DISPENSA: LINGUA INGLESE PROF. ZDANSKI

I° ANNO UNIV. DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO

FACOLTA’ DI SCIENZE MOTORIE A.A. 2010/11

ENGLISH FOR SPORTS SCIENCES

Dispensa gratuita per l’uso in aula. Alcuni esercizi sono stati adattati da English File: Intermediate Student Book (Oxford University Press, 1999).

Obiettivo del corso e competenze acquisite: fornire gli allievi con gli strumenti linguistici che  consenta  loro  di:  1)  leggere  e  comprendere  testi  in  inglese  su  situazioni comunicative di base (la famiglia e gli amici, l’università, il lavoro, il tempo libero, la vita  quotidiana,  lo  sport,  ecc.);  2)  partecipare  in  brevi  dialoghi,  con  l’aiuto  del docente, su tali situazioni  

 Modalità d’esame. L’esame, solo orale, sarà svolto  in  inglese. Lo studente deve dimostrare di saper parlare degli argomenti presentati nel  testo del  corso,  in particolare, gli argomenti delle  sezioni ‘Exam Tasks’ e ‘Exam Readings’ (da preparare da soli). Gli studenti verranno interrogati in gruppi, sugli argomenti nelle quattro parti della dispensa presentati durante il corso, scelti dal  docente.  Su  questo  testo  verranno  anche  fatte  delle  domande  in  inglese  sulla grammatica e sul  lessico, per permettere un controllo più approfondito della conoscenza degli argomenti specificati nel programma dettagliato.    La dispensa  contiene  tutte  le  attività  svolte durante  le  lezioni  e  tutti  i  compiti da preparare per l’esame (‘Exam Tasks’). 

CLOZE TEST

Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate word (verb, phrase, noun, preposition, etc.) to fill the gaps from the list of alternatives on the next page. Then write the letter of the correct answer in the corresponding answer box. DO NOT WRITE THE ANSWERS IN THE GAPS ON THIS PAGE. 1 point will be subtracted if your answers are written on this page. You are what you eat. Recent studies 1)_______ psychologists have found that personality and 2)__________ can be betrayed by the choice of food 3)________ a person’s plate. While angry people prefer tough food that they can chew, 4)_________ individuals want sweets and caffeine. Jealous people often pile their plates high with 5)_______ is available, indicating that they had to compete with 6)__________ at the dinner table when they were children. Another study using data from more 7)________ 500 case studies is the first to 8)________ different foods and different states of mind. The results suggest that it may be possible to 9)_______ mood by changing the menu. “Only hard mastication 10)___________ someone take out anger,” said Cynthia Power, an American psychotherapist who has studied 11)__________ for 30 years, “but on the other hand, only bulky foods help 12________.” She also thinks that food can be used to change the feelings a person does not want 13)__________. Power carefully observed 14)_______ her patients ate. For each number, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) and write the corresponding letter in the empty answer box on the right.

A B C D ANSWER BOX

1 of by on to 1

2 nature mind mood condition 2

3 in at over on 3

4 low depressed blue unfortunate 4

5 which that whatever something 5

6 sisters siblings brothers sons 6

7 that of than as 7

8 outline survey summarise profile 8

9 alter alternate altar shift 9

10 is helping has helped will help would help 10

11 dependencies habits addictions customs 11

12 loneliness seclusion isolation retirement 12

13 have having to have for to have 13

14 that which what whatever 14

She found that people going 15)__________ crises, such as divorce, 16)________soft, sweet foods like ice cream, 17)_________ they were “seeking comfort levels with foods they once enjoyed in their childhood”. Those who were 18)__________craved salty foods like crisps because stressed adrenal glands send out salt-craving signals. Food experts 19)________ these findings. Raymond Blanc, the French owner of 20)__________ restaurant in Oxfordshire, said his fiancée preferred hard food 21)_______ when angry because “the movements are physically quite expressive”. William Leith, 22)_______ of The Hungry Years: Confessions of a Food Addict, said the report 23)_________ his experiences of binge eating to distract 24)__________ from emotional problems. “If you are unhappy, you want food that is high 25)_______sugar and carbohydrates… because this creates a whole drama of going and getting the food, eating it, feeling 26)________ again and then feeling hungry again.” Among writers who 27)__________ the emotional power of food is Joanne Harris, the Anglo-French novelist of Chocolat, which in 2000 was made 28)________ a film starring Juliette Binoche and Johnny Depp. Binoche plays the role of Vianne Rocher, a chocolate-maker who predicts each of her 29)_____________desires. “Contrary to the study’s claims that sweet food is eaten by unhappy people, chocolate in my book is a 30)__________ for love and a healthy and balanced attitude towards life and your body,” said Harris. Adapted from The Guardian For each number, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) and write the corresponding letter in the empty answer box on the right.

A B C D ANSWER BOX

15 in into through on 15

16 favoured resembled would rather encouraged 16

17 because so that why for which 17

18 pressed emphasized stressed forced 18

19 agree to agree with are agree to are agree with 19

20 a unique a single a solitary an exclusive 20

21 chewing on chew on To chew on for chewing on 21

22 author composer promoter artist 22

23 emphasized confirmed established approved 23

24 herself him himself each other 24

25 in on of with 25

26 wrong guilty criminal harmful 26

27 examine would examine have examined had examined 27

28 to Ø into in 28

29 buyers’ users’ customers’ servers’ 29

30 metaphor comparison similarity resemblance 30

CLOZE TEST

Read the following passage and choose the most appropriate word (verb, phrase, noun, preposition, etc.) to fill the gaps from the list of alternatives on the next page. Then write the letter of the correct answer in the corresponding answer box. DO NOT WRITE THE ANSWERS IN THE GAPS ON THIS PAGE. 1 point will be subtracted if your answers are written on this page.

Another winter sports season has begun, but 1)______ people seem to be aware of the possible effects of 2)___________ change on the skiing industry. What 3) ______________ if the planet gets too warm or weird for snow or ice?

Glaciers are already in retreat throughout the Alps, including places like Sölden, Austria. For the first time, the resort 4)_________ to play host to the start of this World Cup Alpine ski season after a rainstorm washed away the snow last month.

According to the 5)________ of the International Ski Federation, Gian-Franco Kasper, banks are refusing 6)__________ the risk of financing infrastructure improvements, 7)______ new hotels and new lifts, in European winter resorts that lie below 1,000 meters.

At Aspen, the Colorado 8)__________ that has staged many major events, officials cite recent scientific projections which indicate that skiing 9)__________________ there and at other nearby areas by as early as 2050 if global emissions of greenhouse gases are not reduced. And even if emissions are reduced, those same projections indicate that skiing at Aspen has a good 10)____________ of lasting only to 2100.

However, only a few athletes have 11)__________ on the problem. Alison Gannett, the American extreme skier and 12)___________ world champion, is one athlete who 13)___________. She has dedicated much of her life to environmental issues, and has recently 14)_____________ what she calls her "Global Cooling Tour."

For each number, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) and write the corresponding letter in the empty answer box on the right.

A B C D ANSWER BOX

1 a few little few a little

2 weather time atmosphere ambiance

3 happen will happen is happening shall happen

4 missed lacked failed declined

5 chief boss manager president

6 assuming assume to assume for to assume

7 such such as so as like as

8 guesthouse spa hotel resort

9 will be eliminated

will eliminate are eliminated will have eliminated

10 luck chance fortune opportunity

11 spoken about spoken to spoken out spoken with

12 once before past former

13 did have has would

14 thrown launched shot introduced

This international 15)________ will take her through the United States, then Europe and eventually 16)_________ Pakistan, 17)__________ she plans to document glacial recession and 18)_________ a film.

"In general, I think very few athletes understand the impact of global warming," Gannett said. "And winter athletes, 19)___________ have 20)_________ to lose, are quite 21)_________. Most sense some type of problem but do not think that it will 22)____________them. My mission 23)__________ this tour is 24)_____________ all types of skiers: from pro athletes, to ski area and retail store managers to ordinary skiers."

25)__________ still vigorous debate about the 26)___________ of the problem. Experts are not sure whether recent years of record temperatures are largely attributable to human 27)___________ or simply part of a cyclical pattern that 28)____________ plenty of snow and ice come and go over the millenniums.

29)_________, all over the Alps, ski resorts are trying to make as much man-made snow as they can, hoping that the temperatures don't soar 30)__________ to make snow making problematic, too.

Adapted from the International Herald Tribune, 29 November 2006

A B C D ANSWER

BOX 15 trip travel visit vacation

16 in at Ø on

17 which that where in which

18 do make take realize

19 who that whose what

20 the much the many the most the majority

21 in touch out of touch touching touchy

22 effect cause affect change

23 in at to on

24 educating educate for educating to educate

25 Is There is It is That is

26 amount extent width quantity

27 manners performance behaviour attitude

28 see sees has seen is seeing

29 Despite Other hand Nonetheless In spite of

30 enough high so high high that high enough

PART ONE: THE ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLD AND YOU

A STUDENT TALKS ABOUT HERSELF

My name’s Laurel Bradford and I’m from Virginia, in the United States. I was born there, and I’ve lived there all my life. I’m eighteen years old, and I’m a student at Georgetown University. I live with my parents. Our house is very big, so there’s room for all of us – my mom and dad, my brother, our dogs and me. My parents are both retired, so they do most of the housework, which is great for me, since I have to study a lot. Of course, I have to clean my room, and sometimes I help with the washing up. But my mother usually does the cleaning and cooking. My dad takes care of the gardening and outdoor jobs. We often do the shopping together. We get on very well. I have my own TV in my room, but I sometimes like watching films with my parents. To help pay for my education, I have a part-time job in a big bookstore. It’s perfect because I love reading. There is also a multi-media department where people can buy cds and dvds, and listen to music or see video clips before buying them.

I have a boyfriend. He’s two years older than me, and has just finished university. He studied economics. His name is Fritz, and he’s from Germany, but he speaks English very well. He is starting a new job as an accountant this week. I haven’t decided what to major in yet, but I think I will do a degree in foreign languages because I want to work for the United Nations or for the government. This year I’m studying French and Spanish. My hobbies are sports and music: I love crew and volleyball, and I play the cello in the university orchestra. Next summer, I’m going to Europe with our volleyball team on a foreign exchange program. I’m very excited about it – I can’t wait to go! WRITE QUESTIONS ABOUT LAUREL: 1. ________________________________________________? Laurel Bradford 2. ________________________________________________? In Virginia. 3. ________________________________________________? All her life. 4. ________________________________________________? Eighteen. 5. _________________________________________________? At Georgetown University. 6. ________________________________________________? Her parents, her brother and their dogs. 7. ________________________________________________? Yes, a part-time job in a bookstore. 8. _________________________________________________? Germany. 9. _________________________________________________? Two years older than her. 10. _________________________________________________? Economics.

11. _________________________________________________? An accountant. 12. _________________________________________________? French and Spanish. 13. _________________________________________________? Work for the United Nations. 14. _________________________________________________? Music and sports, especially crew and volleyball. 15. _________________________________________________? To Europe.

