15. OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74 FORAMINIFERS1

N. J. Shackleton and M. A. Hall, The Godwin Laboratory, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RS, Englandand

A. Boersma, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, New York2

ABSTRACT

Oxygen and carbon isotope measurements have been made in picked planktonic and benthonic foraminifers fromthe five sites drilled on Leg 74, covering the whole Cenozoic. For the Neogene, the coverage gives good information onthe development of the vertical temperature structure of Atlantic deep water. For the Paleogene, vertical gradients wereweak and it is possible to combine data from different sites to obtain a very detailed record of both the temperature andcarbon isotope history of Atlantic deep waters.

INTRODUCTION

One of the purposes of the Leg 74 drilling was to pro-vide a suite of sites in which deep-water 18O paleotem-perature measurements could be made over a range ofpaleodepths. Ultimately this will enable a better descrip-tion of variations in the vertical temperature structureof the ocean through time. It is not possible to completesuch an analysis in the time available for the preparationof the Initial Reports, but a start has been made in ob-taining the data. This chapter summarizes results thathave been obtained to date and will give a good indica-tion of the potential of different parts of the section forisotopic work.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Oxygen and carbon isotope measurements were made using a VGIsogas 903 triple collector mass spectrometer to analyze carbon diox-ide released from picked foraminifers. The standard method of reac-tion on line at 50°C using 100% orthophosphoric acid was employed;the reaction line in use is shown in Figure 1.

To obtain seafloor records, benthic foraminifers were selected foranalysis. Where possible, monospecific or monogeneric assemblageswere picked. Where this proved impractical, species which have simi-lar deviations from isotopic equilibrium were grouped together. In anumber of levels it was possible to analyze more than one picking andso provide further data on species-dependent departures from isotopicequilibrium. Appendix A shows the adjustment factors which havebeen applied to the species analyzed in this chapter in order to obtainas good an approximation as possible to seafloor equilibrium valuesfor 13C and 18O values. These adjustments must be made to take ac-count of genetically controlled departures from isotopic equilibrium(Duplessy et al., 1970; Shackleton, 1974; Vincent et al., 1979; Grahamet al., 1981). Appendix B gives the raw values and Appendix C thevalues adjusted on the basis of Appendix A, averaged where morethan one measurement was obtained, and with the age estimate usedfor plotting (based on the timescales developed in Shackleton et al.,this volume). Appendix A includes a number of mixtures; we recog-nize that there is additional uncertainty involved in these cases sincethe relative contributions are not known, but we consider that mea-surements based on specified mixtures are at least better than analysesof unspecified mixed species. A small number of measurements in Ap-pendix B that were neither used in Appendix C nor plotted in the

Moore, T. C , Jr., Rabinowitz, P. D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 74: Washington (U.S.Govt. Printing Office).

2 Present address: P.O. Box 404, RR 1, Stony Point, New York.

figures are marked with asterisks. These values include bad analyses,out-of-place samples, and some values for which correction factorsare unknown or unreliable. For example, Oridorsalis appears to beclose to isotopic equilibrium for 18O, but to be erratic in its 13C com-position. It is possible that this reflects the presence of more than onespecies, or a significant effect of size on isotopic composition. It is in-teresting to note that Savin et al. (1981) found a perplexing variationin the difference in 13C content between Oridorsalis and other species.

Figure 2 shows the oxygen and carbon isotope records for benthicand planktonic foraminifers from Sites 525-529. Oxygen isotope val-ues are adjusted for departures from isotopic equilibrium (Shackle-ton, 1974), and carbon isotope values are adjusted so as to provide anestimate of the 13C content of ocean deep water; members of the Cibicides genus are thought to provide a good estimate of this quantity inthe modern ocean (Graham et al., 1981; Duplessy et al., pers. comm.1982; Vincent et al., 1981) so that adjustments are made to Cibicidesfor 13C and to Uvigerina for 18O. Because Site 526 is significantlyshallower and at present the seafloor is bathed by a different watermass, values from this site cannot be plotted with those from thedeeper sites.

For planktonic species, we still do not know the order of depthstratification sufficiently well to confidently pick the best surface indi-cator in every sample. Additionally, it is sometimes useful to obtain arecord from deep-dwelling species as well as from surface species (Bo-ersma and Shackleton, 1978; Biolzi, pers. comm., 1982). Thus Table 4contains data from several different species in some samples.

In the discussion below, oxygen isotope values are discussed interms of temperature (°C) using the relationship between oxygen iso-topic fractionation and temperature established by O'Neil et al. (1969)and discussed by Shackleton (1974). It is assumed that in the absenceof an Antarctic ice sheet, the ocean had an oxygen isotopic composi-tion of - 1.2‰ on the PDB scale (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975).

DISCUSSION

Maestrichtian

Analyses of a number of samples in the uppermostpart of the Maestrichtian show that there is a significantdeep-water temperature variability, with deep-water tem-peratures varying between about 10° and 6.5°C (Fig. 2).No values as cold as this were encountered again throughthe Paleocene or lower Eocene. No significant deep-wa-ter temperature difference was observed in the immedi-ate vicinity of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, atwhich time the deep-water temperature was about 10°C.

Abathomphalus mayeroensis and Planoglobulinaglabrata were analyzed in several Maestrichtian samples.Both 13C and 18O data indicate that of these two, the lat-

599

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

Thermistor for temperature control

Figure 1. Reaction system used to generate CO2 from foraminifers for isotopic analysis. The whole region illustrated is kept at 50°C. Orthophos-phoric acid is dropped onto the foraminifers, which have previously been cleaned and vacuum-roasted in the thimble visible within container A.The acid is replenished monthly and is kept pumped so that it does not take up moisture.

ter calcified closer to the sea surface; on the basis of itsisotopic composition surface temperatures between 13°and 16°C may be calculated. Mixed, very small (63-75µm) species from a sample in Hole 527 at 280.10 m(10 cm below top of Maestrichtian) yield 18O and 13Cvalues closer to those given by A. mayeroensis, implyingthat they are not good indicators of surface conditions.

Paleocene-EoceneNo remarkable changes in deep-water temperature oc-

curred during the Paleocene, although there was appar-ently less variability and a somewhat higher mean tem-perature than during the late Maestrichtian. In the earlyEocene a significant rise in deep-water temperature isobserved, culminating in temperatures of about 12°C.After a few million years a considerable decline in tem-perature occurred relatively rapidly at about 50 Ma. Thedating of this event is well controlled to within the inter-val of Magnetic Anomaly 21 on the basis of the measure-

ments in Core 527-17. Only a small amount of late Eo-cene data was obtained; however, the values are consis-tent with those observed elsewhere, implying a deep-wa-ter temperature of about 7°C. The temperature declinewithin Magnetic Anomaly 21 was not unidirectional butwas accompanied by considerable variability that wouldwarrant detailed investigation in a site with a higher ac-cumulation rate over this interval.

Surface temperature appears to have been low in thefirst 2 m.y. of the Paleocene, but this is probably an ar-tifact of our inability to analyze species which truly re-flect surface conditions. Mixed, very small (63-75 µm)planktonic foraminifers dominated by Woodringina andcarefully cleaned of obvious Cretaceous specimens wereanalyzed from 279.91 m in Hole 527 and yielded an 18Ovalue similar to that of the sample analyzed at the top ofthe Maestrichtian. Because, as already mentioned, thisMaestrichtian measurement was not regarded as a goodestimate of surface temperature, we have no reason to

600

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

suppose that the Danian measurement enables us toestimate lowermost Danian surface temperature. On theother hand, these very small foraminifers do registeressentially the same change in 13C values that is regis-tered by bulk sediment (Shackleton and Hall, this vol-ume). Thus it seems likely that these specimens were cal-cifying relatively close to the sea surface (certainly wellabove the oxygen minimum). If the oxygen isotopiccomposition of these very small specimens is not signifi-cantly affected by post-depositional processes (whichcannot be definitely established), then we may reasona-bly argue that the similarity in 18O values between thevery small specimens analyzed on either side of theCretaceous/Tertiary boundary constitutes evidence thatthere was not a significant change in surface tempera-ture at that boundary. However, this is a difficult pointto establish conclusively.

Later in the Paleocene and in the early Eocene, sur-face temperatures were apparently higher than duringthe Maestrichtian or, indeed, than during any other partof the Cenozoic. Surface temperatures dropped duringthe middle Eocene just as deep-water temperatures did.It is interesting to note that this more or less paralleltrend in surface and deep-water temperatures during theEocene shows that there was no thermal isolation be-tween mid-latitude and high-latitude water masses.

Preliminary examination of the benthic data suggeststhat the vertical temperature and 13C gradients betweenSites 525 and 527 were too small during the Paleocene tobe measured without considerably more data. The twosites then occupied approximately the same positions inthe water column as Sites 526 and 525 occupy today;thus there would have been measurable isotopic differ-ences between them, given Oceanographic gradients sim-ilar to those now prevailing.

OligoceneAt Site 529 detailed measurements were made at the

Eocene/Oligocene boundary, where a very sharp transi-tion was observed. The data should be regarded withcaution, however, since the nannofossil /. recurvus isnot present in the uppermost Eocene sediments, imply-ing that the latest Eocene may be missing at this site(Manivit, this volume). It is interesting to note that theoxygen isotope values obtained in benthic foraminifersjust above the boundary (or hiatus) are the most positiveobserved in the Oligocene. The values, about +2.5%0(adjusted to isotopic equilibrium), are in fact similar tothe lightest values observed in the late Miocene. Thisvalue may be regarded as favoring the presence of an icesheet in Antarctica for a brief interval in the early Oligo-cene; in the absence of any significant quantity of ice, avalue of + 2.5%0 would indicate a temperature of 2°C ata paleodepth of around 3000 m. This would certainlyimply at least freezing winters at sea level around Ant-arctica, which itself would be consistent with substantialglaciation. It seems perhaps more likely that deep wa-ter was not so cold as 2°, and that there was a signifi-cant amount of ice on Antarctica for this short intervalearly in the Oligocene. (An isolated measurement from225.67 m at Site 528 gave an even more positive 18O

value, but this may have been the result of mixing withone or more Neogene specimens, since the sample provedto contain some drillpipe rust indicative of downholecontamination).

