Disaster Management - i
-
Upload
jkirubadaniel -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Disaster Management - i
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 1/107
LOGO
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
UNIT I
KIRUBA
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 2/107
DISASTER
§ Origin from the French word “ Desastre”‘Des’ - bad ,‘aster’ - star.
§
Refers to ‘Bad or Evil star’
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 3/107
DEFINITION
Any occurrence that causes damage,ecological destruction, loss of humanlives, or deterioration of health and health services .
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 4/107
DISASTER
§ A disaster is a result from the combinationof hazard, vulnerability and insufficientcapacity or measures to reduce thepotential chances of risk.
§ A disaster happens when a hazard impactson the vulnerable population and causes
damage, casualties and disruption
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 5/107
DISASTER
§ Hazard may be defined as “ a dangerouscondition or event, that threat or havethe potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment .”
Hazards
Natural Manmade.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 6/107
Types of Hazards
§ Natural hazards§ cyclones,
§ tsunamis,§ earthquake§ volcanic eruption
KIRUBA DANIEL J
§Manmade hazards§explosions,§leakage of toxic waste,§pollution,§dam failure,§wars or civil strife
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 7/107
COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
§ Hazard Analysis§ Vulnerability Analysis§
Prevention and mitigation§ Preparedness§ Prediction and warning
§ Response§ Recovery
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 8/107
HAZARD ANALYSIS
§ Disaster history
§ Disaster analysisenvironmentalepidemiologicalmeteorologicalagricultural
political
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 9/107
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
§ Historical experience§ Community experience
§ Technical evaluation§ Land use§ Building standards§ Disaster specific vulnerabilities
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 10/107
PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS
Prevention - elimination of hazards (ie: flood control)
Mitigation - minimize destruction and disruption
§ Organizational response planning§ Government structure and disaster legislation§ Planning mechanisms
stockpile
awareness
resources
communications
education
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 11/107
PREDICTION & WARNING
§ Tracking§ Warning mechanisms
§ Organizational response§ Public education§ Communication§ Evacuation planning
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 12/107
RESPONSE PHASES
Four Major Phases
Activation
ImplementationMitigation
Recovery
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 13/107
RECOVERY
§ Logistics
Distribution of resources
WarehousingTracking
§ Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
HousingWater/sanitation
InfrastructureKIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 14/107
PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
KIRUBA DANIEL J
Preparation
Warning Phase
Impact
Emergency Response
Recovery
Rehabilitation
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 15/107
Principles of Disaster Management
1. Disaster management is the responsibilityof all spheres of government.
§
No single service or department in itself has thecapability to achieve comprehensive disaster management.
§
Each affected service or department must havea disaster management plan which iscoordinated through the Disaster Management Advisory Forum.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 16/107
Principles of Disaster Management
2. Disaster management should useresources that exist for a day-to-daypurpose.
§ There are limited resources available specifically for disasters, and it would be neither cost effective nor practical to have large holdings of dedicated disaster resources.
§ However, municipalities must ensure that there is a
minimum budget allocation to enable appropriateresponse to incidents as they arise, and to prepare for and reduce the risk of disasters occurring.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 17/107
Principles of Disaster Management
3. Organisations should function as anextension of their core business.
§ Disaster management is about the use of resources in the most effective manner.
§ But it should be done in a coordinated manner across all relevant organisations.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 18/107
Principles of Disaster Management
4. Individuals are responsible for their ownsafety.
§ Individuals need to be aware of the hazardsthat could affect their community and thecounter measures, which include the
Municipal Disaster Management Plan, that arein place to deal with them.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 19/107
Principles of Disaster Management
5. Disaster management planning shouldfocus on large-scale events.
§ If you are well prepared for a major disaster you will be able to respond very well to smaller incidents and emergencies.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 20/107
Principles of Disaster Management
6. Disaster management planning shouldrecognize the difference between incidentsand disasters.
§ Incidents - e.g. fires that occur in informalsettlements, floods that occur regularly.
