DETERMINING THE ACCEPTANCE, FORGIVENESS...
Transcript of DETERMINING THE ACCEPTANCE, FORGIVENESS...
DETERMINING THE ACCEPTANCE, FORGIVENESS,
GRATITUDE AND SPIRITUALITY AS PREDICTORS OF
RESILIENCE AMONG STAFF IN REHABILITATION CENTERS
Sallina binti Mansor
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN COUNSELING
UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
January 2018
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Sallina binti Mansor
2017/2018 4100054
Determining the Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude and Spirituality
as Predictors of Resilience among Staff in Rehabilitation Centers
670226-10-5028 Prof. Dr. Haslee Sharil Lim bin Abdullah
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AUTHOR DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged.
Date: 30 January 2018 Signature :
Name : Sallina binti Mansor
Matric No. : 4100054
Address : No. 81, Jalan P8E/1, Presint 8,
62250 Putrajaya, W.P.Putrajaya
Malaysia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, praise be to Allah SWT for giving me the opportunity to pursue
my dream and accomplish my highest level of academic qualification, a doctorate.
Praise be to Allah SWT for his blessings, without which, this effort would not have
been possible. Praise be to Allah for the strength and help given to me to complete this
journey. Peace and the blessings of Allah SWT be upon Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.
My highest appreciation goes to my beloved family especially my dear husband,
Noradnan Nordin, my sons and daughters, Muhammad Nor Aiman, Muhammad Nor
‘Irfan, Nur Aaliya Qamariah, Nur Liyana Aasyiqin and Nur Fateen Raudhah, for
everything that only “we” understand. A special gratitude goes to my respected
mother and father who never stop praying for my success, Puan Hajjah Saodah Haji
Abdul Jalil and Encik Haji Mansor Mohd Ali; father in law, Encik Haji Nordin
Yahaya and all the family members. Thank you for all your prayers, encouragement,
assistance, insights, advice and strength given during my long journey of study. All
your sacrifices and moral support provided during my most difficult times is much
appreciated. May this starter be the path for our generation to go higher, insyaAllah.
I would also like to convey my utmost thanks to my supportive, understanding and
kind supervisor, Prof. Dr. Haslee Sharil Lim bin Abdullah for his guidance in
preparing my research, from the very beginning to completion. Prof Sharil has always
been awakening me and being there and constantly around to provide his golden
support that I need in accomplishing this academic pursuit. Prof, may Allah rewards
you to be in Jannah. I would also like to offer the gratitude to my former supervisor,
the Honorable Dato’ Dr. Abdul Halim bin Mohd Hussin who has guide, encouraging
and motivating me before and after him joining the government sector. I also thanks
Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Rushdan Mohd Jailani, Dr. Saedah Abdul Ghani, Dr.
Mohd Isa Amat, Dr. Muhammad Khairi Mahyuddin and many other individuals for
their support and motivation. These deeds, I will never forget.
Last but not least, to all the Directors and staffs of the Drug Treatment and
Rehabilitation Centres, inside and outside of the institution, thank you for your
kindness and cooperation in assisting me in this research. Thak you my dear friend,
Dr. Asmah Ismail, for her endless courage and encourgament. To my dear Dr. Nadian,
thank you so much; may Allah give you the best in life. Dr. Rafidi, Dr. Azri, Ruzilah
and the many individuals whose names I may not be able to mention here, thank you.
Indeed, this thesis could not have materialized without the generated support of the
various parties whom I shall always remember. May we receive the best reward from
Allah S.W.T for all our contributions; ease all our affairs and grant each and every one
of us the best in this life and the life hereafter.