Although we conclude that there may have been someaccumulation of ice on Antarctica during the early Oli-gocene, as claimed by Matthews and Poore (1980), wehave reached this conclusion by accumulating more ben-thic foraminiferal data and extending the argument usedby Shackleton and Kennett (1975). We do not agree withthe approach taken by Matthews and Poore (1980), whohave argued that global ice volume in the Cenozoic maybe estimated by assuming that the surface temperaturein the tropics is more or less invariant. Indeed, were oneto apply this argument to the data set discussed by Shack-leton and Boersma (1981), one would conclude that dur-ing the early Eocene ocean surface temperature rangedbetween 28°C at the equator and 18°C at high latitudes,while somewhere on the continents sufficient ice wasstored to render the oceans even more isotopically posi-tive than today. For the early Oligocene, Poore andMatthews (in press) have obtained a data set consider-ably more detailed than ours; it documents isotopicallypositive values similar to those that we have obtained,but their interpretation is again based on the model ofMatthews and Poore (1980), with which we disagree.

The total range in 18O values in benthic samples fromthe Oligocene at Sites 528 and 529 is of the order 0.7%(from 1.8 to 2.5%0), but this is among a relatively smallnumber of analyses and must underestimate the totalrange of variation.

Site 526, where the paleodepth was significantly shal-lower during the Oligocene than the present 1000 m,shows a rather different benthic temperature record.The values are isotopically lighter by the equivalent of2-3°, and show a greater variability of about l‰, ormore than 3°. Unfortunately, the isotopic results fromSite 526 sediments are somewhat unsatisfactory. Differ-ences between species are not as one expects on the basisof present-day calibrations or of between-species com-parisons at other sites. Matthews et al. (1980) have sug-gested that, in very shallow sites, aragonite that was pre-served during initial sedimentation may very readily gointo solution in the pore waters and reprecipitate on theforaminifers. If this is indeed the case, the values ob-tained may actually be closer to deep-water isotopicequilibrium than the original calcite was; this would ex-plain the fact that between-species differences are verysmall in these sediments.

Early-Middle MioceneUnfortunately the middle Miocene was not well re-

covered at any Leg 74 site. However, the fragmentaryrecovery is sufficient to reveal the deep-water tempera-ture maximum of the middle Miocene and the associatedpositive extreme in 13C values first observed by Shackle-ton and Kennett (1975) and to give hints of the importanthigh-frequency variation in both isotope ratios that wasrevealed for the first time by the detailed work ofWoodruff et al. (1981) from DSDP Site 289. Compari-son of the planktonic and benthic records (Fig. 2A)

601

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

20

15

65 70

Figure 2. A. Oxygen isotope record in benthic and planktonic foraminifers from Sites 525-529, Maestrichtian to Recent. For planktonic species,data are selected to represent as well as possible those species that apparently calcify near the ocean surface. The temperature scale is calculatedfor a time without an Antarctic ice sheet. B. Carbon isotope record in benthic foraminifers from Sites 525-529, Maestrichtian to Recent. All datain Figure 2A-B are plotted on a common timescale (from Appendix C). C. Carbon isotope record in planktonic foraminifers from Sites 525-529,Maestrichtian to Recent. All data are plotted on a common timescale (from Appendix D). In samples from which more than one species was anal-yzed, the isotopically heaviest value is plotted, and analyses of species which are known to deposit their carbonate at depth are not plotted.

shows that the temperature gradient between surfaceand deep water was approximately the same from thelate Eocene to the middle Miocene.

Late Miocene and Pliocene: ChangingVertical Gradients

The drilling of Site 526 provided the unusual oppor-tunity of examining the vertical temperature and 13Cgradients within the ocean interior and the evolution ofthese gradients through the late Miocene. Table 1 showsmean 18O and 13C values over 1 m.y. increments (fromAppendix C) in Sites 526 and 525.

It is striking that the vertical temperature gradient be-tween the two sites was approximately 1° throughoutthis interval, with only rather subtle variations, whereas

the carbon isotopic gradient actually reversed in thelower Pliocene. Today, Site 526 is bathed by AntarcticIntermediate Water (AIW) with a lower 13C contentthan the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) that isfound at the depth of the seafloor at Site 525 (-2500m); the 13C difference is about 0.2‰ (Kroopnick, 1981,from Station 103). In parts of the lower Pliocene, ben-thic foraminifers from Site 526 were isotopically morepositive than at Site 525. Table 2 shows values from thedeep Pacific; during the early Pliocene there was clearlyan isotopic gradient between the South Atlantic and thedeep Pacific just as strong as there is today, and it seemslikely that NADW extended up to the depth of Site 526,perhaps with a reduction in the formation of AIW.These data show that the conclusion reached by Keigwin

602

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

[ y|Pliocene | I.Miocene | m. Miocene | e. Miocene I Oligocene I. Eocene m. Eocene e. Eocene I. Paleocene^-Pleistocene

Figure 2. (Continued).

(1982), that the production of NADW was significantlyless before the Panama Isthmus closed about 3 Ma, isnot correct. Our data show an early Pliocene 13C differ-ence between South Atlantic NADW and deep Pacificwater of more than 1% well prior to that event. It maybe that the early Pliocene Caribbean is not an appropri-ate position from which to monitor the 13C content ofNADW.

The so-called "carbon shift" at about 6.4 Ma (Haq etal., 1980), when ocean-dissolved CO2 became isotopi-cally lighter for 13C, is reasonably clearly expressed andindeed has been used as a guide to correlating Holes525B and 526. Occurring just above the appearance ofAmaurolithusprimus at Hole 525B, it provides a usefuldatum, because this first appearance was not readily de-termined under the conditions of more extensive over-growth observed in the late Miocene nannofossils of Site526. However, it is certainly not such a striking effect asis observed in the Pacific, and indeed there is a clear over-lap between pre-''carbon shift" values and those ob-served in the lower Pliocene (Fig. 2B).

The deep-water 18O record of the late Miocene isthought to reflect the history of Antarctic glaciation,and the isotopic difference between the mean value for16-17 Ma and today's equilibrium value is about 1.2%.This means that if ocean isotopic composition changedby about 0.9‰ (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975), therewas a deep-water temperature drop of only a little over adegree. By contrast, surface temperatures changed con-siderably; the temperature difference between the surface

Maestrichtian-^

and the deep water bathing the shallowest site (526) hasincreased by about 6°C since the middle Miocene. Thisdramatic increase in temperature gradients during thelast 15 Ma is a fascinating aspect of global paleoclima-tology. It must be emphasized again that its interpreta-tion is not affected by current uncertainty (Matthewsand Poore, 1980) regarding the history of global oceanicisotopic composition, which affects the absolute tem-peratures estimated, but not temperature gradients.

PleistoceneA lower Pleistocene section was analyzed from Hole

528A, where Cores 4-6 were sampled at close intervals.Benthic foraminifers were analyzed in part of the sec-tion, chiefly as a. check on the reliability of the data ob-tained. Evidently early Pleistocene climatic variability iseasily detectable. With only a single penetration of thesite it would not be possible to obtain a long record suit-able for spectral analysis. However, the material is suit-able for paleoclimatic work; both faunal change anddissolution variability could be examined in relation tothe 18O record in this material.

CONCLUSIONS

The 18O analyses in benthic foraminifers record thelargely well-established temperature and ice-volume his-tory of the Cenozoic. The temperature maximum in theearly Eocene, the cooling early in the middle Eocene,and the very rapid cooling at the Eocene/Oligoceneboundary are all well displayed. The accumulation of

603

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

Table 1. Oxygen and carbon isotope data averaged inmillion-year increments for Sites 525 and 526,Pliocene to middle Miocene.

Increment

Site 525

3-44-55-66-77-88-99-10

10-1111-1212-1313-1414-1515-1616-1717-24

Site 526

3-44-55-66-77-88-99-10

10-1111-1212-1313-1414-1516-1616-1717-24

δ 1 8 θ(%)

3.17 ± 0.103.06 ± 0.123.14 ± 0.192.97 ± 0.153.003.133.01 ± 0.162.93 ±0.112.79 ± 0.102.85 ± 0.152.82 ± 0.142.81 ± 0.032.49 ± 0.161.96 ± 0.122.09 ± 0.25

2.78 ± 0.122.96 ± 0.102.91 ± 0.122.76 ± 0.102.79 ± 0.092.89 ± 0.072.87 ± 0.162.92 ± 0.112.67 ± 0.142.63 ± 0.172.51 ± 0.142.33 ± 0.09No data2.05 ± 0.231.73 ± 0.20

δ1

0.790.871.021.321.501.641.421.591.291.441.491.572.182.321.65

1.110.940.911.071.471.511.441.421.221.361.541.64

2.241.59

13

±±±±

±±±±±±±±±

±±±±±±±±±±±±

±±

c.)

0.170.330.170.22

0.170.110.190.120.150.370.350.230.37

0.270.180.160.230.220.090.140.100.170.150.140.36

0.360.22

No. ofanalyses

64

19611236

2054

108

12

11262524116

1011

814192

47

Table 2. Oxygen and carbon isotope data averaged inmillion-year increments for deep equatorial Pacificcores V28-179, V28-185, and RC12-66.

Incrementδ 1 8 o(‰)

δ 1 3 C No. ofanalyses

3-44-55-66-7

3.313.063.223.09

±±±±

0.230.170.130.17

-0.22-0.30-0.22-0.10

±±±±

0.230.250.200.29

49392623

Note: Sources are: Shackleton and Opdyke, 1977;Keigwin and Shackleton, 1980; Shackleton, 1982;and Shackleton, unpublished data). Note that thedata in the increment 6-7 m.y. are virtually all frombetween 6 and 6.5 Ma, after the late Miocene 1 3 Cchange.

Antarctic ice in the middle Miocene is clearly recordedalthough sediment recovery was poor in this part of thesection and details of the transition are not well resolved.A good late Miocene record at Site 525 will clarify eventsduring that time. A fairly good early Oligocene record isalso available from Site 529. Although frequent slumpswould preclude use of this section for detailed time-se-ries analysis, it provides important evidence supportingthe existence of limited Antarctic glaciation during the

earliest Oligocene. The details of the Paleogene sectionpermit the climatic events to be better dated than be-fore. High deep-water temperatures were attained closeto the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at about 56 Ma, anda temperature decline occurred over a period of about amillion years early in the middle Eocene ( — 50-49 Ma).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are deeply grateful to Captain Clark and the team aboard theGlomar Challenger for Leg 74 for successfully drilling our objectivesand enabling these studies to be carried out. Laboratory work wassupported by NERC Grant GR3/36O6 to N. J.S. We thank C. Solankiand M. Tabecki for laboratory assistance and John Line for comput-ing advice. We are very grateful to R. K. Matthews, E. Vincent, and T.C. Moore for their helpful reviews of the manuscript, and especially tothe former for making available the manuscript of his joint contribu-tion with R. Z. Poore to Volume 73 of the Initial Reports (Poore andMatthews, in press).