NOW WRITE ABOUT YOURSELF My name’s (1)_________________________ and I’m from (2)________________________ . I was born in (3)____________________. I (4)____________________ years old, and I’m a student at (5)____________________________. I live with (6)__________________________ . The house/flat or apartment where I live is (7)______________________________. My parents (8)____________________________________________ (their jobs). (9)_________________________ (say who) usually do/does the housework; (10)_____________________ clean(s) my room, and (11) _______________________________ the washing up. (12)__________________________ the cleaning and cooking. (13)___________________ do(es) the gardening and outdoor jobs. (14)___________________ do(es) the shopping. Choose one: Sometimes there are problems/We get on very well. If you work: I have a job in a (15) ____________________________. I (16)_______________________ boyfriend/girlfriend. He’s/She’s (17)____________________________ years old. I (18)_________________________ at university. This year I’m studying (19)__________________________. My hobbies are (20)____________________________. Next summer, I’m going to (21)_______________________________. Tell the examiner about yourself in a few short paragraphs like Laurel’s. Ask your partners about themselves. Use the sentences you have just written and the Conversation Topics below.

EXAM TASK

TALK ABOUT YOURSELF Ask and be able to talk about the following: Your name: spell your first name and surname Your birth date The date today/tomorrow/yesterday Public holidays in your country Your address Your student registration number WHERE DO YOU LIVE? In the town or in the country? House or flat (apartment)? How long have you been living there? Who do you live with? Do you get on well? WHAT HOUSEWORK DO YOU HAVE TO DO? The cooking or cleaning? Tidy/clean your room? The ironing? The washing up? The shopping? Other jobs? WHAT CAUSES PROBLEMS AT HOME? Watching TV? Studying? Housework? Going out? Playing music? Money? Do you argue with anyone? About what?

CONVERSATION TOPICS FOR EXAM TASK

The following letters rhyme with each other. This may help you to remember how to say the letters of the alphabet in English.

TRAIN

TREE

EGG

BIKE

STONE

SHOE

CAR

A B F I O Q R

H C L Y U

J D M W

K E N

G S

P X

T Z (UK)

V

Z (US)

There are different PRESENT, PAST and FUTURE tenses, each characterized by different auxiliaries and main verb forms. SIMPLE AUXILIARY DO/DID + BASE FORM (only for present and past) CONTINUOUS AUXILIARY BE + -ING PERFECT AUXILIARY HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE This is true for the ACTIVE VOICE. For transitive verbs, every tense has its passive counterpart in the PASSIVE VOICE. PASSIVE AUXILIARY BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

THE RHYMING ALPHABET

REFERENCE SECTION

ENGLISH TENSES

There are 5 interrogative forms in English. 1) INTONATION: The easiest is done by raising the tone of the voice at the end of a sentence. It’s only used in conversation, and usually to check information. You’re tired? You like biscuits? He’s already gone? She’s going out with him tonight? 2) SIMPLE INVERSION: VERB + SUBJECT This formula can only be used with the SIMPLE TENSES OF BE. Sentence (subj + verb): Question (verb + subj): He’s German. Is he German? You were late yesterday. Were you late yesterday? 3) AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB This formula can be applied universally to all of the other tenses, whether in the active or passive voice, because they are compound tenses (tenses with more than one word). Sentence (subj + aux + main verb): Question (aux + subj + main verb): Tom is going to London next week. Is Tom going to London next week? She would like to go to the party. Would she like to go to the party? His mother will be 80 in June. Will his mother be 80 in June? The house was built in 1998. Was the house built in 1998? 4) NO INVERSION: QUESTION WORD AS SUBJECT In certain questions, the question word is the subject. This usually happens with WHO or WHAT. Sentence (subj + verb): Question (subj + verb): Mary made that wonderful cake. Who made that wonderful cake? Love makes the world go round. What makes the world go round?

INTERROGATIVE FORMS IN ENGLISH

5) QUESTION TAGS: MINI-QUESTION AT THE END OF A SENTENCE Use these to confirm information. Repeat the subject and auxiliary of the tense, but if the sentence is positive, use a negative auxiliary and if it is negative, use a positive one. Sentence Tag He didn’t go to the game, did he? They are playing tonight, aren’t they?

CARDINAL NUMBERS

1 ONE 11 ELEVEN 2 TWO 12 TWELVE 20 TWENTY** 3 THREE 13 THIRTEEN* 30 THIRTY** 4 FOUR 14 FOURTEEN* 40 FORTY** 5 FIVE 15 FIFTEEN* 50 FIFTY** 6 SIX 16 SIXTEEN* 60 SIXTY** 7 SEVEN 17 SEVENTEEN* 70 SEVENTY** 8 EIGHT 18 EIGHTEEN* 80 EIGHTY** 9 NINE 19 NINETEEN* 90 NINETY** 10 TEN * –teens ** -ty=multiples of 10

21 TWENTY-ONE* 22 TWENTY-TWO 23 TWENTY-THREE, ETC. * use a hyphen (-) 100 ONE HUNDRED 1,000 ONE THOUSAND 10, 000 TEN THOUSAND 100,000 ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND 1,000,000 ONE MILLION 1,000,000,000 ONE BILLION

NUMBERS AND DATES

ORDINAL NUMBERS ADD –TH TO ALL CARDINAL NUMBERS EXAMPLE: SEVEN SEVENTH EXCEPTIONS: ONE FIRST TWO SECOND THREE THIRD NOTE SPELLING CHANGES: FIVE FIFTH NINE NINTH TWENTY TWENTIETH (AS WITH ALL NUMBERS ENDING IN –TY) USE ORDINAL NUMBERS TO EXPRESS THE ORDER THINGS COME IN, FRACTIONS, DATES IN SPOKEN ENGLISH. SPECIAL FORMS FOR FRACTIONS: ONE HALF =1/2 EXAMPLE: Write: 8 October 2008 Say: October the eighth 2008 OR The eighth of October 2008 For years, divide 4-number dates, and say them as two numbers: 1958 = 19 / 58 (nineteen / fifty-eight) The years 2001 to 2009 are said as numbers: “two thousand one”, etc., to avoid confusion with the years 21-29. Today, people say the years from 2010 onwards as “twenty/ten”, “twenty/eleven”, etc. You can say “two thousand ten” or “two thousand eleven”, too.

DATES: SAY VS. WRITE

Match the right word with the right person: step-mother aunt cousin mother-in-law or father-in-law uncle grandchild (grandson or granddaughter) niece grandparent (grandmother or grandfather nephew sister-in-law or brother-in-law

Who is . . .? 1. Your mother’s or father’s brother? 2. Your mother’s or father’s sister? 3. Your husband’s or wife’s mother or father? 4. Your husband’s or wife’s sister or brother? 5. Your brother or sister’s daughter? 6. Your brother or sister’s son? 7. Your mother’s or father’s brother’s or sister’s son or daughter? 8. Your mother’s or father’s mother or father? 9. Your daughter’s or son’s child? 10. Your father’s second wife?

Use look + adjective (seem) or look like + noun (resemble) to describe someone’s appearance or personality. Harry looks tired. Harry looks like his father. PRACTICE : Complete the sentences with look or look like: 1.Dorothy ___________ friendly. 2.Robert _____________ an interesting person. 3.Kevin _______________ his brother. 4.She ____________ about forty. 5.Giovanni _____________ a university professor. 6.You ___________ happy. 7.They _______________ Spanish.

VOCABULARY: FAMILY MEMBERS

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Put the right word in the right space. sociable insecure shy/introverted jealous ambitious bossy selfish aggressive affectionate self-confident co-operative lazy moody sensible/practical sensitive charming 1. It is difficult for him or her to talk to new people. ____________________ 2. They want to be successful in life. ____________________ 3. They feel things deeply, like artists or musicians. ____________________ 4. He or she has a lot of common sense. ____________________ 5. She’s kind and loving to everyone she knows. ____________________ 6. He doesn’t like working or making an effort. ____________________ 7. He has a gift for making people like him. ____________________ 8. He’s never sure of his actions. ____________________ 9. She’s happy one moment and sad or angry the next. ____________________ 10. He always wants what other people have. ____________________ 11. They like being in the company of other people. ____________________ 12. He is always ready to argue or fight. ____________________ 13. They like to work with other people. ____________________ 14. She is always sure of herself. ____________________ 15. He’s always telling other people what to do. ____________________ 16. She never thinks about others - only herself. ____________________

VOCABULARY: PERSONALITY

Write the opposites – note that some adjectives make their opposites by adding prefixes like un-, in-, im-, or dis-: unfriendly hard-working disorganized unimaginative impatient generous quiet untidy/disorderly boring /uninteresting cheerful/unhappy 1.tidy/orderly ____________________ 2.organized ____________________ 3.imaginative ____________________ 4.talkative/chatty ____________________ 5.lazy ____________________ 6.friendly/nice ____________________ 7.mean/stingy ____________________ 8.patient ____________________ 9.interesting ____________________ 10. unhappy ____________________

Use each other when one person does an action to another, and the other does the same action to him or her. They’re talking to each other on the telephone. They love each other. Use a reflexive pronoun: - When the object of a verb is the same as the subject: I hurt myself yesterday. - For emphasis: She herself will make sure it gets done. - Certain expressions like by myself (alone): I went to the cinema by myself. COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE RIGHT FORM OF THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN SINGULAR PLURAL myself ____________________ _______________________ yourselves himself/___________/___________ ____________________ PRACTICE Use each other or a reflexive pronoun. 1.Fred’s selfish. He only thinks of __________________________. 2.My sister and her ex-husband don’t speak to __________________________. 3.Have a nice trip! Enjoy __________________________! 4.He built the house by __________________________. 5.Betty and Harry send emails to __________________________ every day. 6.She looked at ________________________ in the mirror. 7.The lights are automatic. They turn ________________________ off and on.

GRAMMAR: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS/EACH OTHER

Use both, neither and either to talk about two people or things. BOTH = A and B Use a plural verb. A: Tom studies sports medicine. B: George studies sports medicine. A and B: Both George and Tom study sports medicine. OR George and Tom both study sports medicine. NEITHER = not A and not B Use a positive singular or plural verb. If you want to use a negative verb, use either. A: Linda doesn’t study sports medicine, she studies biology. B: Beth doesn’t study sports medicine, she studies oncology. Not A and not B: Neither Linda nor Beth studies sports medicine. Linda doesn’t study sports medicine, and Beth doesn’t either. EITHER = A or B Use a singular verb. A: You can take the test tomorrow. B: You can take the test next week. A or B: You can either take the test tomorrow or next week. A: You can’t do it tomorrow. B: You can’t do it next week. A or B: You can’t do it either tomorrow or next week.

GRAMMAR: BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER

PRACTICE Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Example: Ted lives in Australia and Ron lives in Australia, too. Ted and Ron both live in Australia. or Both Ted and Ron live in Australia. 1.Harry didn’t take the exam yesterday, and Gina didn’t take it. ___________________________________________________. 2.They’d like to go to Canada or Alaska this summer. ___________________________________________________. 3.My mother and I don’t smoke. ___________________________________________________. 4.Jake and his cousin live in a small flat downtown. ___________________________________________________. 5.They don’t like the biology teacher and they don’t like the chemistry teacher. ___________________________________________________. 6.She has two possibilities: she can call him now or she can call him later. _____________________________________________________. Be able to describe yourself, your family members, friends and people who are close to you. What are you/they like? Who do you/they look like? Use the forms you’ve just learned, for example, Both my sister and I look like our mother or Neither my mother or my father smokes or Either my brother or I help with the washing up after dinner.

EXAM TASK

Be able to ask and answer questions about your family. In your family: Who do you look like? What’s your mother/father/sister/brother like? Your friends: Who’s your best friend? How long have you known each other? How did you meet? What does he/she look like? What is he/she like? Why is he/she your best friend? Why do you get on well? Do you ever argue? What about? How often do you see/call/email each other?

