DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL FOR...

DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL FOR ASSESSING THE

PERFORMANCE OF WEAVING SECTIONS ON INTERCHANGES

MOHAMMAD SHORAKA

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2016

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Dedicated to my beloved family especially my wife, my children and my supportive

supervisor –Associate Prof Dr Othman Bin Che Puan. Thank you very much for

being supportive, helpful and understanding

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful, first and

foremost, I thank God for everything that has made this dissertation possible. This

research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I

would like to express my deep gratefulness to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Othman

Bin Che Puan who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support

and guidance.

I would like to thank Mr Zainuddin Bin Abdullah, Mr Ahmad Sofi and Azdi

Shafie for their help collecting data from Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia in Kuala

Lumpur during the hot summer. They helped me to record camera for data collection

at site 1, 3.

Also I would like to thank Mrs Nur Amani Binti Zakaria and Mrs Indawati

Moho Aslar for their help collecting data from New Pantai Expressway in Kuala

Lumpur. They helped me to record camera for data collection at site 2. My gratitude

also goes to Dr Sayed Ehsan Alavi who assist me to edit and modification of the text.

And finally, my wife Leila, my daughter Melika and my son Mohammad

Hossein provided me with love and understanding. Their constant encouragement

and emotional support kept my vigor and life line alive in research. Finally, none of

my studies would have been possible without the continuous support of my parents.

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ABSTRACT

Weaving section is a common feature of an urban highway. A weaving area

is characterized by frequent lane-changing maneuvers, which will reduce the

capacity of a dual carriageway road. It is formed when a merge area is closely

followed by diverge area, or when an on-ramp is closely followed by an off-ramp

and the two are joined by an auxiliary lane. Current procedures and existing

simulation models are inadequate for a detailed assessment and evaluation of traffic

behaviour on the merging and diverging area. There is a need to develop an

appropriate tool to assess the merging and diverging area accurately because such an

assessment involves a large number of variables. This study aims at developing a

simulation model of traffic operations at weaving sections in Malaysia based on

some variables which affect weaving section performance. The microscopic time

scanning simulation model developed is capable of representing and investigating

traffic operations in merging areas. The model, which is written in the FORTRAN

programming language, was validated and calibrated using data collected at three

locations of weaving area in Kuala Lumpur. The lengths of the weaving areas

considered were site1=450 m, site2=575 m and site3= 350 m, respectively. The

simulation model was used to evaluate the capacity of Type A weave area with a

range of traffic flow conditions. The regression model described in this thesis is

based on the mainline volume, freeway to ramp volume and ramp to freeway

volume. The comparison between on-ramp field data and relevant simulation results

showed less than 8% disparity. The simulation results showed that for a weaving

length less than 200 m the interactions between vehicles increase significantly and

the capacity decrease considerably..

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ABSTRAK

Bahagian jalinan ialah satu ciri biasa bagi kebanyakan lebuh raya bandar. Kawasan

jalinan dicirikan dengan gerakan penukaran lorong yang kerap yang akan mengurangkan

kapasiti jalan raya berkembar. Ia terbentuk apabila satu kawasan cantuman diikuti rapat

dengan kawasan mencapah atau tanjakan masuk diikati dengan tanjakan yang disambung

dengan lorong tambahan. Prosedur semasa dan model simulasi yang sedia ada tidak

mencukupi untuk penilaian dan pentaksiran terperinci tingkah laku lalu lintas di kawasan

percantuman dan mencapah. Oleh kerana terlalu banyak pembolehubah yang memberi kesan

kepada pentaksiran kawasan-kawasan ini, adalah penting untuk membangunkan satu alat

sesuai yang mampu mentaksirkan kawasan berkaitan dengan lebih tepat. Kajian ini bertujuan

membangunkan satu model simulasi operasi lalu lintas di bahagian jalinan di Malaysia

berdasarkan beberapa pembolehubah yang memberi kesan terhadap prestasi bahagian

jalinan. Satu model simulasi imbasan masa mikroskopik telah dibangunkan bagi menyiasat

operasi lalu lintas di kawasan percantuman. Model kajian ini yang mana ditulis dalam