REFERENCES

Belanger, P. E., Curry, W. B., and Matthews, R. K., 1981. Core-topevaluation of benthic foraminiferal isotopic ratios for paleo-ocean-ographic interpretations. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeo-ecol., 33:205-220.

Boersma, A., and Schackleton, N. J., 1978. Oxygen and carbon iso-tope record through the Oligocene, DSDP Site 366, EquatorialAtlantic. In Lancelot, Y., Seibold, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP,41: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 957-962.

Duplessy, J.-C, Lalou, C , and Vinot, A. C , 1970. Differential iso-topic fractionation in benthic foraminifera and palaeotempera-tures reassessed. Science, 168:250-251.

Graham, D. W., Corliss, B. H., Bender, M. L., and Keigwin, L. D.,Jr., 1981. Carbon and oxygen isotopic disequilibria of recent deep-sea benthic Foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleontol., 6:483-497.

Haq, B. U., et al., 1980. Late Miocene carbon isotopic shift and syn-chroneity of some phytoplanktonic biostratigraphic events. Geol-ogy, 8:427-431.

Keigwin, L. D., Jr., 1979. Late Cenozoic stable isotope stratigraphyand paleoceanography of DSDP sites from the east equatorial andcentral north Pacific Ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 45:361-382.

, 1982. Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and EastPacific: Role of Panama Uplift. Science, 217:350-353.

Keigwin, L. D., Jr., and Shackleton, N. J., 1980. Uppermost Miocenecarbon isotope stratigraphy of a piston core in the equatorial Pa-cific. Nature, 284:613-614.

Kroopnick, P., 1980. The distribution of 1 3C in the Atlantic Ocean.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 49:469-484.

Matthews, R. K., Curry, W. B., Lohman, K. E., Sommer, M. A., andPoore, R. Z., 1980. Late Miocene palaeo-oceanography of the At-lantic: Oxygen isotope data on planktonic and benthic Foraminif-era. Nature, 283:555-557.

Matthews, R. K., and Poore, R. Z., 1980. Tertiary δ 1 8 θ record andglacio-eustatic sealevel fluctuations. Geology, 8:501-504.

O'Neil, J. R., Clayton, R. N., and Mayeda, T. K., 1969. Oxygen iso-tope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates. J. Chern. Phys.,51:5547-5558.

Poore, R. Z., and Matthews, R. K., in press. Late Eocene-Oligoceneoxygen and carbon isotope record from South Atlantic Ocean,Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 522. In Hsü, K. J., LaBrecque, J.L., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 73: Washington (U.S. Govt. PrintingOffice).

Savin, S. M., Douglas, R. G., Keller, G., Killingley, J. S., Shaughnes-sy, L., Sommer, M. A., Vincent, E., and Woodruff, F., 1981.Miocene benthic foraminiferal isotope records: A synthesis. Mar.Micropaleontol., 6:423-450.

Shackleton, N. J., 1974. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium betweenocean water and the benthonic Foraminifera genus Uvigerina: Iso-topic changes in the ocean during the last glacial. C.N.R.S. Collo-quium, 219:203-209.

, 1982. The deep sea sediment record of climatic variability.Prog. Oceanogr., 11:199-218.

Shackleton, N. J., and Boersma, A., 1981. The climate of the Eoceneocean. J. Geol. Soc. London, 138:153-157.

604

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

Shackleton, N. J., Imbrie, J., and Hall, M. A., in press. Oxygen andcarbon isotope record of East Pacific core V19-30: implicationsfor the formation of deep water in the late Pleistocene North At-lantic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Shackleton, N. J., and Kennett, J. P., 1975. Paleotemperature historyof the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation: Oxygenand carbon isotope analyses in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281. InKennett, J. P., Houtz, R. E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 29:Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 743-755.

Shackleton, N. J., and Opdyke, N. D., 1977. Oxygen isotope and pa-laeomagnetic evidence for early Northern Hemisphere glaciation.Nature, 270:216-219.

Vincent, E., Killingley, J. S., and Berger, W. H., 1981. Stable isotopesin benthic Foraminifera from Ontong-Java Plateau, box coresERDC 112 and 123. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatoi, Palaeoecol.,33:221-230.

Woodruff, F., Savin, S. M., and Douglas, R. G., 1981. Miocene sta-ble isotope record: A detailed Pacific ocean study and its paleocli-matic implications. Science, 212:665-668.

APPENDIX AIsotopic Analyses of Benthic and Planktonic Foraminifers

Adjustment factors applied to the isotopic analyses of benthicforaminiferal species in order to obtain the best estimates ofoxygen isotopic equilibrium and carbon isotopic composition ofocean deep-water dissolved CO2.

Genusor Species

UvigerinaHoeglundinaCibicidoidesC. kullenbergiC. wuellerstorffiC. havanensisMelonisM. pompilliodesM. barleearnumBuliminaB. jarvisiGlobocassidulinaNuttalidesGavelinellaGyroidinaOridorsalisStilostomellaSphaeroidinaFavocassidulinaPlanulina renziPullenia bulloidesRectuvigerinaAnomalinoidesGavelinellaNodosariaOsangulariaNUTT + CIBUVIG + GLOBOCASPWUELL + CIBKULLGLOBOCAS + BJARVORID etc.ORID + BULNUTT + ALABCIB + GAVBUL + CIBUVIG + STABYSSGLOBOCAS + ORIDUVIG + GLOBOCASORID + GYROIDSTABYSS + BJARVGLOBOCAS + STABYSSUVIG + BULNUTT + CIBNUTT + GAV

ComputerAbbreviation

UVIGHELEGANSCIBCIBKULLPWUELLCIBHAVMELONISMELPOMPMELBARLBULIMINABJARVGLOBOCASNUTTGAVELINGYROIDORIDSTABYSSSBULLFAVOCASSPRENZIPULBULRECTUVIGANOMALINGAVELINNODOSANGNUTTCIBUVIGGLOBWUELKULLGLOBOJARORIDMIXORIDBULNUTTALABCIBGAVBULCIBUVIGSTILGLOBORIDUVIGGLOBORIDGYRSTILJARVGLOBSTILUVIGBULNUTTCIBNUTTGAV

Adjustment180

0.0-0.40

0.50.50.640.50.30.30.40.00.0

-0 .10.350.30.00.0

-0.15-0.1-0 .1

0.60.00.00.30.30.00.00.4

-0.050.50.00.00.00.40.50.150.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.40.35

13C

0.9-1 .3

0.00.00.00.00.80.61.00.00.00.50.00.00.01.01.0

-0 .10.50.00.30.90.30.00.00.00.00.70.00.250.50.50.00.00.01.00.750.70.50.50.70.450.00.0

Note: These figures are derived from our assessment of all thedata available to us. Although a slightly different set of ad-justments might be derived on the basis of data from Leg 74alone, we consider that this would impede comparison withother sites.

605

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

APPENDIX BIsotopic Analyses of Benthic Foraminifers from Sites 525-529

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)

Hole525B

0.8011.6611.6613.0513.0519.0119.3422.1022.2022.2022.2022.2022.4022.4022.4023.6127.7833.3535.1042.2644.8848.0554.0855.5858.8159.1160.3161.7161.7162.0162.9162.9162.9163.2166.8166.8166.8166.9167.4167.9167.9170.6170.6170.6170.6872.1172.1172.1873.6175.1475.8175.8179.0679.0679.7179.7179.7181.0182.0682.3182.3182.4982.4982.4982.9382.9388.0194.3194.3195.0495.0495.6996.2197.7199.3799.37

103.54103.54109.11113.47113.47117.25117.25123.91124.11124.11126.59128.51129.56132.71132.71134.64137.20137.20

Species

UVIGFAVOCASSPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASCIBKULLNUTTGLOBOCASPWUELLCIBKULLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASSTABYSSUVIGGLOBOCASGLOBOCASORIDUVIGGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASPRENZIPWUELLGLOBOCASPRENZIPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPRENZIGLOBOCASPWUELLCIBKULLGLOBOCASPRENZIPRENZIGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPRENZIGLOBOCASPWUELLUVIGGLOBOCASPWUELLPRENZIGLOBOCASPRENZIGLOBOCASPRENZIGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPRENZIPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLCIBGLOBOCASPRENZIPWUELLCIBCIBCIBKULLUVIGSTILCIBGLOBORIDPRENZI

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

3.953.692.963.402.662.452.613.412.643.213.322.762.893.732.903.283.293.113.302.283.303.183.143.143.093.293.372.573.323.443.173.173.093.233.583.073.313.243.292.703.452.883.382.672.703.042.672.512.673.303.642.603.292.512.793.242.492.773.082.882.052.842.202.523.112.492.553.012.352.972.372.853.223.072.643.133.222.532.253.362.342.842.232.493.012.442.082.142.272.382.742.323.002.30

δ 1 3 C

(‰)

0.08-0.03

0.700.501.100.500.710.510.870.270.570.860.740.490.740.360.450.340.270.450.530.280.720.960.630.780.831.140.810.790.260.080.410.310.81

-0.30*0.420.620.460.860.430.700.760.820.830.560.850.951.230.560.781.020.640.730.760.560.950.880.400.300.680.000.790.220.470.980.900.901.271.001.480.830.851.001.401.101.121.651.301.041.541.301.641.521.091.491.141.061.481.190.55*1.170.98*1.51

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)5

Species

Hole S25B (cont.)

