discuss…..
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Transcript of discuss…..
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discuss…..
Thought for the day:
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External costs and benefits Appreciate the concepts of social costs and benefitsUnderstand the difference between a social cost and social benefit and a financial cost and a financial benefitShow an understanding of how business activity can create themUse examples to show how business decisions create social costs and benefits Apply such concepts to a given business decision Evaluate the possible consequences to stakeholders of a given business decision Exchange rates Understand how importing/exporting decisions might be affected by changes in exchange ratesUnderstand the concept of a rate of exchange of a currencyUnderstand what is meant by an appreciation and depreciation of a currencyShow awareness of the importance of exchange rate changes to importing and exporting businesses Business cycle The main phases of the cycle Describe the main stages of a business cycle Impact of boom/recession on businessUnderstand the impact of the stages on a business in terms of sales, profits and business costs
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How to get an A
Knowledge & Understanding
Anayslis
Evaluation
A
Grade
Application facts, terms, concepts and conventions appropriate to the syllabus; theories and techniques
Apply facts, terms, concepts, theories and techniques to business problems and issues. Link to a business.
Examine, Analyse, Interpret, Formulate, Cause and Affect, advantages & disadvantages.
Evaluate, discuss, justify, advise, recommend. reasoned explanations,
develop arguments, understand implications and draw inferences
A04
A03
A02
A01
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• Soft copies of the four topics… students download and turn into an essay
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External costs and benefits• Appreciate the concepts of social costs and benefits
• Understand the difference between a social cost and social benefit and a financial cost and a financial benefit
• Show an understanding of how business activity can create them
• Use examples to show how business decisions create social costs and benefits
• Apply such concepts to a given business decision
• Evaluate the possible consequences to stakeholders of a given business decisionPg 238
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Externalities
• Social costs & benefits: costs and benefits to society as a whole rather than to the business.
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Externalities
• External costs (externalities): the social costs & benefits of business activity borne by the wider community
• E.g Lorry delivering goods – creates noise – neighbours suffering don’t get compensation.
• Air pollution – causes illness• Greenhouse gasses – lead to global warming, causing
storms and flooding• No compensation.
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Externalities
• Costs and benefits which the business doesn’t pay or receive.
• E.g building a beautiful office block• People enjoy looking at it.• An enjoyment the business receives no money for.• Other examples:• Spill over of technology (e.g Velcro)
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Externalities
• Noise pollution, air pollution, global warming – Negative externalities
• The beautiful building – Positive externalities.
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Externalities
• Business are under pressure to pay for the social cost of anything they do.
• Environmental groups – campaign against larger business who pollute.
• Residence protest against local factories that harm their environment
• These protests equal bad publicity and lower sales.
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Dealing with external costs• Internalisation: Supplier accepts responsibility & absorbses the cost of putting it right.
• Pressure groups: demand the government & private firms take externalities into account when contemplating a major project (pressure groups don’t always win!) Read about it!
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Dealing with external costs
• Private action by firms or individuals want a good public image so will pay for social cost e.g football club pays for policing during match time.
• Government Action – tax & Subsidies, pricing systems (eg pay for parking), controls & licensing
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Pressure Groups
• Non-Profit organisations established by their members to address a special interest of the group.
• - campaigning against environmental neglect• Smoking in public areas• Testing on animals.• E.g Trade Unions, animal rights activist groups, environmental protection.
• Pg 238• Examples
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Pressure Groups
• Aim to win public support from their actions.• Try to influence government legislation (national minimum wage)
• Advantage – they force business and government to take into account the true costs of business activity (pollution & environmental damage)
Green peace in PolandPg
238
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Exchange rates
Understand how importing/exporting decisions might be affected by changes in exchange rates
Understand the concept of a rate of exchange of a currency
Understand what is meant by an appreciation and depreciation of a currency
Show awareness of the importance of exchange rate changes to importing and exporting businesses
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• The exchange rate measures the value of one currency in terms of foreign currencies.
• Appreciation of currency means higher exchange rates, means that export prices will be high therefore the exporter will have less price competiveness.
• Depreciation of the currency means lower exchange rate means the domestic firms that import raw materials and components will suffer from having to pay relatively higher prices.
• Large unpredictable changes in the exchange rate can make business planning difficult because a business cannot predict its export earnings or costs of imported materials.
• - explained (6 mins)
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Exchange Rates
Australia dollar strong• AUSD$1 = SING$2
• So if Australia wants to sell for AUD$20 (to make $10 profit) will have to sell for…
• SING$40• If AUD keeps getting more
expensive then will have to increase selling price (to maintain profit margin)
Australian dollar weak• AUSD$2 = SING$1• So if Australia wants to sell
for AUD$20 (to make $10 profit) will have to sell for…
• SING$10• If AUD keeps getting
weaker.. Can be cheaper..
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Business cycle
To learn:The main phases of the cycle Describe the main stages of a business cycle Impact of boom/recession on business
Understand the impact of the stages on a business in terms of sales, profits and business costs
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The Business (Economic) Cycle
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The Business Cycle
• Typical business cycle– Peak– Recession– Trough– Recovery
Time
Re
al G
DP
Figure 2Typical Business Cycle
Peak
Recessionor
Downturn Trough
Recovery
Peak
Contraction Expansion
Trend
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Downturn:
• Demand falls• Output falls• Employment falls• Falling in investment• Many business making losses• Some business close down.
Time
Re
al G
DP
Figure 2Typical Business Cycle
Peak
Recessionor
Downturn Trough
Recovery
Peak
Contraction Expansion
Trend
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Recovery:
• Stock levels begin to fall• Output increases• Employment rises.
Time
Re
al G
DP
Figure 2Typical Business Cycle
Peak
Recessionor
Downturn Trough
Recovery
Peak
Contraction Expansion
Trend
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Boom:
• Full capacity in the economy• Prices increase• Investment increases• Business working flat out• Shortage of skilled labour
(wages rise).
TimeR
ea
l GD
P
Figure 2Typical Business Cycle
Peak
Recessionor
Downturn Trough
Recovery
Peak
Contraction Expansion
Trend
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p
• Pg 240
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1. What did I learn this lesson that I didn’t know before?
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PlenaryLevel achieved_____
What do you now know as a result of today’s lesson?
What are your areas for improvement? What are you going to do about this?