bahasa pengaturcaraan FORTRAN telah disahkan dan ditentukur menggunakan data yang

dikumpulkan di tiga lokasi kawasan jalinan di Kuala Lampur. Panjang-panjang kawasan

jalinan yang dipertimbangkan adalah tapak1 = 450, tapak2 = 575 dan tapak3 = 350 m. Model

simulasi digunakan untuk menilai keupayaan kawasan lapangan jenis A dengan pelbagai

keadaan aliran lalu lintas. Model regrasi dalam kajian ini adalah berdasarkan kepada isipadu

lalu lintas laluan utama, isipadu lalu lintas laluan bebas ke tanjakan dan isipadu lalu lintas

tanjakan ke laluan bebas. Perbandingan di antara data lapangan tanjakan dan keputusan

relevan simulasi menunjukkan kurang 8% perbezaan. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan panjang

bahagian jalinan yang kurang daripada 200 m meningkatkan interaksi antara kenderaan dan

mengurangkan kapasiti dengan ketara.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Problem Formulation 7

3.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study 8

1.4 Scope of Study 8

1.5 Methodology 9

1.6 Thesis Layout 9

2 A REVIEW OF PREVIOUS SIMULATION MODELS 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Definition of Capacity 11

2.2.1 Capacity Assessment Methods 12

2.2.2 Fundamental Elements of Capacity

Assessment 12

2.2.3 General Concept of Level of Service 15

2.2.4 Factors Affecting Capacity of Weaving

Section 18

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2.3 Previous Studies on Weaving Sections 20

2.3.1 The HCM Procedures 20

2.3.2 Other Researcher 33

2.4 Existing Simulation Models 49

2.5 Simulation Modeling Techniques 53

2.5.1 Types of Simulation Models 54

2.5.2 Scanning Procedure 55

2.5.3 Car Following Simulation Models 56

2.6 Summary 60

3 AUDITING OSCA3 MODEL 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Methodology 61

3.2.1 Phase 1: Auditing OSCA3 to Find Source

of Deficiencies 64

3.2.2 Phase 2: Re-Programming OSCA3 Model

for Extended use 65

3.2.3 Phase 3: SMOWS Evolution 67

3.3 General Concept 68

3.3.1 Program Language 68

3.3.2 Scanning Time Procedure 69

3.3.3 Model Input 69

3.3.4 Model Output 69

3.3.5 Organization of the Simulated Road

System 70

3.4 Road and Traffic Characteristics 70

3.5 Vehicle Generation Process 72

3.6 Empirical relationships between following distance

headway and speed 73

3.7 Deficiencies of OSCA3 for Matching to Weaving

Section 77

3.8 Summary 78

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4 DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL OF

WEAVING SECTION 79

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Modeling Stages 79

4.3 Overview of the Enhanced Model 79

4.3.1 General Concept 79

4.3.2 Program Language 80

4.3.3 Scanning Time Procedure 81

4.3.4 Model Input 81

4.3.5 Model Output 89

4.3.6 Organization of the Simulated Road

System 91

4.4 Road and Traffic Characteristics 93

4.4.1 Mainline 94

4.4.2 Number of Weaving Sections 95

4.4.3 Traffic Characteristics 96

4.4.4 Vehicle Characteristics 98

4.5 Vehicle Generation Process 98

4.5.1 Generating Vehicle and Driver Attributes 99

4.5.2 Delayed Entry 102

4.6 Vehicle Advancing Mechanisms 103

4.7 Processing the Speeds of Vehicles within the

Simulation Road 104

4.7.1 Speed on Horizontal Curves 104

4.7.2 Speed on Level, Upgrade and Downgrade

Sections 105

4.7.3 Speed of Cars 106

4.7.4 Speed of HGVs 106

4.7.5 Speed Based on Leader-Follower

Interaction 108

4.8 Traffic Operation at Weaving Sections 113

4.9 Processing the Vehicles Exiting the Simulated

Section 114

4.9.1 Vehicles Exiting at Specified Off-ramp 114

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4.9.2 Vehicles Exiting at the End of the Main