“PERANGI DADAH HABIS-HABISAN”
“LENGKAPKAN IBADAH TINGKATKAN IMAN”
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ABSTRAK
Daya tahan dalam kalangan kakitangan di pusat-pusat rawatan dan pemulihan dadah
kerajaan (DTRC) di Malaysia adalah penting untuk memastikan kakitangan dapat
menjalankan tugas dan tanggungjawab mereka dengan lebih profesional, kompeten
dan berkesan. Kajian ini mengkaji daya tahan kakitangan dan peranan penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian dalam usaha meningkatkan daya tahan
kakitangan di pusat-pusat ini. Di dalam kajian ini, tahap penerimaan, keampunan,
kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan ditentukan. Perbandingan penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan ini adalah berdasarkan ciri-ciri
demografik (jantina, tempoh perkhidmatan, kategori DTRC dan skala gred kerja) juga
dilakukan. Peranan pengantaraan kerohanian ke atas hubungan antara penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian dengan daya tahan juga ditentukan. Kajian
deskrriptif dan kuantitatif ini melibatkan 380 responden dalam kalangan kakitangan
DTRC di seluruh Malaysia. Instrumen kajian utama ialah soal selidik yang terdiri
daripada beberapa skala iaitu, Skala Daya Tahan Connor-Davidson, Soal Selidik
Penerimaan dan Tindakan, Skala Keampunan Heartland, Soal Selidik kesyukuran dan
Skala Pengalaman Kerohanian Harian. IBM SPSS 23.0 dan Amos 23.0 telah
digunakan untuk menjalankan statistik deskriptif dan inferensi. Dapatan menunjukkan
bahawa persepsi tentang penerimaan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian adalah tinggi tetapi
sederhana untuk keampunan, dan sederhana tinggi untuk daya tahan. Penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan tidak berbeza secara signifikan
antara responden lelaki dan perempuan. Berdasarkan tempoh perkhidmatan dan
kategori DTRC, tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan. Perbandingan berdasarkan skala
gred kerja menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat perbezaan signifikan dalam
kesyukuran dan kerohanian tetapi berbeza secara signifikan dalam penerimaan dan
keampunan di mana pegawai mempunyai perbezaan purata yang lebih tinggi dan
signifikan berbanding penolong pegawai. Penerimaan, keampunan, kesyukuran dan
kerohanian adalah peramal signifikan kepada daya tahan di mana keampunan
memberikan kesan terbesar diikuti dengan kerohanian dan penerimaan, dan terakhir
sekali, kesyukuran. Penerimaan, keampunan dan kesyukuran dapat menjelaskan
34.8% varians dalam kerohanian manakala penerimaan, keampunan, kesyukuran dan
kerohanian dapat menjelaskan 82.6% varians dalam daya tahan. Kerohanian
merupakan pengantara signifikan kepada hubungan antara penerimaan, keampunan
dan kesyukuran dengan daya tahan. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penerimaan,
keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian adalah peramal yang kuat dan penting kepada
daya tahan. Oleh itu, kakitangan yang menunjukkan nilai-nilai ini boleh menjadi lebih
berdaya tahan dan mampu untuk menghadapi sebarang keadaan stres di DTRC.
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ABSTRACT
Resilience among staff working in the Malaysian government’s drug treatment and
rehabilitation centres (DTRC) is of paramount importance because this quality helps
to ensure that the staffs are able to carry out their tasks and responsibilities with the
greatest professionalism, competence and effectiveness. This study examines their
resilience and the role of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude and spirituality in
enhancing the staff’s resilience while working in these centres. In this study, the level
of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and resilience are determined. A
comparison of these factors of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and
resilience is made based on the demographic characteristics (gender, length of
services, category of DTRC and job grade scale). The mediating role of spirituality on
the relationship of acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude with resilience was also
determined. This descriptive and quantitative study undertakes to observe 380
respondents recruited from the DTRC staff throughout the country of Malaysia. The
main research instrument used in this study is a questionnaire which comprises several
scales encompassing the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Acceptance and
Action Questionnaire, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire,
and the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. The IBM SPSS version 23.0 and Amos 23.0
were used to run the descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that the
perception of the respondents on the values of acceptance, gratitude and spirituality is
high but the perception of the respondents on forgiveness is moderate while for
resilience it was moderately high. The values of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,
spirituality and resilience were not significantly different between the male and female
respondents. Based on the length of services and the category of DTRC, results also
show significant difference in forgiveness but not significant on acceptance, gratitude,
spirituality and resilience. A comparison based on job grade scale shows that there is
no significant difference in gratitude and spirituality but there is a significant
difference in acceptance and forgiveness whereby a higher and significant mean
difference was seen in officers when compared to assistant officers. In addition,
acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude and spirituality were also noted to be significant
predictors of resilience. Forgiveness was observed to be giving the greatest effect
followed by spirituality and acceptance and finally, gratitude. This study shows that
the values of acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude can explain 34.8 percent of the
variance noted in spirituality whereas the values of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude
and spirituality can explain 82.6 percent of the variance in resilience. Spirituality is a
significant mediator for the relationship between acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude
with resilience. This study also shows that the values of acceptance, forgiveness,
gratitude and spirituality are strong and important predictors of resilience. Therefore,
staffs who exhibit these virtues are able to become more resilient and so more capable
of coping with the stressful situations at the DTRCs.
