TOPIC: Nutrition AIM: What are the parts and functions of the digestive system?
Digestive & Nutrition System
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Transcript of Digestive & Nutrition System
Digestive System & Nutrition
Digestive & Nutrition System
By: Lisa Alison & Alyssa PoncePeriod 5
Function
First your food must be digested, resulting in chemical breakdown
of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells.
Then the food breaks large pieces into smaller ones without
altering their chemical composition Lastly the food gets reverted
into simpler chemicals for the body to use..
Major Orangs: Alimentary Canal and Mouth
The Major Organs are all consisted in the alimentary canal. The
major organs that make up the alimentary canal are the mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum, and anus.
Mouth -The mouth hangs inferior towards the diaphragm in the
upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.It receives food and
begins digestion by mechanically reducing the size of the solid
particles and mixing them with saliva.
Pharynx
It is located posterior towards the mouth from which the tubular
esophagus leads to the stomach. Together there are three parts to
the pharynx. The nasopharynx is the first part of the pharynx it
aides in having a passage way for breathing and a way to
communicate with the nasal cavity. The second part is the
oropharynx it is posterior to the soft palate, and inferior to the
nasopharynx. The oropharynx helps creates a passageway for food to
move downward and a passage way to move air to and from the nasal
cavity. The last part is the laryngopharynx it is located inferior
towards the oropharynx and it creates a passageway towards the
esophagus.
The function of the pharynx is to contain the nasal and oral
cavities with the larynx and esophagus
Esophagus
The esophagus is found between the pharynx and the stomach. It
begins at the base of the pharynx then it penetrates through the
opening It helps in containing peristalsis which pushes the food
consumed towards the stomach
Stomach
The stomach hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left
portion of the abdominal cavity. The stomach secretes acid and
enzymes. Which mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic
digestion of proteins.
Large and Small Intestine
The small intestine starts at the large intestine then extends to
the pyloric sphincter. The small intestine mixes food with bile and
pancreatic juice. Final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules; main
site if nutrient absorptionThe large intestine starts at the right
side of the abdominal cavity where the ilium is met that joins the
cecum then it crosses obliquely to the left, and descends into the
pelvis. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes to form
feces
Rectum and Anus
The Rectum and Anus are both a part of the large intestine. Along
with the cecum, colon, and anal canal. The rectum lies next to the
sacrum. They aid in absorbing water and electrolytes to form chyme
and to form and hold feces.
Accessory Organs : Salivary Glands
The Salivary Glands are found on the tongue they secrete saliva
which contains enzymes that initiate break down of carbohydrates.
There are three types of Major Salivary Glands called Parotid
glands, Submandibular glands, and Sublingual Glands. The Parotid
Glands is the largest of the salivary glands it creates a clear
watery fluid called amylase. The Submandibular glands is located on
the floor of the mouth it secretes a more vicious fluid than
Parotid. Sublingual glands are the smallest glands they secrete
thick and sticky secretions.
Liver
The Liver is found in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal
cavity inferior to the diaphragm, partially surrounded by ribs,
which extends out towards the fifth intercostal space to the lower
margin of the ribs. The livers functions is producing bile which
emulsifies fat
Gallblader
The Gallbladder is associated with the liver. The Gallbladder is a
pear shape sac located on a depression in the livers inferior
surface. The gallbladder functions in storing bile and introduces
it into small intestine
Pancreas
The Pancreas is found right across the stomach however it is
slightly hidden from view. The Pancreas produces and secretes
pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
ions, into small intestine
Description of Alimentary Canal
The alimentary canal is a muscular tube that passes through to
bodys ventral cavity. Specialized in certain regions to carry on
particular functions, but the structure of its wall, how it moves
food, and its innervation are similar throughout its length. There
are three parts to the tube the Mucosa/Mucous Membrane is the
beginning to where the food you put into your mouth is secreted
with mucus and digestive enzymes. Then it travels through the
submucosa which is carried into the plexus from where they carried
away absorbed materials. The last part is the serosa/ serous layer
it helps secretes fluids, moistens and lubricates tubes.
How contents of the Alimentary canal are moved and mixed
The alimentary canal goes through two movements which, are
propelling and mixing movements. The mixing happens when smooth
muscles in small segments of the tube contract rhythmically. When
the stomach reaches a full capacity they form full waves of
muscular contractions move along its walls from one end to the
other. It creates a wave like motion called peristalsis. Then it
creates a ring of contraction that later pushes the food
ahead.
Organs and Enzymes
Salivary Enzyme Amylase Salivary Amylase is found in the salivary
gland, used to split starch and glycogen disaccharides the first
step towards the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.Gastric
EnzymePepsin is an enzyme that is found in the gastric glands.
Pepsin is an enzyme that is used for starting up a chemical
digest.
EnzymeSourceDigestive ActionSalivary Enzyme AmylaseSalivary GlandsBegins Carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch and glycogen to disaccharides NucleasesPancreasBreaks down nucleic acid into nucleotides EntrokinaseMucosal CellsConverts trypisongen into trypsinIntestinal lipaseMucosal CellsBreaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Importance of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
Carbohydrates are needed for supplying energy for cellular
processes.Lipids supply energy for cellular processes and for
building structures like cell membranes. Proteins can have control
of metabolic enzymes rates, clotting factors, elastin and collagen
of connective tissues, plasma proteins that regulate and water
balance.
Absorption
Vitamins are Water and Fat- Soluble. They can be absorbed into they
can also be spread through cellular metabolism. An example for
Water- Soluble Vitamins would be Vitamin B and C. While Vitamin A
and C are Fat-SolubleMinerals can be absorbed into organic
materials such as teeth and bonesFoods can be absorbed in the body
as nutrients, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Normal VS Athlete Diet
Athletes require large amounts of carbohydrates because of the fuel
source they provide, these usually cause obesity if eaten in large
quantities, but since athletes have a lot of physical activity they
are able to maintain weight. They also require protein because of
the many functions they provide. A normal diet must have even
amounts of carbohydrates to prevent obesity, plenty of proteins and
even amounts of lipids as well so to not retain only fat.
Diseases and Sicknesses
Achalasia- Failure of the smooth muscle to relax at some junction
in the digestive tube, such as between the esophagus and
stomach.Achlorhydria- Lack of hydrochloric acid in gastric
secretions.Anorexia Nervosa- Self- StarvationAphagia- Inability to
swallowCirrhosis- Condition in which liver cells degenerate and the
surrounding connective tissues thicken.
Answers to Beginning Activity
L- Salivary Glands You have 10 minutes to study for the QuizA-
EsophagusK- LiverB and J- GallbladderD- PancreasH- AnusG- RectumC
and I- StomachF- Large Intestine