Diet and Nutrition Complete diets Cost Allergies Quality ingredients Weight management Special...
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Transcript of Diet and Nutrition Complete diets Cost Allergies Quality ingredients Weight management Special...
Diet and Nutrition
• Complete diets• Cost• Allergies• Quality ingredients• Weight management• Special needs
Nutrients
• Plants are composed primarily of fibrous carbohydrates, and store most of their reserve food as starch
• Animals consist mostly of proteins and lipids, and store most of their reserve food as as fat
Water• Animals have three sources
of water: – Water which they drink– Water ingested as a
component of food and other drinks
– Metabolic water, which is derived from the digestive breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• Metabolic water is the primary source of water for animals during hibernation
Water• Water has many functions:
– Transports nutrients throughout the body
– Used in most biochemical reactions
– Helps regulate body temperature
– Elimination of body wastes– Constituent of the synovial
fluid that lubricates joints
• Animals will die more rapidly from lack of water than from lack of any other dietary substance
Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are the major
energy storage and structural constituent of plants
• They include: – Monosaccharides– Disaccharides– Oligosaccharides– Polysaccharides
• Plant polysaccharides, starch and fiber are the principal carbohydrate constituents in manufactured petfoods
Carbohydrates
• Major source of energy utilized for many body functions
• Essential for the metabolism of other nutrients
Carbohydrates• Monosaccharides – Simple sugars that can be absorbed directly from the
gastrointestinal tract include:• Glucose
– Principal carbohydrate used for energy– End-product of starch
• Fructose– Found in honey, fruits, and some vegetables
• Galactose– Derived from the digestion of lactose
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides– Two monosaccharide
units linked together • Sucrose (table sugar)
– Composed of one molecule of glucose linked with one of fructose
• Lactose (milk sugar) – Composed of a
molecule of glucose linked to a molecule of galactose
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides– Digestion requires the
enzymes sucrase and lactase• Young animals have high
levels of lactase and low levels of sucrase and thus should not be fed formulas containing table sugar during the first few weeks of life
Carbohydrates• Galactooligosaccharides – Short chains of galactose and are found in soybeans– Partially digested portion promotes the growth of
beneficial colonic bacteria
• Polysaccharides– Long complex chains of monosaccharide units linked
• Primary types: – Starch
» composed of soluble “alpha” monosaccharide – Fiber
» composed of insoluble “beta” monosaccharide units
Fats
• Dietary fat – Concentrated source of
energy, essential fatty acids and Fat-soluble vitamins
– Enhances palatability and gives desirable texture
Fats
• Lipids – Oils
• High percentage of short-chain or unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature
– Fats• High percentage of
saturated fatty acids and longer-chained fatty acids are solids at room temperature
Fats
• Fatty acids– Classified by size and
number of double bonds• Saturated
– No double bonds
• Monounsaturated– One double
• Polyunsaturated – More than one double
bond
Fats• Most commercial dry dog foods
for adult maintenance contain 5% to 10% fat
• Poultry is the most common source of fat used in dog and cat foods, although beef and pork lard are also used
• Corn, soybean, and safflower oils are the most commonly used vegetable fats in petfoods
• Fish oils and flaxseed are rich in omega-3 fatty acids
Fats• Dogs are more efficient
than cats in digesting fats • Excess dietary fat may
promote obesity
• Overweight cats are more likely to develop diabetes mellitus, experience lameness, have skin disorders, and have a shorter life expectancy
Protein• Protein constitutes nearly
50% of the dry matter of an animal’s body
• Composed of amino acids attached to each other by peptide bonds
• amino acids are important as structural components of body tissues
Protein
• 10 a.a. cannot be synthesized and are dietary essentials
• (PVT TIM HALL)– Phenylalanine– Valine– Threonine– Methionine– Arginine
– Tryptophan– Histidine– Isoleucine– Leucine– Lysine
Protein
• Taurine (not a true a.a)– Roles in feline reproduction, bile acid conjugation,
retinal function (vision), and normal function of the myocardium
– Cats cannot synthesize taurine and require a continual dietary source
– Present only in animal tissues – Signs of taurine deficiency: • central retinal degeneration (resulting in blindness) • dilated cardiomyopathy (heart failure)
Protein
• Structural and functional roles proteins play in dogs and cats include:– Growth– Tissue and cellular repair– Enzymes– Hormones– Antibodies– Carrier proteins– Sources of energy
Protein
• Symptoms of advanced protein deficiency include: – Decreased food intake– Growth inhibition and/or
weight loss – Lowered levels of blood
proteins – Muscular wasting– Emaciation– Death
Protein
• Physiologic states requiring protein intake above that needed for maintenance– Growth– Pregnancy– Lactation– Geriatric Age
Protein
• Protein is the most expensive major component of companion animal diets. – Raw materials of animal origin not suitable for human
consumption constitutes used in formulating petfoods – Animal meats are by-products
• Meat-packing • Poultry-processing• Fish-canning industries
– Important sources of high-quality protein, energy, and minerals.
Protein
• Plant proteins have been a reliable source of nutrients in petfoods for decades. – Soybean meal is the most common plant protein
used in dog diets. – Most other cereal proteins are low in the amino
acids lysine, methionine, leucine, and tryptophan. • Animal proteins are preferred in companion
animal diets, especially those of cats