DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 203 Calculating Machines.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 203

Calculating Calculating MachinesMachines

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE Machines - CPSC 203

Wilhelm SchickardWilhelm Schickard(1592- 1635)(1592- 1635)

Invented the first calculating machineInvented the first calculating machine Used Napier’s Bones and gears to Used Napier’s Bones and gears to

perform multiplication through successive perform multiplication through successive additionsadditions

First machine was destroyed in a fireFirst machine was destroyed in a fire Letters to Johannes Kepler and a Letters to Johannes Kepler and a

‘bookmark’ found in a Leningrad library ‘bookmark’ found in a Leningrad library provided enough information to provided enough information to reconstruct the machinereconstruct the machine


Schickard’s drawing of his machine, sent to Kepler

The reconstruction of Schikard’s machine


Blaise Pascal (1623 – Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)1662)

Once thought to have built the first Once thought to have built the first calculating machinecalculating machine

His machine was vastly different from His machine was vastly different from Schickard’s and it is unlikely he had Schickard’s and it is unlikely he had ever seen or even heard of Schickard’s ever seen or even heard of Schickard’s workwork

The early belief his machine was the The early belief his machine was the first of it’s kind led to one of the first first of it’s kind led to one of the first computer programming languages to be computer programming languages to be named after himnamed after him


Top view of one of Pascal’s adding machines

Internals of Pascal’s adding machine


Charles Babbage (1791 Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871)– 1871)

Held the title of Lucasian Professor of Held the title of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, once held Mathematics at Cambridge, once held by Newton and later held by Stephen by Newton and later held by Stephen HawkingHawking

Designed the Cow CatcherDesigned the Cow Catcher Standardized the broad track rather Standardized the broad track rather

than narrow gaugethan narrow gauge Studied the interior of Mt. Vesuvius – Studied the interior of Mt. Vesuvius –

while it was activewhile it was active


Became cantankerous in his old age and Became cantankerous in his old age and campaigned for the abolishment of campaigned for the abolishment of street musiciansstreet musicians

Ran in his riding with this forming his Ran in his riding with this forming his platformplatform

This resulted in;This resulted in;“I have very frequently been disturbed “I have very frequently been disturbed … after eleven and even after twelve … after eleven and even after twelve o’clock … a brass band played … for five o’clock … a brass band played … for five hours.”hours.”


Though not appreciated by the lower Though not appreciated by the lower class, his scientific reputation was class, his scientific reputation was known on both sides of the Atlanticknown on both sides of the Atlantic

Frustrated with erroneous mathematical Frustrated with erroneous mathematical tables set out to publish the first error tables set out to publish the first error free set of tablesfree set of tables

Rather than recalculating he used Rather than recalculating he used previous publications and compared previous publications and compared them. They were then proofread 3 them. They were then proofread 3 times.times.


Not happy with simply publishing these, Not happy with simply publishing these, he also experimented with improving he also experimented with improving readabilityreadability

Tested 13 inks on 151 colours of paper to Tested 13 inks on 151 colours of paper to determine the best combination for determine the best combination for reading – including black on black, reading – including black on black, yellow on yellow, and so onyellow on yellow, and so on

This resulted in some later editions of the This resulted in some later editions of the tables being printed on yellow paper with tables being printed on yellow paper with black inkblack ink


By 1822 Babbage had a working By 1822 Babbage had a working model of the Difference Enginemodel of the Difference Engine

Differences are a method by which Differences are a method by which complex multiplications can be complex multiplications can be reduced to simpler additionsreduced to simpler additions

A Difference Engine can produce A Difference Engine can produce successive values of a function by successive values of a function by using the differences of the functionusing the differences of the function


Babbage asked the British government Babbage asked the British government for financial aid to develop the for financial aid to develop the Difference Engine and was rewardedDifference Engine and was rewarded

He discovered the tools and machinery He discovered the tools and machinery needed though weren’t available and needed though weren’t available and had to begin designing not only the full had to begin designing not only the full engine, but the fine tools and engine, but the fine tools and machinery to make it workmachinery to make it work


4 years after beginning the project 4 years after beginning the project Babbage had nearly nothing to show Babbage had nearly nothing to show for it, his mechanic having left him for it, his mechanic having left him with nothing but the drawingswith nothing but the drawings

After this separation Babbage After this separation Babbage conceived the Analytical Engineconceived the Analytical Engine

A much more complex mathematical A much more complex mathematical engine would allow automated engine would allow automated calculation of more difficult problemscalculation of more difficult problems


After nine years asking for support to After nine years asking for support to build the Analytical Engine the Prime build the Analytical Engine the Prime Minister told him the government Minister told him the government would no longer provide backingwould no longer provide backing