§ The scale of the disaster will indicate when itis beyond the capacity of the municipality torespond, and when it needs the involvement of other agencies
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 21/107
Principles of Disaster Management
7. Disaster management operationalarrangements are additional and do notreplace incident management operational
arrangements.§ Single service incident management
operational arrangements will need to
continue, whenever practical, during disaster operations.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 22/107
Principles of Disaster Management
8. Disaster management planning must takeaccount of the type of physical environment andthe structure of the population.
§ The physical shape and size of the Municipality andthe spread of population must be considered whendeveloping counter disaster plans to ensure thatappropriate prevention, preparation, response andrecovery mechanisms can be put in place in a timelymanner.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 23/107
Principles of Disaster Management
9. Disaster management arrangements mustrecognize the involvement and potential roleof non- government agencies.
§ Significant skills and resources needed duringdisaster operations are controlled by non-government agencies.
§ These agencies must be consulted and includedin the planning process.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 24/107
SOP’s
“Standard Operating Procedures (or Emergency Procedures) are documents where the activities of aspecific person or organization to face a specific situation (in this case the impact of a hazard) aredescribed in a clear, logical, sequential and methodical manner.”
§ a standard operating procedure is “an organizationaldirective that establishes a standard course of action”.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 26/107
NGO - Definition
“any non-profit citizens’ voluntary entity organized locally, nationally or internationally, whose activities aredetermined by the collective will of itsmembers”
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 27/107
NGO’s - Examples
§ Care§ MSF§ Oxfam
§ Red Cross§ Save the Children§ St John Ambulance§ World Vision§ India Red Cross Society,§ Child Relief and You (CRY),
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 28/107
NGO’s & Humanitarian Assistance
§ Providing humanitarian aid to people who have beenstruck by disaster, either natural or social (e.g. war).
§ Raising funds for the relief of victims, rushingemergency relief by providing food, clothing andhealth care and helping to build local capacity towithstand future disasters
§ they can play a role in the early warning system
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 29/107
NGO’s & Humanitarian Assistance
§ can also make a critical difference by workingin situations through their local contacts andgrassroots links, they can also help empower groups of people, enabling them to better dealwith their own problems by giving them thestrength to address those problems.
§ act as important channels for raisingawareness and education
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 30/107
Flood
Hydrology – Science that deals with the waters of Earth- their
properties, behavior and distribution – People who use this science are called Hydrologists
§ Floodthe level of a body of water rises until it overflows itsnatural or artificial confines and submerges land in the
surrounding area
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 31/107
Causes of Flood
1. Precipitation2. Flooding is essentially a consequence
of the uneven distribution of
precipitation.
1. Coastal Flooding2. Tsunamis, hurricanes, cyclones, unusually
high tides and subsidence.3. Failure of protective seawalls
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 32/107
Coastal Flooding in North Carolina,13th Nov, 2009
Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level
● Third level● Fourth level
● Fifth level
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 33/107
Causes of Flood
3. Dam Failure● both natural and man made dams fail and
create flooding
KIRUBA DANIEL J
●
Eg. Teton Dam Failure,June 1976. During thefirst filling of thereservoir, the dam burstwhen the water was 270feet deep. It drained inless than 6 hours, settingoff more than 200landslides in the canyonbelow, taking 11 lives,and causing millions of
dollars of propertydamage.
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 34/107
Causes of Flood
4. Heavy Snow Melting.The rising temperature makes the snow
caps melt faster
Continuous and fast melting snow raisesthe level of oceanic water, which
consequently raises the level of water inrivers
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 36/107
Types of Floods
§ Coastal flood
§
Urban flood
§ River flood
§ Flash floods
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 37/107
Flood Control Measures§ Elevation
§ Dry flood proofing
§ Levee and floodwall
§
Seawalls§ Reservoirs and Detention(arresting)
§ Diversion
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 38/107
Drought
“Drought is either absence or deficiency of rainfall from its normal pattern ina region for an extended period of timeleading to general suffering in the society”
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 40/107
Types of Droughts
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 41/107
Drought Risk Reduction Measures
KIRUBA DANIEL J
1. Public Awareness and education:
§ If the community is aware of the do’s and don’ts,then half of the problem is solved.
§ This includes awareness on the availability of safedrinking water, water conservation techniques.
§ Awareness can be generated by the print,electronic media.
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 42/107
Drought Risk Reduction Measures
2) Drought Monitoring:§ It is continuous observation of the rainfall situation,
availability of water in the reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc
and comparing with the existing water needs invarious sectors of the society.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 43/107
Drought Risk Reduction Measures
3) Water supply augmentation(expansion) andconservation
§ Through rainwater harvesting in houses and farmers’
fields increases the content of water available
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 44/107
Drought Risk Reduction Measures
4)Drought planninggoal of drought planning is to improve the effectivenessof preparedness and response efforts by enhancingmonitoring, mitigation and response measures.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 45/107
Drought Management
1. Monitoring and early warning● Timing of droughts● Drought intensity● Drought duration● Analysis of the risk of the phenomenon and
its likely effect on agricultural production.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 46/107
Drought Management
2. Risk and Impact Assessment
Assemble the team .