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امللخصتعترب املرونة يف صفوف املوظفني يف املراكز احلكومية للعالج وإعادة التأهيل يف ماليزيا أمرا بالغ األمهية لضمان قدرة املوظفني على االضطالع مبهامهم ومسؤولياهتم بأكرب قدر من الكفاءة املهنية والكفاءة
لغفران واالمتنان والروحانية لتعزيز قدرة ودور القبول وا املوظفني صمودوالفعالية. تبحث هذه الدراسة املوظفني على الصمود يف هذه املراكز. يف هذه الدراسة، يتم حتديد مستويات القبول والغفران واالمتنان والروحانية والقدرة على الصمود. ومت أيضا إجراء مقارنة بني القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية والقدرة
، دي يت أر سيإىل اخلصائص الدميغرافية )نوع اجلنس، وطول اخلدمات، وفئة على الصمود استناداومقياس الصف الوظيفي(. كما مت حتديد دور الوساطة للروحانية على عالقة القبول والتسامح واالمتنان
يف مجيع دي يت أر سيمن بني موظفي مستجيبني 083مع املرونة. هذه الدراسة الوصفية والكمية يتعهد ديفيدسون -اء ماليزيا. وأداة البحث الرئيسية هي استبانة تضم عدة مقاييس هي مقياس كونور أحن
للقدرة على الصمود، واستبيان القبول والعمل، ومقياس الغفران يف هريتالند، واستبيان االمتنان، ومقياس لتشغيل إحصائيات 0033 أموس و 0033أي يب إم إس يب إس إس اخلربة الروحية اليومية. مت استخدام
وصفية واستنتاجية. وتبني النتيجة أن التصور على القبول واالمتنان والروحانية مرتفع ولكن معتدل للتسامح، وارتفاع معتدل من أجل القدرة على الصمود. ومل يكن القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية
دي يت أر ناث. استنادا إىل طول اخلدمات وفئة خمتلفا اختالفا كبريا بني الذكور واإل التكيفوالقدرة على ، مل تكن هناك اختالفات كبرية يف القبول، الغفران، واالمتنان، والروحانية والقدرة على الصمود. سي
وأظهرت املقارنة على أساس سلم الوظائف أنه ال توجد فروق ذات داللة إحصائية يف االمتنان والروحانية يف القبول والغفران حيث يكون للضباط فرق معنوي كبري ومهم مقارنة ولكن ختتلف اختالفا كبريا
القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية كلها مؤشرا هاما من القدرة على الصمود مع بالضباط املساعدين.أن الغفران يعطي أعظم األثر تليها الروحانية والقبول، وأخريا، االمتنان. القبول والتسامح واالمتنان ميكن
من التباين يف الروحانية يف حني أن القبول والغفران واالمتنان والروحانية ميكن أن يفسر 0.38%يفسر من التباين يف القدرة على الصمود. الروحانية هي وسيط كبري للعالقة بني القبول، الغفران %8038
ن والروحانية هي مؤشرات قوية واالمتنان مع املرونة. وأظهرت هذه الدراسة أن القبول والتسامح واالمتناومهمة للمرونة. ولذلك، فإن املوظفني الذين يظهرون هذه الفضائل قادرون على أن يصبحوا أكثر قدرة
دي يت أر سي على التكيف وقادرة على التعامل مع الوضع اجملهدة يف
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRAK iv
ABSTRACT v
AL-MULAKHKHAS vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the Study 1
1.2.2 Drug Addiction and Abuse 2
1.2.2 Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Malaysia 7
1.2.3 Legislation and Source of Power of AADK 9
1.2.4 Government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres
(DTRC) in Malaysia 12
1.2.4.1 Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre (CCRC) 13
1.2.4.2 Cure and Care Vocational Centre (CCVC) 15
1.2.4.3 Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinic ( C&C 1M Clinic) 15
1.2.4.4 Cure and Care Service Centre (CCSC) 17
1.2.4.5 Clients Integration Centre (PIK) 19
1.2.4.6 Caring Community House (CCH) 20
1.2.4.7 Triage Centre 21
1.2.5 Functions and Roles of the AADK Staffs 22
1.3 Problem Statement 23
1.4 Research Gaps 29
1.5 Research Objectives 33
1.6 Research Questions 34
1.7 Research Hypotheses 35
1.8 Significance of Study 39
1.9 Operational Definition of the Research Variables 43
1.9.1 Acceptance 43
1.9.2 Forgiveness 44
1.9.3 Gratitude 46
1.9.4 Spirituality 47
1.9.5 Resilience 48
1.9.6 AADK Staffs 50
1.10 Chapter Summary 52
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 53
2.2 Resilience 54
2.2.1 Conceptual Definition of Resilience 54
2.2.2 Theoretical Background of Resilience 57
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2.2.2.1 Theoretical Framework (The Metatheory of
Resilience and Resiliency) 61
2.2.2.2 Positive Psychology 67
2.2.3 Past Researchers on Resilience 73
2.2.4 Resilience from an Islamic Perspective 79
2.3 Acceptance 83
2.3.1 Conceptual Definition of Acceptance 83
2.3.2 Theoretical Background of Acceptance 87
2.3.3 Past Researches on Acceptance 88
2.3.4 Acceptance from an Islamic Perspective 92
2.4 Forgiveness 95
2.4.1 Conceptual Definitions of Forgiveness 95
2.4.2 Theoretical Background of Forgiveness 99
2.4.2.1 The Social-Psychological Theory of Forgiveness 99
2.4.2.2 The Cognitive Model of Forgiveness 100
2.4.2.3 The Process Model of Forgiveness 101
2.4.3 Past Research on Forgiveness 103
2.4.4 Forgiveness from the Islamic Perspective 106
2.5 Gratitude 108
2.5.1 Conceptual Definitions of Gratitude 108
