Digital Communications ECP 601 2020. 9. 2. · WCDMA. Communication Principles Evolving Paths...
Transcript of Digital Communications ECP 601 2020. 9. 2. · WCDMA. Communication Principles Evolving Paths...
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Digital Communications
ECP 601
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Professional Masters Program
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Acknowledgement
These lecture notes were mainly prepared by
Dr. Ahmed Hesham, EECE, Cairo University
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Introduction
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Introduction
Advances of Telecommunications
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Introduction
The Big Picture (What we want)
5©RFMD
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Introduction
The Big Picture (What we want)
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Voice ApplicationsTele-Health
Tele-EducationTele-Transactions, etc.
Home/Office/Vehicular Networking
Mobile MultimediaApplications
Social Network
Tele-work (business/Government
/individual)
Global Network Objectives
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Introduction
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The Big Picture (What we want)
The evolution of telecommunications
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Introduction
The Big Picture (What we want)
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More sophisticated applications(Internet of Things)
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Introduction
The Big Picture (What we need)
▪ Understand the existing technologies
▪ General descriptions and rate advantages
▪ Understand what fields/science enable these technologies?
▪ Theoretical limits and practical implementations
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Introduction
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1G
2G2.5G
3G
4G
Analog
14 kbps400 kbps
14 Mbps
100 Mbps
1 GbpsLTE
LTEA
1980 1990 2000 2010/2020 Time
Data Rate
Speed Vs. Time
1/2/3/4 G: are officially defined as wireless standards by the International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU)
2.5/2.75/3.5 G…: labeled only for marketing purposes
~
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Introduction
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GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS HSDPA HSUPA LTE LTEA
IS95 1xRTTEVDORev0
UMBEVDORev A
EVDORev B
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
2014
802.11 802.11b802.11g802.11a
802.11aa 802.11n
DL: 9.6 KUL: 9.6 K
DL: 60 KUL: 40 K
DL:177 KUL:188 K
DL:384 KUL:384 K
DL: 1.8-7.2 MUL: 384 K
DL: 7.2 MUL: 5.8 M
DL: 100 MUL: 50 M
DL: 1 GUL: 500 M
DL: 14.4 KUL: 14.4 K
DL: 153 KUL: 153 K
DL: 2.4 MUL: 153 K
DL: 3.1 MUL: 1.8 M
DL: 3.1-73 MUL: 1.8-27 M
DL: 70-200 MUL: 30-45 M
DL: 2 MUL: 2 M
DL: 11 MUL: 11 M
DL: 54 MUL: 54 M
DL: 200 MUL: 200 M
DL: < 1 GUL: < 1G
A closer Look
CDMAOne CDMA2000
WCDMA
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Communication Principles
Evolving Paths (different classification)
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1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
© Dong Xuan at Ohio State University
Each of these standards has underlying technologies.
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Communication Principles
Evolving Paths (different classification)
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1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
© Dong Xuan at Ohio State University
Each of these standards has underlying technologies.
Fuzzy words:TDMA/FDMA/CDMA/SDMA/
OFDMA…
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Communication Principles
• Can we do more (rates)?
• We must understand the system capabilities (theoretical and practical limits)
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GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS HSDPA HSUPA LTE LTEA
DL: 9.6 KUL: 9.6 K
DL: 60 KUL: 40 K
DL:177 KUL:188 K
DL:384 KUL:384 K
DL: 1.8-7.2 MUL: 384 K
DL: 7.2 MUL: 5.8 M
DL: 100 MUL: 50 M
DL: 1 GUL: 500 M
B4G
?
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Communication Principles
• Let us visit some of the basic concepts and terminologies
• More details will be covered throughout the course
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DVB-T/T2
Communication Principles
• The channel:
– The medium over which the information is transported
DVB-S
WiFi/BT/ZigBee/NFC
Cellular
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Communication Principles
• The channel:
– What are the channel parameters (characteristics)?
– How to measure a channel?
– How to model the channel (application-dependent)?
– How to communicate over the channel (the ultimate goal)?
