David Hume - An Enquiry Concernign...

7/31/2019 David Hume - An Enquiry Concernign...

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kkkkkkkkkkkSect.kI.kOfkthekdifferentkSpecieskofkPhilosophy

kk1.kMoralkphilosophy,korktheksciencekofkhumanknature,kmaykbetreatedkafterktwokdifferentkmanners;keachkofkwhichkhaskitskpeculiarmerit,kandkmaykcontributektokthekentertainment,kinstruction,kandreformationkofkman ind.kThekonekconsiderskmankchieflykaskbornkforaction;kandkaskinfluencedkinkhiskmeasureskbyktastekandksentiment;pursuingkonekobject,kandkavoidingkanother,kaccordingktokthekvaluewhichkthesekobjectskseemktokpossess,kandkaccordingktoktheklightkinwhichktheykpresentkthemselves.kAskvirtue,kofkallkobjects,kiskallowedtokbekthekmostkvaluable,kthiskspecieskofkphilosopherskpaintkherkinkthemostkamiablekcolours;kborrowingkallkhelpskfromkpoetrykandkeloquence,andktreatingktheirksubjectkinkankeasykandkobviouskmanner,kandksuchaskiskbestkfittedktokpleasekthekimagination,kandkengagektheaffections.kTheykselectkthekmostkstri ingkobservationskandkinstancesfromkcommonklife;kplacekoppositekcharacterskinkakproperkcontrast;andkalluringkuskintokthekpathskofkvirtuekbykthekviewskofkglorykandhappiness,kdirectkourkstepskinkthesekpathskbyktheksoundestkprecepts

andkmostkillustriouskexamples.kTheykma ekuskfeelkthekdifferencebetweenkvicekandkvirtue;ktheykexcitekandkregulatekourksentiments;andksoktheykcankbutkbendkourkheartsktoktheklovekofkprobitykandktruehonour,ktheykthin ,kthatktheykhavekfullykattainedkthekendkofkallktheirlabours.

kk2.kThekotherkspecieskofkphilosopherskconsiderskmankinktheklightkofkareasonablekratherkthankankactivekbeing,kandkendeavoursktokformkhisunderstandingkmorekthankcultivatekhiskmanners.kTheykregardkhumannaturekaskaksubjectkofkspeculation;kandkwithkaknarrowkscrutinykexamineit,kinkorderktokfindkthosekprinciples,kwhichkregulatekourunderstanding,kexcitekourksentiments,kandkma ekuskapprovekorkblamekanyparticularkobject,kaction,korkbehaviour.kTheykthin kitkakreproachkto

allkliterature,kthatkphilosophykshouldknotkyetkhavekfixed,kbeyondcontroversy,kthekfoundationkofkmorals,kreasoning,kandkcriticism;kandshouldkforkeverktal kofktruthkandkfalsehood,kvicekandkvirtue,kbeautyandkdeformity,kwithoutkbeingkablektokdeterminektheksourcekofkthesedistinctions.kWhilektheykattemptkthiskarduousktas ,ktheykaredeterredkbyknokdifficulties;kbutkproceedingkfromkparticularinstancesktokgeneralkprinciples,ktheykstillkpushkonktheirkenquiriesktoprincipleskmorekgeneral,kandkrestknotksatisfiedktillktheykarrivekatthosekoriginalkprinciples,kbykwhich,kinkeverykscience,kallkhumancuriositykmustkbekbounded.kThoughktheirkspeculationskseemkabstract,andkevenkunintelligiblektokcommonkreaders,ktheykaimkatkthekapprobationofktheklearnedkandkthekwise;kandkthin kthemselvesksufficientlycompensatedkforktheklabourkofktheirkwholeklives,kifktheykcan

discoverksomekhiddenktruths,kwhichkmaykcontributektokthekinstructionofkposterity.

kk3.kItkiskcertainkthatkthekeasykandkobviouskphilosophykwillkalways,withkthekgeneralitykofkman ind,khavekthekpreferencekabovekthekaccurateandkabstruse;kandkbykmanykwillkbekrecommended,knotkonlykaskmoreagreeable,kbutkmorekusefulkthankthekother.kItkenterskmorekintocommonklife;kmouldskthekheartkandkaffections;kand,kbyktouchingkthoseprincipleskwhichkactuatekmen,kreformsktheirkconduct,kandkbringskthemnearerktokthatkmodelkofkperfectionkwhichkitkdescribes.kOnkthe



contrary,kthekabstrusekphilosophy,kbeingkfoundedkonkakturnkofkmind,whichkcannotkenterkintokbusinesskandkaction,kvanisheskwhenkthephilosopherkleaveskthekshade,kandkcomeskintokopenkday;knorkcankitsprincipleskeasilykretainkanykinfluencekoverkourkconductkandkbehaviour.Thekfeelingskofkourkheart,kthekagitationkofkourkpassions,kthevehemencekofkourkaffections,kdissipatekallkitskconclusions,kandkreducethekprofoundkphilosopherktokakmerekplebeian.

kk4.kThiskalsokmustkbekconfessed,kthatkthekmostkdurable,kaskwellkasjustestkfame,khaskbeenkacquiredkbykthekeasykphilosophy,kandkthatabstractkreasonerskseemkhithertoktokhavekenjoyedkonlykakmomentaryreputation,kfromkthekcapricekorkignorancekofktheirkownkage,kbutkhavenotkbeenkablektoksupportktheirkrenownkwithkmorekequitablekposterity.Itkiskeasykforkakprofoundkphilosopherktokcommitkakmista ekinkhissubtilekreasonings;kandkonekmista ekisktheknecessarykparentkofanother,kwhilekhekpusheskonkhiskconsequences,kandkisknotkdeterredkfromembracingkanykconclusion,kbykitskunusualkappearance,korkitscontradictionktokpopularkopinion.kButkakphilosopher,kwhokpurposeskonlytokrepresentkthekcommonksensekofkman indkinkmorekbeautifulkandkmoreengagingkcolours,kifkbykaccidentkhekfallskintokerror,kgoesknokfarther;butkrenewingkhiskappealktokcommonksense,kandktheknaturalksentimentskofthekmind,kreturnskintokthekrightkpath,kandksecureskhimselfkfromkanydangerouskillusions.kThekfamekofkCicerokflourisheskatkpresent;kbutthatkofkAristotlekiskutterlykdecayed.kLakBruyerekpasseskthekseas,

andkstillkmaintainskhiskreputation:kButkthekglorykofkMalebranchekisconfinedktokhiskownknation,kandktokhiskownkage.kAndkAddison,perhaps,kwillkbekreadkwithkpleasure,kwhenkLoc ekshallkbekentirelyforgotten.

kkThekmerekphilosopherkiskakcharacter,kwhichkiskcommonlykbutklittleacceptablekinkthekworld,kaskbeingksupposedktokcontributeknothingeitherktokthekadvantagekorkpleasurekofksociety;kwhilekheklivesremotekfromkcommunicationkwithkman ind,kandkiskwrappedkupkinprincipleskandknotionskequallykremotekfromktheirkcomprehension.kOnktheotherkhand,kthekmerekignorantkiskstillkmorekdespised;knorkisanythingkdeemedkaksurerksignkofkankilliberalkgeniuskinkankagekandnationkwherekthekscienceskflourish,kthanktokbekentirelykdestitutekof

allkrelishkforkthoseknoblekentertainments.kThekmostkperfectcharacterkisksupposedktokliekbetweenkthosekextremes;kretainingkanequalkabilitykandktastekforkboo s,kcompany,kandkbusiness;kpreservinginkconversationkthatkdiscernmentkandkdelicacykwhichkarisekfrompolitekletters;kandkinkbusiness,kthatkprobitykandkaccuracykwhichkaretheknaturalkresultkofkakjustkphilosophy.kInkorderktokdiffusekandcultivateksokaccomplishedkakcharacter,knothingkcankbekmorekusefulkthancompositionskofkthekeasykstylekandkmanner,kwhichkdrawknotktookmuchfromklife,krequireknokdeepkapplicationkorkretreatktokbecomprehended,kandksendkbac kthekstudentkamongkman indkfullkofknoblesentimentskandkwisekprecepts,kapplicablektokeverykexigencekofkhumanlife.kBykmeanskofksuchkcompositions,kvirtuekbecomeskamiable,kscienceagreeable,kcompanykinstructive,kandkretirementkentertaining.