EXAM TASK: CONVERSATION

PRESENT SIMPLE USE Use the Present Simple for things that are always true: habits, feelings and thoughts, scientific facts and states of being. Examples: I live in a flat. He loves her. The sky is blue. SPELLING With the 3rd person singular: with he, she or it, we add -s to the base form. Verbs that end in –o, -s, -ch, -h or –x add –es. Examples He plays baseball. She goes running every day. AUXILIARY Use the auxiliary do and does for questions, and do or don’t and does not or doesn’t for negatives. Examples: Does she like it? Mary doesn’t play the piano. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY We often use adverbs of frequency with the present simple: always, often, sometimes, rarely, never WORD ORDER with adverbs of frequency: put the adverb before the main verb, but after be. Other time expressions go at the end of the sentence. I’m never tired in the morning. She works every day. He always helps his son with his homework. Are you going out tonight?

GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT CONTINUOUS USE Use the present continuous (present continuous of the verb BE + -ing form) to talk about the time of speaking, AND for things arranged for the future. The train is leaving now! I’m going out with my friends this evening. Note time expressions to use with the present continuous: now, today, this evening, tomorrow night, at the moment Do not use the present continuous with verbs that describe states of mind (know, like, love, want, need, have, hate, believe, see, hear, smell and taste). Remember the forms of the present simple of TO BE: I am we are you are you are he/she/it is they are A. Correct the mistakes if necessary. 1. I often watch TV in the evening. 2. Anne’s in the kitchen. She makes lunch. 3. What time are you usually going to bed? 4. What do you do at the moment? 5. I’m really hungry. I’m needing something to eat. 6. Where works your sister? 7. We go to the disco tonight. 8. George goes to German classes three times a week. 9. They go never out to eat. 10. Billy plays once a week tennis with his brother.

PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT CONTINUOUS: PRACTICE

11. I have lunch every Sunday with my grandmother. 12. She has lunch with Bob now. 13. She’s hating to do the housework. 14. They rarely go to the cinema. 15. This coffee is tasting good! 16. Betty likes running in the park in the morning. 17. I don’t study for exams at the moment. 18. Tom and Robert play in the championships next week. 19. They are training for the New York Marathon next November. 20. I don’t feel well because I am having a cold. B. Write questions in the present simple or present continuous. 1. What time/usually/get up/in the morning? 2. What time/usually/go to bed/at night? 3. How often/go/cinema? 4. How often/go/out for a pizza with your friends? 5. What/read/at the moment? 6. What/study/at the moment? 7. What/like doing/in your free time? 8. Where/usually/go/on Friday and Saturday night? 9. What/usually/do/on the weekend? 10. What/usually/do/on week nights? 11. What subjects/study/at university? 12. How/get/to work or school? 13. Have/a job? Where/work? 14. Have/any hobbies? 15. What kind/films/like? 16. What kind/books/like? 17. How often/read/newspaper? 18. What newspapers/read? 19. When/watch TV? 20. Where/go/on holiday/next summer? 21. What/do/this weekend? 22. What/do/tonight?

Which verb is used with which expressions?

MAKE CATCH MEET DO MISS GO PLAY HAVE SPEND KEEP TAKE KNOW LOSE 1. _______________ money, time, the weekend, your holiday 2. _______________ a ball, a cold, a train/bus/plane (not a taxi) 3. _______________ the piano or other musical instrument, tennis or other ball or team sports, cards or other games, with your friends 4. _______________ someone for the first time, someone outside the cinema or downtown, someone by chance 5. _______________ someone or something for a long time 6. _______________ the housework, the shopping, homework, an exam or test, research, sports like yoga, floor exercises, gymnastics (martial arts or sports with special equipment) 7. _______________ a cake or other food, a mistake, friends, noise, the bed, a phone call, a fuss, breakfast/lunch/dinner, a promise 8. _______________ a shower, a good time, breakfast/lunch/dinner, time to do something, a good weekend, a good trip, a meeting, a rest, a meal, a party, a coffee or sandwich 9. _______________ home, to the cinema, out to eat, to bed/work/university/school, for a walk, by car/bus/plane/taxi, on foot, shopping/sightseeing and other activities ending in –ing, cycling/kayaking/climbing/swimming, outdoor sports or sports involving distances 10. _______________ fit, doing something, a promise, in touch 11._______________ someone (to the cinema, station), an exam or test, a photo, a bus/train/plane/taxi, medicine 12. _______________ someone (who’s not there), a bus/train/plane/taxi, a lesson or other appointment 13. _______________ your keys, your job, a sports match

VOCABULARY: IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Match each expression with GET to the verb that means the same thing. OBTAIN CATCH/TAKE RECEIVE ARRIVE BECOME 1)_______________ get tired, hungry, angry, sick, lost, married, better/worse 2)_______________ get to work, school, the station; get there, home 3)_______________ get a bus/train/plane 4)_______________ get a new dress or pair of shoes, a job, get a new car 5)_______________ get an answer, a letter, a reply, a fax, an email GET is also a phrasal verb: GET UP in the morning GET ON/OFF a bus/train/bike/horse GET ON WITH someone GET INTO/OUT OF a car or taxi What does GET mean in these sentences: obtain, catch/take, receive, arrive, become? Or is it a phrasal verb like get up, get on/off, etc.? 1. They got off the train five hours ago. 2. Don’t get angry! 3. Mom got an email from her yesterday. 4. I wrote to Nike about the wrong order, but I didn’t get an answer. 5. When they got home, they tried to call her. 6. Remember to get some milk at the supermarket. 7. She got wet because it started raining. 8. What time do you get up in the morning? 9. She can’t get out of the car. 10. How do you get to university every day?

VOCABULARY: GET AND PHRASAL VERBS

According to research by the British Council, "English has official or special status in at least seventy-five countries with a total population of over two billion. That means it is used in official documents, or spoken on the radio and television. English is spoken as a native language by around 375 million people (they learn it at home when they are small) and as a second language by around 375 million speakers in the world (that means they learn it because English is also used in their country). Speakers of English as a second language will soon outnumber those who speak it as a first language. Around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language (they learn it at school because it is spoken in another country). One out of four of the world's population speaks English to some level of competence. Demand from the other three-quarters is increasing."

Why people use English

The British Council says "English is the main language of books, newspapers, airports and air-traffic control, international business and academic conferences, science, technology, diplomacy, sport, international competitions, pop music and advertising.

Over two-thirds of the world's scientists read in English. Three quarters of the world's mail is written in English. Eighty per cent of the world's electronically stored information is in English. Of the estimated forty million users of the Internet, some eighty per cent communicate in English, but this is expected to decrease to forty per cent as speakers of other languages get online."

READING: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, PART 1 READING COMPREHENSION

What do students say about English?

"English is an easy language. There are no accents, the tenses of verbs are simple and the adjectives are invariable", says Gustavo O. after three years studying it at school. Anabelle S. thinks the many ways of pronunciation and the spelling are difficult. Nicolas de F. finds it interesting and cool because with English he can understand many films and songs. "You need English to travel around the world - it's a language almost everybody understands - so it's easier to communicate with people from different cultures", says Daniela K. According to Aldebaran D., "you must speak English if you want a good job especially if you want to work with computers".

Text adapted from http://www./the_english_dept.tripod.com/esc.html

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. How many countries does English have a special status in?

_____________________________________________________________

2. What does ‘official or special status’ mean?

_____________________________________________________________

3. How many people in the world speak English as a native language?

_____________________________________________________________

4. How many people speak it as a second language?

_____________________________________________________________

5. What does ‘native language’ mean? What does ‘second language’ mean?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. How many people speak a little English?

_____________________________________________________________

7. Why do so many people in the world use English?

_____________________________________________________________

8. How many of the world’s scientists read in English?

_____________________________________________________________

9. What percent of the world’s electronically stored information is in English?

_____________________________________________________________

10. How many people in the world use the Internet?

_____________________________________________________________

11. What percentage of Internet users communicate in English?

_____________________________________________________________

12. Why does the student Gustavo think English is easy?

_____________________________________________________________

13. List 3 reasons why students think English is useful or necessary.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The Growth and Expansion of English

English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. By the year 1000, the English language consisted of approximately 40,000 words. Nowadays, the number has grown to more than 500,000. If we calculate the average of words created per century, this comes to 46,000. A great number of words found in the English vocabulary come from Latin, French, Low German, and the Scandinavian languages. We also know that some periods were more productive than others: invasions, contact with other cultures, inventions, technological progress, music, fashion are some of the factors which have helped to enrich the language.

British colonialism in the 19th century and American capitalism and technological progress in the 20th century were the main causes for the spread of English throughout the world. From around 1750 to 1950 the British Empire covered about a quarter of the globe. It was one of the most powerful empires in the world. The colonies gradually freed themselves, but about fifty countries chose to keep a connection with Britain by belonging to The British Commonwealth. English is spoken all over the Commonwealth either as a native or an official language, and the British monarch is the symbolic head of the association.

The USA has played a leading role in most domains for the last hundred years. At the end of the 19th century and first quarter of the 20th, it welcomed millions of European immigrants who had fled their countries ravaged by war, poverty or famine. This labour force strengthened American industries and development. The Hollywood film industry also attracted many foreign artists looking for fame and fortune and the number of American films produced every year soon filled the market. Before the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which ended the First World War between Germany and the Allies, diplomats used the French language. However, President Wilson succeeded in having the treaty in English, too. Since then, English started being used in diplomacy and gradually in economic relations and the media. During World War II, America intervened both militarily and economically to save Europe from chaos. From then onwards, the United States have consolidated their cultural, economical and technological power: inventions, rock and roll, the first man on the moon, the revolution of the Internet, the country's growing prosperity and commercial aggressiveness have contributed to the further expansion and importance of English in the world today.

Text adapted from http://www./the_english_dept.tripod.com/esc.html

READING: SOME FACTS AND FIGURES ABOUT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, PART 2 VOCABULARY and WRITING

VOCABULARY EXERCISE Match the underlined words in the text with the correct definition. Number 1 is done for you. 1. ___strengthened___ made stronger 2. __________________ when there is not enough food in country, and people die 3. __________________ the middle or median value of a group of numbers 4. __________________ liberate, get rid of 5. __________________ component, constituent or element 6. __________________ destroyed by 7. __________________ escaped from 8. __________________ main, principal, dominant 9. __________________ diffusion 10. _________________ a world organization of autonomous states united to a

central power but not subordinate to it or each other INTERROGATIVE FORMS Write questions for the following answers. Use the information in the text. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________? More than 500,000. 2. ___________________________________________________________________________? From Latin, French, Low German, and the Scandinavian languages. 3. ___________________________________________________________________________? British colonialism in the 19th century and American capitalism and technological progress in the 20th century.

4. ___________________________________________________________________________?

President Woodrow Wilson. 5. ___________________________________________________________________________? The USA, because of immigration, industrial development and films in the early twentieth century and now because of inventions, rock and roll, the first man on the moon, the revolution of the Internet.

PART TWO: DAILY ROUTINE, FOOD AND NUTRITION

Write the correct verb for the following groups of expressions. DO HAVE TAKE GO GET __________________ breakfast/lunch/dinner/a snack

a bath/shower a nap/rest

__________________ medicine the dog for a walk a break a photograph __________________ to the gym/the cinema to school/work/university home shopping, skating, cycling __________________ homework housework sports/exercise __________________ up dressed/ready for work or school ready for bed

VOCABULARY: DAILY ROUTINE

A Student Describes Her Daily Routine

My life is always full of activities and obligations. I never have time for myself. During the week, I usually get up at 6:30, but I would really prefer to sleep later. After I get up, I wash my face, brush my teeth, and then decide what to wear. After I get dressed I brush my hair. I don’t usually have time for breakfast because I ride the bus to university, and have to catch it at seven o'clock. Classes start at 8:00. Each class has its own timetable, so my schedule varies by class.