Evaluate the effects of past droughts .Rank impacts .
Identify underlying causes
Identify ways to reduce risk
Write a “to do” list
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 47/107
Drought Management
3. Mitigation and responseMitigation is defined as short- and long-term
actions, programs, or policies implemented duringand in advance of drought that reduce the degree of risk to human life, property, and productive capacity.
Eg. Soil & Water Conservation, Using Low-flow toilets, shower heads, Using Washing Machines, Desalination
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 48/107
Management Alternatives during Drought
§ Public information and education campaigns§ Emergency conservation programs§ Water service restrictions§ Restrictions on nonessential uses of water § Prohibition of selected commercial uses§
Drought emergency pricing
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 49/107
Management Alternatives during Drought
§ Improvements in water systems (for example,leak detection, lining of transmission canals)
§ Emergency sources of supply (for example,
emergency interconnections, drilling new wells)§ Management of available water resources
(for example, emergency water banks)
§ Search for new supplies of water
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 50/107
Cyclone
“ A cyclone is a storm accompanied by high speed whistling and howling winds. It brings torrential rains” .
Counterclockwise - Northern HemisphereClockwise - Southern Hemisphere.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 51/107
Origin of a Cyclone
§ A cyclonic storm develops over tropicaloceans like the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengaland the Arabian Sea. Its strong winds blow atgreat speed, which can be more than 118kilometers per hour.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 53/107
Effects of a Cyclone
§ tears away wall sidings and blows off roofs of houses.§ Houses collapse and people are rendered homeless.
The speeding winds cause loose metal and woodensheets to fly turning them to potential killers. Brokenglass pieces can cause serious injuries.
§ The floodwaters can take time to move away.§ The floodwaters can turn the fields salty.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 54/107
Precautions before a Cyclone
§ Have your dwellings checked before a cyclone seasonstarts and carry out whatever repairs that are needed.
§
Create storm awareness by discussing effects of acyclonic storm with family members so that everyoneknows what one can and should do in an emergency.This helps to remove fear and anxiety and prepareseveryone to respond to emergencies quickly
§ All doors, windows and openings should be secured.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 55/107
Precautions before a Cyclone
§ Keep your valuables and documents in containers, whichcannot be damaged by water
§ Keep information about your blood group.
§ Keep lanterns filled with kerosene, torches and sparebatteries. These must be kept in secure places and handy.
§ Continue to listen to warning bulletins and keep in touchwith local officials. Keep radio sets in working condition.Battery powered radio sets are desirable.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 56/107
Precautions before a Cyclone
§ Evacuate people to places of safety whenadvised.
§
Store extra drinking water in covered vessels.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 57/107
After a Cyclone
§ Watch out for broken glass and other sharp items in debris.
§ Watch out for snakes and insects. Try to call for help.
§ Listen to the advice of local officials and emergency workers.
§
Be sure that the storm has subsided before venturing out.§ Wait for emergency relief teams to arrive. It may take a little
time before relief becomes effective.
§ Fishermen should wait for at least 24 hours before resumingfishing.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 58/107
KIRUBA DANIEL JBrownsville / South Padre I.
Mean Sea Level
Brownsville
Source: UT Space ScienceCenter
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 59/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 60/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
Brownsville
Hurricane Carly9/11 at 1500 CDT
MEOW NW at 8 MPH
Surge: 17.3 Feet
Source: UT Space ScienceCenter
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 61/107
Avalanches
“An Avalanche is a flow of snow downa mountain side through rock slides”
§ They are flows which move under theinfluence of gravity
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 62/107
Avalanche Causes
Weather : Avalanches are more likely to occur after a heavy snowstorm. The 24 hours following astorm are the most critical.
Snowfall : Recent snowfall puts extra stress onthe existing snow pack, especially if the new snowdoes not adequately bond with the layer of snow
already there.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 63/107
Avalanche Causes
§ Temperature: Changes that last several hours or days, such as a warm front moving through canseriously weaken some of the upper layers of snow.
