Diagnostic Tests.pptx

7/28/2019 Diagnostic Tests.pptx

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Diagnostic Tests


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Overview of noninvasive and invasive

diagnostic testing

Diagnostic tests are either noninvasive orinvasive.

Noninvasive means the body is not entered

with any type of instrument. The skin and other

body tissues, organs, and cavities remain intact.

Invasivemeans accessing the bodys tissue,

organ, or cavity through some type ofinstrumentation procedure.


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Preparing a Client for Diagnostic

Testing

Diagnostic testing is a critical element of

assessment.

The nurse plays a key role in scheduling and

preparing the client for diagnostic testing. The emphasis of pretest is on appropriate test

selection, proper patient preparation,

individualized patient education, and emotional

support (Fischbach & Dunning, 2008, p. 9).


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Preparing a Client for Diagnostic

Testing

Other key nursing measures to ensure client safety

are to establish baseline vital signs, identify known

allergies, and assess the effectiveness of teaching.

The nurse has additional responsibilities:

Preparing the room (e.g., adequate lighting)

Gathering and charging for supplies used during the

procedure Testing the equipment to ensure it is functional and safe

Securing proper containers for specimen collection


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Care of the Client during Diagnostic

Testing

Although the care of the client needs to beindividualized for a specific procedure.

Standard Precautions are initiated when

exposure to body fluids presents a threat to the

safety of the caregiver.

Protective barriers, such as gloves and a gown,

should be used during invasive procedures.

The nurse is responsible for labeling anyspecimen with the clients name, room number

(hospitalized clients), date, time, and source of

the specimen.


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Care of the Client after Diagnostic

Testing

Nursing care post-procedure is directed towardrestoring the clients pre-diagnostic level of

functioning.

The client is monitored closely for signs ofrespiratory distress and bleeding.

Some diagnostic procedures require that the

vital signs be measured every 15 minutes for the

first hour, then gradually decreased in frequencyuntil the client is stable


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LABORATORY TESTS

Common laboratory studies are usually simple

measurements to determine how much or how

many analytes (a substance dissolved in a

solution, also called a solute) are present in a

specimen.


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Purpose of Lab Tests

Laboratory tests are ordered by practioner to:

Detect and quantify the risk of future disease

Establish and exclude diagnoses

Assess the severity of the disease process anddetermine the prognosis

Guide the selection of interventions

Monitor the progress of the disorder

Monitor the effectiveness of the treatment


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SPECIMEN COLLECTION

The scheduling and sequencing of laboratory

tests is an important function of the nurse. All

tests requiring Venipuncture.

Venipuncture, the puncturing of a vein with a

needle to aspirate blood. Venipuncture is aninvasive procedure can be performed by various

members of the health care team.

Laboratories employ a phlebotomist, an

individual who performs venipuncture, to collect

blood specimens.


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Arterial Puncture

Arterial blood samples are drawn from a

peripheral artery (e.g., radial or femoral) or froman arterial line.

The arterial blood sample is collected in a 5-mL

heparinized syringe. The syringe is then rotatedto mix the blood with the heparin to prevent

clotting.

Assessment of arterial blood gases (ABG)

reveals the ability of the lungs to exchangegases by measuring the partial pressures of

oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) and

evaluates the pH of arterial blood.


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Urine Collection

Urine can be collected for various studies. The

type of testing determines the method of

collection.

The different methods of urine collection are:

Random collection (Routine analysis) Timed collection

Collection from a closed urinary drainage system

Clean-voided specimen


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Urine Collection container


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RANDOM COLLECTION

The prescribing practitioner usually writes theorder for a UA (routine urine analysis), which is

also called a random collection. It can be

collected at any time using a clean cup. The

urine does not have to be collected in a sterile

container.

TIMED COLLECTION

Timed collection is done over a 24-hour period.The urine is collected in a plastic gallon

container that contains preservative


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COLLECTION FROM A CLOSED DRAINAGE

SYSTEMA sterile specimen can be collectedfrom a client with an indwelling Foley catheter

with a closed drainage system. A sterile

specimen is used to culture the urine. The urine

specimen should not be obtained from the

drainage bag.

CLEAN-VOIDED SPECIMEN Clean-voided

(clean-catch, or midstream) specimen collectionis done to secure a specimen uncontaminated

by skin flora. A clean-voided specimen should

be obtained on first voiding in the morning.


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Stool Collection

Explain to the client why the stool specimen isbeing collected.

Instruct the client to defecate into a clean

bedpan or container, discarding tissue into the

toilet.

To determine the presence

of occult (hidden) blood. To detect the presence of

ova and parasites.

To detect the presence of

bacteria or viruses.


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Sputum Specimens

Sputum is the mucous secretion from the lungs,

bronchi, and trachea. It is important todifferentiate it from saliva.

Sputum specimens are usually collected for one

or more of the following reasons: For C & S to identify a specific microorganism and its

drug sensitivities.

For cytology to identify the origin, structure, function,

and pathology of cells. For acid-fast bacillus (AFB), which also requires serial

collection, often for 3 consecutive days.

To assess the effectiveness of therapy


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Culture and Sensitivity Tests

Culture refers to the growing of microorganisms

to identify the pathogen.

Culture and sensitivity (C&S) tests are

performed to identify both the nature of the

invading organisms and their susceptibility tocommonly used antibiotics.

Blood Culture

Swab (Throat) Culture

Sputum Culture

Urine Culture

Stool Culture

Wound Culture


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Diagnostic Tests.pptx

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