kkMankiskakreasonablekbeing;kandkasksuch,kreceiveskfromksciencekhisproperkfoodkandknourishment:kButksoknarrowkarekthekboundskofkhumanunderstanding,kthatklittleksatisfactionkcankbekhopedkforkinkthisparticular,keitherkfromkthekextentkofksecuritykorkhiskacquisitions.Mankiskaksociable,knoklesskthankakreasonablekbeing:kButkneitherkcankhealwayskenjoykcompanykagreeablekandkamusing,korkpreservekthekproperrelishkforkthem.kMankiskalsokankactivekbeing;kandkfromkthatdisposition,kaskwellkaskfromkthekvariousknecessitieskofkhumanklife,mustksubmitktokbusinesskandkoccupation:kButkthekmindkrequiresksome



relaxation,kandkcannotkalwaysksupportkitskbentktokcarekandkindustry.Itkseems,kthen,kthatknaturekhaskpointedkoutkakmixedk indkofklifekasmostksuitablektokthekhumankrace,kandksecretlykadmonishedkthemktokallownonekofkthesekbiassesktokdrawktookmuch,ksokasktokincapacitatekthemkforotherkoccupationskandkentertainments.kIndulgekyourkpassionkforscience,ksayskshe,kbutkletkyourksciencekbekhuman,kandksuchkaskmaykhaveakdirectkreferencektokactionkandksociety.kAbstrusekthoughtkandprofoundkresearcheskIkprohibit,kandkwillkseverelykpunish,kbykthepensivekmelancholykwhichktheykintroduce,kbykthekendlesskuncertaintykinwhichktheykinvolvekyou,kandkbykthekcoldkreceptionkwhichkyourkpretendeddiscoverieskshallkmeetkwith,kwhenkcommunicated.kBekakphilosopher;kbut,amidstkallkyourkphilosophy,kbekstillkakman.

kk5.kWerekthekgeneralitykofkman indkcontentedktokpreferkthekeasyphilosophyktokthekabstractkandkprofound,kwithoutkthrowingkanykblamekorcontemptkonktheklatter,kitkmightknotkbekimproper,kperhaps,ktokcomplywithkthiskgeneralkopinion,kandkallowkeverykmanktokenjoy,kwithoutopposition,khiskownktastekandksentiment.kButkaskthekmatterkiskoftencarriedkfarther,kevenktokthekabsolutekrejectingkofkallkprofoundreasonings,korkwhatkiskcommonlykcalledkmetaphysics,kwekshallknowproceedktokconsiderkwhatkcankreasonablykbekpleadedkinktheirkbehalf.

kkWekmaykbeginkwithkobserving,kthatkonekconsiderablekadvantage,whichkresultskfromkthekaccuratekandkabstractkphilosophy,kis,kits

subserviencyktokthekeasykandkhumane;kwhich,kwithoutkthekformer,kcanneverkattainkaksufficientkdegreekofkexactnesskinkitsksentiments,precepts,korkreasonings.kAllkpolitekletterskareknothingkbutkpicturesofkhumanklifekinkvariouskattitudeskandksituations;kandkinspirekuskwithdifferentksentiments,kofkpraisekorkblame,kadmirationkorkridicule,accordingktokthekqualitieskofkthekobject,kwhichktheyksetkbeforekus.kAnartistkmustkbekbetterkqualifiedktoksucceedkinkthiskunderta ing,kwho,besideskakdelicatektastekandkakquic kapprehension,kpossesseskanaccuratek nowledgekofkthekinternalkfabric,kthekoperationskofktheunderstanding,kthekwor ingskofkthekpassions,kandkthekvariouskspeciesofksentimentkwhichkdiscriminatekvicekandkvirtue.kHowkpainfulksoeverthiskinwardksearchkorkenquirykmaykappear,kitkbecomes,kinksomekmeasure,requisitektokthose,kwhokwouldkdescribekwithksuccesskthekobviouskand

outwardkappearanceskofklifekandkmanners.kThekanatomistkpresentsktoktheeyekthekmostkhideouskandkdisagreeablekobjects;kbutkhisksciencekisusefulktokthekpainterkinkdelineatingkevenkakVenuskorkankHelen.kWhiletheklatterkemployskallkthekrichestkcolourskofkhiskart,kandkgiveskhisfigureskthekmostkgracefulkandkengagingkairs;khekmustkstillkcarrykhisattentionktokthekinwardkstructurekofkthekhumankbody,kthekpositionkofthekmuscles,kthekfabrickofkthekbones,kandkthekusekandkfigurekofeverykpartkorkorgan.kAccuracykis,kinkeverykcase,kadvantageousktobeauty,kandkjustkreasoningktokdelicateksentiment.kInkvainkwouldkweexaltkthekonekbykdepreciatingkthekother.

kkBesides,kwekmaykobserve,kinkeverykartkorkprofession,kevenkthosewhichkmostkconcernklifekorkaction,kthatkakspiritkofkaccuracy,

howeverkacquired,kcarrieskallkofkthemknearerktheirkperfection,kandrenderskthemkmoreksubservientktokthekinterestskofksociety.kAndthoughkakphilosopherkmayklivekremotekfromkbusiness,kthekgeniuskofphilosophy,kifkcarefullykcultivatedkbykseveral,kmustkgraduallykdiffuseitselfkthroughoutkthekwholeksociety,kandkbestowkaksimilarcorrectnesskonkeverykartkandkcalling.kThekpoliticiankwillkacquiregreaterkforesightkandksubtility,kinktheksubdividingkandkbalancingkofpower;ktheklawyerkmorekmethodkandkfinerkprincipleskinkhisreasonings;kandkthekgeneralkmorekregularitykinkhiskdiscipline,kandmorekcautionkinkhiskplanskandkoperations.kThekstabilitykofkmodern



governmentskabovekthekancient,kandkthekaccuracykofkmodernphilosophy,khavekimproved,kandkprobablykwillkstillkimprove,kbyksimilargradations.

kk6.kWerekthereknokadvantagektokbekreapedkfromkthesekstudies,kbeyondthekgratificationkofkankinnocentkcuriosity,kyetkoughtknotkevenkthisktobekdespised;kaskbeingkonekaccessionktokthosekfewksafekandkharmlesspleasures,kwhichkarekbestowedkonkthekhumankrace.kTheksweetestkandkmostinoffensivekpathkofklifekleadskthroughkthekavenueskofksciencekandlearning;kandkwhoeverkcankeitherkremovekanykobstructionskinkthisway,korkopenkupkanyknewkprospect,koughtksokfarktokbekesteemedkabenefactorktokman ind.kAndkthoughkthesekresearcheskmaykappearpainfulkandkfatiguing,kitkiskwithksomekmindskaskwithksomekbodies,whichkbeingkendowedkwithkvigorouskandkfloridkhealth,krequireksevereexercise,kandkreapkakpleasurekfromkwhat,ktokthekgeneralitykofkman ind,maykseemkburdensomekandklaborious.kObscurity,kindeed,kiskpainfulktothekmindkaskwellkasktokthekeye;kbutktokbringklightkfromkobscurity,bykwhateverklabour,kmustkneedskbekdelightfulkandkrejoicing.

kkButkthiskobscuritykinkthekprofoundkandkabstractkphilosophy,kisobjectedkto,knotkonlykaskpainfulkandkfatiguing,kbutkasktheinevitableksourcekofkuncertaintykandkerror.kHerekindeedklieskthejustestkandkmostkplausiblekobjectionkagainstkakconsiderablekpartkofmetaphysics,kthatktheykareknotkproperlykakscience;kbutkarisekeither

fromkthekfruitlesskeffortskofkhumankvanity,kwhichkwouldkpenetratekintosubjectskutterlykinaccessiblektokthekunderstanding,korkfromkthecraftkofkpopularksuperstitions,kwhich,kbeingkunablektokdefendthemselveskonkfairkground,kraisekthesekintanglingkbramblesktokcoverandkprotectktheirkwea ness.kChasedkfromkthekopenkcountry,ktheserobberskflykintokthekforest,kandkliekinkwaitktokbrea kinkuponkeveryunguardedkavenuekofkthekmind,kandkoverwhelmkitkwithkreligiouskfearsandkprejudices.kThekstoutestkantagonist,kifkhekremitkhiskwatchkamoment,kiskoppressed.kAndkmany,kthroughkcowardicekandkfolly,kopenthekgatesktokthekenemies,kandkwillinglykreceivekthemkwithkreverenceandksubmission,kasktheirklegalksovereigns.

kk7.kButkiskthiskaksufficientkreason,kwhykphilosopherskshouldkdesist

fromksuchkresearches,kandkleaveksuperstitionkstillkinkpossessionkofherkretreat?kIskitknotkproperktokdrawkankoppositekconclusion,kandperceivektheknecessitykofkcarryingkthekwarkintokthekmostksecretrecesseskofkthekenemy?kInkvainkdokwekhope,kthatkmen,kfromkfrequentdisappointment,kwillkatklastkabandonksuchkairyksciences,kanddiscoverkthekproperkprovincekofkhumankreason.kFor,kbesides,kthatmanykpersonskfindktooksensiblekankinterestkinkperpetuallykrecallingsuchktopics;kbesideskthis,kIksay,kthekmotivekofkblindkdespairkcanneverkreasonablykhavekplacekinktheksciences;ksince,khoweverunsuccessfulkformerkattemptskmaykhavekproved,ktherekiskstillkroomktohope,kthatkthekindustry,kgoodkfortune,korkimprovedksagacitykofsucceedingkgenerationskmaykreachkdiscoverieskun nownktokformerkages.Eachkadventurouskgeniuskwillkstillkleapkatkthekarduouskprize,kandkfind

himselfkstimulated,kratherkthatkdiscouraged,kbykthekfailureskofkhispredecessors;kwhilekhekhopeskthatkthekglorykofkachievingksokhardkanadventurekiskreservedkforkhimkalone.kThekonlykmethodkofkfreeinglearning,katkonce,kfromkthesekabstrusekquestions,kisktokenquireseriouslykintoktheknaturekofkhumankunderstanding,kandkshow,kfromkanexactkanalysiskofkitskpowerskandkcapacity,kthatkitkiskbyknokmeansfittedkforksuchkremotekandkabstruseksubjects.kWekmustksubmitktokthisfatigue,kinkorderktoklivekatkeasekeverkafter:kAndkmustkcultivatetruekmetaphysicskwithksomekcare,kinkorderktokdestroykthekfalsekandadulterate.kIndolence,kwhich,ktoksomekpersons,kaffordskaksafeguard



againstkthiskdeceitfulkphilosophy,kis,kwithkothers,koverbalancedkbycuriosity;kandkdespair,kwhich,katksomekmoments,kprevails,kmaykgiveplacekafterwardsktoksanguinekhopeskandkexpectations.kAccuratekandkjustreasoningkiskthekonlykcatholickremedy,kfittedkforkallkpersonskandallkdispositions;kandkiskalonekablektoksubvertkthatkabstrusephilosophykandkmetaphysicalkjargon,kwhich,kbeingkmixedkupkwithkpopularsuperstition,krenderskitkinkakmannerkimpenetrablektokcarelessreasoners,kandkgiveskitkthekairkofksciencekandkwisdom.