2.5.2 Theoretical Background of Gratitude 110
2.5.3 Past Research on Gratitude 111
2.5.4 Gratitude from the Islamic Perspective 116
2.6 Spirituality 119
2.6.1 Conceptual Definitions of Spirituality 119
2.6.2 Theoretical Background of Spirituality 120
2.6.3 Past Research on Spirituality 121
2.6.4 Spirituality from the Islamic Perspective 124
2.7 The Relationships between Acceptance, Forgiveness,
Gratitude and Spirituality with Resilience 126
2.8 Spirituality as a mediator 131
2.9 The Research Framework 132
2.10 Chapter Summary 133
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 134
3.2 Resilience 134
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3.3 Location of the Study 135
3.4 Population and Sampling Methods 140
3.4.1 Study Population 140
3.4.2 Sample Size 141
3.4.3 The Sampling Procedures 145
3.5 Research Instruments 145
3.5.1 Demographic Information Sheet 146
3.5.2 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 146
3.5.3 Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) 149
3.5.4 Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) 151
3.5.5 Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) 152
3.5.6 Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) 153
3.6 Pilot Study 155
3.7 Data Collection Procedure 156
3.8 Data and Statistical Analysis 157
3.8.1 Determination of the Demographic Profiles 158
3.8.2 Determination of the Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness,
Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience 158
3.8.3 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude,
Spirituality and Resilience Based on Gender, Length of
Services, DTRC Category and Job grade scale 160
3.8.4 Predicting Roles of Acceptance, Forgiveness,
Gratitude and Spirituality on Resilience 161
3.8.5 Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationship
between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with
Resilience 171
3.8.6 Chapter Summary 172
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction 173
4.2 Research Objectives 174
4.3 Research Questions 174
4.4 Profile of Respondents 175
4.5 Descriptive Analysis Result 179
4.6 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality
and Resilience Based on Gender 180
4.7 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality
and Resilience Based on Length of Services 183
4.8 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality
and Resilience Based on the DTRC Category 186
4.9 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality
and Resilience Based on Job grade scale of Staffs 189
4.10 Post hoc Tukey 192
4.11 Assessment of the Reflective Measurement Model in SEM 196
4.11.1 Data Screen 196
4.11.2 Missing Data 196
4.11.3 Analysis of Assumption 197
4.11.3.1 Multivariate Normality 197
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4.11.3.2 Outliers 199
4.11.3.3 Linearity and homoscedasticity 199
4.11.3.4 Multicollinearity 200
4.12 Exploratory Factor Analysis 202
4.12.1 Acceptance (Accpt) Construct 202
4.12.2 Forgiveness (Forgv) Construct 204
4.12.2.1 Forgiveness (Forgv) – Self, Others and situations 212
4.12.3 Gratitude (Gratt) Construct 214
4.12.4 Spirituality (Spirit) Construct 216
4.12.5 Resilience (Ressc) Construct 220
4.13 The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) 224
4.13.1 Validating the Pooled Measurement Model 224
4.13.2 Modeling the Measurement Model for a Pooled Construct 225
4.13.3 Assessing the Validity and Reliability for a Measurement Model 227
4.13.3.1 Unidimensionality
4.13.3.2 Validity 227
4.13.3.3 Reliability 232
4.14 Structural model validity 233
4.14.1 The Predicting Role of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude and
Spirituality on Resilience 233
4.14.2 The Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationship
between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with Resilience 235
4.14.3 Final Structural Model 248
4.15 Chapter Summary 250
CHAPTER 5: DICSCUSSION
5.1 Introduction 251
5.2 Background of Context 252
5.21 Discussion One: Factors that influence Resilience among Staffs in
Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 253
5.22 Discussion Two: Effects of Resilience 254
5.23 Discussion Three: Spirituality as a Mediator 255
5.3 Discussion on Finding 261
5.3.1 The level of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and
resilience among staffs working at the Drug Treatment and
Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 261
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5.3.2 The comparison of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,
