DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIA

Raden Ajeng Koesoemo Roekmi

School of Engineering

Deakin University

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URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

lack of adequate water resources,

low coverage and quality of piped water services,

increasing industrial water demand,

growing urban population, and

environment degradations

(Ujang & Buckley, 2002)

Developing centralized urban water systems

Biggest barrier:

Budget constrain(Grey & Sadoff, 2007)

Population growth (ADB, 2006)

Conventional Approach

• Costly, complex, resource-intensive (Marlow et al, 2013)

• Neglect the function of natural made resources (Brown & Farrelly, 2009; Novotny, 2008)

• Unable to deal with extreme cases (Novotny, 2008; Van der Brugge et al,2005)

• Aging infrastructures (Mitchell, 2006)

Current centralized system no longer appropriate

Challenges

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SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT (SUWM)

Decentralized, hybrid

Adaptive, participatory and integrated

Value local resources

Optimizing urban water cycle(Brown & Farrelly, 2009; Maheepala & Blackmore, 2008; Novotny, 2008; Wong & Brown, 2009)

Sustainable Urban Water Management

DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR KABUPATEN BEKASI, INDONESIA

Water security (UN Water, 2013)

Safe drinking water (WHO, 2005)

Water as Basic Human Right (UN, 2014) require:

Equal access

Affordability

Sustainable Development Principles

For basic needs

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OVERVIEW OF KABUPATEN BEKASI

Total Area: 127,388 ha

Total: 23 districts

Urban: 12 districts

Population 2013: 3,002,112 people

Urban Population: 2,360,660 people

Population Growth: 4.78

Population density:

Average: 23.57 person per ha

Highest: 108.97 person per ha

Industrial Estates: 9 areas

Industrial Companies: more than 2,669 companies

Seasons: dry season and rainy season

Annual rainfall: 918 – 1,740 mm (BPS & Bappeda, 2014)

INDONESIA

79 % population

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IMPACT: High dependency on other sources:

SUWM PROPOSAL

Water carriers

Groundwater

Limited public and private piped water

services

(30 % in urban areas)

Improve piped water services

Bottled/refilled water

UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENTWATER SUPPLY

Introduce rainwater harvesting (RWH) &

water recycling

Maintain safe drinking water

quality

Improve other WSP services

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Other water service providers (WSPs)

Water Carrier in SukamahiPhotographer: Diding Darmadi

Refilled Bottled Water Kiosk Source: bekasibusiness.com, 2013

Community based water supplySource: Citarum.org, 2015

33 % (2013) & 35 % (2014) samples were contaminated by coliform

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UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT

ISSUES

Limited piped water services

Over groundwater withdrawal

Septic tank leakage

Groundwater degradation

• Increased damaged zone

• Contaminated by Coliform

Land Subsidence

• 10.6 cm per year (Chaussard et al, 2013)

Short distance between septic tank and water

source

SUWM PROPOSAL

Improvement in Sanitation facilities

Improvement in piped water services

Communal Effluent Collection System

Improvement in monitoring on groundwater withdrawal

Policy for new housing development to provide

sustainable water source and communal waste water

treatment

GROUNDWATER

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LEGEND

Non aquifer

Recharge zone

Save zone

Disturbed zone

Critical zone

Damaged zone

2006 2012

Groundwater Zone in Bekasi Karawang Aquifer, Source: ESDM Jabar

Groundwater zone

Contaminated/damaged zone : • TDS > 100,000 mg/l

or electrical conductivity > 5,000 µS/cm

• Decrease groundwater table > 80 %

• Decrease phreatic > 80 %

• Decrease piezometric> 80 %

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Low cost housing complex in Sukadami receive supportto build a communal effluent collection system fromUSAID- not yet workingSource: USAID IUWASH Quarterly Progress Report 4

60 m2 residential plot site plan

Common 60 m2 Plot Site Plan Source: caramendesainrumah.com

Bedroom

Bedroom

Living room

Dining room

Kitchen

Water Source

Septic Tank

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ISSUES SUWM PROPOSAL

Domestic makeshift latrines

Domestic Solid Waste dumping

Lack of centralized waste water treatment

Most rivers are polluted

Improvement in Sanitation facilities

Improvement in Solid Waste Management

Communal Waste Water Treatment

Industrial Sludge dumping

Improvement in Monitoring of illegal

dumping

UNSUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENTSURFACE WATER

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Domestic waste dumping near on riverbankSource: Google Map, 2015

Makeshift Latrine, KedungwaringinPhotographer: Ahmad Ahyad

Waste dumping

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RESEARCH QUESTION

How can SUWM be implemented in Kabupaten Bekasi?

PolicyUser preference

on infrastructure

Water supplyWaste water

management

DomesticIndustry

Agriculture

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