Digital economy andsociety statistics -

enterprises Statistics Explained

Source : Statistics Explained (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/) - 30/09/2020 1

Data extracted in September 2020Planned article update: September 2021

This article presents recent statistical data on several different aspects of the digital economy and society inthe European Union (EU) , focusing on the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by en-terprises .

Progress in the development of the digital economy is regarded as critical to improve the competitivenessof the EU’s economy. ICTs have quickly become an integral part of how enterprises function: indeed, theirextensive use has had a profound impact on how businesses are run, touching upon a range of aspects such ashow they organise their production or service provision processes and their internal or external communication.

This article presents recent statistics on the use of the internet by enterprises; the functionalities providedby enterprises’ websites; the types of social media used by enterprises and their purpose and the adoption ofe-business applications. Another important topic reflected in the article concerns the ICT security in enter-prises. The widespread use of ICTs in the workplace has resulted in an increased demand for ICT specialistsand the article also provides information pertaining to their recruitment, in particular the difficulties faced bysome enterprises in filling these vacancies. The article closes with information on e-commerce .

Access and use of the internetEnterprises connected to the internet via fixed broadband

In 2019, the vast majority (91 %) of EU enterprises with at least 10 persons employed used a fixed broad-band connection to access the internet (see Figure 1). This share has remained between 91 % and 92 % since2014, suggesting that at EU level the uptake of this technology has reached saturation. With almost all enter-prises connected to the internet via broadband, the speed of these connections still deserves attention, as theuse of other more advanced technologies by the enterprises often relies on high speed of the internet.

Figure 1: Enterprises connecting to the internet via fixed broadband, broken down by speed,EU-27, 2011-2019(% of enterprises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ci_it_en2)

The share of enterprises using the fastest internet connections more than tripled between 2011and 2019

In 2019, one sixth (16 %) of enterprises in the EU-27 had an internet connection speed that was within therange of ≥ 2 Mb/s but < 10 Mb/s, with a higher share (23 %) having a connection that was in the range of ≥10 Mb/s but < 30 Mb/s. More than one quarter (27 %) had a connection in the range of ≥ 30 Mb/s but < 100Mb/s, while the fastest internet connections (at least 100 Mb/s) were enjoyed by more than one fifth (23 %) ofenterprises in the EU-27. As can be seen from Figure 1, the share of enterprises using the slowest connectionspeeds (≥ 2 Mb/s but < 10 Mb/s) fell during successive years between 2011 and 2019 while the share using thetwo fastest connections (≥ 30 Mb/s) constantly increased.

In 2019, 77 % of EU enterprises had a website

The use of ICT has the potential to make significant changes to the way that enterprises are run, the adoptionof ICT-based solutions within business processes is often referred to using the generic term of ’e-business’. Fig-ure 2 presents information in relation to one of the most basic types of e-business that is used by enterprises,namely having a website. In 2019, more than three quarters (77 %) of enterprises in the EU-27 had a website,with a much higher share for large enterprises (94 %) compared with small enterprises (74 %). This share was8 percentage points higher than it had been in 2011, when 69 % of enterprises had a website (see Eurostatdatasource isoc_ci_web ). The most popular functionality provided by enterprises’ websites was related to thedescription of goods and services and price lists as well as to links or references to the social media profiles ofenterprises.

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Figure 2: Enterprises having a website, by functionality and size class, EU-27, 2019(% of enter-prises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ciweb)

Enterprises using social mediaSocial networks are used by almost half of EU enterprises

Enterprises use social media for image building or for marketing purposes, for gaining insights from customersor communicating within or outside the enterprise or for recruiting. The four most widely known categories ofsocial media include: social networks ( Facebook, LinkedIn, Xing); corporate blogs or microblogs such as Twit-ter; multimedia content-sharing websites (YouTube, Instagram, Flickr) and wiki-based knowledge-sharing tools.

As shown in Figure 3, half of EU enterprises used any type of social media in 2019, which represents anincrease of more than 20 percentage points compared to 2013. Social networks were the most popular socialmedia used by 48 % of the enterprises in the EU, followed by the multimedia content-sharing websites, whichwere used by 21 % of enterprises. Corporate blogs and wiki-based knowledge-sharing tools were less popularand were used by 10 % and respectively 6 % of EU enterprises. The use of these two types of social mediarecorded no significant increase between 2013 and 2019 (Figure 3).

