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Transcript of Brown input2012
Challenges of Development & Underdevelopment
Alison Brown, Cardiff University
Development & Underdevelopment in a Globalizing World
Inclusion…?
The Challenges
• Challenges of urbanisation– a critical issue in the Global south
• Increasing prevalence of informal work– poor conditions, irregular income– poor conditions, irregular income
• Government response– varies from neglect to exclusion
• Yet…..new rights-based agendas– coalitions of urban activists and the working poor
• Creating new spaces of inclusion
The future is urban!
• 2011 ⇒ 2050– Global population 7bn ⇒ 9.3bn– Urban population 3.6bn ⇒ 6.3bn– Urban - 69% of total
1. Cities – The Future
• 94% of urban growth in developing countries
• Mega-cities 10m+ common
• 1bn people in slums now ⇒
2bn by 2030 (DESA 2011, DFID 2010)
World Urbanisation Trends
40
50
60
70
80
90
1990
Source: WB (2009) World Urbanization Prospects
0
10
20
30 1990
2020
Migration is focused on cities
• In 2010 - 210 million people
– lived outside their country of birth
• Range of skills
Migration: a Facet of Urbanisation
• Range of skills
– highly skilled to poor
• Global remittances - US$300bn+
• Most vulnerable
– undocumented migrants (women)
(GMG 2010)
Malian migrants in Togo
2. Urban Informal Economy
• Legal activities - partly or fully
outside state regulation
• Informal economy– 60-70% urban jobs– 60-70% urban jobs– 90% new jobs
• Multiple theories – dualists, structuralists– legalists, post-modernists
• Continuum ⇒ legality & illegality
Licensed vendors carts in Chile & Malaysia
Informal EconomyPercentage of Non-Agricultural Jobs
Source: ILO 2011
Manufacturing: soap-making cooperative, Kurasimi, Dar es Salaam
Services: hair salon, Kosovo, Nairobi
Commerce: street market, Hedzranonwé, Togo
Global Phenomenon
China –
Ghana –
Kuamsi railway
China –
non-houku
China –
non-houku
Influenced by global trends…..
African buyers in
Guangzhou, China
Canaan ….
a mis-translation of
Ghana
3. Policy Responses
• City governments at the forefront of
managing the IE
– limited capacity, no funds
• Argue that IE has no legitimacy
• Policy response varies from
– benign neglect to harassment and eviction
Evictions – Widespread
• Global scandal, largely unrecorded
• Recent analysis of web reports for SS Africa– September 11- March 12
• Conflict between street vendors and police• Conflict between street vendors and police– Over 200 web reports in 17 different countries
• Terminology– street cleansing
– ‘decongestion’
• Poverty implications immense
Evictions, Kampala, Sept 2011
The Headlines
• Malawi: Malawi Mobilize Military to Mop City Streets, NewsTime Africa
(6 Jan 2012)
• Nigeria: Lagos Declares Total Ban on Street Trading, on Street Trading, Vanguard (29 Nov
2011)
• Senegal: Sandaga: le nouveau slogan des Marchands Ambulants: ‘Touche pas à ma table’, Seneweb
(12 Feb 2012)
Street vendors, Dakar, Senegal
4. R2C - New Urban Paradigm
• Many IE workers & others seeking new
ways to claim legitimacy
• Right to the City (R2C) – a powerful
paradigm in struggle against exclusionparadigm in struggle against exclusion
• A core argument
– citizenship should include all urban
inhabitants
UN-Habitat & R2C
Rio 2010
Rio 2010
Rio 2010
Theme - Taking forward the Right to the City
5. Claiming New Spaces of Inclusion
• Many forms of claim…
• Direct action– Dakar
• Collective claim– Durban, Warwick Junction
• Rights-based campaigns– StreetNet International
– Inclusive Cities
Inclisve Cities
• Nine umbrella NGOs, representing 3m+ workers
• Asia, Latin America, Africa
• Create a global platform• Create a global platform
– strengthening organisations
– improving advocacy
– documenting & research
Wastepickers, Belo Horizonte
• SEWA -trade union, registered in 1972
• Organisation of poor, self-employed (women) workers
SEWA – an IC Partner
• Goal - organise women for ‘full employment’
• Combines the labour & cooperative movements
Meeting of catering workers
6. Embracing the Challenge…
• Challenges for urban poor & migrants overlap
• Excluded – city benefits ⇒ safe housing, decent work
• Do the ‘difficult, dangerous, dirty’ jobs in cities• Do the ‘difficult, dangerous, dirty’ jobs in cities
• IE workers and migrants often entrepreneurs – huge investments in their migration/livelhoods project
• Informal work part of the landscape of cities in both N.
and S.
• Not a dual economy, integral to global exchange
…What is inclusion?
• A place to sleep
• The right to a
livelihood
• Freedom to • Freedom to
practice religion
• Integration in
urban life
• ….and http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/urban-
development/migrants-inclusion-in-cities/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBeCoT9D9m8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBeCoT9D9m8