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Advanced DemocraciesAdvanced Democracies

Frank H. BrooksFrank H. Brooks

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Defining the CategoryDefining the Category

Shifting CategoriesShifting Categories ““Three Worlds” ApproachThree Worlds” Approach

– Common prior to 1989Common prior to 1989– Considers economic and political distinctionsConsiders economic and political distinctions– First World v. Second WorldFirst World v. Second World– Third World residual (eventually “Fourth World”)Third World residual (eventually “Fourth World”)

O’Neil’s categoriesO’Neil’s categories– Advanced democracies: more inclusive (now) than “First World”Advanced democracies: more inclusive (now) than “First World”– Communist and Post-communist countriesCommunist and Post-communist countries– Developing and less-developed countriesDeveloping and less-developed countries– Still defined in economic and political termsStill defined in economic and political terms– More dynamic; fewer pejorative connotationsMore dynamic; fewer pejorative connotations

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Advanced DemocracyAdvanced Democracy PoliticalPolitical

– Institutionalized democracy with high degree of participation, competition Institutionalized democracy with high degree of participation, competition and libertyand liberty

– i.e. liberal democracyi.e. liberal democracy EconomicEconomic

– Capitalist economic systems, though may be liberal, social democratic, Capitalist economic systems, though may be liberal, social democratic, mercantilistmercantilist

– Tendency to post-industrial economyTendency to post-industrial economy Diversity within the categoryDiversity within the category

– Different political institutions (party, electoral, etc.)Different political institutions (party, electoral, etc.)– Different political economies (role of state)Different political economies (role of state)

Dynamic categoryDynamic category– Several new entrantsSeveral new entrants– Evolution within category (e.g. effects of post-industrialism and Evolution within category (e.g. effects of post-industrialism and

globalization)globalization)

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““Advanced”: End-state or Post-x? Advanced”: End-state or Post-x?

Is “advanced democracy” the goal towards which other Is “advanced democracy” the goal towards which other regimes trend/aspire?regimes trend/aspire?– Demise of “Second World”Demise of “Second World”– Increased number of countries in categoryIncreased number of countries in category– ““end of history”? “end of ideology”?end of history”? “end of ideology”?

Changes in “advanced democracies”Changes in “advanced democracies”– Political, economic and social challengesPolitical, economic and social challenges– Broadly, “post-modern”: after a society has “modernized,” then Broadly, “post-modern”: after a society has “modernized,” then

what?what? Post-modernPost-modern

– Post-industrial economies (service, information)Post-industrial economies (service, information)– Post-materialist values (self-expression)Post-materialist values (self-expression)– Post-nation-state (integration and devolution)Post-nation-state (integration and devolution)– ““New politics” (participatory, advocacy)New politics” (participatory, advocacy)

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Challenges to State SovereigntyChallenges to State Sovereignty

IntegrationIntegration– Borders more porous because of trade and Borders more porous because of trade and

immigrationimmigration– European Union prominent exampleEuropean Union prominent example

DevolutionDevolution– Related to advocacy politics and local activismRelated to advocacy politics and local activism– Also to identity politics (e.g. Welsh and Scottish Also to identity politics (e.g. Welsh and Scottish

assemblies)assemblies)

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The Crisis of Liberal DemocracyThe Crisis of Liberal Democracy

Surge of radical political activismSurge of radical political activism– Civil rights, student, anti-war movementsCivil rights, student, anti-war movements– Domestic terrorismDomestic terrorism

Economic upheavalsEconomic upheavals– De-industrialization and post-industrial economiesDe-industrialization and post-industrial economies– Increased role of women in economyIncreased role of women in economy– Expansion of higher educationExpansion of higher education– Changes in mediaChanges in media

Political effectsPolitical effects– Declining confidence in government, political organizations, etc.Declining confidence in government, political organizations, etc.– Shifts in participation to “new politics”Shifts in participation to “new politics”

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Declining Public Confidence Declining Public Confidence (in State and Politics)(in State and Politics)

Crozier, et al: “The Crisis of Democracy”Crozier, et al: “The Crisis of Democracy”– 1975 study of attitudes in industrial democracies1975 study of attitudes in industrial democracies– Less confidence in government, politicians, political Less confidence in government, politicians, political

parties (mirrored declining voter turnout)parties (mirrored declining voter turnout)– Explained in terms of rising demands and expectations Explained in terms of rising demands and expectations

that couldn’t be metthat couldn’t be met Crisis of confidence continuesCrisis of confidence continues

– Studies c. 2000 show further declineStudies c. 2000 show further decline– Exacerbated by ideological attacks on state (e.g. neo-Exacerbated by ideological attacks on state (e.g. neo-

liberals in Europe and neo-conservatives in U.S.)liberals in Europe and neo-conservatives in U.S.)– Resulted in some cuts in government programs (cf. Resulted in some cuts in government programs (cf.

Economist article)Economist article)

It’s not just a French thing… you can understand it.

