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© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY• Iberian history & the Conquest of Latin
America
•Early Spanish conquest and colonization
•Early Spanish colonial labor institutions
•Early Spanish settlement
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LAST TIME- Questions?
•Columbian Exchange & Amerindian crops
•Columbian Encounter & Amerindian population collapse
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Iberian History &Latin American Conquest
• Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CEImpacts for Americas:
Tradition of latifundia (lg estates); Urban living preferenceClass structure and primogeniturePreference for cattle and horses as proper for gentlemen
Primogeniture Christianity
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Iberian History & Conquest II
•Islamic conquest 700s CEMuslim Moors from N AfricaOccupied most all of IberiaMajor impacts
LanguageAgricultureRacial mixingIndividual ruleLower status for women
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Iberian History & Conquest III
•Reconquista (re-conquest)Begins in 900s => a 700 year-long holy war to re- conquer Iberia by Christian kings
1492 marks last battle and expulsion of Moors (and Jews)
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Christian
Muslim (Moors)
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Christian
Muslim (Moors)
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Christian
Muslim (Moors)
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Christian
Muslim (Moors)
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Muslim (Moors)
Christian
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Implications of the Reconquista for Latin America
•Border war to expand the faith
•War to expand territorial controlNew towns
•Victors get “tribute” AND landLooting => value in “portable” wealth
•War = opportunity for glory and riches
•Secular and religious motives mixed
• Iberia misses our on initial stages of Renaissance
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Spanish colonial policies & practices in the Americas
•The 3 “Gs” Glory (conquest mentality from 700 yrs of war)
Gold (seizure or portable wealth and use of Amerindians to create more)
God (Christianize Indians and conquer lands for Christianity)
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Early Iberian exploration, economic “development,”
colonization, etc.•Early proto-colonies in Islands (Madeira, Cape Verde)
•Portuguese-style “commercial” model down African coast Trade, no conquest of territory
initially•Columbus: Related to Portuguese
nobility (Madeira or Azores)Familiar with Portuguese model &
profits
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Early Portuguese & Spanish Explorations
N. Atlantic Gyre
Treaty LineTordesilles
1493-4<= Spanish | Portuguese =>
Madeira
Canary Islands
Cape Verde
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Spanish Colonial economics
•Focused on extraction to enrich MotherlandPortable wealthIndian labor to create portable
wealth
•Mercantile modelControl of trade, production,
immigration
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Spanish colonial labor institutions
I: Encomienda•Early in the Caribbean, Mexico, and PeruTribute (tax) and labor service paid to a
conqueror (as reward for conquest) from each head of household (tributario) in a population in a specified area
Also seen as payment for education in the holy faith (Santa Fe) and for “protection”
Laws thought to control the greedy conquerors – i.e., for protection of the Indians
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Encomienda•Not a land grant per se
• Initially only for lifetime of encomendero => temptation for exploitation
•Outcry from clerics (Bartolome de las Casas) about mistreatment
•Failed as Indian pops crashed
•Declining populations gave rise to calls from Indian leaders for new counts
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Sample Folio from Visita of
Yanquecollaguas, Colca Valley, Peru
1604
Shows tributario (don Pedro Quispe) and his dependents(and earlier deaths
with the ts)
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Spanish colonial labor institutions II: Repartimiento•After 1542 in Mexico and Peru
Forced labor draft with paid wagesMost impressive early colonial
building (e.g., churches) done under this system
Somewhat similar to pre-Columbian Coatequitl (Aztec) and Mitá (Inka) labor tribute systems
Legacy still evident all over the landscape
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Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
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Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
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Santa Pricina,Taxco, Mexico
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Tepoztitlan Mexico
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Tepoztitlan Mexico
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San Antonio, Honduras
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16th C church Antigua, Guatemala
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Near Antigua, Guatemala(collapsed by earthquakes)
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Spanish Colonial Settlement I
• Initial Spanish occupancy patternTie main ports to Spanish motherland
