Decentralization Reforms and Property Rights: Potentials and Puzzles for Forest Sustainability and...
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![Page 1: Decentralization Reforms and Property Rights: Potentials and Puzzles for Forest Sustainability and Livelihoods SANREM LTR #1 Cochabamba, Bolivia June 2007.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d8a5503460f94a70cf2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Decentralization Reforms
and Property Rights: Potentials and Puzzles for Forest
Sustainability and Livelihoods
SANREM LTR #1
Cochabamba, BoliviaJune 2007
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Overview Three parts:
1. Project objectives, questions, strategy, activity snapshots (Krister)
2. Preliminary findings, Impacts, Obstacles, Lessons learned (Esther)
3. Spotlight on Bolivia (Rosario) Discussion
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Project concept National level decentralization and property
rights reform policies often fall short of goals of sustainable NRM and improved livelihoods.
Why?Frequently do not account for the complexities involved in land use and institutions at the local level
Goal: To improve natural resource policy by developing & disseminating knowledge about institutional arrangements that will deliver benefits equitably to local people while sustaining natural resources
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Research Questions What motivates the
implementation of decentralization policies in the forestry sector?
What are the implications of forest decentralization policies for different groups?
What are the implications of forest decentralization policies for resource sustainability?
How may public policies be modified to improve both resource and livelihoods sustainability?
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Partners Indiana University
(lead) CIFOR IFPRI U. of Colorado CERES (Bolivia) KEFRI (Kenya) UNAM (Mexico) UFRIC (Uganda)
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Project Strategy: Knowledge extensions
Integrative framework for characterizing forest decentralization
Common language: Facilitate cross-comparisons, learning, and debate
Holistic understanding: Link decentralization to property rights and their impacts on household livelihoods and forest sustainability
Multi-level analysis: Tracing flows of resources, information, authority and accountability
Forest decentralization impacts over time Panel data from IFRI sites started before decentralization Before and after comparisons possible
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Knowledge extensions (contd)
Extending community (IFRI) data collection and analyses to household level
Use community- and household-level studies to characterize de jure and de facto decentralization in each study site
Linking household level data to the IFRI (community level) data
PEN studies to assess livelihood impacts
Conduct national level surveys in Bolivia and Mexico situate selected case study sites in national policy context assess the representativeness of case study sites
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Conceptual framework
Context
De-centralization
reforms
Multi-tiered institutional
arrangements
Biophysical environment
Socio-economic context
Degree of efficient and
equitable forest governance
Institutional Incentives
Social, political, financial
rewards and penalties
Patterns of Interaction
Resource users
Local politicians
Central government representatives
NGOs
Institutional mediation
Adapted from Ostrom et al., 1994
Outcomes Policy prescription
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Action Strategies Links to policy through involvement of a national
advisory committee in guiding research, identification of sites, and reporting
National advisory committees comprised of government officials, NGOs, CBOs, research organizations operating at multiple levels
Participatory research with key actors Policy roundtables—including community
representatives Training and capacity building at multiple levels
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Partner country activities: Bolivia First ever national
survey of forest communities initiated
Extra support from NSF, FAO-AID
IFRI data collection completed in 3 communities
Sites 4,5,6 selected with survey results
PEN (Poverty Environment Network) data collection completed in 2 regions
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Partner country activities: Mexico Mexico’s first ever national
survey of temperate forest communities
Extra support fr CONACYT National survey completed:
146 communities surveyed One case study completed,
another underway Prel. survey results
presented at a full-day seminar with forest service in May.
National survey results will be used to select remaining four study sites
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Partner country activities: Kenya Eight sites selected with
NAC (+14) Household/community
data collection completed in 2 communities; 1 site report completed
Household/community data collection in progress in community #3
Joint grant proposal submitted with Uganda for money to support national forest community survey
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Partner country activities: Uganda Eight sites selected with
NAC (+30) Household/community
data collection completed in 2 communities
Joint grant proposal submitted with Kenya for money to support national forest community survey
Joint grant proposal submitted on property rights and value chain analysis
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Crosscutting activities: Gender Assessing user group performance in
forest management with regard to variation in proportions of men and women in user groups (all four countries)
Comparative analysis of effects of decentralization reforms on gendered access to resources (Kenya and Uganda)
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Crosscutting activities: Partnerships with other organizations Joint research, data sharing and
dissemination Knowledge for policy debate, change Examples:
Bolivia (FAO/USAID alternative development project)
Mexico (WWF and TNC protected areas) Uganda (Household livelihood and Health,
CIHR)
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Crosscutting activities: Learning nodes at multiple levels Within, Between and Across Levels
Communities Regions Countries
Information dialogue and discovery Cooperative influence Scaling up and out National advisory committees Policy Round Tables
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Preliminary findings Integrative Framework
Difficulties in matching theoretical concepts of property rights with empirical observations
Variability of decentralization within individual countries
Community perspective is very different from policy
Importance of institutional “fit” and “congruence” at multiple levels of governance in determining the decentralization outcomes
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Preliminary Findings (cntd) Decentralization impacts over time
Quantitative Changes TBA Qualitative Impressions
High variability of local institutional response Human and financial resources alone don’t explain
outcomes Reforms have both empowered and marginalized different
local/indigenous groups Implementation split between agencies creates variation in
effects (Uganda) Success of forest monitoring and sanctioning activities
dependent on the involvement of local governments and the cooperation of local communities (Mexico)
Lack of information at local level about rights, benefit structures, responsibilities and processes under current reforms
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Preliminary Findings (cntd) National-level surveys (Mexico)
Policies are mismatched with local level problem definitions (illegal logging and FMPs)
Huge variability in the role of forests in communities
Findings on decentralization impacts are not easily transferred across forest communities
Blanket policy prescriptions should be avoided
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Obstacles and constraints encountered Saying no to high
demand Political change and
high turnover of collaborators
Land conflict (Mt. Elgon, Kenya)
Threat of forest conversion (Mabira, Uganda)
Rising field costs Extreme weather
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Examples of Impacts Multi-stakeholder dialogues—information,
dialogue (Kakindo County, Uganda; Mexico) Information—strengthening community capacity
to negotiate (Yuracare territory, Bolivia) Agreements—strengthening community rights
and making authorities more accountable (Kakamega, Kenya)
Training-capacity to monitor own resources Community training: 368 individuals trained (41%
women) Degree training: 6 PhD students (4 women), with
complementary funds from numerous organizations
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Future activities Data collection in
remaining sites Analyzing forest
biodiversity outcomes Comparative research on
gender Regional comparisons Continued involvement of
resource users Continued involvement of
policy makers NAC: Link to policy; inform
practice Continued interaction with
politicians
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What we hope to learn Whether and how PR and resource access
varies by gender, wealth under decentralization reforms
Whether and how forest resource status changes under decentralization reforms
How authority, information, resources, are partitioned among relevant actors, with what consequences
What can be done to improve policy and practice e.g. increase participation and support local level efforts at forest governance
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Spotlight on Bolivia