§ Snow Pack Conditions: Understanding the history of snow pack for that season can reveal several cluesabout slope stability. Snow pack conditions canchange not only over the course of the winter seasonbut over the course of a day. This is why constantawareness and frequent slope testing are necessary.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 64/107
Avalanche Causes
§ Slope Angle : Most avalanches occur on slopesbetween 30 and 45 degrees.
§ Wind Direction: Wind usually blows up one side of the slope of the mountain(the windward side), anddown the other(the leeward side). When blowing upthe windward side, wind will scour snow off thesurface and drop it on the leeward side.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 66/107
Initial failure - two types
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 67/107
Avalanche Beacons
An avalanche beacon, also known as anavalanche transceiver, is a device that is wornacross the chest above the base layer of clothing, and that transmits a signal which other avalanche beacons can receive. In the event of a slide, other people can switch their beaconsfrom transmit to receive, and can begin a searchfor the person stranded in the avalanche. Thesedevices can quickly cut down the time needed tofind someone in the snow and digging them out.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 68/107
WAYS TOSAFEGUARD FROM
AVALANCHES
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 69/107
Starting zone defenses
§ To help reduce avalanches from forming:
§
use of terrace
§ use of supporting structures
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 70/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 71/107
Deflectors
§ Arresters are usedto slow or stopavalanches
§ need adequateheight; if too low,flow can accelerate above barrier,
increasing damage
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 73/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 74/107
Mounds§
These are used to retard flowing snowat the end of the runout zone
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 75/107
Snow sheds
These sheds allow the avalanche to passover the structure
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 76/107
Mangrove
A “mangrove” has been defined as a “tree, shrub, palmor ground fern, generally exceeding more than half ameter in height, and which normally grows above meansea level in the intertidal zones of marine coastal environments, or estuarine margins”
“The term mangrove refers to a diverse group of salt-tolerant trees and other plant species that are found along sheltered tropical and subtropical shores and estuaries”
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 78/107
Importance of Mangroves
Mangroves not only help in preventing soil erosion but also actas a catalyst in reclaiming land from seas. This is a very uniquephenomenon, since there is a general tendency of water toengulf land.
Buffer Zone between the land and sea.
Protect the land from erosion.
Play an invaluable role as nature's shield against cyclones,ecological disasters and as protector of shorelines.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 79/107
Importance of Mangroves
Breeding and nursery grounds for a variety of marineanimals.
Main source of income generation for shorelinecommunities like fisher folk.
Save the marine diversity, which is fast diminishing.
Purify the water by absorbing impurities and harmful
heavy metals and help us to breathe a clean air byabsorbing pollutants in the air.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 80/107
Importance of Mangroves
Potential source for recreation and tourism.
Harbor a variety of life forms like invertebrates,fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and evenmammals like tigers.
Good source of timber, fuel and fodder.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 81/107
Benefits of Mangroves
The mangrove ecosystem provides income fromthe collection of the molluscs,and fish that livethere.
Mangroves are harvested for fuel wood,charcoal, timber, and wood chips.
Other mangrove services include the filteringand trapping of pollutants and the stabilization of coastal land by trapping sediment and protectionagainst storm damage.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 82/107
Major threats
§ Land reclamations for constructionactivity, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism
§ Industrial and domestic pollution
§ Port development
§ Dumping of all kinds of waste and debris
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 83/107
Forest Fires
KIRUBA DANIEL J
“A forest fire is a natural disaster consisting of a fire which destroys aforested area, and can be a great danger to people who live in forests as well aswildlife. Forest fires are generally startedby lightning, but also by human
negligence, and can burn thousands of square kilometers.”
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 84/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 85/107
Causes of Forest Fire
§ Natural causes - Many forest fires start fromnatural causes such as lightning which settrees on fire.
§ Man made causes - Fire is caused when asource of fire like cigarette , electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact withinflammable material.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 86/107
Precautions
§ Keep the source of fire or source of ignition separated from combustiblematerial.
§ To keep the source of fire under watchand control.
§ Not allow combustible or inflammablematerial to pile up unnecessarily.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 87/107
Precautions
§ To adopt safe practices in areas near forestsviz. factories, coalmines, oil stores, chemicalplants and even in household kitchens.
§
To incorporate fire reducing and fire fightingtechniques and equipment while planning abuilding or coal mining operation.