spirituality and resilience of staffs working at the government
Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia
based on demographics characteristics (gender, length
of services, category of DTRC and job grade scale of the staffs) 266
5.3.3 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,
spirituality and resilience based on the length of service of
staffs in the government Drug Treatment and
Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 270
5.3.4 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,
spirituality and resilience based on the category of
government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in
Malaysia 274
5.3.5 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality
and resilience based on the job grades scale of staffs working at
the government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres
in Malaysia 277
5.3.6 The predicting role of acceptance, forgiveness,
gratitude and spirituality on the resilience of staffs working at
the government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres
in Malaysia 280
5.3.7 The Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationships
between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with Resilience 283
5.4 Implication of Research Findings 287
5.4.1 Implication Based on the Theoretical Perspectives 287
5.4.2 Implication Based on Practical Perspectives 288
5.4.3 Implication Based on Research Perspectives 290
5.5 Limitation of the Study 291
5.6 Recommendation For The Future Study 293
5.7 Chapter Summary 294
REFERENCE 296
APPENDICES 320
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1 The Legislations on Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Malaysia 11
2.1 Some Conceptual Theories on Resilience 58
2.2 The Three Waves of Resiliency Inquiry 62
2.3 Summary of Previous Studies: Resilience 77
2.4 The Process Model of Forgiveness 102
3.1 Summary of DTRC 135
3.2 List of Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centres (CCRC) 136
3.3 List of Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinics (C&C 1M Clinics) 136
3.4 List of Clients’ Integration Centres (PIK) 138
3.5 List of Cure and Care Serviced Centres (CCSC) 139
3.6 Random sample size table for the determined number of population 144
3.7 Reliability Coefficients (Cronbach Alpha) 156
3.8 Determination of Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude 159
3.9 Determination of Level of Spirituality 159
3.10 Determination of Level of Resilience 160
3.11 The three categories of model fit indexes 170
4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 177
4.2 Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience 181
4.3 Independent Sample t-Test Result to Determine Differences in
Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience
Based on Gender 184
4.4 One Way ANOVA Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance,
Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on
Length of Services 186
4.5 Independent Sample t-Test Result to Determine Differences in
Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on
DTRC Category 189
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4.6 One Way ANOVA Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance,
Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on Job grade
Scale 191
4.7 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance Based
on Job grade scale 192
4.8 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Forgiveness Based
on Job grade scale 192
4.9 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Resilience Based
on Job grade scale 193
4.10 Assessment of normality 197
4.11 Correlation Matrix 201
4.12 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Acceptance (Accpt) 203
4.13 Total Variance Explained for Acceptance (Accpt) 203
4.14 Acceptance (Accpt) items 204
4.15 Reliability Analysis - Acceptance (Accpt) 204
4.16 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Self 205
4.17 Total Variance Explained for Self 206
4.18 Self items 206
4.19 Reliability Analysis – Self 207
4.20 KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Others 208
4.21 Total Variance Explained for Others 208
4.22 Dedication items 209
4.23 Reliability Analysis – Others 209
4.24 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Situations 210
4.25 Total Variance Explained for Situations 211
4.26 Situations items 211
4.27 Reliability Analysis – Situations 212
4.28 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Forgiveness 213