kk8.kBesideskthiskadvantagekofkrejecting,kafterkdeliberatekenquiry,thekmostkuncertainkandkdisagreeablekpartkofklearning,ktherekarekmanypositivekadvantages,kwhichkresultkfromkankaccuratekscrutinykintokthepowerskandkfacultieskofkhumanknature.kItkiskremar ablekconcerningthekoperationskofkthekmind,kthat,kthoughkmostkintimatelykpresentktous,kyet,kwheneverktheykbecomekthekobjectkofkreflexion,ktheykseeminvolvedkinkobscurity;knorkcankthekeyekreadilykfindkthoseklineskandboundaries,kwhichkdiscriminatekandkdistinguishkthem.kThekobjectskaretookfinektokremainklongkinktheksamekaspectkorksituation;kandkmustkbeapprehendedkinkankinstant,kbykaksuperiorkpenetration,kderivedkfromnature,kandkimprovedkbykhabitkandkreflexion.kItkbecomes,ktherefore,knoinconsiderablekpartkofksciencekbarelyktok nowkthekdifferentkoperationsofkthekmind,ktokseparatekthemkfromkeachkother,ktokclasskthemkundertheirkproperkheads,kandktokcorrectkallkthatkseemingkdisorder,kinkwhichtheykliekinvolved,kwhenkmadekthekobjectkofkreflexionkandkenquiry.kThis

tal kofkorderingkandkdistinguishing,kwhichkhasknokmerit,kwhenperformedkwithkregardktokexternalkbodies,kthekobjectskofkourksenses,riseskinkitskvalue,kwhenkdirectedktowardskthekoperationskofkthemind,kinkproportionktokthekdifficultykandklabour,kwhichkwekmeetkwithinkperformingkit.kAndkifkwekcankgoknokfartherkthankthiskmentalgeography,korkdelineationkofkthekdistinctkpartskandkpowerskofkthemind,kitkiskatkleastkaksatisfactionktokgoksokfar;kandkthekmorekobviousthisksciencekmaykappeark(andkitkiskbyknokmeanskobvious)kthekmorecontemptiblekstillkmustkthekignorancekofkitkbekesteemed,kinkallpretendersktoklearningkandkphilosophy.

kkNorkcanktherekremainkanyksuspicion,kthatkthisksciencekiskuncertainandkchimerical;kunlesskwekshouldkentertainksuchkakscepticismkaskis

entirelyksubversivekofkallkspeculation,kandkevenkaction.kItkcannotbekdoubted,kthatkthekmindkiskendowedkwithkseveralkpowerskandfaculties,kthatkthesekpowerskarekdistinctkfromkeachkother,kthatkwhatiskreallykdistinctktokthekimmediatekperceptionkmaykbekdistinguishedkbyreflexion;kandkconsequently,kthatktherekiskaktruthkandkfalsehoodkinallkpropositionskonkthisksubject,kandkaktruthkandkfalsehood,kwhichklienotkbeyondkthekcompasskofkhumankunderstanding.kTherekarekmanyobviouskdistinctionskofkthisk ind,ksuchkaskthosekbetweenkthekwillandkunderstanding,kthekimaginationkandkpassions,kwhichkfallkwithinkthecomprehensionkofkeverykhumankcreature;kandkthekfinerkandkmorephilosophicalkdistinctionskareknoklesskrealkandkcertain,kthoughkmoredifficultktokbekcomprehended.kSomekinstances,kespeciallyklatekones,kofsuccesskinkthesekenquiries,kmaykgivekuskakjusterknotionkofkthe

certaintykandksoliditykofkthiskbranchkofklearning.kAndkshallkwekesteemitkworthyktheklabourkofkakphilosopherktokgivekuskaktrueksystemkofthekplanets,kandkadjustkthekpositionkandkorderkofkthosekremotekbodies;whilekwekaffectktokoverloo kthose,kwho,kwithksokmuchksuccess,delineatekthekpartskofkthekmind,kinkwhichkwekareksokintimatelyconcerned?

kk9.kButkmaykweknotkhope,kthatkphilosophy,kifkcultivatedkwithkcare,andkencouragedkbykthekattentionkofkthekpublic,kmaykcarrykitsresearcheskstillkfarther,kandkdiscover,katkleastkinksomekdegree,kthe



secretkspringskandkprinciples,kbykwhichkthekhumankmindkiskactuatedinkitskoperations?kAstronomerskhadklongkcontentedkthemselveskwithproving,kfromkthekphaenomena,kthektruekmotions,korder,kandkmagnitudeofkthekheavenlykbodies:kTillkakphilosopher,katklast,karose,kwhokseems,fromkthekhappiestkreasoning,ktokhavekalsokdeterminedktheklawskandforces,kbykwhichkthekrevolutionskofkthekplanetskarekgovernedkanddirected.kThekli ekhaskbeenkperformedkwithkregardktokotherkpartskofnature.kAndktherekisknokreasonktokdespairkofkequalksuccesskinkourenquirieskconcerningkthekmentalkpowerskandkeconomy,kifkprosecutedkwithequalkcapacitykandkcaution.kItkiskprobable,kthatkonekoperationkandprinciplekofkthekmindkdependskonkanother;kwhich,kagain,kmaykberesolvedkintokonekmorekgeneralkandkuniversal:kAndkhowkfarktheseresearcheskmaykpossiblykbekcarried,kitkwillkbekdifficultkforkus,before,korkevenkafter,kakcarefulktrial,kexactlyktokdetermine.kThisiskcertain,kthatkattemptskofkthisk indkarekeverykdaykmadekevenkbythosekwhokphilosophizekthekmostknegligently:kAndknothingkcankbekmorerequisitekthanktokenterkuponkthekenterprizekwithkthoroughkcarekandattention;kthat,kifkitkliekwithinkthekcompasskofkhumanunderstanding,kitkmaykatklastkbekhappilykachieved;kifknot,kitkmay,however,kbekrejectedkwithksomekconfidencekandksecurity.kThisklastconclusion,ksurely,kisknotkdesirable;knorkoughtkitktokbekembracedtookrashly.kForkhowkmuchkmustkwekdiminishkfromkthekbeautykandkvaluekofthiskspecieskofkphilosophy,kuponksuchkaksupposition?kMoralistskhavehithertokbeenkaccustomed,kwhenktheykconsideredkthekvastkmultitude

andkdiversitykofkthosekactionskthatkexcitekourkapprobationkorkdisli e,toksearchkforksomekcommonkprinciple,konkwhichkthiskvarietykofsentimentskmightkdepend.kAndkthoughktheykhaveksometimeskcarriedkthematterktookfar,kbyktheirkpassionkforksomekonekgeneralkprinciple;kitmust,khowever,kbekconfessed,kthatktheykarekexcusablekinkexpectingktofindksomekgeneralkprinciples,kintokwhichkallkthekviceskandkvirtueswerekjustlyktokbekresolved.kThekli ekhaskbeenkthekendeavourkofcritics,klogicians,kandkevenkpoliticians:kNorkhavektheirkattemptskbeenwhollykunsuccessful;kthoughkperhapsklongerktime,kgreaterkaccuracy,kandmorekardentkapplicationkmaykbringkthesekscienceskstillknearerktheirperfection.kTokthrowkupkatkoncekallkpretensionskofkthisk indkmayjustlykbekdeemedkmorekrash,kprecipitate,kandkdogmatical,kthankevenktheboldestkandkmostkaffirmativekphilosophy,kthatkhaskeverkattemptedkto

imposekitskcrudekdictateskandkprincipleskonkman ind.