Road 115

4.10 Origin-Destination Modeling 116

4.11 Simulation Parameters Affecting Capacity 117

4.11.1 Car-Following Models and Parameters 118

4.11.2 Lane-Changing Logic and Gap

Acceptance Process 118

4.11.3 Road and Traffic Characteristics 120

4.11.4 Desired Speed 125

4.11.5 Vehicle Characteristics 125

4.11.6 Car Following Behaviour 130

4.11.7 Proposed Improvement to the Car

Following Model 131

4.11.8 Lane Changing Behaviour 132

4.11.9 Vehicles Returning to the Near Side Lane 136

4.11.10 Vehicles Extending the Lane Changing

Manoeuvre 136

4.11.11 Post-lane Changing 137

4.11.12 Proposed Improvement to the Lane

Changing Model 137

4.12 Summary 139

5 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 141

5.1 Introduction 141

5.2 Site Identification and Selection 141

5.3 Site Description 147

5.4 Data Requirement 147

5.5 Transcribing the Volumes into a Spreadsheet 148

5.6 Travel Time Samples Collection 148

5.7 Data Analysis and Presentation 149

5.8 Summary 149

6 MODEL CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 151


6.2 Model Verification 151

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6.3 Model Calibration 152

6.3.1 Selection of Calibration Parameters 153

6.3.2 Simulation Running Time and Simulation

Resolution 155

6.3.3 Tolerance and Number of Runs 155

6.4 Calibration Process 156

6.4.1 Model 1: Look back distance 200 m and

50 m acceleration lane length 156





6.5 Model Selection 165

6.6 Model Validation 168

6.7 Summary 171

7 MODEL APPLICATION 172


7.2 Performance Measurements 173

7.2.1 Space Mean Speed 173

7.2.2 Density 174

7.2.3 Vehicle Flow 175

7.2.4 Capacity 176

7.2.5 Regression Analysis for Four Lanes at

Weaving Section 201

7.2.6 Regression Analysis for Five Lanes at

Weaving Section 203

7.2.7 Model Limitation 204

7.3 Summary 205

8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR

FURTHER RESEARCH 206


8.2 Conclusion 207

8.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis 208

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8.2.2 Model Development 209

8.2.3 Model Calibration and Validation 210

8.2.4 Model Application 211

8.3 Recommendations for Further Research 211

8.4 Summary 213

REFERENCES 214

Appendices A-E 218-264

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Configuration Type Based on the HCM 2000 Classification 6

2.1 Summary of level of service characteristics of U.S. weaving

segment (TRB, 1999) 17

2.2 Estimated pcu Values for Weaving Sections 43

2.3 Characteristics of the existing simulation models of weaving

section 52

4.1 Framework of States Employed in the Model 80

4.2 An example of an O-D data table 97

5.1 Summary of the characteristics of the selected weaving

segments 145

5.2 Travel Time (Thursday June 28, 2012, Time: 8:00 a.m.-10.00

a.m.) 148

5.3 Result of Approximately 2 hour Traffic Counts at the Studied

Weaving Section 149

6.1 Example of Row Criterion Score Calculation for the Entrance

Ramp Volume between 8:00 to 8:15 a.m. 166

6.2 Raw Criterion Scores 167

7.1 The Sample for Range of Input Traffic Flow Rate for

Simulation 177

7.2 Regression Statistics 203

7.3 Coefficients Model 203

7.4 Traffic Input for Simulation Scenarios 204

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Type A Weaving Sections (HCM 2000) 3

1.2 Type B Weaving Sections (HCM 2000) 4

1.3 Type C Weaving Sections (HCM 2000) 5

2.1 Speed/Flow/Density fundamental relationship 14

2.2 Relationship between level of service, speed, and

volume/capacity ratio (TRB, 1999) 16

2.3 Weaving Analysis (TRB, 1950) 22

2.4 Weaving Analysis (TRB, 1965) 25

2.5 Length of weaving section HCM 2010 31

2.6 Configuration of a weaving section (TRB, 2010) 33

2.7 Nomograph for One-sided Configurations (Leisch,1984) 35

2.8 Nomograph for Two-sided Configurations (Leisch,1984) 36

2.9 Shape of Capacity to Weaving Flow Rate Relationship 42

2.10 Type A Configurations 42

2.11 Type B Weaving Area with traffic flow rates at Capacity 43

3.1 Project Flow Diagram 63

3.2 Main components of proposed model 66

3.3 Arrangement of the simulation road section 70

3.4 Arrangement of the junctions, entry/exit points and O-D lines 71

3.5 Drivers’ car following distance from previous studies (Othman,

1999) 77

4.1 Location of each section 90

4.2 Location of each data collection point 91

4.3 Arrangement of the simulated road section in the model 91

Shoraka_Thesis_Formatted_last.doc#_Toc423044554

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4.4 An example of a road system showing the arrangement of the