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4.29 Total Variance Explained for Forgiveness 213
4.30 Forgiveness (Forgv) items 214
4.31 Reliability Analysis – Forgiveness (Forgv) 214
4.32 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Gratitude (Gratt) 215
4.33 Total Variance Explained for Gratitude (Gratt) 215
4.34 Gratitude (Gratt) items 216
4.35 Reliability Analysis – Gratitude (Gratt) 216
4.36 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Spirituality (spirit) 217
4.37 Total Variance Explained for Spirituality (spirit) 218
4.38 Spirituality (spirit) items 219
4.39 Reliability Analysis – Spirituality (spirit) 219
4.40 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Resilience (Ressc) 220
4.41 Total Variance Explained for Resilience (Ressc) 221
4.42 Resilience (Ressc) items 222
4.43 Reliability Analysis - Resilience (Ressc) 223
4.44 Summary of the Result Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 223
4.45 The Composite Reliability (CR) and AVE for all constructs 228
4.46 Fitness Indexes indicate the fitness of the construct 230
4.47 Discriminant Validity Index Summary 231
4.48 The Regression Path Coefficients and its significance based on p-value
< 0.05 235
4.49 Result Path 236
4.50 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 237
4.50a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Accpt on Spirit 238
4.50b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Accpt on Ressc 238
4.50c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 239
xv
4.51 Result Path 240
4.52 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 242
4.52a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Forgv on Spirit 243
4.52b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Forgv on Ressc 243
4.52c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 243
4.53 Result Path 244
4.54 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 245
4.54a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Gratt on Spirit 246
4.54b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Gratt on Ressc 246
4.54c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 246
4.55 Summary of Findings 249
5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses Tests 258
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Trend of Detected Drug Addicts (New, Repeat and Total) for the
Year 2010-2015 in Malaysia (Source: AADK, 2015) 5
1.2 The Historical Development of Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in
Malaysia (Source: AADK, 2015) 9
2.1 Richardson’s (2002) Metatheory Model of Resilience and Resiliency 66
2.2 The Research Framework 132
3.1 Six –Stage process for Structural Equation Modeling 162
4.1 Scatterplot of the standardized residuals 200
4.2 The Pooled-CFA for all constructs in the study 226
4.3 Pool-CFA after delete item low loading 230
4.4 Structural Model 232
4.5 The result of the direct effect of Accpt on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient is
0.632) 236
4.6 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 237
4.7 The result of the direct effect of Forgv on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient is
0.806) 240
4.8 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 241
4.9 The result of the direct effect of Gratt on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient
is 0.473) 244
4.10 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 245
4.11 The Final Structural Model 253
5.1 Framework of Study 252
5.2 The Final Framework of Study 257
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Page
Appendix 1 Research Questionnaire
321
Appendix 2 Approval Letter to Conduct the Study
331
Appendix 3 Permission to Use the Scales 333
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AA Alcoholic Anonymous
AADK Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan
ACT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
AMAM Addiction Medicine Association of Malaysia
ASEAN Association of South East Nations
ATS Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants
CCH Caring Community House
CCRC Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre
CCSC Cure and Care Service Centre
CCVC Cure and Care Vocational Centre
C&C 1M Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinic
DTRC Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre
NADA NationalAnti-Drugs Agency
NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse
PIK Pusat Integrasi Klien
PKAADK Pusat Khidmat Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
270
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