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Figure 3: Enterprises using social media, by type of social media, EU-27, 2013, 2015, 2017 and2019 (% of enterprises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ciweb)

In 2019, the share of large enterprises employing 250 or more people, which used any type of social media stoodat 77 % and was almost 30 percentage points higher than the figure recorded for small enterprises employing 10to 49 people (48 %). Three quarters of EU large enterprises (74 %) had an account and used some kind of socialnetworks. By contrast, less half of small enterprises (46 %) used social networks. Multimedia content-sharingwebsites were used by 48 % of the large enterprises compared with 18 % of the small EU enterprises-businesses(Figure 4).

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Figure 4: Enterprises using social media, by type and size class, EU-27, 2019(% of enter-prises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ciweb)

Figure 5 presents the use of social media by enterprises in the Member States. Social media was most pop-ular among enterprises in Malta, where 84 % of enterprises reported to use any category of social media. Inseven other EU Member States (Denmark, the Netherlands, Cyprus, Sweden, Belgium, Ireland and Finland)the recorded figures were higher than 70 %. The share of enterprises using social media was less than 40 % inHungary (38 %), Poland (37 %), Bulgaria (34 %) and Romania (33 %).

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Figure 5: Enterprises using any social media, 2019 (% of enterprises) Source: Eurostat(isoc_ciweb)

Image building or marketing products was the main purpose for social media use by enterprisesin 2019

As shown in Figure 6, for 85 % of EU enterprises that used social media in 2019, the purpose was imagebuilding or marketing products. This purpose of the social media use was the most important for all enterprisesregardless of their size, with shares ranging from 87 % for large enterprises, 85 % for medium, to 84 % forsmall enterprises. Furthermore, 55 % of enterprises reported using social media to obtain customer opinions orreviews, or to answer their questions, implying an effort to improve customer service. At the same time, 54 %of enterprises used social media to recruit employees. Recruiting was especially important for large enterprisesusing social media with 79 % reporting to use social media for that purpose. In addition, for 27 % of enterprisesusing social media the purpose was to exchange views and opinions within the enterprise. The same share ofenterprises (27 %) used social media to involve customers in product development or innovation. The collabo-ration with other organizations was the reason for using social media for 26 % of enterprises.

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Figure 6: Enterprises using social media, by purpose of use and size class, EU-27, 2019 (% ofenterprises using social media)Source: Eurostat (isoc_cismp)

ICT security in enterprisesICT security refers to relevant incidents as well as measures, controls and procedures applied by enterprises inorder to ensure integrity, confidentiality and availability of their data and ICT systems.

In 2019, 99 % of EU large enterprises used at least one ICT security measure

The recent data provide an undeniable evidence for the high importance of ICT security for EU enteprises.In 2019, 92 % of EU enterprises used at least one ICT security measure. Among large enterprises, the sharestood even at 99 %. Around 61 % of EU enterprises made staff aware of their obligations in ICT securityrelated issues, including more than half of small enterprises (57 %). One in three enterprises (33 %) reportedhaving documents on measures, practices or procedures on ICT security concerning for example confidentialityof data, risk assessment, employees training or evaluation of ICT security incidents or measures. In one in fourenterprises (24 %) these documents were defined or reviewed in the last 12 months (Figure 7).

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Figure 7: ICT security in enterprises, by size class, EU-27, 2019 (% enterprises)Source: Eurostat(isoc_cisce_ra)

The most common ICT security measure used by enterprises in 2019 was keeping their softwareor operating systems up-to-date

As shown in Figure 8, 92 % of EU enterprises used in 2019 any ICT security measure. The most commonmeasure used was keeping the software or operating systems up-to-date (87 % of EU enterprises), followed bystrong password authentication (76 %), data backup to a separate location or cloud (76 %) and network accesscontrol (65 %). Less than half of enterprises reported maintaining log files for analysis after security incidents(45 %) and use of Virtual Private Network (VPN) (42 %). Encryption techniques for data, documents or e-mailswere used by 38 % of enterprises. ICT security tests (35 %) and ICT risk assessment (33 %) were used lessfrequently by EU enterprises. User identification and authentication via biometric methods were used by 10 %of enterprises.