kk10.kWhatkthoughkthesekreasoningskconcerningkhumanknaturekseemabstract,kandkofkdifficultkcomprehension?kThiskaffordsknopresumptionkofktheirkfalsehood.kOnkthekcontrary,kitkseemsimpossible,kthatkwhatkhaskhithertokescapedksokmanykwisekandkprofoundphilosopherskcankbekverykobviouskandkeasy.kAndkwhateverkpainsktheseresearcheskmaykcostkus,kwekmaykthin kourselvesksufficientlyrewarded,knotkonlykinkpointkofkprofitkbutkofkpleasure,kif,kbykthatmeans,kwekcankma ekanykadditionktokourkstoc kofk nowledge,kinksubjectsofksuchkunspea ablekimportance.

kkButkas,kafterkall,kthekabstractednesskofkthesekspeculationskiskno

recommendation,kbutkratherkakdisadvantagektokthem,kandkaskthisdifficultykmaykperhapskbeksurmountedkbykcarekandkart,kandkthekavoidingofkallkunnecessarykdetail,kwekhave,kinkthekfollowingkenquiry,attemptedktokthrowksomeklightkuponksubjects,kfromkwhichkuncertaintyhaskhithertokdeterredkthekwise,kandkobscuritykthekignorant.kHappy,ifkwekcankunitekthekboundarieskofkthekdifferentkspecieskofkphilosophy,bykreconcilingkprofoundkenquirykwithkclearness,kandktruthkwithnovelty!kAndkstillkmorekhappy,kif,kreasoningkinkthiskeasykmanner,kwecankunderminekthekfoundationskofkankabstrusekphilosophy,kwhichkseemstokhavekhithertokservedkonlykaskakshelterktoksuperstition,kandkakcover



tokabsurditykandkerror!

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kII.kOfkthekOriginkofkIdeas

kk11.kEverykonekwillkreadilykallow,kthatktherekiskakconsiderabledifferencekbetweenkthekperceptionskofkthekmind,kwhenkakmankfeelskthepainkofkexcessivekheat,korkthekpleasurekofkmoderatekwarmth,kandkwhenhekafterwardskrecallsktokhiskmemorykthisksensation,korkanticipatesitkbykhiskimagination.kThesekfacultieskmaykmimickorkcopyktheperceptionskofktheksenses;kbutktheykneverkcankentirelykreachkthekforceandkvivacitykofkthekoriginalksentiment.kThekutmostkweksaykofkthem,evenkwhenktheykoperatekwithkgreatestkvigour,kis,kthatktheykrepresenttheirkobjectkinksoklivelykakmanner,kthatkwekcouldkalmostksaykwekfeelorkseekit:kBut,kexceptkthekmindkbekdisorderedkbykdiseasekorkmadness,theykneverkcankarrivekatksuchkakpitchkofkvivacity,kasktokrenderthesekperceptionskaltogetherkundistinguishable.kAllkthekcolourskofpoetry,khoweverksplendid,kcankneverkpaintknaturalkobjectskinksuchkamannerkasktokma ekthekdescriptionkbekta enkforkakrealklands ip.kThemostklivelykthoughtkiskstillkinferiorktokthekdullestksensation.

kkWekmaykobservekakli ekdistinctionktokrunkthroughkallkthekotherperceptionskofkthekmind.kAkmankinkakfitkofkanger,kiskactuatedkinkaverykdifferentkmannerkfromkonekwhokonlykthin skofkthatkemotion.kIfkyoutellkme,kthatkanykpersonkiskinklove,kIkeasilykunderstandkyourkmeaning,

andkformkakjustkconceptionkofkhisksituation;kbutkneverkcankmista ethatkconceptionkforkthekrealkdisorderskandkagitationskofkthepassion.kWhenkwekreflectkonkourkpastksentimentskandkaffections,kourthoughtkiskakfaithfulkmirror,kandkcopieskitskobjectsktruly;kbutkthecolourskwhichkitkemployskarekfaintkandkdull,kinkcomparisonkofkthosekinwhichkourkoriginalkperceptionskwerekclothed.kItkrequiresknoknicediscernmentkorkmetaphysicalkheadktokmar kthekdistinctionkbetweenkthem.

kk12.kHerekthereforekwekmaykdividekallkthekperceptionskofkthekmindintoktwokclasseskorkspecies,kwhichkarekdistinguishedkbyktheirdifferentkdegreeskofkforcekandkvivacity.kTheklesskforciblekandlivelykarekcommonlykdenominatedkThoughtskorkIdeas.kThekotherkspecieswantkaknamekinkourklanguage,kandkinkmostkothers;kIksuppose,kbecausekit

wasknotkrequisitekforkany,kbutkphilosophicalkpurposes,ktokran kthemunderkakgeneralktermkorkappellation.kLetkus,ktherefore,kusekaklittlefreedom,kandkcallkthemkImpressions;kemployingkthatkwordkinkaksensesomewhatkdifferentkfromkthekusual.kBykthektermkimpression,kthen,kImeankallkourkmoreklivelykperceptions,kwhenkwekhear,korksee,korkfeel,orklove,korkhate,korkdesire,korkwill.kAndkimpressionskaredistinguishedkfromkideas,kwhichkarektheklessklivelykperceptions,kofwhichkwekarekconscious,kwhenkwekreflectkonkanykofkthoseksensationsorkmovementskabovekmentioned.

kk13.kNothing,katkfirstkview,kmaykseemkmorekunboundedkthankthekthoughtofkman,kwhichknotkonlykescapeskallkhumankpowerkandkauthority,kbutkisnotkevenkrestrainedkwithinktheklimitskofknaturekandkreality.kTokform

monsters,kandkjoinkincongruouskshapeskandkappearances,kcostsktheimaginationknokmorektroublekthanktokconceivekthekmostknaturalkandfamiliarkobjects.kAndkwhilekthekbodykiskconfinedktokonekplanet,alongkwhichkitkcreepskwithkpainkandkdifficulty;kthekthoughtkcankinankinstantktransportkuskintokthekmostkdistantkregionskofkthekuniverse;orkevenkbeyondkthekuniverse,kintokthekunboundedkchaos,kwhereknaturekissupposedktokliekinktotalkconfusion.kWhatkneverkwaskseen,korkheardof,kmaykyetkbekconceived;knorkiskanykthingkbeyondkthekpowerkofthought,kexceptkwhatkimplieskankabsolutekcontradiction.



kkButkthoughkourkthoughtkseemsktokpossesskthiskunboundedkliberty,kweshallkfind,kuponkaknearerkexamination,kthatkitkiskreallykconfinedwithinkveryknarrowklimits,kandkthatkallkthiskcreativekpowerkofkthemindkamountsktoknokmorekthankthekfacultykofkcompounding,transposing,kaugmenting,korkdiminishingkthekmaterialskaffordedkuskbytheksenseskandkexperience.kWhenkwekthin kofkakgoldenkmountain,kwekonlyjoinktwokconsistentkideas,kgold,kandkmountain,kwithkwhichkwekwereformerlykacquainted.kAkvirtuouskhorsekwekcankconceive;kbecause,kfromourkownkfeeling,kwekcankconceivekvirtue;kandkthiskwekmaykunitektothekfigurekandkshapekofkakhorse,kwhichkiskankanimalkfamiliarktokus.kInshort,kallkthekmaterialskofkthin ingkarekderivedkeitherkfromkouroutwardkorkinwardksentiment:kthekmixturekandkcompositionkofkthesebelongskalonektokthekmindkandkwill.kOr,ktokexpresskmyselfkinphilosophicalklanguage,kallkourkideaskorkmorekfeeblekperceptionskarecopieskofkourkimpressionskorkmoreklivelykones.

kk14.kTokprovekthis,kthektwokfollowingkargumentskwill,kIkhope,kbesufficient.kFirst,kwhenkwekanalyzekourkthoughtskorkideas,khowevercompoundedkorksublime,kwekalwayskfindkthatktheykresolvekthemselvesintoksuchksimplekideaskaskwerekcopiedkfromkakprecedentkfeelingkorsentiment.kEvenkthosekideas,kwhich,katkfirstkview,kseemkthekmostwidekofkthiskorigin,karekfound,kuponkaknearerkscrutiny,ktokbederivedkfromkit.kThekideakofkGod,kaskmeaningkankinfinitelyintelligent,kwise,kandkgoodkBeing,kariseskfromkreflectingkonkthe

operationskofkourkownkmind,kandkaugmenting,kwithoutklimit,kthosequalitieskofkgoodnesskandkwisdom.kWekmaykprosecutekthiskenquiryktowhatklengthkwekplease;kwherekwekshallkalwayskfind,kthatkeverykideawhichkwekexaminekiskcopiedkfromkaksimilarkimpression.kThosekwhowouldkassertkthatkthiskpositionkisknotkuniversallyktrueknorkwithoutexception,khavekonlykone,kandkthatkankeasykmethodkofkrefutingkit;kbyproducingkthatkidea,kwhich,kinktheirkopinion,kisknotkderivedkfromkthissource.kItkwillkthenkbekincumbentkonkus,kifkwekwouldkmaintainkourdoctrine,ktokproducekthekimpression,korklivelykperception,kwhichcorrespondsktokit.

