Day 1 Part 1 - AVR Concept
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Transcript of Day 1 Part 1 - AVR Concept
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Questions on Electricity
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Who Invented Electricity?
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Who Discovered Electricity?
Benjamin Franklin
(1706 1790)
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Who Discovered Electricity?
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Who Discovered Electricity?
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1752 The Kite experiment 600 BC Thales of Miletus
Benjamin Franklin
Who Discovered Electricity?
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1752 The Kite experiment
600 BC Thales of MiletusAmber
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Who Discovered Electricity?
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1752 The Kite experiment 600 BC Thales of Miletus
AMBER =!"#$%&'((Greek)
AMBER = Elector(Greek)
Who Discovered Electricity?
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1752 The Kite experiment
600 BC Thales of Miletus
Elector = Greek God, Awakener
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Who Discovered Electricity?
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1752 The Kite experiment 600 BC Thales of Miletus
x 50,000
Electron
Elector = Greek God, Awakener
Generator
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How it all started?
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Generator How it all Started?
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Discovery of Electricity
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Discovery of Magnetism
Generator How it all Started?
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Discovery of Link Between Electricity & Magnetism
Generator How it all Started?
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Generator How it all Started?
For Motor
Discovery of Link Between Electricity & Magnetism
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Discovery of Electricity + Magnetism + Force
Generator How it all Started?
For Motor
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Generator How it all Started?
Force
(Motion)
Electricity
Magnetism
For Motor
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Generator How it all Started?
First Generator Built in 1663 By Otto von Guericke Work on Electrostatic
1663 Electrostatic Generator
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Generator How it all Started?
1791 Discovery of EMF By Alessandro Volta !
The voltage or electric potential difference across the
terminals of a cell when no current is drawn from it.
Definition:
1663 Electrostatic Generator
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Generator How it all Started?
Tank
Battery
Switch
Bulb
Tap
Water
Wheel
Electrical vs Water Analogy
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Generator How it all Started?
Source
Source
Control
Load
Control
Load
Electrical vs Water Analogy
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Generator How it all Started?Analogy of Voltage
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Generator How it all Started?
Analogy of Current
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Generator How it all Started?Analogy of Voltage
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Generator How it all Started?
By Andr-Marie Ampre
!
1663 Electrostatic Generator
1791 Discovery of EMF 1820 Link between Magnet & Current By Hans Christian ersted
Electromagnetism
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Electromagnetism
Relationship between Electric Current & Magnetic Field
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Electromagnetism
Relationship between Electric Current & Magnetic Field
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! 1663 Electrostatic Generator 1791 Discovery of EMF 1820 Electromagnetism
How it all started
1821 Electromagnetism and MotionMichael Faraday
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Current produces force on each others
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Motor or Generator ?
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Electromagnetism
Relationship Between Electromagnetism & Force
For Motor For Generator
Flemings Left Hand Rule
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Motor or Generator ?
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Curre
nt
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Motor
Curre
nt
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Generator
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Generator
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Generator
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Generator - Dynamo
Curre
nt
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Generator - Dynamo
Curre
nt
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Generator - Dynamo
Curre
nt
Slip Ring
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Dynamo DC Generator
Curre
nt
Split Ring
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Dynamo DC Generator
Curre
nt
Thomas Edison
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Dynamo DC Generator
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Generator - Dynamo
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Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla
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AC Power System
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Transformer
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HVDC Transmission
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AC Synchronous Alternator
ACOutput
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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ACOutput
2 StatorPoles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
Permanent Magnet
2 Rotor Poles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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ACOutput
Permanent Magnet2 Rotor Poles
2 StatorPoles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
A Nollet electro-magneto generator, using permanent magnets, invented in 1850
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
3 Stator Poles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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C
A
B
3 Stator Poles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
A
B
C
A
B
C
GeneratorWindings
6 Stator Poles
4 Rotor Poles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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Frequency =RPM x Number of Poles
120
FrequencyIn Hertz 2-Pole 4-Pole 6-Pole 8-Pole
60 3600 1800 1200 900
A
B
C
A
B
C
4 Rotor Poles
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
LOAD
Example of PMG curve
CurrentPM
G
outputvoltage(Vrms)
+
++
++ ++
+
0/4 ceiling4/4
(at nominal speed)
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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Power Electric Converter (Inverter)
ACDC AC
DC
Rectification Modulation
BatteryCharging
Wind Turbine PMG Generator
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
A
B
C
A
B
C
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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LOAD
Example of PMG curve
CurrentPMG
outputvoltage(Vrms)
+
++
++ + +
+
0/4 ceiling4/4
(at nominal speed)
LOAD
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Permanent Magnet Generator PMG
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Static Excitation
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Slip RingsSplit Rings
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Types of Commutations
Generator Output
ExcitationInput
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Brushless Excitation
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Generator Output
ExcitationInput
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Brushless Excitation
Murray Alternator with Belt Driven ExciterMurray alternating current direct-connected unit with high speed Corliss engine
and belt-driven exciter, 50, 75, 100 KVA alternator and 150 RPM engine.
