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Geographical information systems and
spatial data infrastructures can
enhance planning.
case of Flanders
by
Greta Deruyter
[email protected] (University College Ghent)
[email protected] (Ghent University)
Issues in planning
�Availability of “good” spatial data
infrastructures (SDIs)
general ⇒ Europe ⇒ European
member states ⇒ Belgium ⇒ Flanders
�Tools and expertise to analyse, combine and �Tools and expertise to analyse, combine and
visualise spatial data
The use of GIS in planning
�Case study
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (in general)
�In essence SDIs allow
� the sharing of spatial data sources (from ≠disciplines)
� saving of resources, time, and energy
� better government � better government
�SDIs imply
� implementation of standards
� support by national policies
�Interconnection of sub national and national SDIs ���� supranational SDIs
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (in general)
� Remaining obstacles for efficient use of spatial data
� Ad hoc production of data (limited problem definition)
o Incompatible with other datasets
o As a rule not kept up-to-date.
o Multiple production of similar data sets
o Waste of time and resources. o Waste of time and resources.
� Use of various reference systems
o Leads to unintended overlaps or “holes” in the data
� Lack of adequate meta data
o Which geospatial information is available?
o How to acquire the data?
o How is the data to be used?
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (in Europe)
�Europe: the INSPIRE Directive
� INSPIRE = ‘INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in
the European Community’ � create European SDI
� Five main principles of INSPIRE
o Data acquired and maintained at most suitable level o Data acquired and maintained at most suitable level
o SD from ≠ sources is to be seamlessly combined
o Data must be usable at different scale levels
o GI needed for good governance must be readily and
transparently available.
o Adequate meta data must be available
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (in Europe)
� INSPIRE timeline
o into force on 15 May 2007
o implemented in various stages
o full implementation required by 2019
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (national)
�National SDIs must comply with INSPIRE
�Member states are responsible for
� Implementation of INSPIRE Directive
� Creating or adapting own SDIs
� Integration of member states’ SDIs ���� European
SDI
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (Belgium)
�Translation of INSPIRE Directive into legislation
���� partially transferred to the Regional
Governments
� Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels-Capital Region
�Collaborations between regional SDIs and �Collaborations between regional SDIs and
federal agencies are formalised
� National Geographic Institute (IGN/NGI) �
coordinates the reference systems and geographical
names
� General Administration of Patrimonial Documentation
(AGDP / AAPD) � deals with cadastral parcels
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (Flanders)
� Time line
� 1995: framework and partnership “GIS-Flanders”
o Goals in the field of geography
• Coordinate, control, guide and support initiatives
• Improve collaboration between authorities on all levels
� 2000: framework was further institutionalised by decree
� 2006: the Agency for Geographic Information in Flanders (AGIV – FGIA) became the successor to GIS-Flanders
� 2009: ratification of the decree on the Geographical Data Infrastructure Flanders (GDI-decree)
o Assigns responsibility to the FGIA for
• The coordination and development of the Flemish GDI
• The transposition of the European INSPIRE Directive
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Spatial Data Infrastructure (Flanders)
� GDI-decree: concept of ‘authentic geographical data’
� The Flemish Government has certified the topicality, accuracy and exhaustiveness of these data.
� Decentralised management
� Multiple access (network access)
� The interest grouping GIS-Flanders is � The interest grouping GIS-Flanders is
o transformed into the interest grouping GDI-Flanders
o enlarged towards
• Flemish inter-communal interest groupings
• The local police
• Educational institutions
• ...