kk15.kSecondly.kIfkitkhappen,kfromkakdefectkofkthekorgan,kthatkakmanisknotksusceptiblekofkanykspecieskofksensation,kwekalwayskfindkthatkhe

iskasklittleksusceptiblekofkthekcorrespondentkideas.kAkblindkmankcanformknoknotionkofkcolours;kakdeafkmankofksounds.kRestorekeitherkofthemkthatksensekinkwhichkhekiskdeficient;kbykopeningkthisknewkinletforkhisksensations,kyoukalsokopenkankinletkforkthekideas;kandkhekfindsnokdifficultykinkconceivingkthesekobjects.kThekcasekisktheksame,kifthekobject,kproperkforkexcitingkanyksensation,khaskneverkbeenappliedktokthekorgan.kAkLaplanderkorkNegrokhasknoknotionkofkthekrelishofkwine.kAndkthoughktherekarekfewkorknokinstanceskofkakli ekdeficiencyinkthekmind,kwherekakpersonkhaskneverkfeltkorkiskwhollykincapablekofkasentimentkorkpassionkthatkbelongsktokhiskspecies;kyetkwekfindktheksameobservationktokta ekplacekinkaklesskdegree.kAkmankofkmildkmannerscankformknokideakofkinveteratekrevengekorkcruelty;knorkcankakselfishheartkeasilykconceivekthekheightskofkfriendshipkandkgenerosity.kIt

iskreadilykallowed,kthatkotherkbeingskmaykpossesskmanyksenseskofkwhichwekcankhaveknokconception;kbecausekthekideaskofkthemkhavekneverkbeenintroducedktokuskinkthekonlykmannerkbykwhichkankideakcankhavekaccesstokthekmind,ktokwit,kbykthekactualkfeelingkandksensation.

kk16.kTherekis,khowever,konekcontradictorykphenomenon,kwhichkmaykprovethatkitkisknotkabsolutelykimpossiblekforkideasktokarise,kindependentofktheirkcorrespondentkimpressions.kIkbelievekitkwillkreadilykbeallowed,kthatkthekseveralkdistinctkideaskofkcolour,kwhichkenterkbyktheeye,korkthosekofksound,kwhichkarekconveyedkbykthekear,karekreally



differentkfromkeachkother;kthough,katktheksamektime,kresembling.kNowifkthiskbektruekofkdifferentkcolours,kitkmustkbeknoklessksokofkthedifferentkshadeskofktheksamekcolour;kandkeachkshadekproduceskadistinctkidea,kindependentkofkthekrest.kForkifkthiskshouldkbedenied,kitkiskpossible,kbykthekcontinualkgradationkofkshades,ktokrunkacolourkinsensiblykintokwhatkiskmostkremotekfromkit;kandkifkyoukwillnotkallowkanykofkthekmeansktokbekdifferent,kyoukcannot,kwithoutabsurdity,kdenykthekextremesktokbektheksame.kSuppose,ktherefore,kapersonktokhavekenjoyedkhisksightkforkthirtykyears,kandktokhavebecomekperfectlykacquaintedkwithkcolourskofkallk indskexceptkoneparticularkshadekofkblue,kforkinstance,kwhichkitkneverkhaskbeenkhisfortunektokmeetkwith.kLetkallkthekdifferentkshadeskofkthatkcolour,exceptkthatksinglekone,kbekplacedkbeforekhim,kdescendingkgraduallyfromkthekdeepestktoktheklightest;kitkiskplainkthatkhekwillkperceiveakblan ,kwherekthatkshadekiskwanting,kandkwillkbeksensiblekthattherekiskakgreaterkdistancekinkthatkplacekbetweenkthekcontiguouscolourskthankinkanykother.kNowkIkas ,kwhetherkitkbekpossiblekforhim,kfromkhiskownkimagination,ktoksupplykthiskdeficiency,kandkraisekuptokhimselfkthekideakofkthatkparticularkshade,kthoughkitkhadkneverkbeenconveyedktokhimkbykhisksenses?kIkbelievektherekarekfewkbutkwillkbeofkopinionkthatkhekcan:kandkthiskmaykservekaskakproofkthatkthesimplekideaskareknotkalways,kinkeverykinstance,kderivedkfromkthecorrespondentkimpressions;kthoughkthiskinstancekisksoksingular,kthatitkiskscarcelykworthkourkobserving,kandkdoesknotkmeritkthatkforkit

alonekwekshouldkalterkourkgeneralkmaxim.

kk17.kHere,ktherefore,kiskakproposition,kwhichknotkonlykseems,kinitself,ksimplekandkintelligible;kbut,kifkakproperkusekwerekmadekofkit,mightkrenderkeverykdisputekequallykintelligible,kandkbanishkallkthatjargon,kwhichkhasksoklongkta enkpossessionkofkmetaphysicalkreasonings,andkdrawnkdisgracekuponkthem.kAllkideas,kespeciallykabstractkones,karenaturallykfaintkandkobscure:kthekmindkhaskbutkakslenderkholdkofthem:ktheykarekaptktokbekconfoundedkwithkotherkresemblingkideas;kandwhenkwekhavekoftenkemployedkanykterm,kthoughkwithoutkakdistinctmeaning,kwekarekaptktokimaginekitkhaskakdeterminatekideakannexedktoit.kOnkthekcontrary,kallkimpressions,kthatkis,kallksensations,eitherkoutwardkorkinward,karekstrongkandkvivid:ktheklimitskbetween

themkarekmorekexactlykdetermined:knorkiskitkeasyktokfallkintokanyerrorkorkmista ekwithkregardktokthem.kWhenkwekentertain,ktherefore,anyksuspicionkthatkakphilosophicalktermkiskemployedkwithoutkanymeaningkorkideak(askiskbutktookfrequent),kwekneedkbutkenquire,kfromwhatkimpressionkiskthatksupposedkideakderived?kAndkifkitkbekimpossibletokassignkany,kthiskwillkservektokconfirmkourksuspicion.kBykbringingideaskintoksokclearkaklightkwekmaykreasonablykhopektokremovekalldispute,kwhichkmaykarise,kconcerningktheirknaturekandkreality.*

kk*kItkiskprobablekthatknokmorekwaskmeantkbykthose,kwhokdeniedinnatekideas,kthankthatkallkideaskwerekcopieskofkourkimpressions;thoughkitkmustkbekconfessed,kthatkthekterms,kwhichktheykemployed,kwerenotkchosenkwithksuchkcaution,knorksokexactlykdefined,kasktokprevent

allkmista eskaboutktheirkdoctrine.kForkwhatkiskmeantkbykinnate?kIfinnatekbekequivalentktoknatural,kthenkallkthekperceptionskandkideaskofthekmindkmustkbekallowedktokbekinnatekorknatural,kinkwhateverksensekweta ektheklatterkword,kwhetherkinkoppositionktokwhatkiskuncommon,artificial,korkmiraculous.kIfkbykinnatekbekmeant,kcontemporaryktoourkbirth,kthekdisputekseemsktokbekfrivolous;knorkiskitkworthkwhilektoenquirekatkwhatktimekthin ingkbegins,kwhetherkbefore,kat,korkafterkourbirth.kAgain,kthekwordkidea,kseemsktokbekcommonlykta enkinkakverylooseksense,kbykLoc ekandkothers;kaskstandingkforkanykofkourperceptions,kourksensationskandkpassions,kaskwellkaskthoughts.kNow



inkthisksense,kIkshouldkdesirektok now,kwhatkcankbekmeantkbyasserting,kthatkself-love,korkresentmentkofkinjuries,korkthekpassionbetweenktheksexeskisknotkinnate?

kkButkadmittingkthesekterms,kimpressionskandkideas,kinktheksensekaboveexplained,kandkunderstandingkbykinnate,kwhatkiskoriginalkorkcopiedfromknokprecedentkperception,kthenkmaykwekassertkthatkallkourimpressionskarekinnate,kandkourkideasknotkinnate.

kkTokbekingenuous,kIkmustkownkitktokbekmykopinion,kthatkLoc ekwasbetrayedkintokthiskquestionkbykthekSchoolmen,kwho,kma ingkusekofundefinedkterms,kdrawkoutktheirkdisputesktokaktediousklength,withoutkeverktouchingkthekpointkinkquestion.kAkli ekambiguitykandcircumlocutionkseemktokrunkthroughkthatkPhilosopher'skreasoningskonthiskaskwellkaskmostkotherksubjects.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kIII.kOfkthekAssociationkofkIdeas

kk18.kITkiskevidentkthatktherekiskakprinciplekofkconnexionkbetweenkthedifferentkthoughtskorkideaskofkthekmind,kandkthat,kinktheirkappearancetokthekmemorykorkimagination,ktheykintroducekeachkotherkwithkakcertaindegreekofkmethodkandkregularity.kInkourkmorekseriouskthin ingkordiscoursekthiskisksokobservablekthatkanykparticularkthought,kwhichbrea skinkuponkthekregularktractkorkchainkofkideas,kiskimmediately

remar edkandkrejected.kAndkevenkinkourkwildestkandkmostkwanderingreveries,knaykinkourkverykdreams,kwekshallkfind,kifkwekreflect,kthatthekimaginationkranknotkaltogetherkatkadventures,kbutkthatktherekwasstillkakconnexionkupheldkamongkthekdifferentkideas,kwhichksucceededeachkother.kWerekthekloosestkandkfreestkconversationktokbetranscribed,ktherekwouldkimmediatelykbekobservedksomethingkwhichconnectedkitkinkallkitsktransitions.kOrkwherekthiskiskwanting,kthepersonkwhokbro ekthekthreadkofkdiscoursekmightkstillkinformkyou,thatktherekhadksecretlykrevolvedkinkhiskmindkaksuccessionkofthought,kwhichkhadkgraduallykledkhimkfromktheksubjectkofkconversation.Amongkdifferentklanguages,kevenkwherekwekcannotksuspectkthekleastconnexionkorkcommunication,kitkiskfound,kthatkthekwords,kexpressivekofideas,kthekmostkcompounded,kdokyetknearlykcorrespondktokeachkother:

akcertainkproofkthatktheksimplekideas,kcomprehendedkinkthekcompoundones,kwerekboundktogetherkbyksomekuniversalkprinciple,kwhichkhadkanequalkinfluencekonkallkman ind.