weaving section, entry/exit points and O-D lines 94

4.5 Weaving Diagram 116

4.6 Weaving Diagram with No weaving Demands 116

4.7 Weaving Diagram of a Merging Situation 117

5.1 Layout of Site 1 at Country Height 142

5.2 Photo Showing Layout of Site 1 at Country Height 142

5.3 View of Site 1 at Country Height from Google earth 143

5.4 Layout of Site 2 at Bangsar 143

5.5 Photo Showing Layout of Site 2 at Bangsar 144

5.6 View of Site 2 at Bangsar from Google earth 144

5.7 Layout of Site 3 at Lingkaran Tengah 145

5.8 Photo Showing Layout of Site 3 at Lingkaran Tengah 145

5.9 Location of Three Sites in Kuala Lumpur 146

6.1 Volume Comparison for time period 8:00 to 8:15 a.m. 157




6.5 Speed Comparison for time period 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. 159











6.16 Volume Comparison for time period 4:00 to 4:15 p.m. 168




6.20 Speed Comparison for time period 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. 170

xvi

7.1 Lane Density 174

7.2 Weaving Density 175

7.3 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Entrance Ramp Flow for Scenario1 179

7.4 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Lane Flow for Scenario1 179

7.5 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Total Volume for Scenario1 180


7.7 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Lane Flow for Scenario 2 182

7.8 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Capacity for Scenario 2 182


7.10 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Lane Flow for Scenario 3 184

7.11 Entrance Ramp Demand vs Capacity for Scenario 3 184

7.12 Mean Speed at Weaving Section for 20% Freeway to off-ramp

volume 187


volume 187


volume 188

7.15 Density at weaving Section for 20% Freeway to off-ramp

volume 188


volume 189


volume 189

7.18 Percentage of Occupancy at Weaving Section for 20% Freeway

to off-ramp volume 190





7.21 Flow at Weaving Section for 20% Freeway to off-ramp volume 191



7.24 Queue Length before Merging Area for 20% Freeway to off-

ramp volume 193

xvii


ramp volume 193


ramp volume 194

7.27 Comparison of Mean Speed at Merging Area for 20% Freeway






7.30 Mean Speed at weaving section for 7000 Mainline and 20%

Freeway to off-ramp volume 197





7.33 Queue Length before merging area for 7000 Mainline and 20%






7.36 Flow before merging area for 7000 Mainline and 20% Freeway






xviii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AADT - Annual Average Daily Traffic

