Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kimwho step aside after initiating and organizing the past 44 Rencontres de

Moriond in order to promote scientific collaboration and spread scientific knowledge beyond borders and ideological and racial barriers

Summary Talk by Arnon Dar

Understanding and Modeling the High Energy Cosmic Sources and Their Observed High Energy Emissions.

Recent Signs From Astrophysics And Cosmology On New Physics

Highlights on some key results presented in this conference in three major areas

and on some observations relevant to life on planet Earth

Observing the Universe with High Energy Gamma Ray- Cosmic Ray- and Neutrino Telescopes.

UHECR Physics Issues :

●Does a high-energy suppression exist? Is it due to the GZK effect? ●What are the extragalactic sources?

●What is the cause of the ankle? ●Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change?

●Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum and perhaps in composition ?

●What is the cause of the second knee?

( J. Belz, HiRes)

GZK

PAO: AGN TRACERS OF UHECRs SOURCES

Abrahams et al., Science 318, 938 (2007),Astroparticle Physics 29, 188 (2008):

–Θmax = 3.1° –Emin = 56 EeV

–Zmax = 0.018

Association by chance: P = 0.0017

What are the extragalactic sources?

THE BIRTH Of UHECRs ASTRONOMY?

θmax = 3.1°Emin = 56 EeVzmax = 0.018Cen AM87

HiRes Search, PAO Criteria

Correlation seen in 2/13 events > 56 EeV3.2 expected randomly

P = 83% No Effect

The ‘Birth of UHECRs ASTRONOMY’ not confirmed by HiRes

The ankle can be pair production dip in the extragalactic flux due to the energy and Z dependence of the pair production Xsection

The composition is getting heavy at the highest

energies?

Denis AllardAPC, CNRS/Université Paris 7

Fabian Schüssler, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

What is the cause of the ankle?

Realistic calculations must include diffusion of CRs below the knee into the Galaxy

●Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change ●Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum

and perhaps in composition?

Comparison between HiRes and PAOHires

knee

1 .Allowing for a 10% adjustment in the relative normalization, HiReS and PAO measure a similar spectrum of UHECRs

2 .HiReS does not confirm the `birth of UHECR Astronomy claimed by PAO (Arrival directions correlated with

nearby AGN)

3 .HiRes find a change in composition around the CR ankle to pure proton composition. PAO finds a significant

fraction of nuclei above the CR ankle which increases with energy.

More Statistics/analysis are Needed to Resolve these Discrepancies

UHERs - Conclusions

Gamma Ray Telescopes

Sensitivity of gamma-ray detectors

Amanda Weinstein (VERITAS Collaboration)

Explosion of VHE Gamma Ray Sources

More than 80 VHE sources known ,and the number is keeping increasing.Diverse population of VHE sources:

Galactic: Pulsars, SNR/PWNs, Binaries, Microquasars, OB AssociationsExtragalactic: Radio Galaxies, Blazars, BL-LACs (12 confirmed sources)

Wystan Benbow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) –Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS

No TeV -ray signal from GRB found (yet)

But:

MSPs = pink dots. All of them are Galactic field sources.

(close sources => appear outside of Galactic plane)

Fermi-LAT pulsar detections (L. Guillemot)Fermi so far:~21 young radio pulsars

~15 new young pulsars~9 MSPs

The spectrum of Quasar 3C279 (z=0.536) the most distant detected (MAGIC) VHE γ-ray source put strong limits on the EBL density suggesting an EBL on the level of galaxy count

limits on the EBL density

Daniel Mazin

Dark Matter

Dark Matter or Modified Gravity (e.g. MOND)?

Maruša Bradač (UCSB)

Evidence for DM from two Cosmic Supercolliders the "BulletCluster" 1E0657-56 and MACSJ0025-1222

Gas

Total Mass

Total Mass

Galaxies observed OpticallyHot Gas Observed by X-ray EmissionTotal Mass Maped by Weak Gravitational Lensing

New Signs of Dark Matter?