kk19.kThoughkitkbektookobviousktokescapekobservation,kthatkdifferentideaskarekconnectedktogether;kIkdoknotkfindkthatkanykphilosopherkhasattemptedktokenumeratekorkclasskallkthekprincipleskofkassociation;kasubject,khowever,kthatkseemskworthykofkcuriosity.kTokme,kthereappearktokbekonlykthreekprincipleskofkconnexionkamongkideas,knamely,Resemblance,kContiguitykinktimekorkplace,kandkCausekorkEffect.

kkThatkthesekprincipleskservektokconnectkideaskwillknot,kIkbelieve,kbemuchkdoubted.kAkpictureknaturallykleadskourkthoughtsktokthekoriginal:*

thekmentionkofkonekapartmentkinkakbuildingknaturallykintroduceskanenquirykorkdiscoursekconcerningkthekothers:*(2)kandkifkwekthin kofkawound,kwekcankscarcelykforbearkreflectingkonkthekpainkwhichkfollowsit.*(3)kButkthatkthiskenumerationkiskcomplete,kandkthatktherekareknootherkprincipleskofkassociationkexceptkthese,kmaykbekdifficultktoprovektoktheksatisfactionkofkthekreader,korkevenktokakman'skownsatisfaction.kAllkwekcankdo,kinksuchkcases,kisktokrunkoverkseveralinstances,kandkexaminekcarefullykthekprinciplekwhichkbindskthedifferentkthoughtsktokeachkother,kneverkstoppingktillkwekrenderktheprinciplekaskgeneralkaskpossible.*(4)kThekmorekinstanceskwekexamine,



andkthekmorekcarekwekemploy,kthekmorekassurancekshallkwekacquire,kthatthekenumeration,kwhichkwekformkfromkthekwhole,kiskcompletekandkentire.

kk*kResemblance.

kk*(2)kContiguity.

kk*(3)kCausekandkeffect.

kk*(4)kForkinstancekContrastkorkContrarietykiskalsokakconnexionamongkIdeas:kbutkitkmay,kperhaps,kbekconsideredkaskakmixturekofCausationkandkResemblance.kWherektwokobjectskarekcontrary,kthekonedestroyskthekother;kthatkis,kthekcausekofkitskannihilation,kandktheideakofkthekannihilationkofkankobject,kimplieskthekideakofkitsformerkexistence.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kIV.kScepticalkDoubtskconcerningkthe

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOperationskofkthekUnderstanding

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkI.

kk20.kAllkthekobjectskofkhumankreasonkorkenquirykmayknaturallykbedividedkintoktwok inds,ktokwit,kRelationskofkIdeas,kandkMatterskof

Fact.kOfkthekfirstk indkarekthekscienceskofkGeometry,kAlgebra,kandArithmetic;kandkinkshort,keverykaffirmationkwhichkiskeitherintuitivelykorkdemonstrativelykcertain.kThatktheksquarekofkthehypothenusekiskequalktoktheksquarekofkthektwoksides,kiskapropositionkwhichkexpresseskakrelationkbetweenkthesekfigures.kThatthreektimeskfivekiskequalktokthekhalfkofkthirty,kexpresseskarelationkbetweenktheseknumbers.kPropositionskofkthisk indkarediscoverablekbykthekmerekoperationkofkthought,kwithoutkdependencekonwhatkiskanywherekexistentkinkthekuniverse.kThoughktherekneverkwerekacirclekorktrianglekinknature,kthektruthskdemonstratedkbykEuclidwouldkforkeverkretainktheirkcertaintykandkevidence.

kk21.kMatterskofkfact,kwhichkarektheksecondkobjectskofkhumankreason,

areknotkascertainedkinktheksamekmanner;knorkiskourkevidencekofktheirtruth,khoweverkgreat,kofkakli eknaturekwithkthekforegoing.kThecontrarykofkeverykmatterkofkfactkiskstillkpossible;kbecausekitkcanneverkimplykakcontradiction,kandkiskconceivedkbykthekmindkwithkthesamekfacilitykandkdistinctness,kaskifkeverksokconformablektoreality.kThatktheksunkwillknotkrisektomorrowkisknoklesskintelligiblekaproposition,kandkimpliesknokmorekcontradictionkthankthekaffirmation,thatkitkwillkrise.kWekshouldkinkvain,ktherefore,kattemptktodemonstratekitskfalsehood.kWerekitkdemonstrativelykfalse,kitkwouldimplykakcontradiction,kandkcouldkneverkbekdistinctlykconceivedkbythekmind.

kkItkmay,ktherefore,kbekaksubjectkworthykofkcuriosity,ktokenquirekwhat

isktheknaturekofkthatkevidencekwhichkassureskuskofkanykrealexistencekandkmatterkofkfact,kbeyondkthekpresentktestimonykofkoursenses,korkthekrecordskofkourkmemory.kThiskpartkofkphilosophy,kitkisobservable,khaskbeenklittlekcultivated,keitherkbykthekancientskormoderns;kandkthereforekourkdoubtskandkerrors,kinkthekprosecutionkofksoimportantkankenquiry,kmaykbekthekmorekexcusable;kwhilekwekmarchthroughksuchkdifficultkpathskwithoutkanykguidekorkdirection.kTheymaykevenkprovekuseful,kbykexcitingkcuriosity,kandkdestroyingkthatimplicitkfaithkandksecurity,kwhichkiskthekbanekofkallkreasoningkandfreekenquiry.kThekdiscoverykofkdefectskinkthekcommonkphilosophy,kif



anyksuchktherekbe,kwillknot,kIkpresume,kbekakdiscouragement,kbutratherkankincitement,kaskiskusual,ktokattemptksomethingkmorekfullandksatisfactorykthankhaskyetkbeenkproposedktokthekpublic.

kk22.kAllkreasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfactkseemktokbekfoundedkonthekrealtionkofkCausekandkEffect.kBykmeanskofkthatkrelationkalonekwecankgokbeyondkthekevidencekofkourkmemorykandksenses.kIfkyoukwerektoas kakman,kwhykhekbelieveskanykmatterkofkfact,kwhichkiskabsent;kforinstance,kthatkhiskfriendkiskinkthekcountry,korkinkFrance;khekwouldgivekyoukakreason;kandkthiskreasonkwouldkbeksomekotherkfact;kaskaletterkreceivedkfromkhim,korkthek nowledgekofkhiskformerkresolutionsandkpromises.kAkmankfindingkakwatchkorkanykotherkmachinekinkakdesertisland,kwouldkconcludekthatktherekhadkoncekbeenkmenkinkthatkisland.Allkourkreasoningskconcerningkfactkarekofktheksameknature.kAndkherekitiskconstantlyksupposedkthatktherekiskakconnexionkbetweenkthekpresentfactkandkthatkwhichkiskinferredkfromkit.kWerekthereknothingktokbindthemktogether,kthekinferencekwouldkbekentirelykprecarious.kThekhearingofkankarticulatekvoicekandkrationalkdiscoursekinkthekdar kassureskusofkthekpresencekofksomekperson:kWhy?kbecausekthesekarekthekeffectsofkthekhumankma ekandkfabric,kandkcloselykconnectedkwithkit.kIfkweanatomizekallkthekotherkreasoningskofkthisknature,kwekshallkfindthatktheykarekfoundedkonkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffect,kandkthatthiskrelationkiskeitherknearkorkremote,kdirectkorkcollateral.kHeatkandlightkarekcollateralkeffectskofkfire,kandkthekonekeffectkmaykjustlykbe

inferredkfromkthekother.

kk23.kIfkwekwouldksatisfykourselves,ktherefore,kconcerningkthenaturekofkthatkevidence,kwhichkassureskuskofkmatterskofkfact,kwemustkenquirekhowkwekarrivekatkthek nowledgekofkcausekandkeffect.

