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DETECTORSELECTION..........................................
.................7 TECTOR
SELECTION......................
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...............41ecognitiontechniques are
now beingcombined with
CCTVtechnologyproviding
antion basedon
monochrome
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and full colour
technology isavailable from
as.Manufacturers’early resultswith full coloursystems seem
encouragingr,the
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INTENDEDUSE ANDREGULATOR
Y
CONSIDERA TIONSdefinitions
AidedDesignFluid
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DynamicsControlSystemGasand Smoke
detectorSafety and
EnvironmentProtective
Functio
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nProtectiveSystemEmittingDiodeof
SightExposure
Limitof Failure on
DemandRisk
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AssessmentFailureRobustnessIntegrity
LevelTermExposure
LimitLimitValuePower
Supply
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GAS AND
SMOKEDETECTOR
SELECTIONown Fire & Gas
Mappingsoftware hasbeen used
widely by Shelland
Contractors to
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Shell,are may
not be requiredfor all designs.
For example,where designs(point)monitoringe data
transmission(typically 0 –20 mA)
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between the
detector andthe rest of
themonitoringGAS
DETECTORSELECTION
d detectors arenow availableas drop-in
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replacements
for catalytic(pellistor)
detectors.of point gasdetectors
absorptiontype;gas turbines:onthresholds for
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gas turbine
protectionshould be set
to 15 % LFLand 40 %LFLngress/egressthresholds for
gas turbineprotection varywidely
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throughout the
Group. Gas
type
detectorstype
detectorsgas detections
detectorssuffer fromboth short-
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term and long-
term drift.Short-term
drift mayresultetectorsalso suffer fromboth short-term and long-
term drift, butthis is smallwhens.s
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detectors are
used, 20 % LFLand 60 % LFL
should be setas respectiveLow/High
gasdetectionof open pathgas detectors
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monitoringpath gasmonitors
:recommended)
minimumalarm levelsetting of 0.5
LFLm (50 %LFL extended
foring
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distances from
4 m to 200 m.However, an
optimumdistance foroffshore
LEAK DETECTIONalvesoperating at
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highflowratesandhightools
operatingoff
instrumentair;valves
and relief
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valves;windsand flaringoperations.a detailedmapping
review isundertaken to
establish thelevel of background
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ultrasound
,acoustic leakdetection is
employed, ahigh-passfrequencythreshold inthe 25KHz
MISTDETECTION
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GASDETECTORSELECTIONbe fast and
reliable andpreference
shall begiven to
speed of
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responseof HSE shall beincluded inthe design
study.shall be
reliable andprecise;limit
values for
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an 8 hourworkingday) shallbe
monitored;aspects
shall beincluded in
the design
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study;controlsystem withcapabilities
such asstatistical
analysis anda data base
to
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electrochemical cell-type.
semi-conductor
type.toxic gasdetectors
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monoxide is
sometimesmeasured with
infrared typeinstruments.Point detectorsaregas detection
thresholds
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TimeWeightedAverage(TWA) for an
8 hour day,40 hour
week as 5mL/m
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– Short TermExposureLimit ((4) x10 minutes
exposuresper day) as
10 mL/mAmericanConference of
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Governmental
IndustrialHygienists
(ACGIH) is arecognisedbody and a
AND SMOKEDETECTORSELECTIONtype selection
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by persons(withmanual callpoints);(IR)
flamedetectors
;flamedetectors
;detectors,
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such as:typedetectors;detectors.bulbs;alloy
links orplugs;
bypersonstype
fire
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detectorsfiredetectorstype fire
detectors havean upper
ambienttemperaturelimit of 75 °C.d flamedetectors have
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the advantage
of improvedfalse alarm
rejectiontype fire
detectorsetectors aresubject tointerferencefrom welding
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activities, X-
rays used innon-
destructiveupper ambienttemperaturelimit of 150 °C.
flame
detectors
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detectorssmokedetectors
smokedetectorsapplication of this type of detector may
be restricted
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due to the fact
that thedetection
principlesensitivity
smokedetectors
detectors
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heat andsmokedetectorsC.ENGINEERING,SPECIFICATIO
N ANDINSTALLATION
PRACTICESvisual
alarms/mess
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ages in thecontrolcentreand/or in the
plant.Additiona
lemergencysituations to
local
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communityservices,e.g. firebrigades,
etc.;firefighting
equipment,e.g. fire
water
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pumps,water sprayand fogsystems,of
safeguarding and
depressurising
(blowdown
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systems);closure of airventilation
inlets;evacuation
systems(barriers,
howlers,
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etc.).shallbe normallyclosedcontacts
unlessotherwise
specified bythedetection
is provided
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for specificplantequipment,such as a
turbinewhich
videodisplay
units; andif
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the Fire &Gas IPF isSIL 1 orhigher, and
theconfirmed
fire orINTERFACE
(HMI)
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mimic panels
toxic gas :yellow,flammablegas :bluefire :red,systemfault :white,pump
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runninglights :green,otheralarms :
red.