§ In case of forest fires, the volunteer teams are
essential not only for fire fighting but also tokeep watch on the start of forest and soundan alert
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 88/107
Types
Surface Fire● surface litter and loose debris of the forest floor
and small vegetation
Crown Fire● crowns of trees and shrubs
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 89/107
OIL FIRES
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 90/107
OIL FIRES
“Oil well fires are oil wells, commonly oilgushers, that have caught on fire, andburn uncontrollably”
Oil well fires can be the result of humanactions, such as accidents or naturalevents, such as lightning.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 91/107
Pollutants - smoke of oil Fires
§ Burning crude oil produces a wide range of pollutants, such as soot (mostly carbon) andgases (mainly carbon dioxide, carbonmonoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,volatile organic compounds [e.g., benzene],polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogensulfide, and acidic gases.
§ Leads to the cause for Acid Rain
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 92/107
Oil Spill
Oil spill is release of liquid petroleumhydrocarbon into the ocean or coastal waters, due to human activity, mainly.
§ Sinking or leakage of Oil Carrying Vessels or Oil Pipelines.
§ Countries at war.
§ Illegal dumping by Industries.
§ Terrorist activities.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
h d l ll d
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 93/107
What does an oil spill do?§ Covers the surface of water by a thick film.
(Darker the Thicker)§ Effects entire marine life.§ Fishes die, because they cannot breathe.§ Nature takes up to 10 years to recover, if oil
reaches the sea bed.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 94/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 96/107
Nuclear Weapon
§ A device, such as a bomb or warhead,whose great explosive power derivesfrom the release of nuclear energy.
§ Bomb or other warhead that derives itsforce from nuclear fission ,nuclear fusion , or both and is delivered
by an aircraft, missile, or other system
KIRUBA DANIEL J
E l
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 97/107
Example
During World War II , United Statestroops dropped atomic bombs on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima andNagasaki . As a result, the radiation falloutcontaminated the cities' water supplies,food sources, and half of the populationsof each city were stricken with disease
KIRUBA DANIEL J
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 98/107
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
§ Biological warfare, or BW, is the use of pathogensor toxins as weapons. Pathogens include bacteriaand viruses which cause diseases such asanthrax, cholera, and plague.
§ Pathogens as weapons would be used againststrategic targets such as food supplies, troopsconcentrations, and population centers to createpanic and disrupt mobilization plans.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
Bi t i
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 99/107
Bio terrorism
The use of biological agents, suchas pathogenic organisms or agricultural
pests, for terrorist purposes
KIRUBA DANIEL J
Ch t i ti
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 100/107
Characteristics
§ They have a wide range of effects§ They are obtained from nature§ They are easily made by relatively
unsophisticated methods§ They are invisible to the senses§ Their effects may be delayed§ They can produce mass casualties
KIRUBA DANIEL J
R t f E t
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 101/107
Routes of Entry
§ Ingestion
§
Dermal penetration
§ Inhalation
KIRUBA DANIEL J
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 102/107
CHEMICAL WEAPONS
Chemical warfare agents can be classified by their effects on the body.
1) Blood agents interfere with the transfer of oxygen,suffocating the victim. Hydrogen cyanide is a blood agent whichkills quickly and dissipates quickly.
2) Choking agents damage the lungs.
3)Blister agents cause painful blisters on the skin andare especially damaging when inhaled.
4)Nerve agents attack the nervous system, causing difficulty inbreathing, nausea, dim vision, convulsions, and death.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
Earth Q ake
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 103/107
Earth Quake
§ An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy inthe Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
§ Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks
§ On the average, 10,000 people die each year fromearthquakes .
§ Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also knownas a seismograph.
KIRUBA DANIEL J
www.themegallery.c
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 104/107
om
Company Logo
Terrorism
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 105/107
Terrorism
Terrorism is defined as political violencein an asymmetrical conflict that is designed toinduce terror and psychic fear (sometimesindiscriminate) through the violent victimizationand destruction of noncombatant targets
Such acts are meant to send a message from anillicit clandestine organization
The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the mediain order to achieve maximum attainable publicity
KIRUBA DANIEL J
8/6/2019 Disaster Management - i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/disaster-management-i 106/107
KIRUBA DANIEL J
KIRUBA DANIEL. JLecturer, MBA dept.,
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Information
Technology & Management,
Ettimadai, Coimbatore