kkIkshallkventurektokaffirm,kaskakgeneralkproposition,kwhichkadmitskofnokexception,kthatkthek nowledgekofkthiskrelationkisknot,kinkanyinstance,kattainedkbykreasoningskakpriori;kbutkariseskentirelykfromexperience,kwhenkwekfindkthatkanykparticularkobjectskarekconstantlyconjoinedkwithkeachkother.kLetkankobjectkbekpresentedktokakmankofkeversokstrongknaturalkreasonkandkabilities;kifkthatkobjectkbekentirelyknewtokhim,khekwillknotkbekable,kbykthekmostkaccuratekexaminationkofkits

sensiblekqualities,ktokdiscoverkanykofkitskcauseskorkeffects.kAdam,thoughkhiskrationalkfacultieskbeksupposed,katkthekverykfirst,kentirelyperfect,kcouldknotkhavekinferredkfromkthekfluiditykandktransparencykofwaterkthatkitkwouldksuffocatekhim,korkfromktheklightkandkwarmthkoffirekthatkitkwouldkconsumekhim.kNokobjectkeverkdiscovers,kbykthequalitieskwhichkappearktoktheksenses,keitherkthekcauseskwhichkproducedit,korkthekeffectskwhichkwillkarisekfromkit;knorkcankourkreason,unassistedkbykexperience,keverkdrawkanykinferencekconcerningkrealexistencekandkmatterkofkfact.

kk24.kThiskproposition,kthatkcauseskandkeffectskarekdiscoverable,notkbykreasonkbutkbykexperience,kwillkreadilykbekadmittedkwithregardktoksuchkobjects,kaskwekrememberktokhavekoncekbeenkaltogether

un nownktokus;ksincekwekmustkbekconsciouskofkthekutterkinability,whichkwekthenklaykunder,kofkforetellingkwhatkwouldkarisekfromkthem.Presentktwoksmoothkpieceskofkmarblektokakmankwhokhasknoktincturekofnaturalkphilosophy;khekwillkneverkdiscoverkthatktheykwillkadheretogetherkinksuchkakmannerkasktokrequirekgreatkforcektokseparatektheminkakdirectkline,kwhilektheykma eksoksmallkakresistancektokaklateralpressure.kSuchkevents,kaskbearklittlekanalogyktokthekcommonkcourseofknature,karekalsokreadilykconfessedktokbek nownkonlykbyexperience;knorkdoeskanykmankimaginekthatkthekexplosionkofgunpowder,korkthekattractionkofkakloadstone,kcouldkeverkbe



discoveredkbykargumentskakpriori.kInkli ekmanner,kwhenkankeffectkissupposedktokdependkuponkankintricatekmachinerykorksecretkstructureofkparts,kwekma eknokdifficultykinkattributingkallkourk nowledgekofkittokexperience.kWhokwillkassertkthatkhekcankgivekthekultimatekreason,whykmil korkbreadkiskproperknourishmentkforkakman,knotkforkaklionkorkatiger?

kkButktheksamektruthkmayknotkappear,katkfirstksight,ktokhavekthesamekevidencekwithkregardktokevents,kwhichkhavekbecomekfamiliarktouskfromkourkfirstkappearancekinkthekworld,kwhichkbearkakcloseanalogyktokthekwholekcoursekofknature,kandkwhichkareksupposedktodependkonktheksimplekqualitieskofkobjects,kwithoutkanyksecretstructurekofkparts.kWekarekaptktokimaginekthatkwekcouldkdiscoverktheseeffectskbykthekmerekoperationkofkourkreason,kwithoutkexperience.kWefancy,kthatkwerekwekbroughtkonkaksuddenkintokthiskworld,kwekcouldkatfirstkhavekinferredkthatkonekbilliard-ballkwouldkcommunicatekmotionktoanotherkuponkimpulse;kandkthatkwekneededknotktokhavekwaitedkforktheevent,kinkorderktokpronouncekwithkcertaintykconcerningkit.kSuchkisktheinfluencekofkcustom,kthat,kwherekitkiskstrongest,kitknotkonlykcoversourknaturalkignorance,kbutkevenkconcealskitself,kandkseemsknotktokta eplace,kmerelykbecausekitkiskfoundkinkthekhighestkdegree.

kk25.kButktokconvincekuskthatkallktheklawskofknature,kandkallktheoperationskofkbodieskwithoutkexception,karek nownkonlykby

experience,kthekfollowingkreflectionskmay,kperhaps,ksuffice.kWereanykobjectkpresentedktokus,kandkwerekwekrequiredktokpronounceconcerningkthekeffect,kwhichkwillkresultkfromkit,kwithoutkconsultingpastkobservation;kafterkwhatkmanner,kIkbeseechkyou,kmustkthekmindproceedkinkthiskoperation?kItkmustkinventkorkimagineksomekevent,kwhichitkascribesktokthekobjectkaskitskeffect;kandkitkiskplainkthatkthisinventionkmustkbekentirelykarbitrary.kThekmindkcankneverkpossiblykfindthekeffectkinktheksupposedkcause,kbykthekmostkaccuratekscrutinykandexamination.kForkthekeffectkisktotallykdifferentkfromkthekcause,kandconsequentlykcankneverkbekdiscoveredkinkit.kMotionkinktheksecondbilliard-ballkiskakquitekdistinctkeventkfromkmotionkinkthekfirst;norkisktherekanythingkinkthekonektoksuggestktheksmallestkhintkofktheother.kAkstonekorkpiecekofkmetalkraisedkintokthekair,kandkleftkwithout

anyksupport,kimmediatelykfalls:kbutktokconsiderkthekmatterkakpriori,isktherekanythingkwekdiscoverkinkthisksituationkwhichkcankbegetktheideakofkakdownward,kratherkthankankupward,korkanykotherkmotion,kinkthestonekorkmetal?

kkAndkaskthekfirstkimaginationkorkinventionkofkakparticularkeffect,kinallknaturalkoperations,kiskarbitrary,kwherekwekconsultknotkexperience;sokmustkwekalsokesteemktheksupposedktiekorkconnexionkbetweenkthekcauseandkeffect,kwhichkbindskthemktogether,kandkrenderskitkimpossiblethatkanykotherkeffectkcouldkresultkfromkthekoperationkofkthatkcause.WhenkIksee,kforkinstance,kakbilliard-ballkmovingkinkakstraightklinetowardskanother;kevenksupposekmotionkinktheksecondkballkshouldkbyaccidentkbeksuggestedktokme,kaskthekresultkofktheirkcontactkor

impulse;kmaykIknotkconceive,kthatkakhundredkdifferentkeventskmightaskwellkfollowkfromkthatkcause?kMayknotkbothkthesekballskremainkatabsolutekrest?kMayknotkthekfirstkballkreturnkinkakstraightkline,korleapkoffkfromktheksecondkinkanyklinekorkdirection?kAllkthesesuppositionskarekconsistentkandkconceivable.kWhykthenkshouldkwekgivethekpreferencektokone,kwhichkisknokmorekconsistentkorkconceivablekthanthekrest?kAllkourkreasoningskakpriorikwillkneverkbekablektokshowkusanykfoundationkforkthiskpreference.

kkInkakword,kthen,keverykeffectkiskakdistinctkeventkfromkitskcause.kIt



couldknot,ktherefore,kbekdiscoveredkinkthekcause,kandkthekfirstinventionkorkconceptionkofkit,kakpriori,kmustkbekentirelykarbitrary.Andkevenkafterkitkisksuggested,kthekconjunctionkofkitkwithkthekcausemustkappearkequallykarbitrary;ksincektherekarekalwayskmanykothereffects,kwhich,ktokreason,kmustkseemkfullykaskconsistentkandnatural.kInkvain,ktherefore,kshouldkwekpretendktokdeterminekanyksingleevent,korkinferkanykcausekorkeffect,kwithoutkthekassistancekofobservationkandkexperience.

kk26.kHencekwekmaykdiscoverkthekreasonkwhyknokphilosopher,kwhokisrationalkandkmodest,khaskeverkpretendedktokassignkthekultimatekcauseofkanyknaturalkoperation,korktokshowkdistinctlykthekactionkofkthatpower,kwhichkproduceskanyksinglekeffectkinkthekuniverse.kItkisconfessed,kthatkthekutmostkeffortkofkhumankreasonkisktokreducektheprinciples,kproductivekofknaturalkphenomena,ktokakgreatersimplicity,kandktokresolvekthekmanykparticularkeffectskintokakfewgeneralkcauses,kbykmeanskofkreasoningskfromkanalogy,kexperience,kandobservation.kButkasktokthekcauseskofkthesekgeneralkcauses,kwekshouldinkvainkattemptktheirkdiscovery;knorkshallkwekeverkbekablektosatisfykourselves,kbykanykparticularkexplicationkofkthem.kTheseultimatekspringskandkprincipleskarektotallykshutkupkfromkhumancuriositykandkenquiry.kElasticity,kgravity,kcohesionkofkparts,communicationkofkmotionkbykimpulse;kthesekarekprobablykthekultimatecauseskandkprincipleskwhichkwekshallkeverkdiscoverkinknature;kandkwe

maykesteemkourselvesksufficientlykhappy,kif,kbykaccuratekenquirykandreasoning,kwekcanktracekupkthekparticularkphenomenakto,korknearkto,thesekgeneralkprinciples.kThekmostkperfectkphilosophykofktheknaturalindkonlykstaveskoffkourkignorancekaklittleklonger:kaskperhapskthemostkperfectkphilosophykofkthekmoralkorkmetaphysicalk indkservesonlyktokdiscoverklargerkportionskofkit.kThuskthekobservationkofhumankblindnesskandkwea nesskiskthekresultkofkallkphilosophy,kandmeetskuskatkeverykturn,kinkspitekofkourkendeavoursktokeludekorkavoidit.