139.18139.18139.41139.41139.46139.61139.61139.81139.81140.01140.21140.21140.41140.41140.71140.91141.11141.31141.51141.71142.21142.41142.41142.61142.61142.81143.01143.41149.57153.47155.65155.65155.65157.91159.41162.31163.81166.45166.61166.61169.90174.61174.71174.91174.91175.02175.31175.31175.51175.51176.01176.41176.41188.71189.51190.31190.61191.01191.01191.21191.41191.61192.20192.20194.21195.91201.05

Hole 525A

174.60193.60203.10212.60222.10222.10231.91241.40241.40250.86250.86250.86250.86260.37260.37263.91263.91263.91279.63281.10281.10282.60284.10284.10

PWUELLUVIGGLOBGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLMIXEDPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLSBULLPWUELLUVIGGLOBPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLCIBPWUELLPWUELLSBULLPWUELLSTABYSSPWUELLPWUELLCIBPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPRENZIGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBHAVGLOBOCASBULIMINAGLOBOCASORIDGYRCIBGLOBOCASSTILJARVORIDGYRORIDCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCAS

GLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGLOBOCASGLOBOJARPRENZISTABYSSGLOBOCASGYROID :PRENZISTABYSS ICIB

18O

‰)

2.522.972.862.092.783.091.872.132.962.222.582.002.432.772.502.862.162.372.262.302.242.192.962.192.682.392.342.092.282.055.012.182.432.262.002.872.952.902.942.202.372.642.672.682.062.672.122.852.71..72..40.84

2.45.39*

2.20.94.48.86.94

2.132.02.32.92.93.32.64

..10

..45

..44

..17

..43.98

..26'.30.61

..13-.31..33.93.23.16

GLOBOCAS 2.17BJARV .99GLOBOCAS 2.07GLOBOCAS 2.37NUTTCIB 0.52CIB 0.39NUTT 0.33NUTTCIB 0.47NUTTCIB 0.41ORID 0.77

δ 1 3 C(%)

1.500.95*1.001.390.941.191.301.460.86*1.531.121.591.630.901.370.971.481.441.461.571.471.460.931.400.801.381.431.521.751.381.211.301.401.471.401.451.200.561.111.501.112.012.181.862.202.001.832.031.891.901.451.691.45

1.251.791.812.231.941.881.981.741.951.511.781.761.261.45

1.411.811.191.341.140.950.841.750.801.461.181.810.931.191.090.801.030.310.781.110.730.830.920.39*

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole 525A (cont.)

287.10287.10289.01289.01290.51290.51292.01292.01292.01293.50295.01295.01298.00302.29302.39322.79337.85337.85358.19358.29358.29358.39358.49358.59358.59358.69358.99359.09359.09359.19359.19359.29359.39359.49359.59371.57379.21382.21385.81387.31390.09393.36403.35403.40404.59404.59404.65408.91411.91412.81412.81415.35422.01433.72436.05442.50442.50442.70442.90442.90444.00444.00444.20470.91470.91470.91

Hole S26B

6.716.71

15.5116.3117.1117.3117.5117.7118.3122.11

26.7126.71

Hole 526A

28.9128.9129.0129.2029.6029.7929.9030.1030.1030.10

NUTTORIDBULIMINANUTTNUTTCIBORIDMIXBULIMINANUTTORIDORIDCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBORIDBULNUTTALABCIBGAVNUTTBULCIBCIBGAVELINMIXEDMIXEDCIBORIDCIBGAVNUTTBULIMINANUTTBULIMINANUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTORIDNUTTNUTTORIDGAVELINNUTTNUTTGAVELINNUTTORID

GLOBOCASPWUELL

GLOBOCASrWUtLLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLP W I TPT Tr W U E L LPWUELLGLOBOCASP W I IPT Ir W U1.LL

CIBPWUELL

PWUELLUVIGUVIGUVIGUVIGUVIGUVIGGLOBOCASPWUELLUVIG

δ 1 8 θ(%.)

0.340.650.930.330.280.640.810.420.690.380.01

-0.13-0.29-0.37

0.15-0.43-0.59-0.78-0.21-0.42-0.31-0.59-0.25-0.38-0.49-0.80-0.10

0.07-0.34

0.19-0.10-0.36-0.20-0.21-0.26-0.48

0.01-0.04-0.07-0.32-0.26

0.07-0.03-0.18

0.060.130.150.100.060.120.090.070.250.190.03

-0.010.59

-0.110.110.42

-0.180.050.20

-0.060.120.34

3.923.42

3.682.662.562.642.61L. IJ

2.423.162 30

2.722.16

2.002.732.622.572.822.732.762.652.352.85

δ 1 3 C(%.)

0.780.310.790.680.700.400.920.740.31

-0.050.760.330.651.080.830.891.160.830.350.690.820.800.450.66

-0.140.060.470.320.370.310.530.210.440.370.290.281.631.110.860.961.061.552.432.152.492.182.762.352.682.802.572.611.981.011.041.281.01'1.341.311.07'1.201.411.181.621.691.61

0.421.19

0.570.871.050.991.08π A7u.o /0.520.091 040.070.87

0.850.510.370.360.740.410.440.450.840.52

606

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

Appendix B. (Continued).

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole S26A (cont.)

30.2030.2030.5230.5230.7231.1131.1131.3031.4131.4131.6031.7132.0132.2033.0534.5536.0536.5938.0239.5239.5241.0241.2841.2841.4244.4245.8045.8046.4146.5146.6146.7146.9147.0747.1447.3147.5247.7147.9148.1148.3148.4148.4148.6448.8149.0149.2249.2249.4149.6149.9949.9950.2051.2151.2151.6151.6151.8151.8152.0152.0152.0152.2152.4152.6152.7152.8152.8153.1153.3153.3153.3153.5153.5153.5153.7153.9153.9154.1154.1154.2154.3154.3154.5055.6456.0456.0456.2156.6156.6156.8156.8157.0157.2757.2757.2757.54

PWUELLUVIQPWUELLUVIGUVIGPWUELLUVIGPWUELLPWUELLUVIGPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLBULIMINAGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLUVIGGLOBPWUELLCIBKULLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLSTABYSSPWUELLCIBKULLPWUELLCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLGYROIDPWUELLGYROIDPWUELLPWUELLGYROIDRECTUVIGPWUELLCIBKULL

δ 1 8 θ(Ao)

2.392.772.382.772.832.332.752.192.352.732.432.472.252.332.392.362.372.242.323.032.312.452.682.192.172.223.212.282.322.432.472.422.302.342.452.562.302.412.402.362.432.822.362.382.222.863.002.412.302.982.252.932.912.932.262.752.192.822.242.722.772.292.242.402.142.212.202.812.392.212.972.293.052.052.722.392.052.162.042.972.732.912.102.852.102.862.242.252.542.112.912.132.262.692.642.162.23

6 1 3C(‰)

0.920.730.800.460.680.930.390.830.880.410.900.790.721.000.961.060.980.870.870.261.000.710.170.831.081.090.421.000.900.890.801.051.101.081.071.251.060.911.051.040.960.231.221.020.880.290.451.101.030.300.840.470.590.250.820.190.780.220.630.070.110.510.730.820.860.811.010.241.060.430.550.810.270.70

-0.291.170.460.820.620.110.200.621.100.271.200.401.131.270.41*1.29O.ll1.071.250.440.551.071.00

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole S26A (cont.)

57.5457.7157.9158.1158.3158.5158.5158.6458.7158.7158.7158.8660.1660.4060.4060.6060.8960.8961.0961.0961.2961.2961.4961.4961.6663.4163.5163.8165.4165.4166.1666.1666.1666.1666.3166.3166.5166.5166.5166.7170.4772.5174.3874.3874.5174.7175.1175.2975.4875.5175.6875.9078.0178.2178.2178.2178.4178.4178.6178.8179.0179.2179.4179.6179.8180.0180.0180.5083.8184.0184.2184.4185.5787.0787.0788.3188.5790.0190.2191.4091.6193.2195.3195.3195.6195.8196.0196.2196.4196.6196.8197.1198.5198.8098.9199.1199.31

PWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLORIDPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLSTABYSSUVIGPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASORIDGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASPULBULPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASBULIMINAGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCAS

δ' 8 O(%.)

2.342.062.032.052.062.672.092.011.812.842.962.111.982.801.992.863.122.242.902.102.872.152.872.322.252.892.792.932.322.912.313.033.072.902.973.172.292.863.053.072.892.622.512.983.182.973.162.872.912.952.942.972.992.452.982.832.282.332.943.132.993.052.833.123.182.993.292.872.872.622.972.622.812.752.812.592.882.722.902.612.812.942.602.902.603.092.732.672.722.762.512.422.572.592.522.672.46

(‰)

1.271.241.181.251.27O.651.281.241.010.370.281.161.470.831.281.251.171.721.171.551.031.621.091.571.600.770.520.771.421.031.411.081.090.730.921.161.400.781.070.921.151.101.340.751.001.030.810.951.000.850.741.140.961.190.930.661.460.68*0.870.881.010.711.080.880.890.970.890.810.830.440.620.750.820.720.670.590.980.740.820.771.001.211.02*0.880.870.620.890.901.030.780.800.690.980.831.051.000.85

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole S2S6A (cont.)

99.5199.81

103.00103.21103.21103.61103.61104.51104.51104.71105.11105.11105.31105.51106.01106.01106.01106.21106.41106.41106.85107.09107.09110.81110.81110.81111.80116.27116.27116.41116.41116.41116.51116.57119.51120.76124.92129.80129.80133.74157.53157.53159.45159.45159.45159.45160.85160.85164.87164.87164.87168.15168.15169.50170.47170.47172.18174.54175.70175.90176.10176.40176.79176.79177.34177.34177.71179.82181.32181.60185.11186.60187.46188.61190.11190.11190.11193.64196.00201.90203.40205.95205.95205.95208.32217.53217.53

Hole 52740.94

101.10134.71137.51138.61138.81139.01139.41

GLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGYROIDGLOBOCASUVIGPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGYROIDPWUELLCIBGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASPWUELLCIBKULLGYROIDPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGYROIDGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBKULLGLOBOCASANOMALCIBGLOBOCASBJARVHELEGANSCIBCIBGLOBSTILCIBCIBKULLGLOBOCASGYROIDCIBGLOBSTILSBULLSTABYSSUVIGBULCIBCIBCIBCIBUVIGCIBCIBCIBCIBUVIGCIBCIBUVIGCIBCIBUVIGCIBCIBSTABYSSCIBUVIGSTABYSSCIBUVIGBULIMINACIBUVIGCIBUVIGUVIGUVIGBULIMINACIBUVIGBULIMINABULIMINAGYROID

PWUELLPWUELLNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTT

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

2.442.682.392.683.102.472.792.032.172.682.792.292.712.052.822.502.011.962.542.571.942.261.781.892.451.731.621.692.142.152.162.221.232.141.441.321.891.453.3O1.571.161.211.131.171.391.621.451.451.641.541.541.371.521.651.411.781.481.731.551.331.341.291.391.451.491.401.481.561.801.571.511.311.361.391.401.321.571.161.511.311.301.361.051.431.580.550.90

2.182.371.080.670.440.170.480.41

δ 1 3 C(‰)

1.161.161.191.180.39*1.070.541.741.761.171.181.770.631.591.190.971.531.401.011.031.450.701.671.501.321.621.792.341.741.891.852.101.722.021.441.751.350.90*2.961.651.540.861.431.351.111.111.260.381.040.290.581.231.121.351.240.760.801.321.250.880.691.531.340.581.040.771.231.400.781.390.780.581.260.580.431.030.581.240.780.731.010.471.410.800.720.781.16

0.870.790.960.661.020.860.560.77

607

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

Appendix B. (Continued).