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Figure 8: ICT security measures used by enterprises, EU-27, 2019(% enterprises)Source: Eurostat(isoc_cisce_ra)

61 % of EU enterprises make persons employed aware of their obligation in ICT security

EU enterprises used a wide range of measures to make persons employed aware of their obligation in ICTsecurity such as voluntary training based on internally available information, compulsory training courses andreferences in the employment contracts. Figure 9 shows that 61 % of enterprises in the EU reported to makepersons employed aware of their obligation in ICT security. Among all EU Member States, the share rangedfrom 76 % in both Czechia and Ireland followed by Italy (73 %) and Denmark (70 %) to 47 % in Croatiaand 33 % in Greece. In 2019, 33 % of EU enterprises had documents on measures, practices or procedures onICT security. More than a half of enterprises in Denmark (56 %), Ireland (54 %) and Sweden (52 %) reportedhaving such documents while on the other hand, less than 20 % of the enterprises had documents on measures,practices or procedures on ICT security in Bulgaria (18 %), Hungary (17 %), Romania (17 %) and Greece (15%) (Figure 9).

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Figure 9: ICT security in enterprises, by country, 2019 (% enterprises)Source: Eurostat(isoc_cisce_ra)

13 % of EU enterprises were affected by problems due to ICT related security incidents in 2018

In 2018, one in eight EU enterprises (13 %) experienced at least once problems due to ICT related secu-rity incidents. The most commonly reported problem caused by ICT security incidents was unavailability ofICT services, such as hardware or software failures (excl. mechanical failure and theft), denial of service attacks,ransomware attacks, affecting 10 % of enterprises. Large enterprises were more likely to be affected by problemsdue to ICT related incidents; 25 % of large enterprises experienced such problems during 2018, while this wasthe case for 18 % of medium and 12 % of small enterprises (Figure 10).

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Figure 10: Enterprises experienced at least once problems due to an ICT related security incident,by size, EU-27, 2018 (% enterprises) Source: Eurostat (isoc_cisce_ic)

As shown in Figure 11, 21 % of the enterprises in the EU reported having insurance against ICT securityincidents in 2019. The highest share was recorded in Denmark (56 %), followed by Ireland (39 %), France (39%), Sweden (39 %) and Spain (33 %). By contrast, in Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia and Bulgaria less than 5 %of the enterprises reported having insurance against ICT security incidents in 2019 (Figure 11).

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Figure 11: Enterprises having insurance against ICT security incidents, 2019 (% enter-prises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_cisce_ic)

E-business integrationE-business integration refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) by enterprises torun, integrate and improve their business processes, share and exchange information internally, or communicatewith business partners and customers.

The sharing and exchange of information electronically and automatically between different business func-tions within the enterprise is implemented using software applications for enterprise resource planning (ERP).Furthermore, the integration and management of the communitarian with customers is implemented by the useof customer relationship management (CRM) applications.

More than one in three enterprises use enterprise resource planning (ERP) software applica-tions

The percentage of EU enterprises that used ERP software applications reached 36 % in 2019. The adop-tion of ERP software applications was in particular low for small enterprises with a share of 30 %, which wastwo times lower than the percentage recorded for medium (60 %) and more than two and half times lower thanthe percentage for large enterprises (80 %). Customer relationship management (CRM) applications were usedby one-third (33 %) of EU enterprises in 2019. The share of small enterprises using CRM applications stoodat 30 % and was comparable to the use of ERP software. The adoption of CRM applications among largeenterprises (62 %) was almost 20 percentage points lower compared to the use of ERP (Figure 12).

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Figure 12: Adoption of e-business applications in enterprises by size class, EU-27, 2019(% enter-prises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_eb_iip)

In 2019, more than half of the enterprises in Belgium and Denmark used an ERP software package to shareinformation between different functional areas. On the other hand, ERP software was used by less than aquarter of enterprises in Bulgaria, Romania (each 23 %) and Hungary (14 %) (Figure 13).

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Figure 13: Enterprises having ERP software package, 2019 (% enterprises)Source: Eurostat(isoc_eb_iip)

Figure 14 presents the adoption levels of CRM applications in the Member States. The highest share of enter-prises using CRM was recorded in the Netherlands (56 %), Belgium (46 %) and Germany (44 %). The adoptionof CRM was at a low level in Croatia (19 %), Bulgaria (17 %), Latvia (16 %) and Hungary (12 %).