He eventually drew up complete He eventually drew up complete plans for the Difference Engine 2, the plans for the Difference Engine 2, the most complex drawings produced up most complex drawings produced up to that timeto that time


When he presented the plans one When he presented the plans one minister joked that Babbage’s machine minister joked that Babbage’s machine could be put to calculating how much could be put to calculating how much money it had already cost the money it had already cost the governmentgovernment

In 1991 in an homage paid to In 1991 in an homage paid to Babbage’s work in London a working Babbage’s work in London a working version of the D.E. 2 was commissionedversion of the D.E. 2 was commissioned


Ada Augusta Countess of Ada Augusta Countess of Lovelace (1815 – 1852)Lovelace (1815 – 1852)

While the Difference Engine was While the Difference Engine was important it is the Analytical important it is the Analytical Engine that truly represents a Engine that truly represents a step forward in computing step forward in computing machinerymachinery

Ada Augusta was a promoter of Ada Augusta was a promoter of Babbage’s work and interpreted Babbage’s work and interpreted his work to make it more his work to make it more understandable to the lay personunderstandable to the lay person


The Analytical Engine borrowed from The Analytical Engine borrowed from the Jacquard loom in that it could the Jacquard loom in that it could programmed using punch cardsprogrammed using punch cards

It could perform loops in the program It could perform loops in the program by moving backwards N stepsby moving backwards N steps

Contained registers to store Contained registers to store intermediary valuesintermediary values


Konrad Zuse (1910 – Konrad Zuse (1910 – 1995)1995)

Developed mechanical memory Developed mechanical memory based on binary rather than the based on binary rather than the decimal memory popular in the daydecimal memory popular in the day

Used old movie film and projector Used old movie film and projector parts to create a “paper tape input”parts to create a “paper tape input”

Built Z1, Z2, and Z3 – the first true Built Z1, Z2, and Z3 – the first true fully automatic calculatorfully automatic calculator


Bell Labs (Lucent)Bell Labs (Lucent) The design of telephone equipment The design of telephone equipment

requires the use of imaginary numbersrequires the use of imaginary numbers In the late 30s desktop mechanical In the late 30s desktop mechanical

calculators couldn’t handle this so Bell calculators couldn’t handle this so Bell was looking for anything to aid in the was looking for anything to aid in the design of equipmentdesign of equipment

George Stibitz, a mathematician, took George Stibitz, a mathematician, took home some relays from a scrap pile to home some relays from a scrap pile to play around withplay around with


Stibitz had observed the similarity Stibitz had observed the similarity between relays and binarybetween relays and binary

He built a simple circuit using the He built a simple circuit using the relays, scrap tin, batteries and relays, scrap tin, batteries and flashlight bulbs which could add two flashlight bulbs which could add two binary numbersbinary numbers


He brought his toy to work to show his He brought his toy to work to show his colleagues and his supervisor asked if it colleagues and his supervisor asked if it could be designed to handle complex could be designed to handle complex numbersnumbers

Stibitz had already put some thought into Stibitz had already put some thought into the different circuits he could build and the different circuits he could build and quickly drew a basic conceptquickly drew a basic concept

This became the Complex Number This became the Complex Number CalculatorCalculator


The CNC stayed in use for 10 years 40 – The CNC stayed in use for 10 years 40 – 4949

First machine with multiple terminalsFirst machine with multiple terminals First machine to be used remotely Sept. First machine to be used remotely Sept.

11, 194011, 1940 Model VModel V

9000 relays9000 relays 10 tons10 tons 1000 sq feet1000 sq feet


Stored numbers as floating pointStored numbers as floating point Used CADET for arithmeticUsed CADET for arithmetic

““Can’t Add Doesn’t Even Try”Can’t Add Doesn’t Even Try”


Howard AikenHoward Aiken Designed and built the Mark series if Designed and built the Mark series if

computers at Harvardcomputers at Harvard His designs didn’t center on any one His designs didn’t center on any one

technology, rather whatever was technology, rather whatever was availableavailable

His machines therefore span the gap His machines therefore span the gap from mechanical to electronicfrom mechanical to electronic


ABC (Atanasoff/Berry) – first North ABC (Atanasoff/Berry) – first North American computer to take advantage of American computer to take advantage of electronic calculationelectronic calculation

Mauchly/Eckert – Built ENIAC for the Mauchly/Eckert – Built ENIAC for the Army, then went into business and built Army, then went into business and built UNIVACUNIVAC

UNIVAC easily predicted the winner of UNIVAC easily predicted the winner of the 1952 presidential election, but the 1952 presidential election, but wasn’t announced due to fear the wasn’t announced due to fear the computer was wrongcomputer was wrong

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 203 Calculating Machines.

Documents

Transcript of DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 203 Calculating Machines.