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole 527 (cont.)

143.29143.11142.88142.71142.71142.31142.48143.61J43.75143.98144.21144.52144.79145.11145.31145.76146.28146.77147.02147.68147.93148.24152.28164.69199.91199.51202.11202.11218.34218.34218.34218.34256.30258.10261.10260.62267.31267.51267.72267.72267.79267.79267.92267.92267.92268.11270.11270.11270.11271.71271.71271.92271.92273.25273.25276.21278.33279.71279.91280.10280.28280.49280.68280.85281.19281.40281.40281.59281.59281.59281.59282.00282.20

Hole 528A

8.878.958.95

NUTTNUTTCIBNUTTMIXEDNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTORIDCIBNUTTGAVELINORIDNUTTGAVNUTTGAVELINNUTTORIDGAVELINNUTTNUTTGAVORIDGAVELINNUTTORIDGAVELINORIDNUTTNUTTNUTTGAVORIDNUTTORIDORIDNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTNUTTGAVNUTTNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTGAVNUTT

UVIGCIBKULLORID

S1 8O(%.)

0.020.330.190.370.290.170.380.210.460.190.330.070.09

-0.10-0.11

0.07-0.15-0.03-0.12-0.21-0.11-0.41-0.19-0.43-0.21-0.29

0.22-0.10

0.530.330.120.170.550.200.190.150.650.26

-0.160.50

-0.140.320.58

-0.020.42

-0.020.590.420.580.330.610.180.560.320.350.150.100.260.140.270.530.270.660.570.300.940.94

-0.270.53

-0.270.530.200.22

3.502.853.49

5 1 3 C(‰)

0.660.600.480.450.780.570.840.470.760.550.470.490.690.240.430.380.330.890.601.020.720.640.970.570.770.821.250.951.702.422.022.010.681.021.371.021.410.651.131.291.110.651.121.320.571.19l.Ol1.281.361.301.09*1.300.941.06*1.311.391.612.162.032.012.011.792.261.941.752.172.171.70*1.851.701.852.031.70

-0.090.77

-0.41

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole 528A (cont.)

8.959.059.159.159.359.359.459.459.559.559.759.759.959.95

10.0510.0510.1510.1510.1510.2510.2510.3510.3510.4510.5510.5510.5510.6210.6210.6210.6210.7510.8710.8710.9511.0311.0311.1511.2511.3511.3511.5511.6411.6411.6411.6411.7511.8524.2524.2544.3545.1545.15

Hole 528

225.67227.54237.98237.98246.40249.40250.60250.60252.00256.61257.47263.01312.07313.53313.56313.82314.21314.21315.99

Hole 529

0.110.11

UVIGCIBKULLGLOBOCASUVIGORIDUVIGGLOBOCASUVIGPWUELLUVIGGLOBOCASUVIGGLOBOCASUVIGCIBKULLUVIGGLOBOCASPWUELLUVIGGLOBOCASUVIGCIBKULLUVIGCIBKULLCIBKULLPWUELLUVIGGLOBOCASORIDPWUELLUVIGCIBKULLCIBKULLUVIGUVIGGLOBOCASUVIGUVIGGLOBOCASCIBKULLUVIGCIBGLOBOCASORIDPWUELLUVIGUVIGUVIGGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBCIBUVIGGLOB

NUTTCIBNUTTCIBCIBNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTCIBORIDBULNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTT

HELEGANSPWUELL

5 1 8 O(‰)

3.523.484.273.944.043.923.993.903.053.523.654.033.623.763.533.964.003.233.884.004.053.243.492.943.713.303.893.904.093.543.863.352.993.654.334.193.894.143.832.683.463.574.484.103.064.363.463.602.933.012.612.503.05

2.510.871.080.920.720.310.290.580.33

-0.190.07

-0.52-0.14

0.05-0.02-0.11-0.12-0.18

0.13

3.612.19

δl3 C

(‰)

-0.050.48

-0.52-0.26-0.54-0.18

0.030.130.660.020.13

-0.500.O40.040.70

-0.05-0.51

0.20-0.37-0.08-0.02

0.960.200.850.860.860.050.07

-0.590.25

-0.020.970.93

-0.040.06

-0.35-0.32-0.37-0.06

0.62-0.35

0.31-0.39-0.78

0.59-0.28-0.19-0.10

0.010.390.490.610.29

1.130.751.190.690.9O0.170.710.230.810.651.011.030.651.321.361.241.081.321.74

2.891.01

Sub-bottomDepth

(m) Species

Hole 529 (cont.)

131.49131.49135.71141.46141.46151.55156.21160.75160.75163.91168.89168.89168.89170.73170.73170.73172.23175.23175.41176.73178.23179.62181.50181.50182.15182.15183.41183.41183.41183.63183.63184.87184.87184.87184.87184.87185.13185.13185.57189.01192.98193.21193.21194.18194.55195.57197.90197.90199.00199.00199.20199.20199.50200.04200.04200.04200.13200.13200.20200.78200.78201.39201.39201.53202.58202.58205.20206.60207.35207.35207.35207.88207.88207.88207.88207.88222.50222.50268.84

GLOBOCASGYROIDGLOBORIDBULIMINAGLOBOCASBULIMINACIBGLOBOCASGYROIDBJARVCIBGLOBOCASGLOBOCASCIBGYROIDSTABYSSCIBCIBGLOBOCASCIBGLOBCIBORIDCIBORIDCIBBULSTILBJARVGLOBOCASORIDCIBORIDCIBUVIGORIDGYROIDGLOBORIDSTABYSSCIBNODCIBMIXEDBJARVBULIMINAGLOBORIDBJARVBJARVBJARVGYROIDUVIGBJARVCIBBJARVORIDBJARVBJARVNUTTSTABYSSBJARVNUTTBULIMINABJARVNUTTBJARVNUTTNODBJARVNUTTBJARVBULIMINABJARVNUTTNUTTANOMALCIBBULIMINAORIDOSANGULBJARVNUTTMIXED

i 1 8 θ(%.)

2.202.502.051.992.292.051.791.932.192.351.752.052.101.942.602.201.661.622.131.541.441.871.491.971.771.962.222.342.041.541.741.521.752.071.801.821.841.941.552.052.372.442.342.452.552.441.951.822.382.222.282.302.481.320.601.061.470.911.731.180.581.190.471.301.440.891.441.241.370.770.880.340.471.261.101.061.340.75

-0.27

β 1 3 c(‰)

0.64

0.650.340.660.760.471.240.900.941.471.330.580.880.740.660.41*1.201.200.831.150.010.130.950.10*0.860.511.080.880.60*1.120.35*1.220.600.980.650.550.980.65*1.270.701.401.000.731.331.641.591.010.661.581.811.430.831.650.770.760.800.950.880.871.121.140.970.770.840.830.760.831.220.790.570.740.670.730.820.320.830.740.600.73

Note: Asterisks denote values that have not been used in Appendix C or in the figures. In the majority of cases these are '^C values for species whose departure from isotopicequilibrium is poorly defined or very variable; in a small number of cases it is suspected either that the sample was displaced or that the analysis was suspect. For explana-tions of computer abbreviations, see Appendix A.

608

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

APPENDIX CIsotopic Analyses of Benthic Foraminifers from Sites 525-529, Adjusted on the Basis of Appendix A

Sub-bottomDepth(m)

Hole S25B

0.8011.6613.0519.0119.3422.1022.2022.4023.6127.7833.3535.1042.2644.8848.0554.0855.5858.8159.1160.3161.7162.0162.9163.2166.8166.9167.4167.9170.6170.6872.1172.1873.6175.1475.8179.0679.7181.0182.0682.3182.4982.9388.0194.3195.0495.6996.2197.7199.37

103.54109.11113.47117.25123.91124.11126.59128.51129.56132.71134.64137.20139.18139.41139.46139.61139.81140.01140.21140.41140.71140.91141.11141.31141.51141.71142.21142.41142.61142.81143.01143.41149.57153.47155.65157.91159.41162.31163.81166.45166.61169.90174.60174.61174.71

Age

(m.y.)

0.1632.2162.4023.1263.1383.2343.2373.2443.2873.4323.6443.7484.1714.3264.5134.8414.9235.0635.0745.1165.1645.1755.2065.2175.3425.3465.3635.3815.4755.4785.5285.5305.5805.6335.6575.7705.7935.8385.8755.8845.8905.9056.0836.3036.3286.3516.3696.6007.1458.5059.2289.794

10.28510.93210.94811.14211.29311.37511.62311.77411.97512.64512.73412.75312.80112.81112.82012.83012.83912.85312.86312.87212.88112.89112.90012.92412.93312.94212.95212.96112.98013.27013.45313.55513.75313.92814.26614.44114.75014.76815.15215.62715.62815.635

Species

UVIGMEANMEANPWUELLPWUELLMEANMEANMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANMEANPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANPRENZIGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANPRENZIMEANMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANMEANPWUELLMEANMEANCIBMEANPWUELLCIBCIBMEANCIBMEANMEANMEANGLOBOCASMEANMEANPWUELLMEANMEANPWUELLUVIGGLOBPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLCIBPWUELLMEANMEANPWUELLPWUELLCIBPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCAS

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

3.953.603.303.093.253.253.323.523.183.193.013.202.923.203.083.043.042.993.193.273.153.343.053.133.283.143.193.283.313.343.113.153.313.203.373.173.173.372.982.722.703.073.152.932.922.753.122.973.003.132.893.122.812.992.982.722.642.772.812.822.953.072.752.682.752.872.862.562.873.142.862.803.012.902.802.882.852.683.032.982.592.922.692.932.902.642.772.852.802.822.272.352.542.57

(%.)

0.980.591.050.500.710.940.930.820.860.950.840.770.451.030.781.221.461.131.281.331.231.291.050.811.311.120.960.900.930.830.960.951.231.061.150.940.920.880.900.740.800.980.901.341.491.331.351.501.501.641.301.541.721.521.541.141.061.481.191.171.511.501.451.441.501.461.531.611.221.371.271.481.441.461.571.471.151.601.381.431.521.751.381.471.471.401.951.701.061.561.611.912.512.68

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole 525B (cont.)