Brown: May ’68 events could only happen in an advanced industrial nation

Anomic reaction Violent opposition to modern state and urban

industrial life Fueled by prosperity (not poverty) Fueled by freedom (not repression)

Students and intellectual class central

Boredom is counterrevolutionary We will claim nothing, we will ask for

nothing. We will take, we will occupy. Be realistic, demand the impossible. I am a Marxist of the Groucho

tendency. The boss needs you, you don’t need

him. It is forbidden to forbid. Poetry is in the street

February Demonstrations against Vietnam War Students demand freedom of speech &

movement March

Administrative tower at Nanterre University occupied by 150 anarchist students

April Riots in Germany after arrest of student leader

Rudi Dutschke Daniel Cohn-Bendit, student leader at

Nanterre, arrested

May 3 – police at Sorbonne; violence in Latin Quarter (100 injured, 596 arrested)

May 6 – battles in Latin Quarter (345 police and 600 students injured)

May 10 – riot in Latin Quarter (251 police hospitalized, 468 arrests, 60 cars burned)

May 13 – general strike; hundreds of thousands of workers in the streets; Sorbonne occupied

May 14-15 – workers occupy Sud-Aviation in Nantes and Renault at Cleon

May 20 – approximatley 10 million workers on strike May 24 - President de Gaulle announces referendum; more rioting

in Paris (795 arrests, 456 injured) May 25 – state radio and television go on strike May 27 – agreement reached between unions, employers’

associations and government to raise minimum wage, cut working hours, etc.

May 29 – demonstration called by CGT brings hundreds of thousands May 30 – National Assembly dissolved and elections called for June

23, 30 June elections – leftist groups lose 61 seats in Assembly;

communists lose 39

Tet offensive: January 30, 1968 Defeat for Viet Cong, but turning point in public

opposition to war Walter Cronkite reported in Feb. 68 that US

“mired in stalemate” and called for negotiated end to war

Johnson announced March 31 that he wouldn’t seek reelection

Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated April 4 Robert Kennedy assassinated June 6 Democratic Convention in Chicago August

26-29 Richard Nixon elected in November

Reformer Alexander Dubcek becomes head of Communist Party in January 1968

“Action Programme” of liberalization brought out in April Increased freedom of press More consumer goods Establishment of federal system

Political opening led to establishment of new political parties and political groupings

Negotiations with Soviet Union in July Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade August 20-

21 At least 5000 Soviet tanks Several hundred thousand Warsaw pact troops

Student strike in Veracruz and July 26 riot in capital city Mexican authorities concerned about impact on

Olympics Allegations of Cuban and Soviet involvement never

substantiated Mexican troops occupy UNAM Sept. 18

Indiscriminate arrests and beatings of students Rector of UNAM resigned September 23

Police fired on students at plaza in Tlatelolco section of Mexico City Oct. 2 Hundreds killed or injured Mexican government engineers cover-up

China: Cultural Revolution Begun in 1965 with Mao Zedong mobilizing

Red Guards to seize control within Communist Party

Reached peak in 1968 with development of Mao’s “cult of personality”

Emergence of left-wing terrorist groups Baader-Meinhof gang in Germany Red Brigade in Italy Red Army Faction in Japan

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Post-Industrial EconomiesPost-Industrial Economies

Declining industrial sectorDeclining industrial sector– Oil crisis (1973-74) and “stagflation”Oil crisis (1973-74) and “stagflation”– High structural unemploymentHigh structural unemployment– Production (and factory jobs) shifted to developing economiesProduction (and factory jobs) shifted to developing economies– Regional impact (e.g. Rust Belt in U.S., north of England)Regional impact (e.g. Rust Belt in U.S., north of England)– Declining rate of unionizationDeclining rate of unionization– Policy response varies (greater focus on education, tax Policy response varies (greater focus on education, tax

competition)competition) Rise of service/information economyRise of service/information economy

– Relatively more jobs in “service” sector, e.g. sales, health care, Relatively more jobs in “service” sector, e.g. sales, health care, tourism, finance, entertainmenttourism, finance, entertainment

– More women in the work force typicallyMore women in the work force typically– More job mobility (and less security)More job mobility (and less security)– Expansion of higher educationExpansion of higher education

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Post-Materialist ValuesPost-Materialist Values

What happened in the 1960s?What happened in the 1960s?– Movement politics and “generation gap”Movement politics and “generation gap”– Class struggle replaced by identity politicsClass struggle replaced by identity politics– ““turn on, tune in, drop out”turn on, tune in, drop out”– rejection of materialist focus of Depression generationrejection of materialist focus of Depression generation

Survey data showed shiftSurvey data showed shift– Older focus on security and material successOlder focus on security and material success– ““Post-materialists” valued self-expression, authenticityPost-materialists” valued self-expression, authenticity

Attitudinal (ideological?) basis for new politicsAttitudinal (ideological?) basis for new politics– Critique of “growth model” and “business as usual”Critique of “growth model” and “business as usual”– Focus on environmental and social costsFocus on environmental and social costs– Positive emphasis on “quality of life” issuesPositive emphasis on “quality of life” issues

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““New Politics”New Politics”

Unconventional tactics and different issuesUnconventional tactics and different issues– Goes beyond electioneering to “direct action”Goes beyond electioneering to “direct action”– Post-materialist issues, e.g. environment, human rights, nuclear Post-materialist issues, e.g. environment, human rights, nuclear

disarmament, feminismdisarmament, feminism

Same activists, perhaps youngerSame activists, perhaps younger– Rooted in radical movements of 60sRooted in radical movements of 60s– Mostly middle-class, well-educated studentsMostly middle-class, well-educated students– Many now older and involved in more conventional politicsMany now older and involved in more conventional politics– New generation(s) of new politics activistsNew generation(s) of new politics activists

Old Politics New Politics

Attitude to Political System

Supportive Critical

Vehicle of Participation

Parties Single-issue groups

Style of Participation Orthodox Unconventional

Concerns Interests Values

Motives Instrumental Expressive

Typical Age Middle-Aged Younger

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Source: Hague, Harrop and Breslin, Comparative Government and Politics. An Introduction, 2nd Ed., 1989, p. 161.