gas
,gas,pump
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auto-startstand-byindication,
fault
,fault,fault.a non-
latching
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push buttonto test allindicationlights on the
mimic.non-latching
push buttonto change
all alarm
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lights(except forthe plantnon-latching
push buttonto reset all
visual andaudible
alarms,
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providedthat allnon-latchingpush button
to initiate anall-clear
signal in thebuildings
and innon-
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latchingpush buttonto manuallyinitiate a fire
alarm witheffect
sAlarm: anon-latching
push button
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to manuallyinitiate atoxic gasalarm in
theAlarm: anon-latching
push buttonto manually
initiate a
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flammablegasPumps:one or morenon-latching
pushbuttons to
manuallystart the fire
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Dampers:latchingpushbuttons to
manuallyclose the
dampers.valves:
three-
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positionswitcheswith thepositions
and relatedtext:
open,valvereset: non-
latching
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pushbuttons toreset thewater spray
valves.control system
- This shallshow therelevant
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plants as asimplifiedplot plan. If Displays -
One plantoverview
display shallbe provided
for each
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plant.splays- A unitdetaileddisplay shall
be availablefor each
processunit,
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of events
recorder (SER)of
communication
interfaces withother systems
STANDARDS
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of construction
andperformance
Heatdetectors
EN 54andionisation-
typedetectors
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EN54(flammable)
gasdetectors
EN 61779Parts 1
through 5
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of certification
purpose)detectorsmay beused onlyfor fire, toxicgas andsmokendgas
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detectors foruse inprocessareas shall
be certifiedfor use in
zonefor usein all areas
shall be
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certified foruse in zone1 areas as
MODULESloop
detection(input and
output)
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;circuit(input andoutput);
fault(s)
;supplyfailure, e.g.
low battery
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voltage (of UPS);unitfailure;LEVEL
SETTINGSasminimum
for pointdetectors,
see (2.2.2.1)
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forrecommendedalarmpically
for openpath
detectors,see (2.2.3.2)
for
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recommended LOSalarmtypical long-term random
drift of flammable gas
detectors is inthe order of 3
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% LFL. Setting
thetypical long
term randomdrift of H
FOR CIRCUITINTEGRIT
Yuld beindividually
wired to the
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controlmodule or tothe FGSIPS.initiators
may beapplied in
buildings.Zoned
circuitry
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shall beachieved bySYSTEMS
REQUIREMENTSspecificationand testingfacilities
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requirements
and errormessagesMagneticCompatibility(EMC)supplyof sensors
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PRACTICESFORDETECTORSAND
ASSOCIATEDEQUIPMENTmay bepositioned atapproximately
the same
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elevation as
the potentialsource ofs are
generally thepreferredtechnology fordetecting gasleaks in open
areas.tioned sothat they areeasily
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accessible for
calibrationandply and
electronicmeasuringcircuits shall belocated in anon-hazardous
area, e.g. thedefinitions
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(firedetection)
Theprobability
that anassigned set
of(gasdetection)
The
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probabilitythat anassigned setoftarget The
minimumacceptable
performanceof
atolerance
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Ability of afire or gasdetectionsystem
todegree of fault
tolerance If the
minimum
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degree of faulttolerance is
T,
of failure Afailure of a
set of fire orgas
detectors is
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requirements
for F&Gsystems
requirementfor
establishingtheperformanceof a set of detectors
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of flammable
gas detectors
inlets for
HVAC(heating,
ventilationand air
conditioning);outlets of
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enclosedhazardousareas/modules,
etc.;inlets toanalyser
houses;suction of
instrument
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aircompressors;to furnacesin gas
plants;to aircompressors
in gasplants;to
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breathingair systems.the temperture
and molecularweight of a gas
have an impacton buoyancy.In particular,of acousticleak detectors
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of H
andpositioning of
smoke and firedetectors
detectorsntilation
patterns, i.e.draught due
to air
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conditioning;dilutingeffects of airconditioning
andventilation
systems.type
detector
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sfloors incomputerrooms,auxiliary
rooms, andinside
electricalandcable
trays in
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buildings.