My classes take place either in a classroom, in a gym or in another sports facility (swimming pool, tennis court, athletics track). I usually go to a bar for lunch with my friends. Some students in their third and fourth year have special seminars or internships.

After classes, I have to train. I do gymnastics, and our team is very good. When I finish training, I sometimes go shopping or just walk around the town for a while. When I get home I relax, listen to the radio, watch television, or maybe have a little snack. Then I start my homework or help my mother with the housework. Before I know it, the afternoon is gone and it is evening. Some of my friends have to work after school.

In my family, we usually have dinner at 8:00 or 8:30pm. At dinner we discuss what happened during the day. After dinner I help with the washing up and then either take a shower or have a bath. Then I have some time to watch the news on TV. I also like watching films or music programmes on TV, or a video or DVD from the rental shop. Sometimes I go out with my friends for a pizza or to see a movie. I have a date with my boyfriend every other day. Sometimes he comes to my house to watch TV or we go out. I usually go to bed around 11:00pm.

This is my daily routine during the week. What a different story on the weekend! If we have a gymnastics competition, I go out of town with the team. If not, I sleep late and do whatever I want in my free time. I help my parents a little with the housework, but I still have most of the time for myself and my interests. I can go out with my friends, visit my relatives or spend time at my hobbies (I like playing the guitar and designing clothes). I think everyone will agree that weekends are much better than weekdays!

PRACTICE

Read the text again and write about the student’s daily routine.

At 6:30, _________________________________________________.

Then she _________________________________________________.

After that, _________________________________________________.

At 8:00, _________________________________________________.

Her classes_________________________________________________.

After classes_________________________________________________.

When she finishes training, _________________________________________________.

At home, _________________________________________________.

At 8:00 or 8:30 pm, _________________________________________________.

In the evening, _________________________________________________.

Sometimes, _________________________________________________.

Every other day, _________________________________________________.

At 11:00 pm, _________________________________________________.

On the weekends, _________________________________________________.

Be able to describe your daily routine to the examiner.

EXAM TASK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Match the right body parts with the right number ear eye nose forehead cheek mouth chin neck hair Figure adapted from esl.handouts.com

VOCABULARY: THE BODY

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Match the right body parts with the right number leg hand wrist calf thigh breast head bottom arm elbow shin foot knee toe back armpit belly chest shoulder Figures adapted from esl.handouts.com

Label the body parts*

1. ___________________________ 2. ___________________________ 3. ___________________________ 4. ___________________________

WRIST FINGER NAIL THUMB

*Figure adapted from eslflow.com.

FRECKLES GUMS JAW CHIN LOWER LIP TONGUE TOOTH UPPER LIP DIMPLE EYELASHES EYEBROW FOREHEAD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. *Figure adapted from eslflow.com.

HEALTH QUIZ I Match the body part with its definition. BLOOD BONES BRAIN HEART KIDNEYS LIVER LUNGS MUSCLES SKIN 1.You breathe with them, and smoking can damage them. ____________________ 2.It circulates the blood. ____________________ 3.It’s the control centre of your body. ____________________ 4.It can be damaged by too much alcohol. ____________________ 5.It turns brown or red in the sun. ____________________ 6.They come in pairs (more than one answer). ____________________ 7.There are 200 in the body. ____________________ 8.You use them to move. ____________________ 9.They cleanse the body. ____________________ HEALTH QUIZ II Put the right word in the right space: keep fit stressful cold headaches hurt stressed illnesses pull a muscle pains relax How (1)_______________ is your life? Doctors and researchers have shown that stress can cause many (2)_________________ and sometimes very serious problems like high blood pressure or heart attacks. If you are (3)__________________, you are more likely to get flu, a (4)_______________ or fever, or suffer from (5)_______________ or muscular pain. You should rest and (6)______________ as much as possible, and do sports or exercise to (7)__________________. Be careful before you start any fitness program, or you could (8)_______________ your back or (9)___________________. If you have (10)_____________ or other strange symptoms after doing exercise, call your doctor. What do the words in bold face mean?

HEALTH QUIZ III Match the symptom with the illness. THE FLU (INFLUENZA) A COLD TOO MUCH EXERCISE 1.I’ve got a cough, a sore throat, muscular aches a headache and a temperature. ____________________ 2.I’ve got a runny nose, I’m sneezing a lot and it’s hard to breathe. ____________________ 3.My back and shoulders hurt. ____________________ STUDY FOR THE EXAM: self-correcting quiz at http://iteslj.org/v/ei/body.html

Chronobiology: What's the Best Time of Day to Exercise? (Adapted from about.com) Is there a best time of day to exercise? Research on lung function, body rhythms, temperature, and hormone levels says one thing - to exercise around 6 pm. Surveys on exercise habits say another - to exercise in the morning before other commitments distract you, or during the day when you have free time. Here are some pros and cons of when to exercise.

Mornings

Pros: • In the morning it’s easier to form the exercise habit. • There are fewer distractions and schedule interruptions. • You can make time for exercise by getting up earlier. • It raises your heart rate and metabolism to burn more calories earlier in the day. • It gives a feeling of physical energy for hours. • It helps you to think clearly for hours. • You feel cooler in the summer. • Air pollution is lowest in the morning. • The body adjusts to your exercise time, so if you are training for a morning sports event, train in the morning.

Cons: • Body temperature is at its lowest 1-3 hours before waking up, so you have naturally lower energy and blood flow in the morning. • Your muscles are cold and, stiff, so may be more prone to injury. Warm up well before doing a higher intensity workout, and do gentle stretching. • Body temperature and hormones are higher in late afternoon. You can get the same or better calorie-burning effects later in the day.

Break times Pros: • You can make it a habit to exercise at lunch/break time. • Body temperature and hormone levels are higher than early in the morning. • It can help regulate the amount of food you feel like eating for lunch, and help you avoid break-time snacking. • It improves blood flow to the brain so you are sharper in the afternoon. • It can reduce stress from work, school, or home.

Cons: • Time constraints may not allow you to get in a complete workout. • You may have distractions and other commitments. • Research shows that lung function is worst at noon.

Afternoons and Evenings

Research shows that afternoon (3 p.m. to 7 p.m.) is the best time to exercise for both endurance and for building muscle.

Pros: • For most people, body temperature and hormone levels peak at 6 p.m. Exercising 3 hours before or after the peak will give your best workout for both endurance and building muscle. • Lung function is best from 4 -5 p.m. • Muscles are warm and flexible. • Perceived exertion is lowest, so you may be able to work out harder or faster. • It can help regulate the amount of food you eat for dinner. • It can reduce stress after a day at work, school, or home.

Cons: • You may have distractions and other commitments. • Need to allow one to three hours to wind down after walking or exercise to be able to fall asleep. I. Read the text. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)? 1. Research and surveys on exercise habits say the same thing about the best time of day to do exercise. 2. Exercise raises your heart rate and metabolism to burn more calories earlier in the day. 3. Muscles are warmer and more flexible later in the day. 4. Lung function is best from 9-10am. 5. Body temperature is at its lowest 1-3 hours before waking up 6. Exercising in the evening gives a feeling of physical energy for hours. 7. Body temperature and hormone levels peak at 2pm. 8. The best time to exercise for both endurance and for building muscle is 3 pm – 7 pm. 9. Exercise in the afternoon or evening can cause stress after a day at work, school, or home. 10. Exercising at peak times for body temperature and hormone levels is best. II. Interview your classmate. Find out when and why he or she usually exercises. Use the following model: Name: When do you usually do exercise? Why? What are the pros and cons?

PRACTICE

Use can to say that we know how or have the ability to do something, or that something is possible. We write the negative as one word: cannot, but shorten it to can’t when we’re speaking: I can swim, but I can’t dive. Can’t you see I’m trying to do my best? Use can in the present tense. Use be able to + infinitive to form other tenses. Use could to talk about general ability in the past. Use was/were able to for one particular situation in the past. I could ride a bike when I was four. General ability He was injured, but he was still able to play in the finals. One particular situation MAY/MIGHT + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO To express uncertainty, use may or might + infinitive without to. It might rain tomorrow. She might be able to go to the match. PRACTICE Write may, might, can, could or a tense of be able to in the blank spaces. 1. I _________________ go to the match. I’m not sure. 2. ___________________ you take him to the football match? If not, he ______________ go. 3. She hates playing in a tennis match without ___________________ see the court first. 4. My sister has always wanted ____________________to swim faster. 5. Our team _____________ buy the sports van because it was too expensive. 6. They haven’t ________________ find a new coach yet. 7. Maradona _______________play football well when he was very young. 8. If they don’t get up early tomorrow, they ____________________ sign up for the race. 9. If you ________________ (not) speak the language, you _____________ (not) get the job. 10. Bob ________________ phone tonight, but he isn’t sure he ___________________.

TENSE CAN BE ABLE TO present simple can am/is/are able to future (will) X will be able to past simple could was/were able to present perfect X has/have been able to infinitive X (to) be able to gerund X being able to

GRAMMAR: EXPRESSING ABILITY (CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO) AND UNCERTAINTY (MAY AND MIGHT)

Make questions and ask for more information about future plans. To answer, use may or might if you’re not sure. Remember to use the PRESENT CONTINUOUS tense to talk about plans or intentions. 1. What/do/during the Christmas holidays? 2. What/do/next summer? 3. What film/see/next? 4. What CD/buy/next? 5. What time/get up/tomorrow? On the weekend? 6. Go out/tonight? Where? 7. Do sports/over the weekend? 8. What/do/after class today? 9. Go away/next weekend? 10. What/do/tonight? This weekend? 11. What/buy/mother-girlfriend-boyfriend-father/for his-her birthday? 12. Where/go/next summer? 13. What/plan to do/after finishing university? 14. What time/get up/tomorrow morning? 15. What time/go to bed/tonight?

EXAM TASK I: TALKING ABOUT FUTURE PLANS – MAY AND MIGHT FOR UNCERTAINTY AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR FUTURE PLANS

Ask your partner about things he/she can do well. Keep asking until he/she says yes, then try to find out more information about what he/she can do. Some suggestions: drive ride a motorcycle ski sail swim dance scuba dive climb make a video play a musical instrument use a computer ride a horse plant a garden paint or draw cook build a house run a marathon design clothes USE THIS DIALOGUE AS A MODEL. Keep asking until your partner says ‘Yes, I can.’ Then get more details. If you can think of other activities, feel free to do so. You: Can you ___________________? Your Partner: [No, I can’t….] You: Can you ___________________? Your Partner: Yes, I can. You: When did you learn? How did you learn? Was it easy or difficult?

EXAM TASK II: USING CAN TO EXPRESS ABILITY

Verbs followed by –ing form: like, love, hate, enjoy, mind, finish, stop Verbs followed by to + infinitive: would like, want, need, decide, hope, expect, plan, forget, seem, try, promise, offer, refuse, learn, manage Verbs which can take either form with no change in meaning: begin, start Use to + infinitive after adjectives. Use the infinitive without to with auxiliary verbs and modal verbs (will, can, may, might, must, should, etc.): He can’t play tennis very well. She should see a doctor. The gerund is the noun form of the verb, so can be used as the subject of a sentence or after prepositions. Use the infinitive + to when you want to express a reason for doing something. PRACTICE 1 Put the right form of the verb sleep in the spaces. 1. Is ____________________ a pleasure or a waste of time? 2. How many hours do you need ______________ at night? 3. Does loud noise stop you from ___________________? 4. What do you do if you cannot __________________? 5. Cats find it easy __________________. 6. Do you ever take pills ________________? 7. Do you like ___________________ in the afternoon?

