Microbial Diversity Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity.
Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes
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Transcript of Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes
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Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes
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Diversity of Life
Kingdom
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Uni- or multi-cellular
Marine are mostly microscopic
Like bacteria, are important decomposers
Cell walls made of chitin
http://www.uni-bonn.de/www/Pharmazeutische_Biologie/Forschung/Koenig/Marine_Microorganisms/bilder/Bild1.jpg
Kingdom Fungi
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Kingdom Protista
Three groups: Animal-like, microscopic, unicellular(protozoans) Plant-like, microscopic, unicellular(microalgae, phytoplankton) Plant-like, macro, mostly multicellular(macroalgae, seaweeds)
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Animal-like protists Heterotrophs – must
eat Single cell
(unicellular) 50,000+ species,
difficult to classify Some parasitic
Protozoans
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Ameboid organism inside calcareous (CaCO3) shell
Pseudopodia extend through pores in shell
Planktonic or benthic
Foraminifera
http://www.bio.umass.edu/oeb/files/foraminifera.jpg http://discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/05-what-is-this-a-windshields-worst-nightmare/foraminifera.jpg
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Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand
Foraminifera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2085f_Japon_Hatoma.jpg
http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Marine%20Invertebrates/Foraminifera.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr00/dwslide5.jpg
http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2191/2385069810_c99c8fa0f0_o.jpg http://www.foraminifera.eu/
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Shells become large part of sediment and beach sand
Foraminifera
http://www.bios.edu/media_publications/currents/2012/images/pink_sands_lg.jpghttp://i1.trekearth.com/photos/30568/bermudabeach1.jpg
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Collecting deep sea sediment for forams
Foraminifera
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Important indicators of past climate Cold vs. warm species present Chemical composition of shells
Foraminifera
Calendar year (C. E.)
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Inst
rum
enta
l tem
pera
ture
SS
T (
°C)
25
26
27
28
29
1
8O-estim
ated temperature (°C
)
25
26
27
28
29
Instrumental temperature18O temperatureR
elat
ive
abun
danc
e (%
)
20
40
60
80
100
G. bulloides
G. quinqueloba G. rubescens
G. ruberN. pachyderma
N. dutertrei Other
El Niñonon-El Niño
Wat
er d
epth
(m
)
1995 1996 1997 1998
0
20
40
60
80 Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)20
12
14
16
18
10
J MFSO DN J MAM JJ ASOF DN J SO DNMAM JJ AF
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Also ameboid, with pseudopodia
But have silica (SiO2) shell (like glass)
Mostly planktonic Shells also become
part of the sediment
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/radiohead.jpg
Radiolarians
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Hair-like cilia for locomotion and feeding
Tintinnids form vase-like shell
Important part of the microbial loop
http://server1.fandm.edu/Departments/Biology/People/Shimeta/research/tin2.JPGhttp://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/roberts-uk-euplotes-wl.JPG
Ciliates
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Autotrophs are “primary producers”
The synthesis of organic matter from carbon dioxide (CO2)
CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2
(sugar)
Primary Productivity
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Primary Productivity
Measured as grams of carbon bound into organic matter per square meter of ocean surface per year
g C / m2 / yr Entire oceans: 2.5x1016 gC/yr (25 billion tons!)
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Multicellular benthic are more productive per unit area Pelagic phytoplankton (photosynthesizing microorganisms in water) are most important (>98%) in total production
Primary Productivity
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Primary Productivity
Geographic variation Seasonal variation Photosynthesis requires light and nutrients
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Primary Productivity
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Primary Productivity
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Upwelling
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Upwelling
NASA
Deep nutrient-rich waters return to surface
Phytoplankton (microalgae) blooms More food for animals
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Primary Producers Prokaryotes (photosynthetic & chemosynthetic)
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea
Eukaryotes (photosynthetic) Kingdom Protista
Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids)
Multicellular algae (green, brown, red) Kingdom Plantae
Seagrasses Salt marsh plants Mangroves
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Diatoms
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg
Variety of shapes Can form chains Mostly planktonic Cooler waters (temperate, polar)
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Diatoms
Silica (SiO2) glass cell walls, spines Oil droplets, air vacuoles for buoyancy Chlorophyll a & c, carotenoid pigments
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Diatoms Asexual reproduction in phytoplankton and protozans:
Single cells divide rapidly in good conditions, form blooms Offspring are genetic clones of parent
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Diatoms Shells become large part of sediment Fossilized diatom shells – many uses
http://ace.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pACEBW-1150700dt.jpg
http://www.spadiggitydog.com/media/fossilforce1.jpg
http://www.lesliespool.com/lesliespoolimages/large/14316.jpg&t=1
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Dinoflagellates
Two flagella for movement Cellulose cell wall plates Chl. a & c, carotenoids Warmer waters (tropics)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/ceratiumdic2.jpg
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Dinoflagellates
http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/dinos.jpg
Bioluminescence
http://www.elyunque.com/adven/biolady.jpg
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Dinoflagellates
Zooxanthellae – symbiotic dinoflagellates inside sponges, jellyfish, anemones, corals, giant clams
http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/units/symbiosis/images/coralbleach.jpg
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Dinoflagellates
“Red tides” – harmful phytoplankton blooms Red, orange, brown, green Increase with nutrient pollution Neurotoxins:
Brevetoxin Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning) Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)
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http://content1.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/66859_large.jpg
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Coccolithophorids
http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/images/t_imgAZ/emiliana_bgw.jpg
Coccoliths – calcareous (CaCO3) Chl. a & c, carotenoid pigments Emiliania huxleyi – most important species globally
http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/soes/staff/tt/eh/pics/cocco9tn.jpg
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Coccolithophorids Coccolith bloom as seen from space Plates become large part of sediment
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/9/94/Bloom_summer_off_cornwall.jpghttp://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southeast/i/white_cliffs_320.jpg
White chalk cliffs of Dover, England