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Communication Principles
• The channel:
– Capacity ≈ “Maximum information rate transported over a channel”
– The definition is not really rigorous
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Communication Principles
• The channel:
– Capacity ≈ “Maximum information rate transported over a channel”
– The definition is not really rigorousThat is too
much! I can’t get it all !!
How would I know?
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Communication Principles
• The channel:
– Capacity: “Maximum information rate that can be reliably transported over a channel”
That is too much! I can’t
get it all !!
How would I know?
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Communication Principles
• The channel:
– Capacity: “Maximum information rate that can be reliably transported over a channel”
That is too much! I can’t
get it all !!
How would I know?
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Communication Principles
• The Channel Capacity (theoretical limit):
– Assume a single-input single-output (SISO) system
– Shannon (1948) showed that the channel capacity of this system (under certain constraints) is
𝐶 = log2 1 +ℎ 2𝑃
𝑁𝑜
ℎ 2 : the (magnitude square of) channel response
𝑃 : the transmitted power
𝑁𝑜: the noise power
b/s/Hz
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You can’t beat this number
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Communication Principles
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• The channel:– Characteristics:
• Path-loss (two-ray model/Fresnel zone/ space attenuation, etc.)
• Small-scale fading (medium scatters)
• Large-scale fading (shadowing)
– Models (important for system design) :• Indoor/Outdoor
• Urban/Suburban
• LOS/NLOS
• Macro/Micro
.
.
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Communication Principles
• The channel is not the only important part
• Recall
• The transmitter/receiver should be also ‘smart’enough for ‘good’ communication
Transmitter ReceiverChannel
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Communication Principles
• The channel is not the only important part
• Recall
• The transmitter/receiver should be also ‘smart’enough for ‘good’ communication
Transmitter ReceiverChannel
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But this will take for ever!
One drop at a timeis enough
Reliable scheme But not ‘smart’ enough
for ‘good’ communication
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Communication Principles
• These high rates are achieved over the same wireless channels! (in contrast to other wired applications (example!) )
– The evolution must be in the transceiver
– What could be the key enabling features?• Coding (add redundancy to detect and/or correct errors)
• Modulation (packs bits into symbols, thus sends more bits)
• OFDM/MIMO/Carrier Aggregation/Relay/Advanced Receivers…(many other techniques to combat the channel effects and send more data)
• Evolution of semiconductors and RF chips
• Evolution of higher layer protocols (MAC and network layers)26
GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS HSDPA HSUPA LTE LTEADL: 9.6 KUL: 9.6 K
DL: 60 KUL: 40 K
DL:177 KUL:188 K
DL:384 KUL:384 K
DL: 1.8-7.2 MUL: 384 K
DL: 7.2 MUL: 5.8 M
DL: 100 MUL: 50 M
DL: 1 GUL: 500 M
B4G?
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Communication Principles
• Revisiting some of the main communication principles
• Error control:
– Channel coding is very important
– One of the main tools to approach capacity!
– Examples: turbo, LDPC, Reed Solomon, etc.27
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Communication Principles
• Error control:
– Error detection (e.g. ARQ schemes)
– Error correction (FEC schemes)
ChannelEncoder
Channel
ChannelDecoder
ErrorDetector
RXTX
To TX
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Communication Principles
• Error control:
– Examples for FEC in Standards
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Standards Channel Coding
LTE Turbo Code
UMTS Turbo Code
GSM Cyclic and Convolutional Code
CDMA Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code
IEEE 802.11a/g Convolutional Code
ZigBee 32-chip PN sequence
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Communication Principles
• Revisiting some of the main communication principles
• Modulation
– The process of varying some parameter of a periodic waveform in order to convey a message
– Digital Vs. Analog modulation
– Why moving to ‘Digital’?
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Communication Principles
• Modulation
– ‘Digital’ advantages : noise immunity, H/W complexity, power/bandwidth/security/performance constraints
– Equally important, the industry trends provide strong motivation
© Agilent application note 31
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Communication Principles
• Modulation
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Communication Principles
• Modulation
© Agilent application note
Theoretical Limits Actual implementation33
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Communication Principles
• Modulation (more on this, later)
– What are the different types of digital modulation?
– What is the (necessary) order of the modulation?