•Economy focused on extraction to Spain not local connections =>
•Dual system Euro cities with close ties to SpainIndian areas in the periphery --
carries down to todayThis early pattern still visible in the
“dual economy” of Latin America
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Spanish Colonial Settlement II•Caribbean settlements
Fortified ports in Strategic locationsVirtual extinction of Amerindians in
Caribbean Experiments with Mediterranean
animals & crops•Caribbean settlements after 1519
Increasingly unimportantExcept for a few strategic locations
for the shipments back to SpainCrop & animal experimentsImprint still
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CartagenaPanama
Havana
SantoDomingo
San Juan
•
• •
••
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•Havana
•
•
•
Treasure Convoys (flotas)
••
•
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Urban types & functions I•Mexico & Central America
Administrative cities:Mexico City, Antigua
Commercial and transport citiesVeracruz, Acapulco, Panama City
Mining CentersZacatecas, Guanajuato
Agricultural CentersGuadalajara, Puebla, Querétaro
“Industrial” CentersPuebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca
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Urban types & functions II•Caribbean
Administrative cities:Havana, Santo Domingo, San Juan
Commercial and transport citiesHavana
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Urban types & functions III•South America
Administrative cities:Lima, Bogotá, Quito
Commercial and transport citiesCallao, Cartagena
Mining CentersPotosí
Agricultural CentersArequipa, Santiago
“Industrial” CentersQuito, Cuenca
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•Zacatecas
San Luis PotosíQuerètaro
Guadalara
Guanajuato
Puebla•• •
•
••
• Tlaxcala•Mexico City
Oaxaca••Veracruz
Acapulco
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Antigua
Panama
•
•
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CartagenaPanama
Havana
SantoDomingo
San Juan
•
• •
••
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Bogotá
Cartagena
Quito
Cuenca
LimaCallao
Arequipa Potosí
••
•
•
•
••
•
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Urban Morphology in Spanish America: 2 types
•“Freeform” mostly mining townsE.g., Guanajuanto or Taxco
•Grid system cities — virtually ALL the rest Patterned on the new towns settled
in Spain during the re-conquest Central square (plaza, plaza de
armas, zócalo) surrounded by: ChurchSeat of local governmentHigh-class residences and shops
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Taxco, Mexico
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Central Mexico City
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Cathedral & Zócalo, Mexico City
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Cusco, Peru Plaza de Armas
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Plaza in Querétaro, Mexico
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Antigua, Guatemala
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Antigua, Guatemala
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Antigua, Guatemala
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Spanish Colonial Settlement•World of the Spanish (and their servants
etc.)Urban society as much as possibleCloser to center = higher prestigeSpaniards settled where wealth was to
be had
•African World in Spanish AmericaPlantation slavesAs servants and craftspeople in
Spanish cities
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•The Indian world, the so called “República de los Indios” (for high density Amerindian societies in Mexico, Guatemala, Andes)Rural Townships
Follow old encomienda and parish boundaries
•Spanish resettlement (1550s & 1600 in Mexico, 1570s in Peru)Called congregación or reducción
•Role of missions in less settled areasMissions of mendicant friars
(Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, etc.)
Spanish Colonial Settlement II
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San Xavior de BacJesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ
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San Xavior de BacJesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ
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Spanish American Social Hierarchies
•Social distinctions among Spaniards – mostly an urban phenomena
•Racial distinctions – races separate to a degree
•Over time spatial hierarchy became:Mulattos and mestizos in smaller
more remote Spanish cities or haciendas;
Creoles and Spaniards in larger cities; Indians and Africans either urban
servants or in rural areas
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Relative Populations mid 1500s mid
1600sSpanish 250,000 400,000(thus a small minority for most of
colonial times)African 100,000 225,00Indian 50 million 5 million
million
•By 1810: Spanish descent = 20%; Indian descent = 45%; Mestizo = 33%; African = 4%
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Portuguese Brazilian Settlement
• Initial Settlement PatternsState-sized settlements to private
entrepreneurs to extract dye wood “palo brazil”This initial “capitalistic-like” set up
failed by 1540 and all lands re-transferred to the crown
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Initial Settlement
TordesillasTreaty Line 1494