Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in 1829....
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Transcript of Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in 1829....
Detail of President-elect Andrew Jackson on his way to Washington, D.C., to be inaugurated in 1829.
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During his presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation.
The Age of Jackson,1824–1840
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SECTION 2
SECTION 1 Politics of the People
SECTION 3 Conflicts over States’ Rights
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
SECTION 4 Prosperity and Panic
The Age of Jackson,1824–1840
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Section 1
Politics of the PeopleAndrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.
The Election of 1824
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• Democratic-Republican party has four presidential candidates:- John Quincy Adams has New England’s support- William Crawford has South’s support- Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson both have
the West’s support
1SECTION
• Jackson wins popular votes, fails to get majority of electoral votes
Politics of the People
• House of Representatives chooses Adams
Image
Jacksonian Democracy
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1SECTION
• Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him
• Split eventually creates 2 parties:- Democrats grow out of Jackson’s supporters- National Republicans grow from Adams’s supporters
• Aims to win next election, helps to split Democratic-Republican party
Continued . . .
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1SECTION
• Jackson backs interests of common people, supports majority rule
• Voting rights partially expanded under Thomas Jefferson’s presidency
• Jacksonian democracy—political power for all people, majority rule
• Helps Jackson win election, hailed as triumph for common people
Continued Jacksonian Democracy
Chart
The People’s President
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1SECTION
• Andrew Jackson, first president not from aristocratic background
• After war, becomes lawyer, hero in War of 1812
• Grows up on frontier farm, fights in Revolutionary War, taken prisoner
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Jackson Takes Office
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1SECTION
• Andrew Jackson’s wife, Rachel, dies soon after he wins presidency
• Inauguration ceremony attracts people from all levels of society
• Jackson blames death on campaign attacks on wife’s reputation
• Crowd grows rowdy, forces Jackson to flee White House
A New Political Era Begins
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1SECTION
• Andrew Jackson replaces many government officials with his supporters
• Opponents charge that spoils system corrupts
• Giving government jobs to political backers—spoils system
• Jackson defends system, breaks up one group’s hold on government
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During Jackson’s presidency, Native Americans were forced to move west of the Mississippi River.
Section 2
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
Native Americans in the Southeast
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2SECTION
• In early 1800s, many Native Americans remain east
• Others want Native Americans to move out
• Some whites hope Native Americans can adapt to their way of life
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
• Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole: - called civilized because they have adopted
some white culture • Tribes hold large areas of land
The Cherokee Nation
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2SECTION
• Cherokee adopt white customs more than any other Southeastern tribe
• Draw up constitution based on U.S. Constitution, found Cherokee Nation
• Cherokee Sequoya invents Cherokee writing system
• Own farms, cattle ranches, acquire written language
• Gold is discovered on their lands, many whites demand Cherokee move
Jackson’s Removal Policy
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2SECTION
• Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of Mississippi
• Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices: - adopt white culture, become U.S. citizens- move into Western territories
• As a result, U.S. government gains large amounts of land
• As Indian treaty commissioner, he makes treaties with southeast tribes
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Gold found in Georgia, Southern states give whites right to Cherokee land
• Cherokee protest, President Andrew Jackson supports states
• Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which: - requires Native Americans to relocate west
• Policy forever changes relations between whites, Native Americans
Continued Jackson’s Removal Policy
Chart
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2SECTION
• Whites invade Native American homelands
• Indian Territory—what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, Nebraska
• Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory
• Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties
The Trail of Tears
Interactive
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory
• U.S. troops force Cherokee to march west, fall, winter of 1838–1839
• Court upholds appeal, Andrew Jackson ignores it
• Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land
• Without adequate clothing, one-fourth of Cherokees die
• Harsh journey of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears
Continued The Trail of Tears
Image
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2SECTION
• Soldiers round up Cherokee named Tsali, his family
• Agrees to surrender if Cherokee allowed to remain on their land
• Tsali, family flee to North Carolina, meet other Cherokees
• On way to stockade, they fight, soldier killed
• Surrenders, he, sons (except youngest) shot, some Cherokee remain
Native American Resistance
Continued . . .
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2SECTION
• Seminole refuse to leave Florida (1835), leads to Second Seminole War
• Some Seminole continue to fight in the Everglades, others move west
• Osceola is tricked into capture, dies in prison
• Seminole leader Osceola, followers use surprise attacks on U.S. army
• Sauk chief Black Hawk leads Sauk, Fox back to their lands in Illinois
• During the Black Hawk War, U.S. troops crush Black Hawk’s uprising
Continued Native American Resistance
Image
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Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs.
Section 3
Conflicts over States’ Rights
Rising Sectional Differences
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• In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections:- the Northeast- the South- the West
3SECTION
• Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices
• Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories
Conflicts over States’ Rights
• Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers
Continued . . .
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3SECTION
• Northeast, West back internal improvement such as roads, canals
• South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports
• Aids transportation of food, raw materials, manufactured goods
• Northeast supports tariffs, encourages purchase of domestic products
• South opposes tariffs, economy depends on foreign trade
Continued Rising Sectional Differences
Image
Tariff of Abominations
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3SECTION
• At end of John Quincy Adams’s presidency, Congress passes tariff bill
• Angered by tariff bill, southerners call it Tariff of Abominations
• Significantly raises tariffs on raw materials, manufactured goods
• Southerners claim Northeast interests control government policies
Crisis over Nullification
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3SECTION
• Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: - state has right to reject federal law it
considers unconstitutional- any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders- Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring
one area of nation
• Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union
• Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff
The States’ Right Debate
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3SECTION
• Senate debates doctrine of nullification, Webster-Hayne debate (1830)
• President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification
• Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification:- the people not the states make the Union
• Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: - gives states a lawful way to defend their
freedomImage
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3SECTION
• Congress reduces tariff (1832), Southerners not satisfied
• Andrew Jackson says he will enforce federal laws
• South Carolina threatens secession—withdrawal from the Union
• Congress passes compromise tariff (1833), South Carolina stays in Union
South Carolina Threatens to Secede
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Section 4
Prosperity and PanicJackson’s policies caused the economy to collapse after he left office and affected the next election.
Mr. Biddle’s Bank
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• The Second Bank of the United States, most powerful bank in country
4SECTION
• Policies of Bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, controls nation’s money
Prosperity and Panic
• Andrew Jackson thinks bank has too much power, favors the wealthy
• In 1832, Biddle asks Congress to renew the bank’s charter
Jackson’s War on the Bank
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4SECTION
• Andrew Jackson vetoes renewal of bank’s charter
• In his second term, Jackson sets out to destroy the bank
• Claims bank is unconstitutional, a monopoly that favors the few
• Biddle fights back, makes it harder for people to borrow money
• Has government funds deposited in state banks
Image
• Bank goes out of business, economy suffers
Prosperity Becomes Panic
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4SECTION
• People take out loans, banks issue too much paper money
• Causes inflation—an increase in prices and decrease in money value
• Makes each dollar worth less, prices rise
• Jackson leaves office, nation has a false prosperity
Continued . . .
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4SECTION
• Next president, Martin Van Buren, takes office, economic panic spreads
• People demand gold, silver in exchange for paper money, banks run out
• Fear about economy known as Panic of 1837
Continued Prosperity Becomes Panic
• Banks default, severe economic slump, or depression, follows
• 90 percent of factories in East close, people go hungry
The Rise of the Whig Party
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4SECTION
• Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster want government to help economy
• At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party
• Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone
• Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president
• Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president
• Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president
The Election of 1840
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4SECTION
• William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election
• First president to die in office • Dies one month after being inaugurated
• Vice-president John Tyler becomes president
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