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Figure 14: Enterprises using Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software solutions,2019 (% enterprises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_eb_iip)

Recruitment of ICT specialistsEnterprises can rely on their own employees to develop, adapt, maintain or support IT systems (e.g. web solu-tions for enterprise websites and e-commerce; enterprise resource planning; supply chain management; customerrelationship management applications; or the use of cloud computing services) or they can rely on externalservice providers. For large enterprises it has become increasingly common to have their own dedicated IT teamor department. For the data presented in this chapter, ICT specialists are defined as people whose main jobinvolves ICT and who are capable of dealing with a wide range of tasks concerning corporate IT systems.

In 2019, almost 1 in 5 EU enterprises employed ICT specialists; the percentage of large enterprises employ-ing ICT specialists (75 %) is more than five times higher than that for small enterprises (14 %). During 2018,some 9 % of enterprises recruited or tried to recruit personnel for jobs requiring specialist ICT skills, while 5% of enterprises reported that it was hard to fill those vacancies. These figures are heavily skewed by the largenumber of small and medium enterprises in the population of enterprises with at least 10 persons employed.More than two fifths (46 %) of large enterprises recruited or tried to recruit personnel for jobs requiring spe-cialist ICT skills in 2018, while almost one third (30 %) of large enterprises reported that they had hard-to-fillvacancies for jobs requiring specialist ICT skills. By contrast, the corresponding shares for small enterpriseswere 6 % and 4 % respectively (see Figure 15).

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Figure 15: Enterprises employing, recruiting, having hard-to-fill vacancies for ICT special-ists, by size class, EU-27, 2019 (% of enterprises)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ske_itrcrn2) and(isoc_ske_itspen2)

Enterprises engaged in e-commerceE-commerce refers to the trading of goods or services over computer networks such as the internet. E-salesconcern the receipt of orders by methods specifically designed for the purpose of receiving orders, either viaelectronic data interchange (EDI) or through websites or apps (web sales); orders received by way of manuallytyped e-mail messages are excluded.

1 in 5 EU enterprises made e-sales in 2018

One fifth (20 %) of all enterprises in the EU-27 made e-commerce sales in 2018, reflecting a rise of 5 per-centage points compared with 2009. These e-sales accounted for 18 % of the total turnover generated in 2018.Between 2009 and 2018, the share of e-sales in total turnover rose by 5 percentage points, as the share had been13 % at the start of the period under consideration (see Figure 16).

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Figure 16: Enterprises making e-sales and turnover from e-sales, EU-27, 2009-2018 (% of enter-prises / % of total turnover) Source: Eurostat (isoc_ci_eu_en2)

The share of turnover from EDI-type sales was greater than that from web sales

Enterprises which receive e-commerce orders may be divided into those making e-sales via a website or apps(web sales) and those making e-sales via EDI. Although a higher proportion (16 %) of enterprises used websitesand apps to make e-sales in 2018 than used EDI-type sales (6 %) (see Eurostat datasource isoc_ec_eseln2 ),the share of turnover from web sales in the total turnover generated by EU-27 enterprises was relatively low,standing at 6 % in comparison with 12 % for the turnover from EDI-type sales (see Figure 17).

In relative terms, the split in turnover between that generated from e-sales via EDI-type messages and thatgenerated by web sales was most pronounced in Slovenia, where the share of EDI-type sales was almost eighttimes as high as the one of web sales in 2018. In Italy, Czechia, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Finland, France,Denmark and Germany EDI-type sales accounted for a share of total turnover that was more than twice ashigh as that recorded for web sales. By contrast, in the Netherlands, Lithuania, Greece and Cyprus the shareof total turnover generated by web sales was higher than the share generated via EDI-type sales.

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Figure 17: Turnover from e-sales, by type of order, 2018 (% of total turnover)Source: Eurostat(isoc_ec_evaln2)

More turnover came from web sales to other businesses and public authorities than from businessto consumer web sales

Across the EU-27, enterprises generated 6 % of their total turnover from web sales during 2018, consistingof sales via a website or apps. Figure 18 presents an analysis of how these sales were divided between differenttypes of customer. 4 % of total turnover came from web sales to other businesses and government (B2BG),while 2 % of total turnover came from business to consumer web sales (B2C).