– What are the (I/Q) components of the modulation?
– What type of impairments (practical limitations) can exist for different modulations?
– How can we fix the impairments (pre-/post-compensation) ?
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
• Additional functions (required in practical system):– Scramblers/Interleaving/Precoding/IFFT/ CP/ZP/Pre-
compensations, etc. at the TX
– Descrambler/Deinterleaver/Equalizer/Ch.estimator/ Synchronization circuits, etc. at the RX
– RF chain!
ChannelEncoder
DigitalModulator
ChannelDigital
DemodulatorChannelDecoder
bits bits Signal
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• Advanced techniques
– OFDM
– MIMO
– Equalizers
– Channel estimation
– Powerful decoders
– Synchronization techniques
Communication Principles
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OFDMMIMO
MIMO Ch Estimation and Equalization
.
.
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• The final design could be complicated
• How is it implemented?
Communication Principles
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US 7724833
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• Architecture Design
– Now that the system is designed, an architecture (hardware/software processing) must be chosen
– Two general types of processor:
• General purpose processor
• Application specific processor
– An application specific system can be built using:
• GPP (General Purpose Processor)
• ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
• ASIP (Application Specific Instruction set Processor)
Communication Principles
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• Architecture Design
– Choosing the right architecture is important (criteria: time-to-market, performance, price, development, power, feature flexibility, etc.)
– Whatever you do has to fit in the chip (constraints), otherwise you will ‘fall out of’ it (Joseph Mitola)
Communication Principles
No more space! I’m
falling out of the chip.
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• Architecture Design– Example-1: ZigBee RX baseband processor on ASIC
– An example of a not-so-good design: Duplicating the design with 10M gates! This may indicate that some optimizations have not been considered (System/RTL).
Communication Principles
Kai-Hsin Chen; Hsi-Pin Ma, "A low power ZigBee baseband processor," SoC Design Conference, 2008.
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• Technology Advances (Nano Science)
Communication Principles
42
• Good for Telecomm too (Why?)
Year : 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
𝐿𝐺 (nm) : 90 65 45 32 22 14 10 7 5
Gate Length
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Communication Principles
• The RF story
Switch
Power Amplifier Radio
Transceiver
Baseband Processor
© SIGE SEMICONDUCTOR INC
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Communication Principles
• The RF story
• The radio has three major parts
© AnandTech
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Communication Principles
• The RF story
• To support multi-bands, there are three main components: an antenna switch, per-band filter and PA.
Stacked radio architectureswith separate radio transceiversfor different standards
45© AnandTech
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Communication Principles
• The RF story• Recently, Qualcomm fabricated a CMOS-based
integrated PA and antenna switch in a single piece of silicon. This simplifies routing, reduces the number of RF components inthe front end, and reduces the PCB area. Big achievement! (why?)
46© AnandTech
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• The RF story
– RF teams continue to develop new solutions
– Note that the RF section is not isolated from baseband processing. It has many impacts:• Operating band, power, noise/interf. immunity
• Received signal quality (sensitivity, RSSI, chain dynamics e.g. AGC dynamics, etc.)
• ADC/DAC characteristics
• Pre/Post-compensations
– Both teams MUST cooperate
Communication Principles
… and here are mine
Here are my specs
RF Baseband47
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• Back to our simplified system block diagram:
• Note that in general two quantities exist:
– Bit
– Signal
Communication Principles
ChannelEncoder
DigitalModulator
bits bits Signal
RF Chain
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
• Note that in general two quantities exist:
– Bit
– Signal (in digital baseband domain, why? Details of IF/Baseband processing are provided later)
First level of abstractionin the system model
Bit-chainSignal-chain
(Digital)RF chain
interface interface
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bits
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
• We can further abstract these procedures in one more step: Physical layer (PHY)
• What are the functions performed by the PHY layer (at the TX /RX) in a communication system?
Bit-chainSignal-chain
(Digital)RF chain
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PHYbits
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
• Where do the bits come from, how are they packed, and what do they really represent?