GRAMMAR: -ING FORM, GERUND OR TO +

PRACTICE 2 : Write ‘gerund’, ‘to + infinitive’, or ‘infinitive without to’ next to the right rule. Use the examples in PRACTICE 1 to help you. ____________________ Use after prepositions. ____________________ Use after verbs like love, hate, enjoy, mind, like, etc. ____________________ Use as the subject of a sentence. ____________________ Use after verbs like would like, want, need, decide, etc. ____________________ Use after adjectives. ____________________ Use to express a reason for doing something. ____________________ Use after auxiliaries or modal verbs. PRACTICE 3 : Put the right form of the verb do in the spaces. 1. What do you hate ___________________ when you’re tired? 2. What are you going _____________________ next summer? 3. What are you thinking of _____________________ after university? 4. Are you planning ________________ anything next weekend? 5. Are you planning on ___________________ your exams this session? 6. What do you want __________________ tonight? 7. What would you like __________________ tomorrow? 8. What do you like ___________________ in your free time? 9. You don’t need ____________________ it now. 10. He forgot ________________________ his homework yesterday. 11. She usually enjoys ____________________ the shopping. 12. He didn’t finish __________________ his exam. 13. We decided __________________ it next week. 14. I don’t mind _______________________ the housework. 15. Please stop _________________ that! 16. Don’t start ___________________ the exam until the teacher tells you to. 17. I learned ___________________ it a long time ago. 18. I offered ___________________ it last week. 19. They refused _______________________ anything about it. 20. This puzzle is too difficult _________________________.

Countable nouns have a or an before them, and can be used in the plural: There were three pencils, an eraser and two pens in the case. Uncountable nouns are not used with a or an, and they don’t have plural forms: She always has a lot of homework to do. Some nouns can be used both ways, but with different meanings: There’s not enough room for six people in my car. Please book me a single room for three nights at the Waldorf Hotel. A noun can be uncountable if we mean the whole substance or idea, but countable when we want to use it in one of the following ways: - an individual portion: I love hot chocolate. vs. Two hot chocolates, please. - a type or brand of thing: He bought some cheese yesterday. vs. French cheeses are delicious. - a particular instance of a concrete thing, substance or idea: The statue is made of stone. vs. There’s a stone in my shoe!

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

pencils water Interrogative: How many? How much? Negative: not many not much Large quantities: a lot of a lot of Small quantities: a few/very few a little, very little Zero quantities: not ... any not ... any More than necessary: too many too much Less than necessary: not enough not enough

GRAMMAR: QUANTIFIERS

Use a lot of before nouns (He eats a lot of food), but after verbs use a lot (He eats a lot). Use too + adjective, but too much/many + noun. This tea is too hot. That’s too much food for a child to eat. Use too much after verbs. She eats too much. Use enough before nouns, but put enough after the adjective. There’s not enough time! He’s not fast enough to make the finals.

PRACTICE 1 Correct errors where necessary.

1. Do you eat much meat? No, I don’t eat a lot of. 2. Greg drinks too many beer. 3. Betty doesn’t eat protein enough. 4. How many water do you drink every day? 5. I’ve eaten too many eggs this week. 6. Do you drink much alcohol? No, not much. 7. This pasta isn’t enough hot. 8. Veronica eats very few chocolate. It’s too much fattening. 9. I eat much green vegetables. 10. Sally eats very little red meat.

PRACTICE 2 Complete with much, many, a lot of or a lot.

1. Do you eat ______________ fruit? 2. Ned eats _______________ bananas. He loves them. 3. How _______________ glasses of milk do you have per day? 4. David drinks ______________ coffee – at least 5 cups per day. 5. How ________________ water do you drink every day? 6. Do you drink _____________________ water when you’re training? 7. He eats _______________ carbohydrates before a race. 8. How _______________ money do you have? 9. He eats _________________ when he’s training hard. 10. She doesn’t know how _____________ pasta she ate.

READING AND VOCABULARY: The Healthy Eating Pyramid

The Healthy Eating Pyramid, built by the faculty in the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health is based on the latest developments in the science of nutrition. Since it is unaffected by businesses and organizations interested in making profits, the Health Eating Pyramid is a simple, trustworthy guide to choosing a healthy diet. Its foundation is daily exercise and weight control, since these two related elements strongly influence your chances of staying healthy. The Healthy Eating Pyramid builds from there, showing that you should eat more foods from the bottom part of the pyramid (vegetables, whole grains) and less from the top (red meat, refined grains).

INTERROGATIVE FORMS Write questions for the following answers. Use the information in the text. 1. ___________________________________________________________________________? The faculty in the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health 2. ___________________________________________________________________________? Daily exercise and weight control. 3. ___________________________________________________________________________? Because they strongly influence your chances of staying healthy. 4. ___________________________________________________________________________? From the bottom part of the pyramid. 5. ___________________________________________________________________________? Red meat and refined grains. Match the right food group with the right definition: fats fruit /vegetables alcohol carbohydrates fiber/fibre proteins calcium/milk and dairy products vitamins

1) They come from animal and vegetable sources, and probably have the same effects on health, but when choosing this food group, pay attention to what comes along with it. Vegetable sources, such as beans, nuts, and whole grains, are excellent choices, and they offer healthy fiber, vitamins and minerals. The best animal choices are fish and poultry (chicken or turkey). If you like red meat, stick with the leanest cuts, choose moderate portion sizes, and make it only an occasional part of your diet.

2) When you eat a healthy diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, you usually get most of your daily requirement from this food group, which means you'll also be lowering your risk of diabetes, heart disease, diverticulitis, and constipation. Great sources are whole fruits and vegetables, whole grain breads and breakfast cereals, and all manner of beans.

3) Taken daily, these supplements can be a great way to make sure you’re getting all the nutrients you need to be healthy. But too many can be harmful.

4) They provide the body with fuel it needs for physical activity and for proper organ function The best sources are in whole grains, vegetables, fruits and beans. They promote good health by delivering vitamins, minerals, fiber, and many important phytonutrients. However, easily digested ones from white bread, white rice, pastries, sugared sodas, and other highly processed foods may contribute to weight gain, interfere with weight loss, and promote diabetes and heart disease. 5) What really matters is the type of this food group that you eat, because it influences the blood cholesterol level. There are two kinds, ‘bad’, or saturated ones, which increase the risk for certain diseases, and ‘good’, or monounsaturated and polyunsaturated ones, which lower these risks. The key to a healthy diet is to substitute good sources of cholesterol for bad ones —and to avoid the bad ones in general. 6) The health benefits of a diet rich in this food group are: lower blood pressure; reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, and probably some cancers; lower risk of eye and digestive problems. Most people should eat at least nine servings of this group per day, with a variety of kinds and colors, to give your body the mix of nutrients it needs.

7) If used moderately, it has overall health benefits, mainly against heart disease, but too much can result in increased risk of cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, cirrhosis, and dependence.

8) Foods in this group build healthy bones and help slow the loss of bone as we age. They can also lower the risk of osteoporosis and colon cancer. But it’s not clear exactly how much we need or what the best source is.

Put the right foods in the right categories:

Meat Fish/Seafood Eggs/Milk products

Pulses/Legumes Fruit Vegetables

Carbohydrates Fats

APRICOTS ASPARAGUS CHERRIES BANANAS BREAD PASTA OLIVE OIL BUTTER CHEESE TURKEY BEEF HAM RICE LENTILS BEANS OYSTERS MARGARINE YOGHURT COD AUBERGINES ZUCCHINI CREAM APPLES TOMATOES POTATOES PORK SPINACH VEAL ORANGES CARROTS

The past simple talks about finished events. Note time phrases like yesterday, last week or a month ago: Yesterday Jackie took her final exams. Use the past simple when you know when something happened. I finished my pizza an hour ago. I went to Spain last week. She had a car, but it was stolen. The present perfect talks about indefinite past time, unfinished actions which started in the past and continue now, or the present result of a past action, often with these words: just, already, yet. Jackie has just/already taken her final exams Use the present perfect when you don’t know when something happened, or when a precise time isn’t important. Words like never and ever are often used with the present perfect. I haven’t finished my pizza yet. I’ve been to Spain three times. She’s never had a car. Present perfect with for and since: Use for + a period of time We’ve known each other for more than twenty years. Use since + a point in time We’ve known each other since 1986.

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT VS. PAST SIMPLE

PRACTICE I: Correct the errors where necessary. 1. He hasn’t played rugby since he left Australia. 2. Did you ever run a marathon? 3. What time has the match started? 4. He’s been on that team since two years and he likes it. 5. They’ve never tried the Zone diet. 6. He’s my best friend and I know him for eight years. 7. The coach arrived about ten minutes ago. 8. Shelly has broken her leg last week. 9. When have you played tennis for the first time? 10. I have seen that film before. 11. He has seen Avatar last week. 12. I have been to London last week. 13. They haven’t heard from their parents for a week. 14. Did you ever go to China? 15. He didn’t take his English exam yet. 15. My grandmother has never been to a football match.

PART THREE: SPORTS

PRACTICE II Read the information about the footballer Kakà, then make questions in the past simple or present perfect. Kakà (real name: Ricardo Izescson dos Santos Leite) 1982 Born in Brasilia, Brazil. Full name Ricardo Izescson dos Santos Leite 1994 Became involved in religion 1990 Began his club career with Sao Paolo at age 8 1999-2003 Played for Sao Paolo

2000 At age 18 suffered spine fracture in swimming pool accident, but recovered 2003 Started playing for A.C. Milan 2004- Started serving as Ambassador Against Hunger to the United Nations 2004-05 Voted best midfielder of the Champions League tournament 2005 Married his childhood sweetheart Caroline Celico 2007 Voted Vodafone Fans’ Player of the Season; named UEFA’s top forward of the season; got Italian citizenship 2008 Signed a contract extension with Milan through 2013; Time magazine included him in ‘Time 100’, their list of the world’s most influential people; first child was born in Sao Paolo

1. When/Kakà/born?* 2. Where/ Kakà/born*? 3. When/start playing for A.C. Milan? 4. How long/play/football? 5. When/suffer spine fracture? 6. How long/play/for A.C. Milan? 7. When/voted best midfielder of the Champions League tournament?* 8. When/voted Vodafone Fans’ Player of the Season?* 9. When/named/ UEFA’s top forward of the season?* 10. How long/serve/ Ambassador Against Hunger to the United Nations? 11. When/become involved in religion?

GRAMMAR: PRESENT PERFECT VS. PAST SIMPLE

12. How long/be very religious? 13. When/get Italian citizenship? 14. How long/be/Italian citizen? 15. When/Kakà/get married? 16. How long/know his wife Caroline? 17. When/Kakà and his wife/have their first child? 18. How long/be married*? 19. When/sign a long contract with Milan? 20. When/Time magazine/include him in ‘Time 100’?

*these verbs are in the passive voice (see following section) Information adapted from article in the Wikipedia.

