Demand Side Management

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

D A Sathe

TATA Power


Back Ground

• India’s energy intensity per unit of GDP

- 3.7 times Japan

- 1.55 times US

- 1.47 times Asia

High energy/unit of GDP means “Less efficient production, Distribution and use of energy”.

• A report by EPRI estimate that in US, the use of most efficient end-use technology could save energy any where between 24% to 44%. This will amount to 5% of the total sales. Similar figure for Western Europe is 6.4%.

• Indian economy also, has similar potential to save 5% -6% of its energy consumption.

PRESENT SCENARIO - LOSSAROUND THE WORLD

COUNTRY % LOSSAUSTRIA 6.74BELGIUM 5.54CANADA 8.34

DENMARK 6.61FINLAND 5.37FRANCE 7.52GREECE 9.2

HUNGARY 10.2NORWAY 9.2

SPAIN 9.6SWEDEN 8.2

UNITED KINGDOM 8.05YUGOSLAVIA 10.45BANGLADESH 37.51

NEPAL 30.35CHINA 6.60INDIA 22.83

May be >40%

The existing Generation infrastructure will be able to support load growth if Technical Losses are reduced.


Definition:-•Demand side management (DSM) is the planning and implementation of those utility activities designed to influence customer use of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes in the utility’s load shape i.e. changes in the load pattern and magnitude of a utility’s load. •The target of DSM is to make the load curve as flat as possible by reducing the peaks and filling up the valleys


DSM benefits households, enterprises, utilities, and society in general:-

1. Reduces customer energy bills. 2. Reduces the need for new power plants, transmission lines and distribution infrastructure. One unit saved at consumer end =1.3 unit generated, transmitted and distributed.3. Stimulates economic development. 4. Increases the competitiveness of local enterprises. 5. Can reduce maintenance and equipment replacement costs. 6. Reduces local air pollution by avoiding local diesel/kerosene based sets as utility infrastructure will be adequate


7. Reduces emissions that contribute to national and international environmental problems such as acid rain and global warming.

8. Reduces import bills of Petroleum Products.

9. Fuel saved and hence no additional requirements for coal mining and railway linkages.

10. Saves land, manpower and water requirements for extra generation


Barriers for Implementation of DSM in INDIA:-

1. Lack of Information on rapidly evolving Technologies.

2. Lack of Motivation

3. Lack of Capital & resistance to buy equipments with higher cost not considering life-time costs

4. Limited availability of efficient products and equipments

5. Uncertainty regarding savings and cost effectiveness

6. Limited Local expertise and infrastructure

7. Free Electricity / HP based tariff for Agriculture.

8. Unauthorised tapping.


Utility DSM programs generally fall into three main categories:-

A) Energy Conservation programs.

B) Load management programs: Redistribute energy demand to spread it more evenly throughout the day.

C) Strategic load growth programs.

The above categories may look alike and can overlap into each other. But, there is finer differentiation between each of the category.


A) Conservation programs = Reduce energy use

i.e. programs to improve the efficiency of equipment in buildings and industrial processes. Few examples are

1. Lighting systems:a) Use of reflectors for lighting (RFL)

b) Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)- Reduce allTaxes on these items

c) Electronic Ballast (EB)-Ban other types

d) High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (HPSVL)

2. Energy Efficient Motors (EEM)-Ban other types

3. Variable Speed Drives (VSD)


5. Encourage Waste Heat Driven vapour absorption refrigeration systems (VARS)in industry

6. Good House Keeping (GHK)

7. EncourageIndustrial Co-generation (COGEN)

8. High Efficiency Pumps and Fans (PUMPFAN)- Ban others

9. Encourage Power Factor Improvement (PF)by tariff penalties/concessions

10. Modern/Improved Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

11. Encorage/make compulsory use of solar heaters


B) Load management programs: Redistribute energy demand to spread it more evenly throughout the day.

Few examples:

1. Peak Clipping

2. Valley filling

3. Load Shifting

4. Strategic Conservation

5. Strategic load Growth

6. Flexible Load Shape (flexible loads such as water pumping load, air conditioning load, heating load can be shifted from peak hours to off peak hours).

LOAD SHAPING TECHNIQUES


7. Time of the day tariff (TOD): Include LT customers also

– charging less for electricity during periods of ‘Off Peak’ Hours

- charging more for electricity during periods of ‘Peak Demand’.

8. Interruptible rates (providing rate discounts in exchange for the right to reduce customer’s electricity allocation during the few hours each year with the highest electricity demand). DSM with feeder control method i.e. two separate feeders one for agriculture and one for all other loads (residential, commercial and industrial) will help in controlling demand.


C) Strategic load growth programs:

Encourage cost-effective electrical technologies that operate primarily during periods of low electricity demand.(e.g. battery charging during night for battery operated cars)

Energy Saving Projects

6. Energy saving projects: These are classified in the

following categories -

– Design and Conceptual Stage

– Techniques developed through O&M experience

– Energy auditing by external agencies/consultants -

in Power srations and Industry

Bench Marks

• Comparison of auxiliary power consumption of Thermal Power Utilities– India benchmark – 6.33%

– International benchmark – 3.99%


• The actions to be taken to save energy at Thermal Plants

•ESP: By using “Charged Ratio Mode” of operation provided in micro processor based control system.

• FGD, FAA, GR: Selective running of motors.

• Ash Plant: Use of compressed air system instead of water

• CW Pumps: Selective Running during low load condition.

•SGWCPs: Three out of four units run.


- Energy Management System in Distribution(DSM-ESM):-

1. Remote control and monitoring of S/S (Distribution Automation) :

- Optimal operation of ring feeders by on-line load flow Studies: This is to minimise losses by keeping isolator open at a desired location.

2. Customer education-House hold appliances to be used in off peak hrs


Conclusions:-

•Regulators and Governments to encourage DSM by tariff structure and Tax incentives


THANK YOU

Demand Side Management

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