Antiproton to Proton Ratio

F.S. Cafagna, XLIV Recontres De Moriond, La Thuille 7th Feb. 2009

Positron Fraction

PAMELA is the first space experiment which ismeasuring the antiproton and positron cosmic-ray components to the high energies (100 GeV) with an unprecedented statistical accuracy.

Secondary productionMoskalenko & Strong 98

Pulsar ComponentZhang & Cheng 01

Pulsar ComponentYüksel et al. 08

Positron Fraction

Pulsar ComponentAtoyan et al. 95

Dark matter fingerprints?

? ½

of productionNearby

If PAMELA positron ratio is correct :

CR propagation from nearby SNe? (spiral arm SNe: Piran+Shaviv)

Xpp from e

e

? jets GRB Galactic from ssecondarie

//

e

eTeV

Moskalenko & Strong 1998

Consistent with charge sign-dependent solar modulation.

In the region of interest PAMELA and HEAT are completely consistent with each other.

Caution: Misidentified CR p’s?

HEAT- e± was first to employ powerful particle ID

(rigidity vs. TRD vs. EM shower development)

Resulting in improved hadron rejection ( ).

Michael Schubnell :

510

PAMELA & FERMI (GLAST) (taking data in space);

Positron / Electron Separation: PAMELA & AMS-02

ATIC-4 (had successful balloon flight, under analysis);CREST (new balloon payload under development);AMS-02 (launch date TBD) ;CALET (proposed for ISS) ;ECAL (proposed balloon experiment) .

Near Future Results on Electron Spectrum:

Michael Schubnell

University of Michigan

ATIC 2001 & 2003

Significant enhancement in the e flux around E ~ 600 GeV?

Anihilation of ~ 600 GeV WIMP? (Extra dimension extension of the particle SM)? Undiscovered extremely nearby astrophysical sources (Pulsars?)?

electron Knee?

1 .The ATIC excess of electrons around 600 GeV implies a bump in the diffuse GBR around 1 GeV due to inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of the MBR which is not seen in the LAT data. (The largest enhancement should be observed at large latitudes where hadronic production of photons (via is strongly reduced relative to ICS.)

2 .The CB model of CR acceleration in Galactic GRBs (mostly pointing away from us )predicted a CRe `knee’

at, TeV,1)p(E)/mm()(E kneepeknee e as observed by H.E.S.S.

0

The EGRET GeV excess is not seen with the LAT.The measured intermediate latitude γ-ray spectra can be explained by cosmic ray propagation models based on the locally observed spectrum ofcosmic-ray nuclei and electrons. No GeV excess No evidence for GeV gammas from dark matter anihilation

NO GEV EXCESS IN THE DIFFUSE GBR

Guolaugur Johannesson (Stanford)

No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) –Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS

Dalibor Nedbal, Wilfried DomainkoCharles University, Prague

No detectable flux of intracluster HE neutrinos

1/nn ;20 ee

Intracluster HE neutrinos:

No TeV -ray signal from GRB found (yet)

No detectable flux of TeV neutrinos from GRBs

Not so good news for nu Astronomy

TeV Gamma Fluxes Suggest Too Small Fluxes to be Detected with current nu Telescopes

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ISSUE Majority View Minority View Observational Verdict (Year)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Origin Man made Nature Phenomena Vela Satellites 1967-1972

Place Solar System Outside Solar System (by Triangulation) 1967- 1973 Galactic Disk Cosmological - CGRO 1973-1992

Large Galactic halo Ditant Galaxies BeppoSAX , HST, GBTs 1997

Mechanism Relativistic Fireball Relativistic Jets CGRO, BeppoSAX 1992-1999

Producer n*-n* Merger SN Explosion BeppoSAX , HST, GBTs 1998-2003 Radiation SR ICS BeppoSAX+Swift 1999-2008-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