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Generator in earlier days..
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Meidensha 21.92 MVA, 11kV
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Meidensha 21.92 MVA, 11kV
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Meidensha 21.92 MVA, 11kV
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Meidensha 21.92 MVA, 11kV
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Synchronous Generator Rotary Exciter
Excitor
Main RotorPMG
Main Stator Winding
Synchronous Generator Rotary Exciter
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Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main RotorMain Rotor
Synchronous Generator Rotary Exciter
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High-remanence steel core Stores Residual Magnetism 10 - 14 pole magnet field High frequency Generator
XX- (F2)
X+ (F1)
N S N S
COIL CONNECTIONS
To A.V.R Output terminalsExcitation System Wound Exciter Stator
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3 Phase A.C output, each Phase connected to 2 diodes on Main Rectifier. High Frequency output, ( from 10 to 14 Pole Exciter Stator ). Exciter generator is a magnetic power amplifier supplying the main rotor current.
SHAFT
W U
W
U
VV
Excitation System Wound Exciter Rotor
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SHAFT
W U
W
U
V
V
The Rectifier assembly is mounted on Exciter Rotor Core, (drive end side). NOTE: BC & Frame 8 Generators are mounted at the non-drive end side.
Wound ExciterRotor
Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Assembly
RectifierAssembly
SHAFT
A.C Input connections
D.C Output
connections
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SHAFT
Exciter Rotor 3 Phasewith Internal Star Point
Each phase is connected to a positive and negative Diode
Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Connections
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SHAFTSHAFT
3 Phase A.C Exciter Rotor Connected to Rectifier input terminals
Rectifier Input
Terminals (A.C)
Rectifier Output (D.C)
To Main Rotor
Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Connections
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Exciter Rotor & Main Rectifier Connections
A.C output from theExciter Rotor is rectified
from A.C, to D.C, by theMain Rectifier assembly.
Rectifier
Assembly
Exciter
Stator
ExciterRotor
A V RXX- (F2)
X+ (F1)
SHAFTSHAFT
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SHAFT
Main Rectifier Assembly
Varistor(Surge Suppressor)
3 Phase A.C Input
from ExciterRotor(Insulated
Terminals)
! Rectifier DiodesPositive Plate
Cathode Stud
Rectifier DiodesNegative Plate
Anode Stud
DIODE MIN. 25 AMP 800 VOLTAluminium
Heat-sinks
! Split Two-PieceRectifier Hub
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+VE
0
-VE Rectifier DiodePositive Heatsink
Cathode Stud
Rectifier DiodeNegative Heatsink
Anode Stud
+VE
0
-VE
+VE
0
-VE
A.C Input to RectifierDiodes( 150 HZ to 180 HZ per
second)
+
Main Rectifier Assembly Operation of a Diode
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Full wave 3 Phase rectification will produce a D.C output of 1.35 X A.C input voltage
A.C Input to Rectifier Diodes (150 to 180HZ)
D.C output to Main Rotor+
-
Main Rectifier Assembly 3 Phase rectification
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SHAFT
Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
Clamping @ 100 Amp 1365 Volts Clamping @ 30 Amp 680 Volts
Diode Protection Device
For Transient Suppression
Main RotorConnectionsSHAFT
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Direction of D.C current to Main rotor
Typical high voltage transient created by faultcondition in the distribution system.
Up to 2- 3000V (peak voltage)
Varistor clamping
level.
UC/BC 680V
HC/F8 1365V
Crash Synchronising onto live bus-bars. Electric storm, (lightning), and field effects on
overhead lines (distribution systems).
Arcing, caused by faulty switching, motorfailure, short circuits in the distribution system.
Full load D.C
output frommain Rectifier
t = "sec's
duration.
Direction
of faulttransient
Energy absorbed
by Varistor.High Transient surges can be created by:-
DIODE PROTECTION DEVICE
Metal Oxide Varistor (Surge Suppressor)
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SHAFT D.C
Main Rotor
The Rectifier Output is a smooth D.C Supply across the Aluminium Heat Sinks This is fed to the Main Rotor windings
Main RectifierMain Rotor connections to Main Rectifier
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S
S
N N
D.C Input
From Main
Rectifier
!The Rotor coils are connected in Series (4 Pole Rotor shown).