Bit-chainSignal-chain
(Digital)RF chainPHYbits
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
• Medium Access Control (MAC):– Multiplexing and de-multiplexing information to/from
PHY
– Prepare payloads for PHY (padding if necessary)
– Can perform some functions (e.g. HARQ)
– handling frames to/from upper layer, etc.
MAC PHY
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
DSP algorithmsQualcommBroadcomSamsungRIMTIInterdigitalNSNAlcatel-Lucent
Semiconductors / ToolsIntel SynopsysSamsung CadenceQualcomm Mentor Graphics
Broadcom ZukenToshiba Agilent EEsofTIFreescaleSK Hynix
RFMotorola Ericsson Nexius
AxxceleraDelfMEMSOberonMaguffin
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MAC/NetworkCiscoAlcatel-LucentEricssonIntelSamsungHPRealTek
Different parts of the chain require different specialties
MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
Some of these companies have smaller teams that specialize in other fields as well
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
DSP algorithmsQualcommBroadcomSamsungRIMTIInterdigitalNSNAlcatel-Lucent
Semiconductors / ToolsIntel SynopsysSamsung CadenceQualcomm Mentor Graphics
Broadcom ZukenToshiba Agilent EEsofTIFreescaleSK Hynix
RFMotorola Ericsson Nexius
AxxceleraDelfMEMSOberonMaguffin
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MAC/NetworkCiscoAlcatel-LucentEricssonIntelSamsungHPRealTek
Different parts of the chain require different specialties
MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
Some of these companies have smaller teams that specialize in other fields as well
AntennasMobile MarkSkyCrossEMS TechLaird TechGaltronicsHuaweiNetgear
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
©Amped Wireless© Synnex
Outdoor Antenna Indoor Antenna
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
Pt-to-Pt Applications
Pt-to-mPt Applications
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
Outdoor AntennaIndoor Antenna
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
Another part of the story:Antenna Array
Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment (1988)Samsung AAS for FD-MIMO (2013/2014)
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
More antennas → More rates !
Another part of the story:Antenna Array
‘Antenna’ is important for Telecomm.
Antenna is important for many other reasons (why)
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Communication Principles
• Simplified system block diagram:
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MACUpper Layers
Base-band
RF
?
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Communication Principles
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
BSC: Base Station Controller
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
NOC: Network Operations Center
How does a packet travel through a network?
GSS: gateway switching system
PDN: Packet Data Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
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Communication Principles
• Communication rules or procedures must be defined (Protocol)
• How do the protocols work?– A piece of data travels over a network in a number
of steps
– At each step, some actions are taken on the data
– In a network, several rules (protocols) work together (coordinated) to ensure proper data transfer
– This protocol coordination is done via layering
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Communication Principles
• Protocol Stack
– A protocol stack is a combination
of protocols (grouped in layers)
– Each layer of the stack has a
different protocol for handling
a function of the communication
process
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Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
ApplicationLayer
Open Systems Interconnection model
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Communication Principles
• Protocol Stack– Ex.: Protocols allow successful communication
between the chips of different manufacturers
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Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
ApplicationLayer
Open Systems Interconnection model
IntelNIC
HuaweiNIC
I speak Chinese你好
I speak English
Network
Packet flow
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Communication Principles
• Protocol Stack
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Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
ApplicationLayer
Open Systems Interconnection model
Indicates/accepts a request
Formatting/Display/Encryption
Traffic flow info (when the packetis sent)
Error-handling info
Address info
Error check and medium access
Prepare for sending the packet as bit stream
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Communication Principles
• Protocol Stack
– More details about these layers (later)
• Specific functions?
• Who specifies these functions?
• How are the interconnections defined?
• How to implement these functions?
• How to test a chip compliance?
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Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
ApplicationLayer
Open Systems Interconnection model
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• A final product is obtained by integrating different teams works (in different layers)
• Collaboration between these teams is essential
• This results in many meetings, debates and work procedures (examples!)
Conclusion
69RF
DSP Alg.(System)
MAC
RTL
Upper Layers
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Conclusion
• Course Roadmap
Digital Comm.Basics
Intro. to Current Technologies and Channel
Models
Implementation Methodologies
Advanced techniques
In Digital Comm.
Technical level
More
Less
70End of Lecture-1
Audience
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Audience