In 2018, Lithuania, Cyprus, Romania, Greece and Latvia were the EU Member States to report that a majorityof their turnover from web sales was derived from business to consumer sales. By contrast, the share of totalturnover that was derived from web sales made through business to business and business to government webtransactions was at least 2.6 times as high as the share from business to consumer web sales in Slovakia, Belgiumand Estonia.

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Figure 18: Turnover from web sales, by type of customer, 2018 (% of total turnover)Source:Eurostat (isoc_ec_evaln2)

More than twice as many enterprises used their own websites or apps than e-commerce market-places for their web sales

Figure 19 presents the breakdown by sales channel used by enterprises that made web sales in 2018. Theinformation is split between those enterprises that made web sales via their own website or apps and thoseenterprises that made web sales via e-commerce marketplaces.

During 2018, 89 % of enterprises in the EU-27 with web sales used their own website or apps for sales, while40 % used an e-commerce marketplace. The highest percentages of enterprises with web sales via their ownwebsite or apps were recorded in Slovakia (98 %), Estonia (97 %) and Romania (97 %). The lowest shares wereregistered in Slovenia (71 %), Luxembourg (75 %) and Italy (76 %).

The share of enterprises with web sales via e-commerce marketplaces peaked at 61 % in Italy, Germany (51 %)and Austria (50 %); none of the remaining Member States recorded shares above one half. By contrast, just13 % of enterprises with web sales in Finland and Romania sold via e-commerce marketplaces, while this sharewas also less than one fifth of all enterprises with web sales in Denmark (18 %), Czechia (17 %) and Croatia(15 %) (Figure 19).

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Figure 19: Enterprises with web sales, by type of sales, 2018 (% of enterprises with websales)Source: Eurostat (isoc_ec_eseln2)

Source data for tables and graphs• Digital economy and society — enterprises: tables and figures

Data sourcesRapid technological changes in areas related to the internet and other new applications of ICTs pose challengesfor statistics. As such, this area of statistics changes at a relatively rapid pace, compared with most otherofficial statistics. Indeed, statistical tools are adapted to satisfy new demands for data and the ICT survey isreassessed on an annual basis in order to reflect the rapid pace of technological change.

The information presented in this article is based on the results of a Community survey on ICT usage ande-commerce in enterprises . The statistics were obtained from enterprise surveys conducted by national statis-tical authorities. The results of this annual survey are used to benchmark ICT-driven developments, both byfollowing developments for core variables over time and by looking in greater depth at other aspects at a specificpoint in time.

While the survey on ICT usage in enterprises initially concentrated on e-commerce, internet access and connec-tivity issues, its scope has subsequently been extended to cover a wider variety of subjects (for example, cloudcomputing, social media, mobile connections to the internet, the use of e-business solutions, ICT specialists, theoutsourcing of ICT functions, big data analysis and 3D printing).

Coverage

The statistical observation unit is the enterprise, as defined in Regulation (EEC) No 696/93 . Note thatthe annual survey on ICT usage in enterprises covers enterprises that have at least 10 persons employed.

The activity coverage of the survey is restricted to those enterprises whose principal activity is within NACERev. 2 Sections C to N excluding Section K and Division 75, but including Group 95.1: manufacturing; elec-tricity, gas, steam and water supply, sewerage and waste management; construction; wholesale and retail trade,repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activ-ities; information and communication; real estate; professional, scientific and technical activities (excluding

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veterinary activities); administrative and support activities; and the repair of computers and communicationequipment.

The data collected can be analysed according to enterprise size classes (defined in terms of persons employed),with information presented for small enterprises (10-49 persons employed), medium enterprises (50-249 personsemployed) and large enterprises (250 or more persons employed).

The data are organised in Eurostat’s online database according to the year in which the survey was con-ducted. Most data refer to the situation during the early part of the same year as the survey. However, data onrecruiting ICT specialists and on e-commerce refer to the calendar year preceding the survey (in other words,to 2018 for the 2019 survey).