On-going debate (no concenus): Jets Conical Thin Shells Cannonbals Swift , HST, GBTsComposition Ordinary MatterSource Hypernova SN Type Ib/c (and II ?) HST, GBTsSN –GRBs Small fraction of SN Perhaps all SNIb/c IntegralRadiation SSC ICS of glory light Swift, FermiRemnant BH, Magnetar n* or BH Swift , Fermi HST, GBTs

Fermi

The GRB Debate

MeV)10( E10-1~ MeV)10( E E isoiso iso

pairs ee -

GRB080825C: the 1st LAT GRBGRB080825C: the 1st LAT GRB

Jonathan Granot

SHB081024

SHB with >1 GeVE

Delayed HE emission longer than the SHB

Jonathan Granot

The The delaydelay of the of the HE HE emissionemission seems to be a seems to be a common feature common feature of the GRBs of the GRBs observed by the LAT so far.observed by the LAT so far.

Cosmic Threats

Supernova Explosions

From Gamma Ray Bursts

Solar Activity

Merger of Compact Stars Collapse of Compact Stars

and Cosmic Ray Bursts :

Solar system passage through Spiral Arms

SN1054

Mass Accretion onto Compact Stars

(global warming)The largest ever recorded solar flare. EUV SOHO image.

The Crab Nebula. Light from 6500 light years reached Earth first in 1054.

Cosmic Ray flux Modulation by:

Terrestrial Loss of Magnetic Shield

Swift’s X-ray image of GRB 080319B

Was billion times more luminousthan ordinary supernovae and the

most distant object (6.5 billion year look-back time) which could be seen

by the naked eye.

GRB 080319B's optical afterglow

GRB 080319B's X-ray afterglow

GRB 080319B

erg54iso 102E

Eta Carinae is currently the most massive star with the highest confirmed luminosity in the Galaxy at a distance of 7500 Ly from the sun. It had a giant eruption in 1843, and within a few years it emitted as much light as a supernova, faded and re-brightened recently. It may explode in a supernova or an hypernova (SN like SN 2006gy, 238 million Ly from Earth) and produce a GRB within the next millenia or even in a few years (like SN 2006jc at 77 million Ly away which erupted in almost an SN size explosion

two years earlier) .

Placing GRB 990123 or GRB 080319B at 7500 Ly from Earth:

2192

54

/104)7500(4

105.2F kmergs

yc

ergs

Equivalent to ~100 million one-kt A-bombs distributed uniformly (one per km )at the top of the atmosphere, over the entire hemisphere facing Eta Carinae, and

exploding simultaneously .

2

The Galactic Monster Eta Carinae

Imminent Catastrophe ?

Will Eta Carinae end in a supernova explosion?

-Yes, probably in a hypernova=super supernova (like SN 2006gy, at 238 million Ly from Earth)

Will Eta Carinae Produce a GRB ?

-Yes, but probably beamed away from us, and I better be right!

Cannonballmodel:

Fireball model

Beam’sopening

angle:

Beam’sopening

angle:

1.0

1057Pointing direction: away from Earth

EARTH

SAFE !

8

EARTH

UNSAFE?

Indirect Evidence for Beaming from GRB light curves

`Break’

Breaks have differentorigin in the FB and

the CB models. Theestimated opening angle of the GRB is model dependent. Light curves with/

without breaks arereproduced well by the CB model, but not by the FB model!

Thank you for your attention

Cannonballs fired by SN1987A

ergs53103E

Approaching CB(superluminal )

Receding CB

SN1987A

Nisenson & Papaliolios, ApJ, 518, L29 )1999(

Release:

ergsjet

ergsejecta51

k

51k

10][E

10][E

Converted to Energy of a Cosmic Ray Beamand a Gamma Ray Burst

Global Warming

Tree Rings:

** Carbon-14 is created in n+N14 p+C14 by neutrons produced in cosmic ray showers in the upper atmosphere

Proxy of cosmic ray flux: C14 content**Proxy of atmospheric CO2 level: CO2 content*

Proxy of the solar cycle duration***Earth temperture is correlated with cycle duration: