De-Colonization After WWII

De-Colonization

Postwar era saw total collapse of colonial empires.

Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial territory gained independence.

New nations of Asia and Africa deeply influenced by Western ideas and achievements.

Causes of De-Colonialization

Modern nationalism and belief in self-determination and racial equality, spread from intellectuals to the masses in virtually every colonial territory after WWI.

Decline of European prestige: Japanese victories; destruction of Europe during WWII

After 1945, European powers more concerned about rebuilding; let colonies go

India

Played a key role in decolonization and the end of empire. Indian National Congress: British had no choice but to develop a native

political elite that could assist in ruling such huge country. Exposure of young Indians to Western ideas of nationalism, socialism,

and democracy led to demands for independence by the early 20th century.

Mohandas K. Gandhi: after WWI led independence movement with principle of passive resistance (civil disobedience)

Jawaharlal Nehru led Congress party in its push for independence Clement Attlee and others in Labour party wished to focus on internal

affairs. Divided India into two nations: India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)

Ghandi

China

After WWII a civil war broke out between communists led by Mao Zedong and Nationalists led by Chang kai-shek

Mao won the revolution and created a communist country: People's Republic of China

Vietnam

After Japanese removed after WWII, French tried to reassert control of Indochina

Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement in the north

1954, defeated French forces at Dien Bien Phu 1954,Vietnam was divided into North (communist)

and South (pro-Western); civil war resulted U.S. defeated in attempt to prevent communist

takeover of South Vietnam; Vietnam unified in 1975

Arab Nationalism Arab nationalists loosely united by opposition to colonialism and

migration of Jews to Palestine Israel and Palestine Balfour Declaration in 1917 indicated Britain favored creation of

Jewish “national home” in Palestine—opposed by Saudi Arabia & Transjordan

Great Britain announced its withdrawal from Palestine in 1948. United Nations voted for creation of two states, one Arab and one

Jewish Palestinians vowed to fight on until state of Israel destroyed or until

they established own independent Palestinian state; led to several wars and numerous conflicts in late 20th century

Egypt

Arab defeat in 1948 by Israel triggered nationalist revolution in Egypt in 1952.

1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, the last symbol and substance of Western power in the Middle East.

France, Britain and Israel attacked Egypt, trying to take back control of Suez Canal

U.S. and Soviet Union demanded their withdrawal and the canal remained in Egypt's control