174.91175.02175.31175.51176.01176.41189.51190.31190.61190.65191.01191.05191.21191.25191.41191.45191.61191.65192.20193.60194.01194.21195.91201.05

Hole 525A

203.10212.60222.10231.91241.40250.86260.37263.91279.63281.10282.60284.10287.10289.01290.51292.01293.50295.01298.00302.29302.39322.79337.85338.01358.19358.29358.39358.49358.59358.69358.99359.09359.19359.29359.39359.49359.59371.57379.21382.21385.81387.31390.09393.36403.35403.40404.59404.65408.91411.91412.81415.35422.01433.72436.05442.50442.70442.90444.00444.20470.91

Hole 526B

6.7115.5116.3117.11

15.65015.65815.68015.69515.73215.76116.73116.79016.81216.81516.84216.84516.85616.85916.87116.87416.88616.88916.93017.07017.13417.16517.43017.748

17.82319.18721.61322.95523.24123.52623.97124.22946.73347.10147.47747.86047.71049.25249.67750.05050.25550.46250.87451.46451.47753.50254.60454.61755.80855.81155.81455.81855.82155.82455.83455.83855.84155.84455.84855.85155.85456.25556.88857.16757.50357.64357.90258.20659.14459.14959.26559.27159.68759.98160.06960.23760.80061.98462.48863.98664.03264.07964.33964.39068.034

0.8391.8231.9142.016

Species

MEANGLOBOCASMEANMEANGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASORIDGYRCIBCIBMEANMEANGYRORIDGYRORIDORIDOR1DCIBKULLCIBKULLMEANGLOBOCASCIBKULLCIBKULLGLOBOCASGLOBOCAS

GLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOJARMEANMEANMEANMEANNUTTCIBMEANNUTTCIBMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANORIDMEANNUTTMEANORIDBULALABNUTTMEANMEANCIBBULMEANBENTHICSBENTHICSMEANCIBGAVNUTTMEANMEANNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIB

NUTTMEANNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTMEANNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTMEANNUTTMEANMEANNUTTMEAN

MEANGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELL

« 1 8 O(‰)

2.642.572.692.622.302.352.101.941.981.981.851.852.132.132.022.021.821.821.832.341.821.821.542.00

2.072.332.322.302.102.291.872.080.920.790.870.790.670.800.660.760.380.370.060.090.15

-0.08-0.26-0.26

0.040.04

-0.090.25

-0.19-0.30

0.250.040.22

-0.010.150.140.09

-0.130.360.310.280.030.090.420.470.170.520.550.450.410.530.420.600.540.380.470.240.440.260.550.35

3.943.583.303.20

δ 1 3 C(%)

2.282.502.182.401.951.822.292.312.232.232.412.412.482.482.742.741.951.952.152.311.761.761.761.95

1.691.841.301.091.781.901.391.060.780.920.830.920.780.680.700.740.950.550.651.081.330.890.951.000.350.760.800.450.760.060.470.350.420.210.440.370.290.281.631.110.860.961.061.552.432.152.342.762.352.682.692.611.981.011.041.281.341.311.311.181.97

1.051.070.871.05

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole S26B (cont.)

17.3117.5117.7118.3122.1125.5126.71

Hole 526A

28.9129.0129.2029.6029.7929.9030.1030.2030.5230.7231.1131.3031.4131.6031.7132.0132.2033.0534.5536.0536.5938.0239.5241.0241.2841.4244.4245.8046.4146.5146.6146.7146.9147.0747.1447.3147.5247.7147.9148.1148.3148.4148.6448.8149.0149.2249.4149.6149.9950.2051.2151.6151.8152.0152.2152.4152.6152.7152.8153.1153.3153.5153.7153.9154.1154.2154.3154.5055.6456.0456.2156.6156.8157.0157.2757.5457.7157.9158.1158.3158.5158.6458.7158.86

2.0422.0672.0932.1702.6553.0903.243

3.5253.5373.5623.6333.6973.7333.8003.8333.9404.0074.1104.1274.1374.1544.1644.1914.2084.2844.4194.5264.5494.6094.6734.7374.7484.7544.8824.9404.9664.9714.9754.9794.9884.9944.9975.0195.0545.0865.1205.1545.1885.2055.2445.2735.3065.3425.3745.4085.4725.5085.6795.7475.7815.8145.8485.8825.9165.9335.9506.0016.0356.0686.1026.1366.1706.1876.2046.2366.4296.4976.5266.5936.6276.6616.7056.7516.7806.8146.8476.8816.9156.9376.9496.974

Species

PWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASPWUELLPWUELL

MEANUVIGUVIGUVIGUVIGUVIGMEANMEANMEANUVIGMEANPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLPWUELLGLOBOCASMEANPWUELLGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANMEANPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLMEANMEANPWUELLMEANMEANGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASPWUELLMEANPWUELLMEANMEANPWUELLMEANMEANPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLPWUELLMEANPWUELLMEANPWUELL

β 1 8 o(%.)

3.283.253.393.063.062.942.80

2.692.622.572.822.732.762.802.902.902.832.862.832.863.073.112.892.973.033.003.012.882.962.943.092.712.812.863.022.963.073.113.062.942.983.093.202.943.053.043.003.072.863.022.862.762.982.942.882.862.812.872.742.802.772.883.042.782.852.803.032.842.743.032.682.712.632.782.752.742.822.892.652.842.902.712.862.702.672.692.702.702.652.702.75

δ 1 3 C

(%.)

0.991.080.670.520.591.040.87

1.131.271.261.641.311.341.071.281.081.581.110.831.100.900.790.721.000.961.060.980.870.870.880.710.751.081.090.960.900.890.801.051.101.081.071.251.060.911.051.040.960.981.020.880.791.031.030.800.911.090.790.740.680.560.730.820.860.810.981.060.760.731.170.640.620.701.110.771.201.021.271.291.071.251.161.141.241.181.251.271.281.241.191.16

609

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

Appendix C. (Continued).

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole 526A (cont.)

60.1660.4060.6060.8961.0961.2961.4961.6663.4163.5163.8165.4166.1666.3166.5166.7170.4772.5174.3874.5174.7175.1175.2975.4875.5175.6875.9078.0178.2178.4178.6178.8179.0179.2179.4179.6179.8180.0180.5083.8184.0184.2184.4185.5787.0788.3188.5790.0190.2191.4091.6193.2195.3195.6195.8196.0196.2196.4196.6196.8197.1198.5198.8098.9199.1199.3199.8199.51

103.00103.21103.61104.51104.71105.11105.51106.01106.21106.41106.85107.09110.81111.80116.27116.41116.51116.52119.51120.76124.92133.74157.53159.45160.85164.87166.25167.75

7.1947.2357.2697.3187.3527.3867.4207.4487.7457.7627.8138.0838.2108.2368.2708.3048.9479.2989.6209.6429.6769.7459.7769.8099.8149.8439.881

10.24410.27810.31310.34710.38210.41610.45010.48510.51910.55410.58810.66111.14111.17011.19911.22811.39611.61411.79411.83212.05012.08612.29812.33612.62112.87012.88912.90212.91512.92812.94012.95312.96612.98513.07413.09313.10013.11313.12513.15713.13813.36113.37413.40013.45713.47013.49513.52113.55313.56613.57813.62413.68214.57914.81816.71816.82216.89616.94117.82717.96522.86123.04723.54623.58723.93825.72826.34227.009

Species

PWUELLMEANGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANMEANPWUELLGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASGLOBOCASMEANMEANGLOBOCASMEANMEANMEANCIB

MEANCIBKULLMEANMEANPWUELLMEANMEANCIBKULLGLOBOCASANOMALCIB

GLOBOCASCIB

MEANMEANMEANMEANSTILOSSTIL

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

2.622.772.762.952.772.782.872.892.792.692.832.892.902.972.832.972.792.523.023.082.873.062.772.812.852.842.872.892.892.922.843.032.892.952.733.023.08

3.042.772.772.522.872.522.712.682.492.782.622.802.512.712.842.702.502.992.632.572.622.662.412.322.472.492.422.572.362.582.342.292.582.582.742.582.742.652.622.462.462.442.292.402.262.192.241.732.041.741.821.792.071.441.551.701.491.391.53

δ 1 3C(‰)

1.471.311.751.701.611.581.581.601.271.021.271.471.581.541.421.421.651.601.301.501.531.311.451.501.351.241.641.461.531.461.371.381.511.211.581.381.39

1.431.311.330.941.121.251.321.201.091.481.241.321.271.501.711.381.371.121.391.401.531.281.301.191.481.331.551.501.351.661.651.691.681.501.751.671.731.361.521.401.521.451.441.481.792.292.441.722.521.741.751.851.651.551.381.171.091.321.27

Sub-bottorrDepth

(m)

1Age

(m.y.)

Hole 526A (cont.)

168.15169.50170.47172.18174.54175.70175.90176.10176.40176.79177.34177.71179.82181.32181.60183.95185.11186.60187.46188.61190.11193.64196.00201.90203.40205.95208.32217.53

Hole 527

40.94101.10134.70137.50138.61138.81139.01139.41142.31142.48142.71142.88143.11143.29143.61143.75143.98144.21144.52144.79145.11145.31145.76146.28146.77147.02147.68147.93148.24152.28164.69199.51199.91202.11218.34256.30258.10260.62261.10267.31267.51267.72267.79267.92268.11270.11271.71271.92273.25276.21278.33279.71279.91280.10280.28280.49280.68280.85281.19281.40281.59282.00282.20

27.18827.78828.14328.41328.78728.97129.00229.03429.08129.14329.23029.28929.62329.86029.90430.27630.48030.74530.89931.10331.37132.00032.42033.47133.73834.19334.61536.255

3.8088.265

41.84745.01247.14047.52347.61747.65848.34648.40648.48848.54848.62948.69348.80548.85348.93249.01049.11749.20949.31949.38749.54249.72049.88849.97350.19950.28550.38451.56754.78657.51757.54557.69958.83362.76262.95963.50263.57764.27964.30764.34364.35664.37864.41164.75665.03265.06865.38165.88866.21566.41866.44766.46466.47266.48166.48966.49666.51066.51966.52766.54566.553

Species

MEANCIBMEANCIBCIBCIBCIBUVIGCIBMEANMEANCIBCIBSTABYSSCIBSTILUVIGSTABYSSCIBUVIGMEANCIBUVIGUVIGUVIGMEANBULIMINAMEAN

PWUELLPWUELLNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBMEANNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTMEANMEANORIDNUTTGAVGAVELINNUTTNUTTORIDMEANMEANMEANGAVELINMEANMEANMEANMEANNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTNUTTGAVNUTTNUTTGAVNUTTGAVNUTTMEANNUTTGAVNUTT