PASSIVE VOICE These sentences are in the passive voice. When the subject of the sentence does not perform the action use the passive voice. Kakà was born in Brasilia, Brazil. He was voted best midfielder of the Champions League for the 2004-05 season. He was named UEFA’s top forward of the season in 2007. Passive verb forms have one of the tenses of the verb to be and a past participle. All transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can have passive forms.

This programme is heard by thousands of listeners. To say who does or what causes an action, use by: This house was built by my father. ***Do not say who does or what causes an action unless it is important: He was named UEFA’s top forward of the season in 2007. COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE CORRECT PASSIVE FORMS OF MAKE: ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present simple make is made Present continuous is making

Future with will

Going to future

Past simple

Past continuous

Present perfect

Past perfect

Infinitive to be made

-ing form is being made

PASSIVE VOICE PRACTICE Choose the correct verb tenses and forms: simple past or present perfect; active or passive. The football superstar Kaká (1. born/was born) in Brasilia, Brazil. He (2. has started/started) playing football at a very young age, and (3. had/has had) a very successful career. In 2004-05, he (4. voted/was voted) midfielder of the Champions League tournament. In 2007 he (5. voted/was voted) Vodafone Fans’ Player of the Season. He also (6. obtained/has obtained) Italian citizenship in the same year. In June 2007, the German football publication Kicker (7. was named/named) him the world's best player, and on August 30, Kaká (8. was nominated/nominated) by UEFA as both the top forward of the 2006-07 CL season and Club Footballer of the Year. Kakà is deeply religious, and (9. has been involved/has involved) in religion since he (10. was/has been) 12. Since November 2004, he (11. served/has served) as an Ambassador Against Hunger to the United Nations. His nickname (12. pronounced/is pronounced) as it is spelled, with stress on the second syllable. It comes from his younger brother’s inability to say his full name, Ricardo. He (13. often calls/is often called) "Ricky Kaka" by the European media. In 2005, he (14. was married/married) his childhood sweetheart, and their first child (15. born/was born) three years later.

REFERENCE SECTION: IRREGULAR VERBS

Approximately 200 verbs are classified as irregular verbs and do not form the past tense and past participle the same way as regular verbs. As a result, the principal parts of these verbs need to be memorized. The majority of irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing an internal vowel.

Infinitive/Present Past Past Participle begin Began begun come Came come

Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing an internal vowel and adding -n or -en to the past participle.

Infinitive/Present Past Past Participle give Gave given write wrote written

Other irregular verbs have the same form in the past and past participle or in all three principal parts.

Infinitive/Present Past Past Participle keep kept kept cut cut cut

If you are not sure about a verb's principal parts, check a dictionary. If only the infinitive/present tense form is listed, it is a regular verb. If the verb is irregular, the dictionary will list two or all three of the principal parts, depending on whether the past and past participle are the same.

The following is a list of some more of the common irregular verbs:

Infinitive/Present Past Past Participle arise Arose arisen

become became become bid Bid bid bite Bit bitten, bit blow Blew blown break Broke broken bring brought brought burst Burst burst buy bought bought

catch caught caught choose Chose chosen

dive dived, dove dived do Did done

draw Drew drawn dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt drink Drank drunk drive Drove driven eat Ate eaten fall Fell fallen find Found found fly Flew flown

forget forgot forgotten freeze Froze frozen

get Got got, gotten give Gave given go Went gone

grow Grew grown hang (suspend) Hung hung hang (execute) hanged hanged

hear Heard heard hide Hid hidden hold Held held know Knew known lay Laid laid lead Led led

leave Left left lie Lay lain

lose Lost lost pay Paid paid

prove proved proved, proven ride Rode ridden ring Rang rung rise Rose risen run Ran run say Said said see Saw seen set Set set

shake shook shaken sing Sang sung sink Sank sunk sit Sat sat

slide Slid slid speak spoke spoken spring sprang sprung stand Stood stood steal Stole stolen swim Swam swum take Took taken tear Tore torn

throw Threw thrown wear Wore worn write wrote written

Copyright © William Rainey Harper College, 2000 Last Revised: 22 March 2000

PRACTICE WITH IRREGULAR VERBS I Write sentences in the past. Use the verb in the first sentence. EXAMPLE: She knows how to ski.

She knew how to ski when she was five years old. 1. I go sailing every weekend. I ____________________________________ last weekend, too. 2. She usually sits at the back of the classroom. She ____________________________________at the back yesterday, too. 3. He swims a mile every day. He ____________________________________ the day before yesterday. 4. Their team often loses. Their team ____________________________________ last week. 5. He takes vitamins every morning. He ____________________________________ yesterday morning. 6. He rides his bike to university every day. He ____________________________________ his bike to university last week. 7. She usually writes an email to her mother every day. She ____________________________________ an email to her mother yesterday. 8. He throws the javelin very well. He ____________________________________ well at last week’s track meet. 9. He usually steals home base in every game. He ____________________________________ home base in last night’s game. 10. They usually speak English at press conferences. They ____________________________________ at the press conference yesterday. PRACTICE WITH IRREGULAR VERBS II Now write your past sentences in the negative and interrogative forms. EXAMPLE: She knew how to ski when she was five years old. Did she know how to ski when she was five years old? She didn’t know how to ski when she was five years old

Question tags are mini-questions ‘tagged’ onto the end of a sentence: It’s a lovely day, isn’t it? Use them to express surprise or confirm information: You’ve just bought a new car, haven’t you? With any sentence, repeat the subject (or substitute it with the correct personal pronoun) and the appropriate auxiliary. Mother isn’t feeling well today, is she? Positive sentences have negative tags: The design should meet all the specifications, shouldn’t it? And negative sentences have positive tags: You didn’t forget her address, did you? To answer, use short answers with the auxiliary only: It’s a lovely day, isn’t it? Yes, it is.

REFERENCE SECTION: CONFIRMING INFORMATION WITH QUESTION TAGS

Complete the following chart: ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present simple do/does Present continuous am/is/are

Future with will

Going to future

Past simple

Past continuous

Present perfect

Past perfect

GRAMMAR: REVIEW OF TENSES AND THEIR AUXILIARIES TO USE IN QUESTION TAGS AND SHORT ANSWERS

PRACTICE WITH QUESTION TAGS: Complete the sentences with a question tag. 1. She’s Italian, ________________________? 2. This is the bus to Trafalgar Square, ________________________? 3. Post offices aren’t open on Sunday, ________________________? 4. They’ve been to San Francisco before, ________________________? 5. He’s on my team, ________________________? 6. He doesn’t smoke, ________________________? 7. You ran the New York Marathon last year, ________________________? 8. He’s got a motorcycle, ________________________? 9. Your parents aren’t coming to the match, ________________________? 10. Her boyfriend didn’t come to the ceremony, ________________________? 11. You wouldn’t do that, ________________________? 12. You’ll help me with my homework, ________________________? 13. She didn’t really understand, ________________________? 14. They went kayaking last weekend, ________________________? 15. That was really a fine match, ________________________? 16. You were born in Madagascar, _____________________? 17. The book hasn’t been published yet, _____________________? 18. The new hospital was built in 1993, _____________________? 19. Giulia can speak English, _____________________? 20. You were training yesterday afternoon when I called you, _____________________?

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 1 SYLLABLE* + -ER + - EST short shorter shortest big bigger ** biggest** 2 SYLLABLES ENDING IN -Y + -IER + - IEST easy easier easiest 2 OR MORE SYLLABLES MORE MOST

+ ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE beautiful more beautiful most beautiful *some adjectives double their final consonant

ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE REGULAR (adjective + -LY) MORE + ADVERB MOST + ADVERB happily more happily most happily

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS GOOD/WELL BETTER THE BEST BAD/BADLY WORSE THE WORST FAST FASTER THE FASTEST FAR FURTHER THE FURTHEST

GRAMMAR: COMPARING THINGS: COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, AS…AS

To compare two things: Use the comparative adjective or adverb + than: Rugby is more dangerous than football. To talk about the same situation, but inverting the terms, you can also use not + as + adjective/adverb + as: Football is not as dangerous as rugby. To express maximums or minimums, use the + superlative adjective: She’s the tallest in the class. He’s the best player on the team. To say two things are the same, use one of these two forms: - as + adjective/adverb + as: Ned is as fast as Jack. [Ned can run 1km in 3 minutes and so can Jack.] - the same+ noun + as My running shoes are the same size as yours. [My shoes are size 38 and so are yours.]

PRACTICE 1 Put comparatives or superlatives in the empty spaces. 1. He was the __________________________ coach we’ve ever had. (bad) 2. Do you think swimming is __________________________ than acquagym? (relaxing) 3. The new sports centre is __________________________ than the old one. (big) 4. It was the __________________________ game of the season. (exciting) 5. Fred’s __________________________ than he was last year. (fit) 6. One of the ________________________ sports is cricket. (boring) 7. Back country skiing is __________________________ than downhill skiing. (challenging) 8. Running distances is __________________________ as sprinting. (tiring) 9. The girls’ volleyball team is ____________________________ as it was last year. (good) 10. Membership at Bob’s gym is ________________________ than at mine. (expensive) PRACTICE 2 Correct the mistakes where necessary. 1. He can’t run as fast than his brother. 2. Ice skating is the more enjoyable winter sport. 3. Don plays tennis much better than me. 4. That was the better golf tournament I’ve ever seen. 5. My track suit is the same colour than yours. 6. He’s the most demanding coach in the country. 7. Baseball is more easy than football. 8. They played the best game of the season last night. 9. Her sister is better at gymnastics as she is. 10. He is the most aggressive hockey player I have ever seen.

PRACTICE: NOUNS, VERBS AND ADJECTIVES Write the noun forms of the following adjectives and verbs: 1. strong _____________________________ 2. weak _____________________________ 3. fit _____________________________ 4. weigh _____________________________ 5. fast _____________________________ 6. long _____________________________ 7. wide _____________________________ 8. deep _____________________________ 9. far/distant _____________________________ 10. endure _____________________________ 11. flexible _____________________________ 12. stiff _____________________________ 13. high _____________________________

What do you think? Compare the following sports. Use all forms of the comparative (than, not as…as). What does your partner think? Do you agree or disagree? SPORTS Winning/participating Live sports/sports on TV Cycling/triathlon Golf/fishing Motor racing/motorcycling Swimming/aerobics Aerobics/running Squash/tennis Watching sports/doing sports Being a player/being a coach Being a player/being a referee ADJECTIVES boring tiring exciting dangerous difficult relaxing interesting to watch on TV good for you enjoyable important

EXAM TASK

SPORTS PICTOGRAMS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10

SPRINTING BILLIARDS JUDO BOWLING HOCKEY TABLE TENNIS GOLF FISHING TENNIS DOWNHILL SKIING

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. .18. 19. 20. KARATE JAVELIN WATERSKIING HIKING CLIMBING JOGGING ICE SKATING POLE VAULTING SWIMMING RUNNING

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

HORSEBACK RIDING HANG GLIDING GYMNASTICS WEIGHTLIFTING FENCING CYCLING HURDLES BIATHLON SKI JUMPING CROSS COUNTRY SKIING/LANGLAUF

31. 32. 33. 34.

35. 36. 37. 38.

39. 40. BASKETBALL ARCHERY SHOTPUTTING DIVING AEROBICS BASEBALL VOLLEYBALL BOXING CAR RACING CANOEING /KAYAKING

41. 42.

43. 44. 45. 46.

47. 48. 49.

DANCING CURLING SCUBA DIVING CHESS CRICKET DARTS DOG SLEDDING GLIDING SOCCER/FOOTBALL

Have any sports been left out?