ContextBroadband technologies are considered to be important when measuring access to and use of the internet, asthey offer users the possibility to rapidly transfer large volumes of data and keep access lines open. Indeed,the take-up of high-speed and superfast broadband are considered as key indicators within the domain of ICTpolicymaking. While digital subscriber lines (DSL) remain the main form of delivery for broadband technologyin the EU, alternatives such as cable, satellite, fibre optics and wireless local loops are becoming more widespread.

In May 2015, the European Commission adopted a digital single market strategy ( COM(2015) 192 final )as one of its top 10 political priorities for the period 2015-2019. The digital single market strategy had 16initiatives that covered three broad pillars: promoting better online access to goods and services across Europe;designing an optimal environment for digital networks and services to develop; ensuring that the European econ-omy and industry takes full advantage of the digital economy as a potential driver for growth. In the EuropeanCommission’s work programme for 2017 Delivering a Europe that protects, empowers and defends (COM(2016)710), the European Commission proposed to advance swiftly on proposals that had already been put forwardand to undertake a review of the progress made towards completing the digital single market. In May 2017, theEuropean Commission published a mid-term review of its digital single market strategy (COM(2017) 228 final),which took stock of the situation, while outlining actions in relation to online platforms, the data economy andcybersecurity .

The European Commission is working on a number of initiatives to boost ICT skills in the workforce, aspart of a broader agenda for better skills upgrading, anticipating skills demand and matching skills supply todemand. In order to increase the supply of ICT specialists, the European Commission has launched a GrandCoalition for Digital Jobs , an EU-wide partnership that seeks to use European structural and investment fundsto alleviate difficulties related to the recruitment of ICT specialists.

On 10 June 2016, the European Commission adopted a new Skills Agenda for Europe which seeks to pro-mote a number of actions to ensure that the right training, the right skills and the right support is madeavailable to people in the EU so that they are equipped with skills that are needed in a modern working envi-ronment, including the promotion of digital skills.

In 2019, the new European Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen, described how she wanted the EUto grasp the opportunities presented by the digital age. Indeed, A Europe fit for the digital age is one of sixCommission priorities for the period 2019-2024. Such a digital transformation is based on the premise thatdigital technologies and solutions should: open up new opportunities for businesses; boost the developmentof trustworthy technology; foster an open and democratic society; enable a vibrant and sustainable economy;help fight climate change. With this in mind, during February 2020 the European Commission adopted anoverarching presentation of the Commission’s ideas and actions for Shaping Europe’s Digital Future , as well asspecific proposals in relation to:

• A European strategy for data (COM(2020) 66 final) which seeks to promote the EU as a leading rolemodel for a society empowered by data to make better decisions — in business and the public sector; and

• a White Paper on Artificial Intelligence — A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65final) which supports a regulatory and investment oriented approach with the twin objectives of promotingthe uptake of artificial intelligence and addressing the risks associated with certain uses of this newtechnology.

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Other articles• E-commerce statistics

• Cloud computing - statistics on the use by enterprises

• E-business integration

• ICT specialists - statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprises

• Social media - statistics on the use by enterprises

• Internet advertising of businesses - statistics on usage of ads

• ICT security in enterprises

• Digital economy and digital society statistics at regional level

• Digital economy and society statistics - households and individuals

Main tables• Digital economy and society see:

ICT usage in enterprises (t_isoc_e)

Digital skills (t_isoc_sk)

ICT sector (t_isoc_se)

Database• Digital economy and society , see:

ICT usage in enterprises (isoc_e)

Summary of EU aggregates (isoc_ci_eu_en2)

E-commerce (isoc_ec)

Connection to the internet (isoc_ci)

Websites and use of social media (isoc-cism)

E-business (isoc_eb)

Digital skills (isoc_sk)

Dedicated section• Digital economy and society

Publications• Digital economy and society in the EU — 2018 edition — Digital publication

• Publications

• Statistical articles

Methodology• ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises (ESMS metadata file — isoc_e_esms)

• Methodological manuals for statistics on the information society

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External links• A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe COM(2015) 192 final

• Monitoring the Digital Economy & Society 2016–2021 , European Commission, Directorate-General Com-munications Networks, Content & Technology

• OECD — Internet

View this article online at http: // ec. europa. eu/ eurostat/ statistics-explained/ index. php/ Digital_economy_ and_ society_ statistics_ -_ enterprises

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