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DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTION

FOR DENSE PERI-URBAN AREAS IN VIETNAM

NGUYEN, Viet-Anh, Assoc. Prof. PhD.Centre for Environmental Engineering (CEETIA),

Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

2007 East Asia Ministerial Sanitation ConferenceBeppu city, Japan, 30 Nov. – 1 Dec. 2007

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Content

1. Introduction2. Measure taken3. Results4. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1. Introduction

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Red river delta peri-urban areas: challenges

In-between urban and rural context:– High pressures from urbanization– Low income, limited awareness, less infrastructure

investments from higher level governments– Uncovered by urban sanitation services

High groundwater table Nutrients reuse High density Mixed production (livestock breeding, food processing,

other handicrafts) and living spaces Different water sources (rain, well, public shallow well ...) Flat topography, frequent flood, difficult to separate

surface drain and wastewater Toilets can not solve sanitation problem

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Lai Xa hamlet, Ha Tay province

Hanoi: 0.5 kmLai Xa hamlet

900 households

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2. Measures taken Assurance: willingness to change! Involvement of Community leaders, Group of Activists (40) –

from Clusters, Mass Organizations, ... Coordination role! Start with IEC Master Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation for a Community Community choice:

– Step-by-step approach in infrastructure development

Solid Waste Management Drainage Wastewater

TreatmentClean Water

Supply

Constant Awareness Raising efforts

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Technical solutions Source separation of solid waste Composting station and sanitary landfill Decentralized scheme of wastewater mgmt CSOs VIP and DVCL for unsewered households Start from household: Screen and Grid removal.

Guidance! Regular check! Community BASTAFs + CWs. Step-wise approach. Safe reuse of wastewater(?)

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To start from household!

Indoor sanitation

Cluster sanitation

Wastewater treatment station

Discharge/Reuse

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40

60

80

100

COD BOD5 TSS

Parameter

Rem

oval

Effi

cien

cy (%

)

ST STAF BAST BASTAF

ST < STAF ~ BAST < BASTAF

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13

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BASTAF for 80 households

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Non-technical solutions Training of trainers (40 activists) Community agreement, signed by households Institutional framework 50/50 share in investment costs Support for the poor Community supervision Setting up of local Sanitation Team Operational costs: household + local government

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Involved Stakeholders

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3. Results Visible physical improvements Health improvement Social environment in the village

Improvements (in %) last 5 years

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Diarrhoea

Intestinal Worms

Light stomach problems

Schistosomiasis

Tracoma

Skin Infection

Malnutrition

Acute respiratory

Dise

ase

Frequency reduction

Table 1. Hygiene behaviour change in Lai Xa

Practice in the last 5 years…

Worsen Stable

Some improvements

Improved a lot

Hand-washing with soap

X

Face washing with individual towels

X

Clean water used for drinking and cooking

X

Wastewater disposal X

Solid waste disposal X

Protection clothes from wastewater

X

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Before

After

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Before After

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Some other solutions to share

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Further readings Duncan Mara, Jan-Olof Drangert, Nguyen Viet Anh, Andrzej Tonderski,

Holger Gulyas, and Karin Tonderski. Selection of sustainable sanitation arrangements. IWA Journal: Water Policy, 9 (2007), 305–318 pp.

Julie Beauséjour, Nguyen Xuan Dzung and Nguyen Viet Anh. Public participation and improved households practices in a small sanitation project in Lai Xa, Vietnam. Proceedings: 32nd WEDC International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2006.

J. Beauséjour and A. V. Nguyen. Decentralized Sanitation Implementation in Vietnam: A Peri-Urban Case Study. IWA Journal: Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 (2007), No. 5, pp 141 – 148.

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4. Conclusions and Recommendations Community-based sanitation Coordination role of local government Decentralized approach, step-by-step Low-cost technical solutions, innovations Institutional and financial mechanism to

sustain the system IEC should go first and stay along with

technical solutions to ensure political will, behavior change and system sustainability

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Thank you very much for your attention