AT SCHOOL What sports do you have to do for your degree course? Do you enjoy them? Why/why not? Do you think sports are as important as maths, sciences or languages? Do you think everyone should play a team sport at school? Do you think physical education should be mandatory in the state schooling system? HOBBIES AND PERSONAL WELL-BEING What sports do you do besides the sport you specialise in? How often? Where? Are there enough sports centres in your town? Are you fit? Would you like to be fitter? What sports don’t you do? Are there any you would really like to do? Which? PROFESSIONAL SPORTS Do you watch sports on TV? Which ones? What’s the most exciting live sports event you’ve been to? Are referees in your country usually fair? What are the advantages/disadvantages of being a professional athlete? Would you like to be one?

EXAM TASK: CONVERSATION - SPORTS AND YOU

READING COMPREHENSION (adapted from Wikipedia article)

Terrance Stanley "Terry" Fox, (July 28, 1958-June 28, 1981) was a Canadian humanitarian, athlete, and cancer treatment activist. He became famous for the Marathon of Hope, a cross-Canada run to raise money for cancer research, which Fox ran with one prosthetic leg. He is considered one of Canada's greatest heroes of the 20th century and is celebrated internationally every September as people participate in the Terry Fox Run, the world's largest one-day fundraiser for cancer research.

In his youth, Fox had always been an active sports fan, and diving was his favourite sport. Four things were evident about him: first, he loved sports of all kinds – soccer, rugby, baseball and basketball. Second, he was not tall, so he had to work harder than the bigger kids. Third, he was extremely competitive. Lastly, he had a huge amount of determination.

In junior high school, Fox loved basketball and wanted to play guard on the Mary Hill Cobras team. He was only 5 feet tall at the time and mediocre at the game. In order to achieve his goal, he spent every day practising his basketball skills until he became one of the best guards. He achieved his goal because of his determination.

In his teenage years, he won numerous medals in diving and swimming competitions, and impressed many people with his stamina and endurance. Though many of his instructors encouraged him to stay with water sports and train professionally, Fox had already decided to pursue his dream of becoming a physical education teacher. After graduating from high school with honours, he studied kinesiology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. Fox was an active student at SFU and participated in a variety of on-campus clubs and groups.

Reading Comprehension I

Read the first part of the text again and answer the questions.

1. Who was Terry Fox? 2. What was the Marathon of Hope? 3. When is Terry Fox celebrated as one of Canada's greatest heroes of the 20th

century? 4. What is the Terry Fox Run? 5. What was Terry Fox like when he was young? 6. How did Fox become one of the best guards on his junior high school basketball

team? 7. Why were people impressed with Terry Fox in his teenage years? 8. What did Terry’s instructors encourage him to do after high school? 9. What did Terry decide to do instead? 10. Where and what did he study?

Part 2 Terry Fox

One night in 1976, when Fox was driving home, he crashed into a truck. He was not hurt seriously, but his knee was slightly injured. One year after he had had the accident, he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma, a form of cancer that strikes young men. Very often the cancer starts at the knee, then works its way up into the muscles and tendons. At the time, the only way to treat his condition was to amputate his right leg several inches above the knee.

Three years after he had lost his leg at age 18, the young athlete decided to run from coast to coast in order to raise money for cancer research. He created the Marathon of Hope, and his goal was to raise $1 from each Canadian citizen.

Fox was unable to finish his run, because doctors had found large lumps in other parts of his body. It was bone cancer that had spread to his lungs through his bloodstream. He was forced to stop the run on September 1, 1980, just north-east of Thunder Bay, Ontario, after 143 days. He had run 5,373 km (3,339 miles, or around 23.3 miles per day) through Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario.

Terry died on June 28 1981, a year after his legendary run, exactly one month before his twenty-third birthday. Terry's funeral was large and was broadcast live on national television. The Terry Fox Run takes place around the world every year to raise money for cancer research. It is non-competitive – no winners or awards, just people joining to raise money for cancer research. In a public opinion poll, Terry Fox was voted the most famous Canadian of the 20th Century. He was voted number two on The Greatest Canadian list.

Reading Comprehension Part 2

Write questions and then answer them.

1. What/happen/ in 1976? 2. Hurt seriously? 3. When/diagnosed with osteosarcoma? 4. What/ osteosarcoma? 5. Why/leg/amputated? 6. When/decide/run from coast to coast? 7. Why/create/the Marathon of Hope? 8. Why/unable/ finish his run? 9. How long/run? 10. How far/run? 11. When/die? 12. What/his funeral/like? 13. Who/run/the Terry Fox Run?

1) Read the following short paragraph: One night, when it was raining and I was feeling very depressed because I had lost an important race, I saw a documentary on TV that changed my life. The film was about Terry Fox, a young boy who decided to run to raise money for cancer research after doctors had diagnosed bone cancer in his right leg and amputated it above the knee. There are three main narrative tenses in English, the past simple, past continuous, and past perfect. Which tense is each of the underlined verbs? 2) Put the name of the right tense in the spaces to complete the rules for narrative tenses: Use the _________________________ to talk about series of actions in the past. Use the _________________________ to talk about something that happened before something else in the past (remote past). Use the _________________________ to describe background situations or longer actions in the past.

GRAMMAR: NARRATIVE TENSES

Put the verbs in the right narrative tense, the past simple, past continuous or past perfect. The day I (1)_____________ (hear) of Terry Fox’s death, it (2)______________ (be) early in the morning and it (3)________________ (rain). I (4)______________ (study) when I (5)_______________ (get) a telephone call. It (6)______________ (be) one of my Canadian friends who (7)__________________ (tell) me that Terry Fox (8)________________ (die) of pneumonia the previous afternoon. Several years later, after I (9)____________ (finish) my university degree, I (10)______________ (decide) to run in the Terry Fox Run. I remember the first time I (11)____________ (run) in the non-competitive race. It (12)_____________ (be) a beautiful day. The sun (13)________________ (shine) and birds (14)______________ (sing). I (15)_______________ (feel) great and (16)_____________(be) happy to participate in the event.

PRACTICE WITH NARRATIVE TENSES

SPORTS VOCABULARY

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PICTURES: FOOTBALL PITCH SWIMMING POOL GOAL ATHLETICS TRACK TENNIS COURT SPECTATORS NET LANE

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PICTURES: FOOTBALL PITCH SWIMMING POOL GOAL ATHLETICS TRACK TENNIS COURT SPECTATORS NET LANE

MORE SPORTS VOCABULARY What sports do you use the following equipment with? RACKET GOGGLES SWIMMING CAP RUNNING SHOES TRACK SUIT Match the people with the definition. TEAM GOALKEEPER REFEREE COACH SPECTATOR CROWD CAPTAIN PLAYERS BEAT LOSE WIN DRAW SEASON FANS STADIUM SCORE 1.____________________________ he or she defends the goal 2.____________________________ they play a sport, like baseball or tennis 3.____________________________ the head of a team 4.____________________________ they play a sport together on one side 5.____________________________ when no one wins 6.____________________________ a series of games; the time of year for

certain sports 7.____________________________ he or she controls the sports match 8.____________________________ a big group of people who watch a sport 9.____________________________ he or she trains a team or player 10.____________________________ someone who watches a sports event 11.____________________________ to come in last or have the lowest score 12. ____________________________ to come in first or have the highest score 13. ____________________________ to defeat your adversary 14. ____________________________ the people who support a team or an

athlete 15. ____________________________ where many sports events are held 16. ____________________________ points a team or individual earns during a

match

Use PLAY for racket, ball and team sports (tennis, volleyball, basketball, squash…) Use DO for sports with special equipment, martial arts or where exercises are involved (karate, yoga, gymnastics, weights…) Use GO for outdoor sports, sports which involve distance or travelling, most sports ending in –ing. PRACTICE WITH SPORTS VERBS Put do, go or play in the right tense or in the infinitive or gerund form. 1. He ______________ jogging every day when he was at university. 2. I ____________ chess from time to time. 3. She ___________ gymnastics. 4. This summer we _____________ windsurfing every day on our vacation. 5. He's quite the athlete. He ____________ basketball, baseball and hockey, too. 6. My wife ____________ horseback riding yesterday. 7. Why don't we ________________ a set of tennis? 8. Some people think that ____________aerobics four times a week is the best possible way of keeping fit. 9. His idea of the perfect summer holiday is to rent a sailboat and __________ sailing between the islands of the Tuscan archipelago. 10. He _____________ athletics for his local track club.

VOCABULARY: SPORTS VERBS: PLAY – DO – GO

PRACTICE II: Which Equipment Do You Use To Play Various Sports? We use many various types of equipment and clothing to play different sports. Decide whether the sport is played with the following types of equipment and clothing. Some of the words are used more than once: ball puck racket stick piece paddle gloves board bat cleats pads (knee-pad, shoulder-pad, etc.) clubs saddle suit boots cap goggles protective headgear * American Football: * European Football: * Tennis: * Chess: * Swimming: * Horse Racing: * Ice Hockey: * Boxing: * Volleyball: * Athletics: * Baseball: * Ping Pong: * Racketball: * Squash: * Golf: Was anything left out?

PRACTICE III: Where do you…? Where Do You Play Football? You can say 'pitch' or 'field' depending on whether you are talking about European football or American football. Sports take place on/in all sorts of different areas. Decide whether the sport is played on/in the following areas. Some of the words are used more than once: court rink table course field ring pitch board track diamond pool * American Football: * European Football: * Tennis: * Chess: * Swimming: * Ping Pong: * Horse Racing: * Ice Hockey: * Boxing: * Volleyball: * Athletics: * Motor Racing: * Cricket: * Baseball: * Racketball: * Squash: * Ice Skating: * Golf:

PRACTICE IV: How Do You Measure Things In Various Sports? Time, the score and distance are measured in various ways depending on the sport. Decide which time, score and/or distance measurement is used in each of the sports below. Some of the words are used more than once: game point set mile inning strokes yard round move match meter round quarter out half lap down length par * American Football: * European Football: * Tennis: * Chess: * Swimming: * Ping Pong: * Horse Racing: * Ice Hockey: * Boxing: * Volleyball: * Athletics: * Motor Racing: * Baseball: * Racketball: * Squash: * Golf:

PART FOUR: EDUCATION AND WORK

There is no single future tense in English. Various other tenses or auxiliaries are used to express different types of future time. PLANS To talk about future intentions we use the present continuous of go + the infinitive: I’m going to see David today! (I’ve already decided to see him.) UNPLANNED DECISIONS Use will to express unplanned decisions: The telephone’s ringing! I’ll answer it. DEFINITE FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS Use the present continuous to talk about things arranged for the future. I’m meeting my advisor this afternoon. (It’s on the agenda.) INEVITABLE FUTURE EVENTS Use will to talk about inevitable future events, future predictions or general truths. My mother will be 82 in February. The population of our town will be 300,000 in 2015. PREDICTIONS Use will or going to. I think they’ll/they’re going to win. PRACTICE Which future form is right? 1. She’s having/she’ll have dinner with Gary tonight. 2. Do you think you’ll finish/you’re finishing in time to go to the football match tonight? 3. I forgot to phone my mother! I’ll do it/I’m doing it now. 4. She can’t help you this afternoon. She’s going/She’ll go to the dentist’s. 5. I’ll buy/I’m going to buy a new car next week. 6. Have you heard the news? Paul is running/is going to run the NY Marathon. 7. Will you help me/Are you helping me do the washing up? 8. What will you do/are you doing tonight? 9. Where is she going/will she go for her summer holiday this year? 10. I think they’re winning/they’re going to win the match.