AASHO - American Association of State Highway Officials

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Trans. Officials

AAWT - Annual Average Weekday Traffic

ATMS - Advanced Traffic Management Systems

FFS - Free Flow Speed

F-F - Freeway to Freeway

FHWA - Federal Highway Administration

F-R - Freeway to Ramp

HCM - Highway Capacity Manual

HGV - Heavy Goods Vehicles

HOV - High Occupancy Vehicle

INTRAS - INtegrated TRAnsportation Simulation

ITS - Intelligent Transportation System

Kph - Kilometre per hour

L - Length of the weaving section, meter

LC - Lane Change

LOS - Level Of Service

LOSNW - Level Of Service of non-weaving traffic

LOSW - Level Of Service of weaving traffic

ML - Mainline

NCHRP - National Cooperative Highway Research Program

NL - No. of lanes in WS multiplied by the length of WS

OD - Origin-Destination

OSCA - Overtaking on Single Carriageway Assessment

Pcph - Passenger Car Per Hour

Pcphpl - Passenger Cars per Hour per Lane

xix

PHF - Peak Hour Factor

PREFO - Priority Entry at Freeway on-ramp

RE - Rear-end

R-F - Ramp to Freeway

R-R - Ramp to Ramp

SITS - Simulation of Intelligent Transportation System

SMOWS - Simulation Model Of Weaving Section

SNW - Average space mean speed of non-weaving traffic through WS L

STS - Simulation Time Step, seconds

SW - Average space mean speed of weaving traffic through WS L

TRB - Transportation Research Board

TSM - Transportation System Management

Vj - Space Mean Speed

Vpd - Vehicle per day

Vph - Vehicle per hour

ƲR - Volume Ratio, Ʋw/Ʋ

Ʋw - Weaving volume

WS - Weaving Section

CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Traffic congestion is an important issue in urban areas especially in freeway

or motorway system. It is very costly to build new freeways in order to reduce

congestion due to the high capital and social cost. Thus, the effective management

and operation of existing freeway facilities has become a preferred approach to

reduce traffic congestion. For example it is utilized for vehicle’s entry and exit from

merging and diverging areas. Therefore managing the turbulence in these areas is a

considerable task.

Merging occurs when two separate traffic streams join to form a single

stream. Merging can occur at an on-ramp to a freeway or multilane highway, or

when two significant facilities join to form one. Merging vehicles often make lane

changes to align themselves in lanes appropriate to their desired movement. Non-

merging vehicles also make lane changes to avoid the turbulence caused by merging

manoeuvres in the segment.

Diverging occurs when one traffic stream separates to form two separate

traffic streams. This occurs at off-ramp from freeway and multilane highway, but can

also occur when a major facility split to form two separate facilities. Again,

diverging vehicles must properly align themselves in appropriate lanes, thus

including lane-changing; non-diverging vehicles also make lane changes to avoid the

turbulence created by diverge manoeuvres.

2

The traffic movement in a weaving section is different from separate merging

or diverging movements. Weaving occurs when a merge is “closely followed” by

diverge. The exact meaning of “closely followed” is not well defined. The HCM

2000 indicates that the maximum length over which weaving movement is 762 m

(2500 ft). Thus, wherever merge and diverge points are separated by more than 762

m (2500 ft), they are treated as isolated merge and diverge movements. Even where

the distance between a merge and diverge is less than 762 m (2500 ft), the

classification of the movement depends upon the details of the configuration. For

example, a one-lane, right-hand, on-ramp followed by a one-lane, right-hand, off-

ramp is considered a weaving section only if the two are connected by a continuous

auxiliary lane. If the on-ramp and off-ramp have separate, discontinuous acceleration

and deceleration lanes. They are treated as isolated merge and diverge areas,

respectively, independent of the distance between them (Roger et al, 2004).

Weaving areas, categorized by their lane configuration, consist of three kinds:

Type A, Type B, and Type C. The HCM 2000 (TRB, 2000) defines a Type A

weaving are by two conditions: non-weaving vehicles do not change lanes, and all

weaving vehicles must make at least one lane change. Thus, there is a continuous

lane line from the point of the merge gore to the point of the exit gore, across which

only weaving vehicle must cross. There are two sub-categories of the Type A

weaves: Type A Major and Type A Minor, shown in Figure 1.1. Type A Major

weaves are used for freeway-to-freeway applications where there are two or more

lanes on all entering and exiting roadways. On the other hand, Type A Minor weaves

represent ramp weaves, where the entering and exiting roadways contain only single

lane, as with a freeway entrance ramp and an exit ramp connected by an auxiliary

lane. If there is no auxiliary lane, it is a ramp merge followed by a diverge and not a

weaving area.

3

a. Ramp weave

b. Major Weave

Figure ‎1.1 Type A Weaving Sections (HCM 2000)

Types B and C weaves are characterized by having one of the lanes entering

from the right roadway leave to the left, or by having one of the lanes entering from

the left roadway exit to the right. Thus, not all traffic that weaves must change lanes.

Type B weaves include at least three entry and exit legs with multiple lanes, and their

lane changing should satisfy two following conditions: One weaving movement can

be made without making any lane changes and the other weaving movement requires

at least one lane change. The larger weaving movement is assumed to be the one that

does not change lanes. Three basic Type B weaves are shown in Figure 1.2. It should

be noted that internal merges are shown in Figure 1.2 b and c. These are not

considered good design but are included in the HCM to allow analysis of existing

freeway geometries.

4

a. Major Weave with Lane

Balance at Exit Ramp

b. Major Weave with

Merge at Entry Gore

c. Major Weave with Merge at Entry

Gore and Lane Balance at Exit Gore

Figure ‎1.2 Type B Weaving Sections (HCM 2000)

In Type C weaves, the traffic weaving one way does not necessarily have to

change lanes while the traffic weaving the other way has to change at least two lanes

(see Figure 1.3a). A final special case of Type C weaves is the two-sided weave,

formed when a right-hand on-ramp is followed by a left-hand off-ramp, or vice versa

(see Figure 1.3b). Again, the larger weaving movement is assumed to be the one not

5

changing lanes. In this case, the through freeway flow operates functionally as a

weaving flow. Ramp-to-ramp vehicles must cross all freeway lanes to finish their

desired manoeuvre.

a. Major Ramp without Lane

Balance or Merging; Weave

b. Two-Sided Weave

Figure ‎1.3 Type C Weaving Sections (HCM 2000)

Typically, a weaving section always has four flows: freeway to freeway (F-

F), freeway to ramp (F-R), ramp to freeway (R-F), and ramp to ramp (R-R).

The HCM 2000 weaving methodology provides the classification type of

weaving areas based on number of lane changes required by each weaving traffic

stream as shown in Table 1.1.

6

Table ‎1.1: Configuration Type Based on the HCM 2000 Classification

>=2

1

0

Type C

Type B

Type B Type B Type C

Type A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Required by Movement Ʋw1 0 1 >=2

Number of Lane-Changes Required by Movement Ʋw2Number of Lane-Changes

=

Ʋo1 or Ʋo2

Ʋo1 or Ʋo2

Ʋw1 or Ʋw2

Ʋw1 or Ʋw2

Weaving area have long been studied by many researchers, however, only a

few studies have directly addressed the estimation of weaving capacity. The

procedures of the HCM (HCM 1950 and HCM 1965) for weaving area analysis were

developed from data collected by a variety of agencies to estimate speeds at weaving

areas. During the 1970s and 1980s, researchers developed models for weaving area

analysis, which estimated speeds in the weaving section (HCM, 2000). These models

provided Level Of Service (LOS) with speeds as the measure of effectiveness

(MOE), but did not provide estimates for the capacity of weaving areas. In the 1985

edition of the HCM, improvements from the previous edition were in the estimation

method for speeds of vehicles in the weaving areas and the classification of weaving

area configurations. In the HCM 1985 edition, the methodology used to analyze the

operational performance of weaving areas was still on the research conducted during

the 1970s and 1980s. The only change from the previous edition was that the speeds

of weaving and non-weaving vehicles were used to estimate density within the

weaving area. The HCM 1985 still did not provide procedures for estimating the

capacity of weaving segments. The most recent edition of the HCM (2000) for the

first time provides capacity estimates for weaving areas. Capacity estimates are

based on the assumption that the boundary between congested and uncongested

regimes of traffic flow is 27 pc/km/ln for freeway and 25 pc/km/ln for multilane

7

highways. There is no specific reason presented why these values are appropriate for

capacity estimations. No research and data collection has been performed however to

validate these capacity estimates. Speed estimation remains as the backbone of the

HCM 2000 methodology to compute density and to identify capacity and LOS. As

suggested by Cassidy et al (1991) and Wang et al (1993) speed appeared to be

insensitive to the change of flow up to an average flow of 1600 passenger car per

hour per lane (pcphpl), therefore it is difficult to establish Level Of Service (LOS)

boundaries based on speed estimations.

The current procedures and existing simulation models are inadequate for a

detailed assessment and evaluation of the capacity and effects of critical aspects of

weaving section and traffic characteristics on traffic operations at weaving sections.

There is a need to develop a comprehensive traffic simulation model to carry out this

task.

1.2 Problem Formulation

Although the existing state-of-the-art analysis and design of weaving sections

provide some basic information regarding the relation between geometric features of

weaving and some traffic characteristics, some basic questions about the mechanism

of weaving are yet to be explored.

