Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles...

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Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008
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Transcript of Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles...

Page 1: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel – Electric Vehicles

Mike WarmackHC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell VehiclesNovember 18, 2008

Page 2: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel 101What is diesel?• Petroleum diesel (petrodiesel) is a heavy distillate from crude oil• Chemical composition ranges from C9H20 to C16H34

• Gasoline ranges between C5H12 and C8H18• Used in diesel engines, designed by Rudolf Diesel in 1892• Can alternatively be produced from biomass, coal liquidification

walbrofuelpump.org, Retrieved 11/11/08

Page 3: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel 102How does it compare to gasoline?

• Can be produced from hydrocarbons with transesterification• Not as explosive as gasoline, fewer vapors

eia.doe.gov, afdc.energy.gov, encarta.msn.com Retrieved 11/11/08

Diesel Gasoline

Energy content 129,000 BTU 117,000 BTU

Specific gravity 7.09 lbs. / US gal. 6.01 lbs. / US gal.

Engine compression 20 : 1 8 : 1

Current avg. price $2.94 / US gallon $2.22 / US Gallon

Proportional cost 61 % from crude 67 % from crude

Engine efficiency 40 % 25 % (Otto Cycle)

Page 4: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel 103How does it work?Similar to a gasoline engine’s cycles:• Intake – pulls in air and fuel into the cylinder• Compression – piston reduces the volume• Ignition – a spark plug ignites the gas and volume expands

o No spark plug in diesel, combusts under higher compression• Exhaust – piston reduces the volume with valves open

nwwin.com Retrieved 11/11/08

Page 5: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel 201What are the advantages of using diesel?• Fuel Economy• Higher compression ratio results in more efficient combustion

• Slower depreciation• Diesel power trains tend to last longer

• More torque and power• Good for acceleration and towing• Longer cylinder stroke for compression, larger crankshaft

• Tax benefits• Qualify for similar alternative vehicle tax incentives as hybrids• ~ $1,500 tax credit

• Biofuels are easy to use• Any diesel vehicle can use biodiesel with simple conversion kit

Page 6: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel 202What are the disadvantages of using diesel?• Vehicle availability (private vehicles)• Higher emission standards are difficult to design for

• Fuel availability• Not all service stations carry diesel (private vehicles)• US refineries produce less diesel, smaller supply

• Emissions• Less CO2 emissions from more efficient combustion• Particulate and NOx emissions are greater

• Price• In private vehicles, diesel can cost $1K-5K more• Emissions controls are expensive• Diesel fuel is taxed more in the United States

autos.yahoo.com Retrieved 11/17/08

Page 7: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Common Diesels

motortrend.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Pickup Trucks

driverscdlstaffing.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Commercial Trucking

Mass Transportation

portlandonline.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

• Need to haul large loads• Higher torque for towing• Better fuel economy for power

Page 8: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel-Electric 101What is diesel-electric?• The diesel-electric system is usually serial• Not necessarily hybrid, no energy storage• A diesel engine drives a electric generator• Electric motors are directly connected to propulsion

Why not directly connect the engine to propulsion?• Complex systems necessary to connect to one engine• Extensive gearing required to stay in power band

Why is diesel-electric used?• The diesel is used to generate electricity efficiently• Electric motors don’t need gearing to be efficient

Page 9: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Common Diesel-Electrics

siemens.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Shipping – Azimuth Thrusters

Lostworld.pair.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Rail Locomotives

• Large chassis – Able to house equipment• Large loads – Need lots of power• Multiple drives – Propellers, drive axels• Less aesthetic – For industrial use• Diesel-electric meets all of their needs

Page 10: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel-Electric HybridsAre they different than gasoline-electric hybrids?• Recapture kinetic energy and store for later use• Monitor idling• Will operate in a serial hybrid system• About 25% less fuel consumption

Why current diesel-electrics are ideal for hybrid technology• Able to accommodate additional equipment• Not as concerned about size• Matches efficiency with more efficiency

Other benefits• Smaller engine that is only run at maximum efficiency• Improved acceleration• Quieter, no idling, no startup plume

jcwinnie.biz, Retrieved 11/17/08

Page 11: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel-Electric Hybrid Buses

jcwinnie.biz, Retrieved 11/17/08

• Similar buses used in Seattle, San Francisco, Eugene

Page 12: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Diesel-Electric Hybrid BusesProjected benefits of diesel-electric hybrid buses• 37% less CO2

• Up to 50% less nitrogen oxide• Up to 50% less particulates• About 25% less fuel consumption

Problems• Not a mature market• Design not perfected• Maintenance facilities will need to train on new tech

jcwinnie.biz, Retrieved 11/17/08

Page 13: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

DE Hybrid LocomotivesRailpower Technologies – Green Goat• Rail yard switch locomotive• High idle time, stop and go• 2000 HP• 80% reduction of NOx• In production

railpower.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

GE Ecomagination Locomotive• Long-haul locomotive• Equivalent to removing 1/3 cars• Not in production

ge.ecomagination.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Page 14: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

Personal Diesel Hybrids

Volkswagen Golf TDI Hybrid• Parallel hybrid• 70 mpg• Realistic concept

wired.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Citeron C4• Parallel/Dual mode• 69 mpg• Europe in 2010

autoblog.com, Retrieved 11/17/08

Page 15: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

DE ThoughtsWhy not invest in all-electrics?• Gap between oil economy and next step• Progression in efficiency• Gasoline -> diesel• Diesel -> diesel-electric• Diesel-electric -> DE hybrids• DE hybrids -> full-electric

• Proven technology• Minimal change in infrastructure• Service stations• Delivery• Refining

• Better range than electric vehicles• Diesel easier to use in extreme environments

• Commercial will resist /never change to 100% electric• Not economic• Compromise with DEH

Page 16: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

DE ThoughtsDiesel vs. ethanol• Ethanol has about half efficiency of gasoline, third of diesel• Expensive engine controls to convert to ethanol/flexfuel• Biodiesel can be used with minimal conversion to engines• Ethanol has similar profile to gasoline and is closed cycle• Biodiesel can be a closed cycle process• Diesel emissions controls can limit particulates, NOx

Higher diesel cost related to use• Higher cost will encourage efficiency• In turn, better technology• Also, more efficient means of use (train vs. truck)

• Greater awareness of environmental impacts• Political will

Page 17: Diesel – Electric Vehicles Mike Warmack HC 399 – Hybrid, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles November 18, 2008.

DE Websites• http://www.hybridcars.com/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric• http://ge.ecomagination.com• http://www.tdiclub.com/• http://www.edmunds.com/• http://www.vw.com/• http://www.autobloggreen.com/