! Each coil is reversed to the adjacent coil, producing the required polarity
ANTICLOCK
CLOCKCLOCK
ANTICLOCK
Main Rotor Winding Coil Group connections
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SHAFT
S
S
NN
Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency
Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)
4 Pole Main Rotor
The NEGATIVE Pole of the 4 pole Rotor is directly under the slot, therefore thecoil conductors in this slot will be going fully NEGATIVE
Main Stator Core(section)
Air Gap
Consider the Coils in the slot at 12 O'clock position, marked with the ARROW.1 Cycle
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The coil conductors in this slot will now be at ZERO VOLTAGE. The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 45 , until exactly half-way between
Negative and Positive Poles appears beneath the 12 O'clock position.
SHAFT
S
S
NN
4 Pole Main Rotor
Main Stator Core
(section)
Air Gap
Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)
1 Cycle
Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency
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The coil conductors in this slot will now be at the FULLY POSITIVE position The Rotor has now rotated Clockwise 90 , until the POSITIVE Pole is DIRECTLY
UNDERNEATH the 12 O'clock position.
The 4 Poles will produce 2 FULL CYCLES for each 360 FULL REVOLUTION.
SHAFT
S
S
NN
4 Pole Main Rotor
Main Stator Core(section)
Air Gap
Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)
1 Cycle
Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency
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SHAFT
S
S
NN SHAFT
S
S
NN
N
S
4 Pole2 Pole
Generator Frequency (HZ) = Speed (N) X Pairs of poles (P)
120
SHAFT
S
N
6 Pole
Wound Main Rotor - Poles & Frequency
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Core built from high grade Electrical Steel, to reduce Iron losses (heat). Each lamination is electrically insulated to minimise Eddy Currents in the core. 12 Ends Out Re-connectable, 6 Ends out Star / Delta, or Dedicated Windings. Class H Insulation as standard, 125 C Temperature rise in 40C Ambient. 2/3rds Pitch windings, Triplen ( 3rd, 9th, ect.), Harmonics virtually eliminated.
Laminated Steel core Copper WindingsOutput Leads
Wound Main Stator Assembly
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OUTPUT
CONDUCTORS
COIL PHASE GROUP
OUTPUT CONDUCTORS
Stator Winding Coils (Lap winding)
The output voltage of the stator is determined by the number of turns per coil, thestator core length, the velocity of the magnetic field (rotor), and the strength of the
magnetic field. The Current capacity of the coil is determined by the copper conductors cross
sectional area, and number of conductors in parallel.
STATOR
CORE
LENGTH
COIL END
(OVERHANG)
COIL
TURNS
COIL
SPAN
(PITCH)
Wound Main Stator Assembly
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%9:;669 :6 '393;B:6; B9< +J5K:B>69 LMF:37
U5
W2
V5
U5
W
2
V5
W5V2
W5 V2
MAIN ROTOR
(4 POLE)
Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
WINDING LEADS
START OF COIL
GROUP
WINDING LEADS
FINISH OF COIL
GROUP
GROUP 1
GROUP 4GROUP3
GROUP 2
MAIN STATOR WINDING
SECTION ( 48 SLOT )
2/3RDS PITCH = 2/3RDX 12
= 8 SLOTS
( SPAN 1 TO 9)
COILS PER GROUP
= 48/12 = 4
FULL PITCH = 12 SLOTS
( SPAN 1 - 13)
SHAFT
S
S
NN
V6
U6
W1V6
W6
V1
W6
V1
U6
W1
%9:;669 :6 '393;B:6; B9< +J5K:B>69 LMF:37
AVR Sensing
& Power supply
from Main Stator
3 Phase Output
Neutral
Connections shown in Series Star
Typical Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
6
7
8 U
V
W
NV6
W5
V2
W6
U6
W1
V1
U1
V5
U2
U5
W2
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Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
Voltage Range (for winding 311)380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Voltage Range (for winding 311)190 to 220 V @ 50 HZ
208 to 240 V @ 60 HZ
Series Star
U1
U2
U6
U5
V2
W2W5
V6
V1
W1V5
W6
U
w v
N
8
7
6
Parallel Star
V5
U1
U2 U6
U5
V2
W2
W5
V6
V1
W1
W6vw
U
N
6
8
7
The stator windings are connected into six groups. The groups can be connected by Newage, or the customer, to provide different voltage requirements. Special Voltage requirements require special windings, e.g.; 600 Volt for Canada.