o free access to the FGDI
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The use of GIS in planning
�Software used to build, store, manage, integrate, analyse and visualise data with a spatial component
�Vast evolution
� image classification, visualisation techniques, analysing tools, compatibility between data formatsanalysing tools, compatibility between data formats
�Use of GIS in planning activities has increased significantly
� an increased access to datasets
� software developments
� the promotion of geospatial technologies through higher education
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The use of GIS in planning
�Not used to full potential planning
� not used for high level tasks e.g. as modelling, spatial analysis
� used as “map generator” for illustration or inventory purposes
�Main barriers to the use of GIS in planning �Main barriers to the use of GIS in planning
� In the past
o The technical possibilities of software
o The cost of generating /obtaining spatial data
� Today
o Training, funding, and data issues
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Case study Flanders
�Case study: The role of higher education
� GDI-decree � higher educational institutions
have free access to the FGDI
oToday’s data and funding issues are addressed
� Higher education� Higher education
oLower the thresholds for the use of GIS
• Use GIS to full potential
• By delivering well trained graduates
oToday’s issue of training is addressed
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Case study Flanders
�Planning context: spatial decision problems
imply
� a large set of evaluation criteria
� to be assessed by several stake holders
� with (often) conflicting interests and preferences� with (often) conflicting interests and preferences
with respect to the relative importance of the
criteria
� which form the basis on which different possible
alternatives are evaluated
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Case study Flanders
�Example of a low level assignment given to
students enrolled in the MSc in Land Surveying
(Industrial Engineer in Land Surveying)
Assignment context: A project developer is in search of
10 suitable parcels for a housing development project in10 suitable parcels for a housing development project in
the community of Laakdal (Flanders)
� Constraints (criteria):
o Stringent constraints (must be fulfilled)
• free of constructions
• situated in zones allocated for habitation
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Case study Flanders
oLess stringent constraints (preferences)
• surface area between 750 and 1000 m²
• within a maximum distance of
�2,0 kilometers to an outdoor recreation area
�500 meters to a park or forested area
�3,5 kilometers to a motorway
• outside a minimum distance of
�2,0 kilometers to an industrial zone
�150 meters to a river, stream or canal.
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Case study Flanders
� To find a solution
oDifferent data sets
• provided by the FGIA
• data sets (source: FGIA)
�Large-Scale Reference Database�Large-Scale Reference Database
�Development plan
�Streets database
�Hydrographical atlas
oAnalysis tools
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Case study Flanders
� To find a solution
oDifferent data sets
oAnalysis tools
• GIS software: ArcGis (Esri)
• Selection methods
�Select by location e.g. “are within a distance”, “intersect”, “are completely within”I
�Select by attributes: SQL-statement
• Selections can be done
�Manually or by creating a model
�All criteria are applied one at a time
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Case study - Intermediate results
� In red the parcels
o free of constructions
o situated in zones allocated for
habitation
� Data sets (source: FGIA)
o Large-Scale Reference Database
o Development plan
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Case study - Intermediate results
� In orange the parcels
o free of constructions
o in zones allocated for habitation
o with a distance to
• motorways < 3,5 km• motorways < 3,5 km
• to outdoor recreation areas < 2 km
• to parks or forested areas < 500 m
• surface area ≥ 750 and ≤ 1000 m²
� Data sets (source: FGIA)
o Large-Scale Reference Database
o development plan
o streets database
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Case study - Final result
�Empty selection!
�Changing the preferences is necessary
oManual selection: Change one or more
preferences until the goal is reached
• Iterative process � time consuming• Iterative process � time consuming
o Introducing a model
• Model builder tool in ArcGis
• The criteria are parameterised � highly flexible
work flow
25
�Using a model
� Introduction of selection
criteria in the model as
variable parameters
� One or two minutes
Case study - Model
� One or two minutes
needed to
ochange the selection
criteria
oproduce a new
alternative.
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Case study - Model: final result
� A few test runs (changed parameters) � final
result: exactly 10 parcels
• parcels in dark blue
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Case study - Model: final result
� Changing criteria demands
oThorough motivation
oAssessment of the weight of each criterion in the
decision tree
oExpertise of the planneroExpertise of the planner
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Conclusion
�GIS is essential for
� Building, managing, analysing and visualising
spatial data
�GIS not always used to their full potential in
planningplanning
� unavailability of adequate spatial data
� shortage of well trained GIS experts
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Conclusion
�INSPIRE: Europe moves in the right direction
� Positive effects are already visible
� Case study � analysis of spatial data is “easy”
oThorough knowledge of GIS
• Task for education
oAvailability of compatible, area covering, reliable
spatial data sets
• Covered by INSPIRE
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