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

1.952.151.851.982.232.051.831.341.791.801.701.982.061.652.071.401.511.161.861.391.601.661.511.311.301.451.580.73

2.823.011.431.020.790.570.830.760.520.780.510.540.730.370.610.860.590.730.470.590.250.240.470.250.370.280.190.24

-0.060.16

-0.080.060.140.490.570.550.550.450.541.000.260.500.270.540.280.760.650.550.510.550.500.610.490.620.880.621.010.920.651.290.880.550.57

á13C(%)

1.181.351.450.801.321.250.881.591.531.191.361.231.401.781.391.691.681.581.261.481.261.241.681.631.911.560.720.97

0.870.790.960.661.020.860.560.770.570.840.620.480.600.660.470.760.550.470.490.690.240.430.380.330.890.601.020.720.640.970.570.820.771.102.151.681.021.021.3J1.411.651.211.111.221.191.321.301.301.311.391.612.162.032.012.011.792.261.941.752.171.852.031.70

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)

Hole 528A

8.878.959.059.159.359.459.559.759.95

10.0510.1510.2510.3510.4510.5510.6210.7510.8710.9511.0311.1511.2511.3511.5511.6411.7511.8524.2544.3545.15

Hole 528

225.67227.54237.98246.40249.40250.60252.00256.61257.40263.01312.07313.53313.56313 82314.21315.99

Hole 529

0.11131.49135.71141.46151.33151.55156.21160.75163.91168.89170.73172.23175.23175.41176.73178.23179.62181.50182.15183.41183.63184.87185.13185.57189.01192.98193.21194.18194.55195.57197.90199.00199.20199.50200.13200.20200.78201.39201.53202.58205.20206.60207.35207.88222.50268.84

Age(m.y.)

1.0021.0111.0221.0331.0561.0671.0781.1011.1241.1351.1461.1581.1691.1801.1911.1991.2141.2281.2371.2461.2591.2701.2821.3041.3141.3271.3382.5703.5473.569

35.82037.06340.15644.92046.43946.83747 30248.63249.21752.63056.86957.62257.62357 64057.66657.782

0.02926.57127.54028.98231.61131.67032.91134.12034.62934.73534.77434.80634.87034.87334.90134.93334.96335.00335.01735.04335.04835.07435.08035.08935.48636.00736.03736.16436.21336.34636.65236.79636.82336.86237.05937.09137.36237.64737.71238.20239.42440.07840.42840.67547.49757.639

Species

UVIGMEANCIBKULLMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANCIBKULLMEANMEANCIBKULLMEANUVIGMEANUVIGGLOBOCASMEANCIBMEANUVIGUVIGMEANCIBMEAN

NUTTCIBNUTTCIBMEANNUTTCIBNUTTMEANNUTTNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTCIBNUTTNUTTNUTTNUTTMEANNUTT

MEANMEANSUBGORIDMEANBULIMINABULIMINACIBMEANBJARVMEANMEANCIBCIBGLOBOCASCIBGLOBCIBORIDMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANMEANCIBBENTHICSBJARVMEANBJARVBJARVBJARVMEANMEANMEANBJARVMEANBULIMINAMEANMEANNODMEANBJARVBULIMINAMEANMEANMEANBENTHICS

«18O(‰)

3.503.453.984.063.983.903.613.793.644.003.883.983.623.444.013.983.853.574.333.994.143.733.324.074.143.463.602.873.113.03

2.911.271.431.120.660.640 680.210.47

-0.120.210.400.330 24

0.48

3.022.302.052.092.052.052.292.012.352.102.362.162.122.031.791.941.871.982.122.231.891.822.142.052.252.372.392.452.552.441.892.552.292.481.371.731.061.011.301.341.441.241.241.101.22

-0.27

813C(‰)

0.810.740.480.320.590.780.790.520.740.780.240.651.030.850.890.530.970.900.960.370.530.440.590.310.390.710.800.700.490.68

1.130.750.940.900.170.710 810.651.011.030.651.321.361 24K201.74

1.301.141.090.960.470.471.241.171.471.210.471.201.201.331.150.011.130.950.941.231.241.340.981.271.001.401.241.331.641.591.291.701.631.650.920.871.130.870.840.800.831.220.700.930.670.73

Note: If more than one analysis was made, a mean was taken. Ages are estimated as described in Shackleton et al. (this volume).

610

OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPE DATA FROM LEG 74

APPENDIX DIsotopic Analyses of Planktonic Foraminifers from Sites 525-529

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)

Hok525B

99.37117.25117.25117.25139.18139.18139.41139.41139.61139.61139.81139.81140.01140.01140.21140.21141.71141.71174.61174.71174.91175.31175.51175.51175.81176.01176.21176.41m.n188.71189.51191.41191.61194.21

Hok525A

279.10279.63281.10282.60284.10287.10288.60288.60289.10290.51292.01293.51295.01298.01302.39322.79337.85358.19358.19358.29358.29358.39358.49358.49358.59358.59358.69358.69358.69358.89358.89358.89358.99358.99358.99358.99359.09359.09359.19359.19359.19359.29359.39359.39359.49359.49359.59359.59371.57379.21379.21382.21382.21385.81385.81387.31

Age(m•y )

7.14510.28510.28510.28512.64512.64512.73412.73412.80112.80112.81112.81112.82012.82012.83012.83012.90012.90015.62815.63515.65015.68015.69515.69515.71715.73215.74615.76115^76116.67116.73116.87116.88617.165

46.60046.73347.10147.47747.86048.71049.13549.13549.27749.67750.05050.25650.46250.87551.47753.50254.60455.80855.80855.81155.81155.81455.81855.81855.82155.82155.82455.82455.82455.83155.83155.83155.83455.83455.83455.83455.83855.83855.84155.84155.84155.84455.84855.84855.85155.85155.85455.85456.25556.88856.88857.16757.16757.50357.50357.643

Species

Globigerina bulloidesGlobigerinoides sacculiferGlobigerina nepenthesGioborotalia conoideaGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobogerina nepenthesG. nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensG. dehiscensGlobigerina nepenthesG. nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobigerina nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobigerina nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensG. dehiscensG. dehiscensGlobigerinoides sacculiferGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. sacculiferGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. sacculiferG. sacculiferG. sacculiferG. sacculiferGloboquadrina altispiraGlobigerinoides sacculiferGlobigerinoides spp.

G. spp.G. spp.

Morozovella spp.Af. aragonensisM. aragonensisM. aragonensisM. aragonensisM. aragonensisM. subbotinaeM. lensiformisM. aragonensisM. aragonensisM. spp.M. spp.Af. spp.Af. aragonensisM. spp.Af. spp.M. aragonensisM. acutaSubbotina trilocularisMorozovella acutaSubbotina trilocularisMorozovella acutaM. acutaSubbotina trilocularisMorozovella acutaSubbotina trilocularisChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella acutaSubbotina trilocularisMorozovella acutaChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeM. acutaM. acutaChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeAf. subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella subbotinaeChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella marginodentataM. subbotinaeSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella marginodentataSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella marginodentataSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella marginodentata

δ 1 8 θ(‰)

3.100.530.471.071.070.870.830.850.940.510.720.740.750.910.470.500.710.781.001.380.941.051.161.100.750.680.630.480.770.300.850 760.710.52

-0.11-0.19-0.35-0.45-0.23-0.07

0.31-0.13

0.03-0.19-0.15-0.39-0.40-0.51-0.68-0.96-1.21-0.79-0.65-1.02-0.82-0.98-1.13-0.69-1.22-0.53-0.80-1.10-0.63-0.42-0.54-1.13-0.47-1.05-0.45-0.66-0.36-0.60-0.73-0.40-0.82-0.38-0.68-0.26-0.85-0.27-0.82-0.48-1.16-0.62-0.28-0.77-0.39-0.70-0.43-0.67

J 1 3 C(‰)

0.942.662.262.081.902.482.481.811.842.472.541.832.591.842.551.902.191.653.553.023.443.522.653.432.983.083.323.082.483.063.003 643.383.14

3.002.813.263.543.033.121.752.722.663.042.422.343.182.973.143.342.532.091.242.281.102.242.161.082.130.940.241.960.702.131.002.281.032.322.072.010.912.252.250.792.130.842.260.932.110.752.120.822.292.701.742.931.782.931.682.90

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)

Hole 525A (c

387.31390.09390.09404.65393.36393.36403.35403.35404.59404.59404.65404.65408.91408.91411.91411.91412.81412.81415.35415.35422.01422.01422.01433.72

Hole S26A

30.8034.5539.5244.4248.1152.6158.1163.4163.4163.6163.6163.8163.8163.8164.0164.2166.3166.5166.5166.5166.5166.71

5.515.518.418.418.81

80.0180.0183.8183.8183.8184.2184.4184.6184.8185.0188.5791.6197.11

105.51105.51110.81110.81110.81110.81114.21114.21119.51119.51128.26141.56157.53157.53160.11160.11160.11160.11160.11163.85175.90176.79176.79213.21213.21214.71

Age(m.y.)

Ml.)

57.64357.90257.90259.27158.20658.20659.14459.14459.26559.26559.27159.27159.68759.68759.98159.98160.06960.06960.23760.23760.80060.80060.80061.984

4.0334.4194.6734.8825.1545.9166.8477.7457.7457.7797.7797.8137.8137.8137.8467.8808.2368.2708.2708.2708.2708.3049.8149.814

10.31310.31310.38210.58810.58811.14111.14111.14111.19911.22811.25711.28611.31511.83212.33612.98513.52113.52114.57914.57914.57914.57915.39915.39917.82717.82722.93123.21123.54623.54623.60923.60923.60923.60923.60925.27429.00229.14329.14335.48635.48635.753

Species

Subbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella marginodentataSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisM. pseudomenardiiAf. velascoensisAf. velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisM. marginodentataSubbotina patagonicaAcarinina nitidaMorozovella spp.

