DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical...

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DNA SEQUENCING: Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. List the components and molecular reactions that occur in chain termination sequencing. Discuss the advantages of dye primer and dye terminator sequencing. Derive a text DNA sequence from raw sequencing data. Describe examples of alternative sequencing methods, such as bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing.

Transcript of DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical...

Page 1: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

DNA SEQUENCING:

• Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods.

• List the components and molecular reactions that occur in chain termination sequencing.

• Discuss the advantages of dye primer and dye terminator sequencing.

• Derive a text DNA sequence from raw sequencing data.

• Describe examples of alternative sequencing methods, such as bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing.

Page 2: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

R.KAVITHA,M.PHARMLECTURER,DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACUTICSSRM COLEGE OF PHARMACYSRMUNIVERITY

UNIT‐IV DNA SEQUENCING

Page 3: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Sequencing Methods

• Maxam/Gilbert chemical sequencing

• Sanger chain termination sequencing

• Pyrosequencing

• Array sequencing

Page 4: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Maxam-Gilbert sequencing is performed by chain breakage at specific nucleotides.

DMS

G

GG

G

FA

GA

GG

AG

AA

H

CTT

C

TC

CT

H+S

CC

CC

Maxam‐Gilbert Sequencing

Page 5: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Sequencing gels are read from bottom to top (5′ to 3′).

G G+A T+C C

3′AAGCAACGTGCAG5′

Longer fragments

Shortest fragmentsG

A

Maxam‐Gilbert Sequencing

Page 6: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing

• A modified DNA replication reaction.

• Growing chains are terminated by dideoxynucleotides.

Page 7: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Chain terminates at ddG

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing 

The 3′‐OH group necessary for formation of the phosphodiester bond is missing in ddNTPs.

Page 8: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Template area to be sequenced

-3′ OHTCGACGGGC…

5′OP-Primer

Template

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing 

• A sequencing reaction mix includes labeled primer and template.

• Dideoxynucleotides are added separately to each of the four tubes.

Page 9: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

ddATP + ddAfour dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCdG

ddCTP + dAdGddCfour dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGddC

dAdGdCdTdGdCddCdAdGdCdTdGdCdCddC

ddGTP + dAddGfour dNTPs dAdGdCdTddG

dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCddG

ddTTP + dAdGdCddTfour dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCdG

A

C

G

T

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing 

Page 10: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing

• With addition of enzyme (DNA polymerase), the primer is extended until a ddNTP is encountered.

• The chain will end with the incorporation of the ddNTP.

• With the proper dNTP:ddNTP ratio, the chain will terminate throughout the length of the template.

• All terminated chains will end in the ddNTP added to that reaction.

Page 11: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing

• The collection of fragments is a sequencing ladder.

• The resulting terminated chains are  resolved by electrophoresis.

• Fragments from each of the four tubes are placed in four separate gel lanes.

Page 12: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Sequencing gels are read from bottom to top (5′ to 3′).

G A T C

3′GGTAAATCATG5′

Longer fragments

Shorter fragmentsddG

ddG

Chain Termination (Sanger) Sequencing

Page 13: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Cycle Sequencing

• Cycle sequencing is chain termination sequencing performed in a thermal cycler.

• Cycle sequencing requires a heat‐stable DNA polymerase.

Page 14: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Fluorescent Dyes

• Fluorescent dyes are multicyclic molecules that absorb and emit fluorescent light at specific wavelengths. 

• Examples are fluorescein and rhodamine derivatives. 

• For sequencing applications, these molecules can be covalently attached to nucleotides.

Page 15: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Fluorescent Dyes

• In dye primer sequencing, the primer contains fluorescent dye–conjugated nucleotides, labeling the sequencing ladder at the 5′ ends of the chains.

• In dye terminator sequencing, the fluorescent dye molecules are covalently attached to the dideoxynucleotides, labeling the sequencing ladder at the 3′ ends of the chains.

ddA

ddA

Page 16: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

ACGT

The fragments are distinguished by size and “color.”

Dye Terminator Sequencing

• A distinct dye or “color” is used for each of the four ddNTP.

• Since the terminating nucleotides can be distinguished by color, all four reactions can be performed in a single tube.

A

T

G

T

Page 17: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Capillary

GTCTGA

Slab gel

GATCG A T C

Dye Terminator Sequencing

The DNA ladder is resolved in one gel lane or in a capillary.

Page 18: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Dye Terminator Sequencing 

• The DNA ladder is read on an electropherogram.

CapillarySlab gel

5′ AGTCTG

Electropherogram

Page 19: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

5′ AGTCTG 5′ AG(T/A)CTG 5′ AGACTG

T/T T/A A/A

Automated Sequencing

• Dye primer or dye terminator sequencing on capillary instruments.

• Sequence analysis software provides analyzed sequence in text and electropherogram form.

• Peak patterns reflect mutations or sequence changes.

Page 20: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Alternative Sequencing Methods:

Pyrosequencing• Pyrosequencing is based on the generation of light signal through release of pyrophosphate (PPi) on nucleotide addition.– DNAn + dNTP  DNAn+1 + PPI

• PPi is used to generate ATP from adenosinephosphosulfate (APS).– APS + PPI ATP

• ATP and luciferase generate light by conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin.

Page 21: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

DNA sequence: A T C A GG CC T

Nucleotide added : A T C A G C T

Alternative Sequencing Methods:

Pyrosequencing • Each nucleotide is added in turn.• Only one of four will generate a light signal.• The remaining nucleotides are removed enzymatically.• The light signal is recorded on a pyrogram.

Page 22: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Alternative Sequencing Methods:

Bisulfite Sequencing• Bisulfite sequencing is used to detect methylation in DNA.

• Bisulfite deaminates cytosine, making uracil.

• Methylated cytosine is not changed by bisulfite treatment.

• The bisulfite‐treated template is then sequenced. 

Page 23: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Alternative Sequencing Methods:

Bisulfite Sequencing The sequence of treated and untreated templates is compared.

GTC

Methylated sequence: GTCMeGGCMeGATCTATC MeGTGCA…

Treated sequence: MeGGCMeGATUTATC MeGTGUA…

DNA Sequence:

(Untreated) reference: ...GTCGGCGATCTATCGTGCA…

Treated sequence: ...GTCGGCGATUTATCGTGUA…

This sequence indicates that these Cs are methylated.

Page 24: DNA Sequencing - SRM Institute of Science and … SEQUENCING: • Compare and contrast the chemical (Maxam/Gilbert) and chain termination (Sanger) sequencing methods. • List the

Summary

• Genetic information is stored in the order or sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

• Chain termination sequencing is the standard method for the determination of nucleotide sequence.

• Dideoxy‐chain termination sequencing has been facilitated by the development of cycle sequencing and the use of fluorescent dye detection.

• Alternative methods are used for special applications, such as pyrosequencing (for resequencing and polymorphism detection) or bisulfite sequencing (to analyze methylated DNA).