eager.