For example, one might be interested in: the level of traffic at which weaving

movement between lanes become hazardous, the effect of various lengths of weaving

sections on traffic flow, or the impact of upstream condition on operational condition

within weaving sections. Also today there are shortcoming in application of real

analysis and evaluation of traffic problems. This problems address capacity in

weaving section, high level of traffic turbulence in vicinity of ramps and in general

reduction of weaving speed. Finally, there is limitation of design guidelines in

weaving area.

8

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

This study aims at developing a simulation model of traffic operations at

weaving sections in Malaysia based on some variables which affect the assessment

of weaving section performance. These variables include: length of weaving section,

volume ratio, number of lanes, and weaving ratio. The model should be capable of

representing and investigating traffic operations at merging area.

The following objectives are defined in order to achieve the aim of the study:

(i) To assess and evaluate the current practices of weaving section capacity

assessment methods and their applications to the Malaysian interchange

design and analysis standards.

(ii) To evaluate the effects of variables which are incorporated in weaving section

performance

(iii)To develop an appropriate tool which is used to evaluate the performance and

design of weaving section

(iv) To establish an equation in order to predict the capacity

1.4 Scope of Study

The research will first focus on development of a simulation program on

microscopic vehicular traffic flow based on the analysis capacity of weaving section

in urban area.

The FORTRAN compiler is used for coding purpose and Excel help to post

process the output of the program. In the second step, collection of the field data

performed in specific sites and finally a comparison will be made between field data

and simulation program results for verification of the developed program.

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1.5 Methodology

The simulation model developed in this study is based on the existing

simulation model namely overtaking on single carriageway assessment (OSCA3)

which was developed by Othman (1999) for British traffic conditions. OSCA3 is a

microscopic stochastic simulation model which is capable of simulating traffic

operation on the roadways and priority junctions. The specific features OSCA3 are

discussed in Chapter 3.

OSCA3 is adopted in the development of the simulation model for this study

because it considers almost all important aspects of road geometry configuration and

drivers’ behaviour that will influence the accuracy of the simulation results.

According to the geometrical variations and the movement of vehicles, in the

logic of the program some modifications such as lane changing and car following are

considered. Moreover, based on the similarities between the Great Britain’s vehicles

physical conditions with that of Malaysia, the same 7 vehicles types including 3 type

car and 4 type truck (HGV) is used. This is explained in Chapter 3.

1.6 Thesis Layout

Chapter Two includes discussions on previous works related to weaving

section performance, several existing simulation model for weaving section analysis

and basic criteria’s of simulation. The deliverable of this chapter provides a basis of

the model to be developed in this study.

In Chapter Three the existing OSCA3 model is reviewed in detail to

establish the extent of work that is required for the redevelopment of the new model.

Chapter Four describe the various aspects of road and traffic characteristics

considered for the development of the enhanced simulation model and base on this

10

aspects the new simulation model of weaving section (SMOWS) is developed and

incorporated in the improved OSCA3 model to form an enhanced simulation model

of traffic operations on dual carriageway roads in Malaysia. In this chapter also, the

existing time scanning validated OSCA3 model is improved and re-programmed in

the FORTRAN 95 programming language. The algorithms for simulating most

aspects of traffic operations are explained in depth.

Via the data and information gathered which are presented in Chapter Five

the development of the enhanced simulation model is feasible, in this regard data

collection at three configuration type on freeway is described provides the details of

the process for model development.

Chapter Six describes the procedure used for calibrating and validating the

model developed in this study. The enhanced model is verified for traffic operations

on weaving area. Vehicle trajectories, traffic delays and speed are assessed. The

agreement between the enhanced model and the original OSCA3 model is

established.

Chapter Seven describes the application of the developed enhanced

simulation model to the speed/flow analysis and predictions of the capacity of dual

carriageway roads. The results based on simulation, the standard HCM (TRB, 2000)

method is compared. The potential effects of HGVs, speed of vehicles, on-ramp,

acceleration, deceleration lane on capacity are assessed and evaluated.

Chapter Eight summarizes the thesis and the finding of the study. Several

important areas of the research are recommended for future work.

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