GRAMMAR: FUTURE TIME IN ENGLISH

Ask your partner about his or her future plans. Make questions and ask for more information. Use may or might if you’re not sure. 1. What/do/during the Christmas holidays? 2. What/do/next summer? 3. What film/see/next? 4. What CD/buy/next? 5. What time/get up/tomorrow? On the weekend? 6. Go out/tonight? Where? 7. Do sports/over the weekend? 8. What/do/after class today? 9. Go away/next weekend? 10. What/do/tonight? This weekend? 11. What/buy/mother-girlfriend-boyfriend-father/for his-her birthday? 12. Where/go/next summer? 13. What/plan to do/after finishing university? 14. What time/get up/tomorrow morning? 15. What time/go to bed/tonight?

REMEMBER THIS EXAM TASK!!!

Will and shall (1st person only) can also be used for requests and offers. Shall I help you? Will you help me with my homework? Will can also be used for promises or threats. Stop that, or I’ll call the police. I’ll always love you.

PRACTICE I

Make offers, requests, promises or threats as instructed below. 1. It’s cold and you want the person next to you to close the window. ______________________________________________________. 2. Your boyfriend needs help with the homework assignment. ______________________________________________________. 3. You need help carrying the shopping home. ______________________________________________________. 4. You want to tell your friend that your friendship is forever. ______________________________________________________. 5. You see someone who is trying to break into a parked car. ______________________________________________________.

GRAMMAR: MORE USES OF WILL

There is no conditional tense in English, but we do have 3 types of conditional sentences (If clause + main clause). Conditional 1 is used to talk about real, possible situations. Use the present simple in the clause with if, if...not or unless, and will in the main clause. IF CLAUSE + PRESENT SIMPLE MAIN CLAUSE + WILL If I go out now, I’ll miss the football match on TV. Unless I stay home, I’ll miss the football match on TV. Time clauses (with when, as soon as, unless and until) use a similar formula: As soon as I finish this work, I’ll be able to go home. When you call her, she’ll tell you what the plans are. It does not matter if you put the main clause first or last. As soon as I finish this work, I’ll be able to go home. OR I’ll be able to go home as soon as I finish this work. If I go out now, I’ll miss the football match on TV. OR I’ll miss the football match on TV if I go out now. FIRST CONDITIONAL PRACTICE I Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

a. They (pass) the exam if they study hard. b. If you (see) this film on Greece, you will know more about the country. c. If people (do) sports, they will live longer. d. She (not be) an engineer if she doesn’t go to university. e. Your coach (telephone) you if you give him your phone number. f. If I (not solve) the problem, I won’t get the prize.

GRAMMAR: MORE USES OF WILL TIME CLAUSES AND FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

FIRST CONDITIONAL PRACTICE II Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

a. If we (not go) now, we (miss) the bus.

b. You (be) tired if you (not sleep). c. If the German team (win) the final match, they (be) the World Champions. d. If you (help) me with my homework, I (finish) faster. e. If I (buy) my mother some flowers, she (be) happy. f. She (read) the book if she (like) it.

FIRST CONDITIONAL PRACTICE III Write sentences using the first conditional. Remember the acronym ‘SVOMPT’ for word order in the English sentence: S V O M P T subject verb object manner place time (how) (where) (when)

a. the weather / be fine /we / go /to the mountains tomorrow.

b. you / go / to school immediately/ you / be / late. c. I / have / money /I / buy / a new CD. d. she / do / the washing up / you / ask her. e. my mum / give / me five pounds/ I / do / the shopping. f. we / spend / our holidays in Egypt/ we / visit / the Pyramids.

TYPES OF SCHOOL: Who goes to what school? university primary or elementary school secondary school nursery school Children ages 2-4 _________________________ Young boys and girls ages 4-11 _________________________ Teenagers (adolescents) ages 11-18 _________________________ Adults ages 18+ _________________________ PRACTICE Put the right word in the right space. mixed (co-ed) nuns priests take/do marks fail boarding school private schools state schools headmaster uniforms terms pass pupils In most countries, there are two kinds of schools: (1)______________________, which are run by the government, and (2)______________________. Sometimes private schools may be more difficult for students than state schools, and in many of them, the (3)______________________ (schoolchildren) have to wear (4)____________________. Both types of school are usually (5)______________________ (for boys and girls). Private schools are often for boys only or for girls only. When pupils live at the school, it is called a (6)______________________, because they are provided with room and board. The person in charge of a school is called the (7)______________________. Some private

schools are run by religious orders, and (8)______________________ (women) and

(9)_______________________ (men) work as teachers. The school year is divided into three (10)______________________. Children at

secondary school usually have to (11)______________________ exams at the end of the

summer term. All pupils hope to get good (12)______________________, and to

(13)______________________ their exams, not (14)______________________ them!

VOCABULARY: EDUCATION

GRAMMAR: BE ALLOWED TO/MAKE/LET Use make or let + object + infinitive without to or be allowed to + infinitive to express permission. For the past tense: Make >>>>>> made Let >>>>>> let be allowed to >>>>>> was/were allowed to PRACTICE Rewrite the sentences with the verb form in parentheses. Example: He can’t go out after 10pm. He isn’t allowed to go out after 10pm. (be allowed to) 1.They aren’t allowed to use cell phones in class. Their teachers ___________________________. (let) 2.We have to memorize everything in our anatomy class. Our teachers ______________________________. (make) 3.We can’t take books home from the library. __________________________________________. (be allowed to) 4.I have to do my homework before I go out with my friends. My mother _______________________________________. (make) 5.We can’t keep our cell phones on during exams. The teachers _______________________________________. (let)

Put the right word in the right space. science subjects courses professors do research arts and humanities degree You can do (1)___________________ in many different (2)___________________ (like geometry, economics, physics, history or computer science) at university. Some students are enrolled in (3)___________________ courses (like languages or literature), while

others prefer (4)___________________ courses (like engineering or medicine). In England, the normal time is three to four years to get a university (5)___________________. Some people stay on at university after their degrees to

(6)___________________. The most important teachers at university are called

(7)___________________.

Be prepared to talk about your degree course with the examiner and your partners. What are you studying? How many exams do you have to take? How long do you have to study before you can graduate (get your degree)? What team sports do you have to study? Individual sports? Will you be able to continue studying after the first level?

VOCABULARY: UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

EXAM TASK

VOCABULARY: WORK Match the words with the definitions. retire company employee employer resign manager (go on) strike trade union 1._________________________________ he/she controls an organization 2._________________________________ a group of people who represent

workers 3._________________________________ leave your job because you want

to 4._________________________________ someone who pays other people to

work 5._________________________________ stop work to get better working

conditions 6._________________________________ leave your job because you are over

65 7._________________________________ an organization that works together

in business 8._________________________________ someone who is paid to work

Use your dictionary to find more jobs with the following endings.

-ER football player baker designer

- OR inspector counselor

-IST scientist physicist biologist

-IAN librarian physician politician

OTHERS?

PRACTICE: EXAM TASK

Match the words with the definitions. coin credit card cheque foreign currency bank note 1.____________________________ paper money issued by a bank 2.____________________________ metal money, usually flat and circular 3.____________________________ the money used in a foreign country 4.____________________________ a written order to a bank to pay money 5.____________________________ a card issued by a bank that allows

consumers to buy on credit PRACTICE Match the right word with the right definition. tax a safe a bank account the exchange rate income the cost of living a bank loan a cash-point (ATM) 1.__________________________ what it costs to live in a country 2.__________________________ values of different countries’ currencies in relation to

each other 3.__________________________ a metal box or compartment in the wall for keeping

money 4.__________________________ a machine in the wall of a bank where you can get

money without going inside the building 5._________________________ money the government takes from its citizens’ incomes 6.__________________________ the money you receive each year 7.__________________________ a way of keeping money in the bank 8.__________________________ money the bank lends you for a house, car or other

expense

VOCABULARY: MONEY

PRACTICE: PAY with or without a preposition? Put one of the following prepositions in the blank if necessary. back for by 1.George paid ______ the tickets last night. 2.When can you pay me ______ the money I lent you? 3.Would you like to pay _______cash, _______ checque or ______ credit card? 4.I paid __________ 100 euros for those running shoes. 5.Did you pay ___________ the cashier?

Use the: -with specific people, places or things (the books I bought yesterday) -when there’s only one of something (the sun, the post office) -when there is no question as to what you’re talking about (He got into the car) -with musical instruments Don’t use the: -with things, people or places in general (books, politics, Mexican food) -certain verbs and institutions or established places (go to bed/school/university/hospital) -with time expressions using next or last (last/next + week/summer/year) -with sports, meals and school subjects

PRACTICE I Correct the sentences that are wrong. 1. The government does not spend enough money on the education. 2. She never has the breakfast before she goes to university. 3. He has learned to play saxophone very well. 4. My brother was very good at the maths. 5. When I was younger, I played hockey. 6. Secretaries earn less money than the lawyers. 7. Nearest school is only for boys. 8. She hates to take the exams because she always fails them. 9. The next year my little brother is going to start the school. 10. My grandmother is in hospital.

GRAMMAR: DEFINITE ARTICLE THE

PRACTICE II Insert the where necessary. (1)__________ next Friday she’s going to (2)__________ cinema.

They like having (3)__________dinner at (4)__________home.

Turn left after you get to (5)__________church on (6)__________ corner.

(7)__________ men are better teachers than (8)__________ women.

(9)__________ women are better coaches than (10)__________ men.

My boyfriend loves (11)__________ techno music, (12)__________ Chinese food, and

(13)__________horseback riding.

When I lived with my parents, I went to (14)__________ church every Sunday.

She always practices (15)__________ piano after she has (16)__________ lunch.

Were you good at (16)__________ algebra when you were at (17)__________ school?

Health and Fitness Jobs

One of the largest sports job sectors is health and fitness. The types of jobs in this area range from those requiring little to no previous experience to jobs where a medical background is essential. The good news for those seeking health and fitness careers is that the opportunities are available far and wide. How about your local health club? They regularly hire fitness coordinators and personal trainers. Many athletes also look for strength and conditioning coaches or speed and fitness coaches. Athletes sign up for one-on-one training or group training in preparation for an upcoming season

or to stay in shape during the off-season. Generally, people working in the health and fitness business lead and teach individuals, teams, and/or groups of people through cardiovascular exercises, strength training routines, and stretching to improve flexibility. They work in your local health clubs, for professional sports teams, college athletic departments, private clubs, health and fitness companies, hospitals, yoga and Pilates studios, resorts, cruise ships, and clients’ homes. Increasingly, fitness workers also are found in workplaces, where they organize and direct health and fitness programs for staff. Additionally, many ex-athletes launch their own companies or sole proprietorships in order to make a living as personal coaches. These are just some of the positions detailed in the health and fitness jobs section of SportsCareerFinder. As a member you have access to more detailed descriptions, which include pay information and educational requirements.

SPORTS VOBABULARY: READING I (Adapted from sportscareerfinder.com)

PRACTICE I Match the underlined, bold-face words with the following definitions: 1.____________________________ cover an area 2.____________________________ sports programs at universities 3.____________________________ training for general physical fitness through exercise 4.____________________________ a business with only one owner 5.____________________________ give someone a job 6.____________________________ people who work for an organization or company 7.____________________________ start a company 8.____________________________ earn money from a job 9.____________________________ when athletes aren’t busy with competitions or matches 10.____________________________ exercises that improve the heart rate 11.____________________________ different areas in the world of work