Department of Criminal JusticeDepartment of Criminal Justice

California State University - BakersfieldCalifornia State University - Bakersfield

CRJU 477CRJU 477

Terrorism TheoryTerrorism Theory

Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem AliDr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali

Theoretical Theoretical PerspectivesPerspectives

Intro:Intro: Demonology Demonology

1.1. Supernatural forcesSupernatural forces

2.2. Religion and the role of ChurchReligion and the role of Church

Classical School of CriminologyClassical School of Criminology

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy BenthamCesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham Free willFree will Severity of punishmentSeverity of punishment The “cause” of crimeThe “cause” of crime

Bentham

“utilitarianism” theory

Views on pain and pleasure

4 factors to be considered: duration, intensity, certainty/uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness

Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social circumstancescircumstances

The transition to the Positivist School of The transition to the Positivist School of CriminologyCriminology

Going beyond free willGoing beyond free will

The Biological School: Cesare LombrosoThe Biological School: Cesare Lombroso

Modern day perspectivesModern day perspectives

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMESOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME

The environment? The environment?

The micro vs. macro structureThe micro vs. macro structure

The Chicago School The Chicago School

Shaw and McKayShaw and McKay

Social disorganization Social disorganization

deteriorated neighborhoods, economically deteriorated neighborhoods, economically disadvantaged, weak social normsdisadvantaged, weak social norms

Differential Association Theory Differential Association Theory

Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950) Association with others, but how does it take place?Association with others, but how does it take place?

Differential Association and Behaviorism Differential Association and Behaviorism

Aker borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated Aker borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated behaviorbehavior

Operant conditioning Operant conditioning Positive/negative reinforcement Positive/negative reinforcement Modeling othersModeling others

Strain Theory

Robert Merton

Influenced by Emile Durkheim

Anomie and normlessness

Merton (unequal access to attain goals in society). SO WHAT?

5 modes of adaptation

Neutralization TheoryNeutralization Theory

Justification of behaviorJustification of behavior

Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial)Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial)

The Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund FreudThe Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud

Id, Ego, SuperegoId, Ego, Superego

Critical Sociological Theories of CrimeCritical Sociological Theories of Crime

Addressing different issues of crimeAddressing different issues of crime

Critical Theory: social justice as a legitimate endCritical Theory: social justice as a legitimate end

Distribution of power in societyDistribution of power in society

How power reflect the role of the CJ systemHow power reflect the role of the CJ system

““conflict” or “radical”conflict” or “radical”

Marxism

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Social Theorist: communism reflection

Marx’s critique of capitalism and its impact on social justice

Argued (after studying capitalism system in Europe) that owners of means of production paid workers poorly and used government to pass laws that prevented reform

One with econ power controlled system

Institutions (churches, schools, etc…) under control of owner class

“false consciousness”

Solution in response to “false consciousness”

Social class and power in society; corporate versus street crimes

GENDER AND JUSTICE

Male versus female subjects

Feminist movements in 1960s

FEMINISM/FEMINIST views

Curran & Renzetti identify 3 ways crime can be perceived from feminist views:

1. LIBERAL FEMINISM and criminology 2 issues: 1) power for accomplishment versus gender

2) behavioral approaches among men and women

The opportunity for women to commit crime

2. RADICAL FEMINIST crim Sexism in a patriarchal society Are we addressing their concerns?

3. SOCIALIST FEM crim

Social class and gender as a disadvantaged status

Social control as a reason for deviance and violence

Feminist perspective as a social movement

INTEGRATED T

Bridging together different T and disciplines

Possible research designs

Social context within which crime exists