Voltage Range (winding 311) 220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ No Neutral connection. Centre Tap for low volts (low current only)
Voltage Range (Winding 311) 220 to 250 V @ 50 HZ, 240 to 277 V @ 60 HZ Single Phase Only, output across U & W Centre Tap (N) for low volts 110 to 125 @ 50 HZ, 120 to 138 @ 60 HZ
Series Delta
U1
U2
U5
W6
U
W2
W5
V6
W1
w
U6
V2 V1V5
v
Centre
Tap
6
8
7
Double Delta
U1 U2
U
W2
V6 W1
V5
U5
W6
W5
w
U6
V2
V1
N
7
6
8
Wound Main Stator 12 Wire Re-connectable
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Number of Stator leads in parallelincreases with current rating
of generator,
ie: 12, 18, 24, 36, or 48 leads out.
Voltage Range (winding312)
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N)
= LL / 3
Dropper transformer
required
for AVR sensing
Star connection
U
U1
U2
V2W2
V1W1
w v
N
7
6
8
Each phase group is producing the full LINE to NEUTRAL voltage, ( Coil groups in each phase are in four parallel circuits). The AVR cannot be connected directly to 6,7,and 8, for sensing signal or power
Wound Main Stator Ends Out
The AVR Sensing supply is connected to the main stator via a sensingisolation transformer, which is fitted in the main terminal box.
SENSING SUPPLY FOR A.V.R IN STAR CONNECTION
7
6
8
7
6
Isolation transformer
Other windings producing higher voltage requirements will require a differenttransformer ratio, to supply the AVR with the correct voltage adjustment range
Examples - 6 ends Stators
Winding 312
380 to 440 V @ 50 HZ
416 to 480 V @ 60 HZ
Single Phase (N) = L-L / 3
Winding 26
660 - 690 Volts @ 50 HZ
8
V
Star connection
U
U1
U2
V2W2
V1W1
N
W
Wound Main Stator Ends Out
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X+ (F1)
XX- (F2)D.C Output
From A.V.R
Into
Exciter Stator
A.C Power &Feedback Signal
(Sensing)
From Main Stator
Operation of the Self Excited Generator
A.V.R
Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main RotorMain Rotor
The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
! Generator Shaft (Non-Drive -End)
Dowel Pin for PMG Rotor Location
Through Bolt fixture to Shaft non drive end Permanent Magnet Stator 3 Phase A.C 170 to 220 Volts, separate
power supply for the A.V.R
P2, P3, P4 Power Supply To A.V.R
Ceramic Magnet Rotor, highly magnetic saturated field. 8 Pole Rotor ,100 HZ (at 1500 RPM ) or 120 HZ (at 1800 RPM )
Operation of the Separately Excited Generator
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Operation of a Separately Excited Generators
X+ (F1)
XX- (F2)
PMG
Power
Supply
To A.V.R
A.C Sensing
Supply From
Main Stator
(2 or 3 Phase)
P2 -P3 -P4
6-7-8A.V.R
THE PMG GENERATOR PROVIDES A SEPARATE POWER SUPPLY FOR AVR
Bearing
Shaft
Rectifier
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Main Stator
Fan
Main RotorMain Rotor
ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE EXCITATION SYSTEM
UNAFFECTED BY WAVEFORM DISTORTION CAUSED BY NON LINEAR LOADS
POWERFUL VOLTAGE BUILD UP SYSTEM ON INITIAL RUN-UP, DOES NOT RELYUPON RESIDUAL MAGNETISM.
SUSTAINED SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS,
ISOLATED POWER SUPPLY FOR THE AVR, (PROTECTS AVR FROM HIGHTRANSIENT FAULT CONDITIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
CAPABLE OF VOLTAGE BUILD UP AGAINST LOAD, (FREQUENCY STARTING OFLARGE MOTORS).
Operation of a Separately Excited Generators
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%9:;669 :6 '393;B:6; B9< +J5K:B>69 LMF:37
GENERATOR CONTROL SYSTEM
SPEED
GOVERNOR
PRIME
MOVER
EXCITER
ELECTRICAL
LOAD
PROTECTION
REGULATION
AND
CONTROL
GENERATOR
%9:;669 :6 '393;B:6; B9< +J5K:B>69 LMF:37
- The function of the voltage regulator is to provide preciseregulated generator voltage at no load and changing loads.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
- Is expressed as the difference between the no load valueof voltage as compared to the full-load value for fixedvalues of DC current applied to the field.
VNL VFL X 100