detector
sceiling anddepth to
which thedetector
projects
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below theceiling;patterns inthe
building/room;blocking
the heatflow to the
detector,
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e.g. systemcabinets.detectiontubing
DEP
32.30.20.11-Gen.Septem
ber
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2002Page36resistantto ultravioletlight; for
example,“Polyflo 44-
PF”. Suchtubing is
supplied
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byImperialEastman orby SamuelMoore;
however, anequivalent
may beused
followingapp
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roval by thePrincipal.The instrumentair in the
tubing shallbe
maintainedat an
appropriate
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pressure,typically1.5bar (ga),for the
transmitterit is to
operate, asthis relates
to rupture
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temperature.NOTE: The
instrument airlines for inter-
connectionsand forconnecting thetubing to theinstrument
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airheader shall
be of plastic-sheathed
copper tubing.For a typical
applicationof fire
detectiontubing, refer
to Standard
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Drawings S88.020 andS88.021.Systems based
on firedetection
tubing arevulnerable
and prone to
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failuresinducedbyexposureto chemicals
or bymechanical
damage. The
Principal
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shall beconsulted ontheuse of fire
detectiontubing.A
sturdyalternative,
although
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possiblyslower torespond tofire, is a
pointdetection
systemwithfrangible
bulb
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detectors inAISI 316 teefittingsinterconnect
ed by AISI316 tubing
andmountedat two-
metre
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intervals.Fusibleplugs maybe used
instead of frangible
bulbs.3)Optical type
fire
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detectorsOptical typefiredetectors
are line-of-sight
devices andshall
therefore be
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positionedso thattheycan see theentire
section tobe
protected. They shall
be mounted
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so that theyare freefromthe effectsof vibration
and shock,and spaced
inaccordance
with the
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detectionobjectives, see(AppendixIV).Infrared
(IR) lensesshall be
protectedagainst the
effects of
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water andthepossibilityoffreezing.NOTE: Certain
hydrocarbonsand other
gases, e.g.,carbon dioxide,may interfere
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with the signal
to theIRdetector.
Ultraviolet(UV)
detectorsshall be
protectedfrom
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possiblefouling of theirwindows /
lensesbutsuch
protectionshall not
impair their
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operation.Optical typefiredetectors
providerapid
responseand good
space
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detection -see(2.6.1.3).3.9.8Positioning of
beaconsBeacons
shall bepositioned
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so that theywill bevisible in thearea for
which theyare
toprovide awarning, but
they should
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beaccessibleformaintenanc
e.Suggested
locationsarepipe
racks, top
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corners of buildingsand theprincipal
passagesinside
auxiliarybuildings.
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3.9.9
Positioning of manual call
pointsManual call
points shallbe
positioned(see DEP
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80.47.10.30-Gen) so thatthey standoutagainst
thebackground,
i.e. theyshall be
clearly
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recognisablefrom adistance. If necessaryth
ey shall beprovided
with signs toenhance
their
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visibilityfrom accessroads.Manual call points
should bepositioned
as follows:-along roads
in the plant
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area atintervals notexceeding100 m,
preferablyat or near
tolampposts;-
along roads
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in storage /tank areasnotexceeding
intervals of 200 m;-
near or atlocations
having a
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higher risksuch asremotepump floors,
oilcatchers,ma
nifolds,motor
control
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centres, jetty heads;
-
on offshorelocations, at
escaperoutes
(entrance tobridges and
staircases);-
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insidebuildings,officeentrance,
canteens,warehouses,
medicalcentres,
gate
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andguardhouses, etc.;-inside theplant and
positioned:-outside
powerstation(s);-
outside
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analyserhouse(s);-outsidecontrol
room(s);-outside
utilitybuildings;-
outside
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hazardousenclosedareas;
DEP
32.30.20.11-Gen.Septem
ber2002Page
37- along
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logicalescaperoutes.
DEP
32.30.20.11-Gen.Septem
ber2002Page
383.10
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DETECTORVOTINGDetector votingis one
method of ensuring
that fire orgas detector
configuratio
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ns arerobustagainst failureand robust
againstspurious
alarms. Butdetector
voting may
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notberequired;for example,where
detectors ordetector
systemsthemselves
are robust,
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orwhereappropriateactions aretaken by
experiencedoperators.Cl
early,combining
detectors to
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votelogically inanyconfiguratio
n requiresadditionalde
tectors toprovide the
same
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degree of coverage.Generally,the number
of detectorsreq
uiredincreases as
the voting
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architecturebecomemorecomplex –
(AppendixIV)
listspossibleconfiguratio
ns.An
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architecturefindingwidespreaduse is that
referred toas 1oo2D.
Thisstrategy
requires2
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detectors forconfirmedFire or Gasas with
2ooN,except that
underdetector
faultconditio
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ns, e.g. if adetector hasfailed, thelogic reverts
to 1ooN (i.e.the logic
considersfailed detectors
as alarms,
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which is theequivalentof votingHigh on
detectorfault).
Thishas themajor
advantage
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increased. Theconcept,however, is
slightly lessrobust
againstspurious trips
when alarms
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areproducedfrom F&Gzones that
have faileddetectors,
butthislower
robustness
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does notaffect theentirefacility.
Furthermore, modern
detectorshave a typical
MTBF of 10
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years ormore, sothisdrawback is
marginaland
inconsequentialwhen
judged
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against theimprovement in safetyperformance
.Nevertheles
s, thishighlightsth
e need for
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promptaction torepair faultyinstruments.
The mainreason for
adopting1oo2D
detector
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voting isthat therequiredperformance
(coverage)is delivered
with theminimum
number of
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detectors.Other
detectorvotingconfig
urationsmay be
required toachieve
identified
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safety oreconomicneeds, butsuchconfigu
ti ill