Globigerinoides ruberG. ruberGlobigerina nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesGlobigerinoides mitraGlobigerina nepenthesGlobigerinoides sacculiferGlobigerina nepenthesGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. sacculiferG. seigteiGlobigerina nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. sacculiferG. ruberG. sacculiferGlobigerina nepenthesGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. sacculiferGlobigerina nepenthesG. obesaG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. obesaG. nepenthesG. nepenthesGioborotalia conoideaG. miozeaGlobigerina nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesG. nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensGlobigerina nepenthesGlobigerinoides sacculiferG. subquadratusGlobigerina nepenthesGloboquadrina dehiscensG. dehiscensG. altispiraG. dehiscensGioborotalia peripherorondaGloboquadrina dehiscensG. dehiscensG. transdehiscensCatapsydrax sp.C. sp.Globigerina barbemoensisG. angulisuturalisGlobigerina tripartitaG. globularisG. bulloidesGioborotalia opimaG. opima nanaGlobigerina ampliaperturaGlobigerinatheka indexCatapsydrax sp.Gioborotalia cerroazulensis

δ 1 8 θ(%•)

-0.40-0.41-0.73-0.42-0.91-0.27-0.98-0.56-0.64-0.95-0.40-0.87-1.01-0.66-0.49-0.83-0.42-0.80-0.44-0.95-0.88-0.56-0.63-0.99

0.130.320.410.180.290.410.480.870.650.850.420.600.861.121.161.060.420.710.880.480.730.820.400.551.230.810.621.550.790.921.271.100.860.920.790.790.900.530.500.411.050.650.790.650.940.930.950.960.971.210.891.141.050.881.091.010.650.951.131.491.121.171.150.140.550.39

6 1 3 C(‰)

1.761.782.933.494.762.414.483.243.084.333.234.654.493.123.634.943.504.893.514.884.243.183.903.51

1.351.401.501.581.651.601.542.042.442.182.642.431.242.162.202.232.482.682.302.112.022.422.251.911.652.301.711.632.042.111.781.591.922.082.171.761.901.942.181.921.762.242.492.262.291.702.042.031.511.641.332.051.971.521.481.261.581.391.321.091.271.071.332.921.791.94

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole S26A (coot.)

214.71214.71122.81119.51

Hole 527

146.77164.69172.89

172.89172.89172.89172.89172.89184 71201.61201.61

202.11202.11281.14

218 63

219.38258.10258.10258.10258.10261.10267.31267.51267.72267.92271.92271.71279.91280.10280.10280.10280.28280.49280.49280.68280.68280.85280.85281.19281.19281.40281.40281.40281.59282.00282.20282.40282.70282.70283.14

Hole 528A8.878.959.059.059.059.159.359.459.559.759.95

10.0510.1510.2510.3510.4510.5510.6210.7510.8310.9511.0311.2511.3511.5511.6411.6411.6411.6411.7511.8511.8511.85

35.75335.75322.81717.827

49.88854.78655.656

55.65655.65655.65655.65655.65656 48357!β6457.664

57.69957.69958.81958 83358 853

58.90662.95962.95962.95962.95963.57764.27964.30764.34364.37865.06865.03266.44766.46466.46466.46466.47266.48166.48166.48966.48966.49666.49666.51066.51066.51966.51966.51966.52766.54566.55366.56266.57466.57466.593

1.0021.0111.0221.0221.0221.0331.0561.0671.0781.1011.1241.1351.1461.1581.1691.1801.1911.1991.2141.2231.2371.2461.2701.2821.3041.3141.3141.3141.3141.3271.3381.3381.338

Species

Globigerinatheka indexCatapsydrax sp.Globoquadrina dehiscensGlobigerina apertura

Morozovella spp.Af. aragonensisSubbotina patagonica

Globigerina reissiiG. soldadoensisMorozovella formosaM. lehneriChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella spp.M. marginodentataSubbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella velascoensisAf. spp.Af. spp.Af. spp.Af. spp.Planorotalites ehrenbergiMorozovella angulataPlanorotalites compressaMorozovella conicotruncataM. uncinataPlanorotalites compressaP. compressaP. compressaP. compressaP. compressaP. compresaMixed planktonics, 63-75 µmPlanoglobulina spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisMixed planktonics, 63-75 µmPlanoglobulina spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.P. spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.P. spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.P. spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.P. spp.Abathomphalus mayeroensisPlanoglobulina spp.

Globigerinoides ruberG. ruberGioborotalia inflataGlobigerinoides ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberG. ruberGioborotalia truncatulinoidesGlobigerinoides ruberGioborotalia inflataGlobigerinoides ruberG. ruberGioborotalia inflataGlobigerinoides ruber

« 1 8 O(‰)

0.240.191.250.79

-0.29-0.87-0.51

— 0.56-0.69-0.78— 0.97-0.59— 0 67-0.58-0.04

—0.40-1.07— 0.73— 0 27— 0 79

-0.15-1.00-0.14-0.91-0.75-0.13-0.24-0.20-0.18

0.450.16

-0.06-0.22-0.41

0.060.01

-0.53-0.49-0.26-0.27-0.14-0.15-0.21-0.09-0.48-0.99-0.17-0.26-0.20-0.46-0.57-0.57-0.58-0.22

0.580.331.740.450.350.700.740.570.350.930.530.490.880.530.390.590.520.740.550.550.710.930.590.350.650.781.830.661.900.520.411.540.43

δ 1 3 C(‰)

2.802.721.542.01

3.433.271.27

1.232.222.562.450.923 032.911.83

2.083.714.525 074 45

4.661.743.111.812.732.941.901.941.841.902.252.041.542.992.362.493.072.073.162.122.932.143.333.322.112.993.102.082.803.001.702.952.582.062.84

1.531.161.061.270.950.931.091.481.290.951.371.101.411.451.611.101.091.171.281.691.691.091.301.681.401.391.201.401.231.651.451.511.52

611

N. J. SHACKLETON, M. A. HALL, A. BOERSMA

Appendix D. (Continued).

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)

Hole 528

228.29252.00256.61312.07312.07312.99312.99313.56313.56313.82313.82314.21314.21315.99315.99

Hob 5290.11

37.77121.81121.81121.81121.81121.81121.81121.81131.49131.49136.31136.31136.31136.31136.31

Age(m.y.)

37.28547.30248.63256.86956.86957.46457.46457.62357.62357.64057.64057.66657.66657.78257.782

0.02912.07924.34824.34824.34824.34824.34824.34824.34826.57126.57127.67827.67827.67827.67827.678

Species

Globigerinatheka spp.Morozovella aragonensisM. spp.M. subbotinaeSubbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella rexM. velascoensisSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella acutaSubbotina patagonicaMorozovella subbotinaeSubbotina patagonicaS. patagonicaMorozovella rex

Globigerinoides ruberGlobigerina nepenthesG. tripartitaGloboquadrina praedehiscensCatapsydrax sp.Globoquadrina spp.Globigerina ouachitensisG. selliiGloboquadrina transdehiscensGlobigerina angulisuturalisCatapsydrax sp.Globigerina tripartitaG. globularisG. angulisuturalisCatapsydrax unicavusGlobigerina gortanii

S1 8O

(%.)

0.02-0.33-0.44-0.86-0.45-0.13-0.68-1.06-0.26-0.82-0.32-0.77-0.24-0.38-0.80

0.470.741.301.431.401.391.401.471.491.081.481.441.231.031.161.21

S 1 3 C(‰)

2.583.303.202.521.561.662.723.652.213.872.223.422.172.924.22

1.112.041.781.831.411.541.721.831.831.661.461.771.461.641.381.47

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole 529 (cont.)

141.46151.33151.33156.21156.21168.89168.89175.41175.41175.41175.41176.73183.41183.41183.63193.21198.95199.20199.20200.04200.13200.13200.13200.13200.13200.78200.78200.78200.78201.39201.39201.39201.53

28.98231.61131.61132.91132.91134.73534.73534.87334.87334.87334.87334.90135.04335.04335.04836.03736.79036.82336.82337.01737.05937.05937.05937.05937.05937.36237.36237.36237.36237.64737.64737.64737.712

Species

Catapsydrax sp.C. sp.Turborotalia spp.Catapsydrax sp.Globorotalia siakensisGlobigerina pseudoampliaperturaCatapsydrax sp.Globigerina pseudoampliaperturaTurborotalia spp.Globigerina euapertaCatapsydrax sp.C sp.Globigerina cerroazulensisCatapsydrax sp.C. unicavusC. sp.C. sp.Globigerina pseudoeocaenaCatapsydrax sp.Globigerina cerroazulensisG. cerroazulensisTurborotalia increbescensGlobigerinatheka indexGlobigerina winkleriCatapsydrax sp.Hantkenina spp.Globigerinatheka indexCatapsydrax sp.Globigerina cerroazulensisCatapsydrax sp.Globigerinatheka indexCatapsydrax unicavusGlobigerina gortanii

δ 1 8 θ

(‰)

1.691.641.381.331.341.351.131.251.411.341.261.001.411.191.301.151.331.171.210.280.460.370.520.660.520.300.210.590.370.620.370.720.97

(‰)

1.641.511.711.861.861.961.911.861.802.121.801.601.901.631.761.922.082.252.101.681.872.072\752.091.842.222.731.952.171.902.471.702.07

Sub-bottomDepth

(m)Age

(m.y.)

Hole 529 (cont.)

201.53201.53202.58202.58205.20205.20205.20205.20205.20205.20207.35207.35207.35207.35207.35207.35220.59220.59222.50222.50222.50222.50222.50222.50238.11238.11238.11238.11238.11238.11245.68268.84

37.712

37.71238.20238.20239.42439.42439.42439.42439.42439.42440.42840.42840.42840.42840.42840.42846.60546.60547.49747.49747.49747.49747.49747.49752.20152.20152.20152.20152.20152.20154.54557.639

Species

G. cerroazulensisCatapsydrax sp.Globigerina cerroazulensisCatapsydrax sp.Globigerinatheka indexGlobigerina cerroazulensisCatapsydrax echinatusC. sp.Turborotalia increbescensGlobigerina winkleriGlobigerinatheka indexGlobigerina cerroazulensisG. corpulentaCatapsydrax sp.Globigerinatheka subconglobataGlobigerina winkleriAcarinina sp.Globigerina cerroazulensisCatapsydrax unicavusGlobigerina cerroazulensisGlobigerinatheka mexicanaGlobigerina winkleriGlobigerinatheka subconglobataCatapsydrax sp.Globorotalia bullbrookiG. pseudotopilensisMorozovella aragonensisChiloguembelina wiicoxensisMorozovella soldadoensisM. subbotinaeM. spp.M. spp.

δ 1 8 θ

(‰)

0.27

0.410.570.770.590.600.150.600.540.640.600.540.650.710.400.570.620.570.940.460.400.650.460.90

-0.63-0.57-0.83-0.63-0.83-0.24-1.06-0.80

enc(‰)

1.80

1.781.821.682.261.912.931.892.142.042.061.851.861.572.052.012.861.961.601.822.372.112.291.501.341.622.230.701.621.042.402.81

Note: Ages are estimated as described in Shackleton et al. (this volume).

612