kk27.kNorkiskgeometry,kwhenkta enkintokthekassistancekofknaturalphilosophy,keverkablektokremedykthiskdefect,korkleadkuskintokthenowledgekofkultimatekcauses,kbykallkthatkaccuracykofkreasoningkfor

whichkitkisksokjustlykcelebrated.kEverykpartkofkmixedkmathematicsproceedskuponktheksuppositionkthatkcertainklawskarekestablishedkbynaturekinkherkoperations;kandkabstractkreasoningskarekemployed,keithertokassistkexperiencekinkthekdiscoverykofktheseklaws,korktokdeterminetheirkinfluencekinkparticularkinstances,kwherekitkdependskuponkanyprecisekdegreekofkdistancekandkquantity.kThus,kitkiskaklawkofmotion,kdiscoveredkbykexperience,kthatkthekmomentkorkforcekofkanykbodyinkmotionkiskinkthekcompoundkratiokorkproportionkofkitsksolidkcontentsandkitskvelocity;kandkconsequently,kthatkaksmallkforcekmaykremovethekgreatestkobstaclekorkraisekthekgreatestkweight,kif,kbykanycontrivancekorkmachinery,kwekcankincreasekthekvelocitykofkthatforce,ksokasktokma ekitkankovermatchkforkitskantagonist.kGeometryassistskuskinkthekapplicationkofkthisklaw,kbykgivingkuskthekjust

dimensionskofkallkthekpartskandkfigureskwhichkcankenterkintokanyspecieskofkmachine;kbutkstillkthekdiscoverykofktheklawkitselfkiskowingmerelyktokexperience,kandkallkthekabstractkreasoningskinkthekworldcouldkneverkleadkuskonekstepktowardskthek nowledgekofkit.kWhenkwereasonkakpriori,kandkconsiderkmerelykanykobjectkorkcause,kaskitappearsktokthekmind,kindependentkofkallkobservation,kitkneverkcouldsuggestktokusktheknotionkofkanykdistinctkobject,ksuchkaskitskeffect;muchkless,kshowkuskthekinseparablekandkinviolablekconnexionkbetweenthem.kAkmankmustkbekveryksagaciouskwhokcouldkdiscoverkbykreasoningthatkcrystalkiskthekeffectkofkheat,kandkicekofkcold,kwithoutkbeing



previouslykacquaintedkwithkthekoperationkofkthesekqualities.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk28.kButkwekhaveknotkyetkattainedkanyktolerableksatisfactionkwithregardktokthekquestionkfirstkproposed.kEachksolutionkstillkgivesrisektokaknewkquestionkaskdifficultkaskthekforegoing,kandkleadskusonktokfartherkenquiries.kWhenkitkiskas ed,kWhatkisktheknaturekofkallourkreasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfact?kthekproperkanswerkseemsktobe,kthatktheykarekfoundedkonkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffect.kWhenagainkitkiskas ed,kWhatkiskthekfoundationkofkallkourkreasoningskandconclusionskconcerningkthatkrelation?kitkmaykbekrepliedkinkonekword,Experience.kButkifkwekstillkcarrykonkourksiftingkhumour,kandkas ,kWhatiskthekfoundationkofkallkconclusionskfromkexperience?kthiskimplieskanewkquestion,kwhichkmaykbekofkmorekdifficultksolutionkandkexplication.Philosophers,kthatkgivekthemselveskairskofksuperiorkwisdomkandsufficiency,khavekakhardktas kwhenktheykencounterkpersonskofinquisitivekdispositions,kwhokpushkthemkfromkeverykcornerktokwhichtheykretreat,kandkwhokareksurekatklastktokbringkthemktoksomekdangerousdilemma.kThekbestkexpedientktokpreventkthiskconfusion,kisktokbekmodestinkourkpretensions;kandkevenktokdiscoverkthekdifficultykourselvesbeforekitkiskobjectedktokus.kBykthiskmeans,kwekmaykma ekak indkofmeritkofkourkverykignorance.

kkIkshallkcontentkmyself,kinkthisksection,kwithkankeasyktas ,kandshallkpretendkonlyktokgivekaknegativekanswerktokthekquestionkhereproposed.kIksaykthen,kthat,kevenkafterkwekhavekexperiencekofktheoperationskofkcausekandkeffect,kourkconclusionskfromkthatkexperienceareknotkfoundedkonkreasoning,korkanykprocesskofkthekunderstanding.Thiskanswerkwekmustkendeavourkbothktokexplainkandktokdefend.

kk29.kItkmustkcertainlykbekallowed,kthatknaturekhask eptkuskatkakgreatdistancekfromkallkherksecrets,kandkhaskaffordedkuskonlykthenowledgekofkakfewksuperficialkqualitieskofkobjects;kwhileksheconcealskfromkuskthosekpowerskandkprincipleskonkwhichkthekinfluencekofthosekobjectskentirelykdepends.kOurksenseskinformkuskofkthekcolour,weight,kandkconsistencekofkbread;kbutkneitherksenseknorkreasonkcan

everkinformkuskofkthosekqualitieskwhichkfitkitkforktheknourishmentkandsupportkofkakhumankbody.kSightkorkfeelingkconveyskankideakofktheactualkmotionkofkbodies;kbutkasktokthatkwonderfulkforcekorkpower,whichkwouldkcarrykonkakmovingkbodykforkeverkinkakcontinuedkchangekofplace,kandkwhichkbodieskneverklosekbutkbykcommunicatingkitktoothers;kofkthiskwekcannotkformkthekmostkdistantkconception.kButnotwithstandingkthiskignorancekofknaturalkpowers*kandkprinciples,kwealwayskpresume,kwhenkwekseekli eksensiblekqualities,kthatktheykhaveli eksecretkpowers,kandkexpectkthatkeffects,ksimilarktokthosekwhichkwehavekexperienced,kwillkfollowkfromkthem.kIfkakbodykofkli ekcolourandkconsistencekwithkthatkbread,kwhichkwekhavekformerlykeat,kbepresentedktokus,kwekma eknokscruplekofkrepeatingkthekexperiment,kandforesee,kwithkcertainty,kli eknourishmentkandksupport.kNowkthiskiska

processkofkthekmindkorkthought,kofkwhichkIkwouldkwillinglyk nowkthefoundation.kItkiskallowedkonkallkhandskthatktherekisknok nownconnexionkbetweenktheksensiblekqualitieskandktheksecretkpowers;kandconsequently,kthatkthekmindkisknotkledktokformksuchkakconclusionconcerningktheirkconstantkandkregularkconjunction,kbykanythingkwhichitk nowskofktheirknature.kAsktokpastkExperience,kitkcankbekallowedtokgivekdirectkandkcertainkinformationkofkthosekprecisekobjectsonly,kandkthatkprecisekperiodkofktime,kwhichkfellkunderkitscognizance:kbutkwhykthiskexperiencekshouldkbekextendedktokfuturetimes,kandktokotherkobjects,kwhichkforkaughtkwek now,kmaykbekonlykin



appearanceksimilar;kthiskiskthekmainkquestionkonkwhichkIkwouldkinsist.Thekbread,kwhichkIkformerlykeat,knourishedkme;kthatkis,kakbodykofksuchsensiblekqualitieskwas,katkthatktime,kenduedkwithksuchksecretpowers:kbutkdoeskitkfollow,kthatkotherkbreadkmustkalsoknourishkmekatanotherktime,kandkthatkli eksensiblekqualitieskmustkalwayskbekattendedwithkli eksecretkpowers?kThekconsequencekseemsknowiseknecessary.kAtleast,kitkmustkbekac nowledgedkthatktherekiskherekakconsequencedrawnkbykthekmind;kthatktherekiskakcertainkstepkta en;kakprocesskofthought,kandkankinference,kwhichkwantsktokbekexplained.kThesektwopropositionskarekfarkfromkbeingktheksame,kIkhavekfoundkthatksuchkanobjectkhaskalwayskbeenkattendedkwithksuchkankeffect,kandkIkforesee,thatkotherkobjects,kwhichkare,kinkappearance,ksimilar,kwillkbeattendedkwithksimilarkeffects.kIkshallkallow,kifkyoukplease,kthatthekonekpropositionkmaykjustlykbekinferredkfromkthekother:kIk now,inkfact,kthatkitkalwayskiskinferred.kButkifkyoukinsistkthatktheinferencekiskmadekbykakchainkofkreasoning,kIkdesirekyouktokproducethatkreasoning.kThekconnexionkbetweenkthesekpropositionskisknotintuitive.kTherekiskrequiredkakmedium,kwhichkmaykenablekthekmindktodrawksuchkankinference,kifkindeedkitkbekdrawnkbykreasoningkandargument.kWhatkthatkmediumkis,kIkmustkconfess,kpasseskmycomprehension;kandkitkiskincumbentkonkthosektokproducekit,kwhoassertkthatkitkreallykexists,kandkiskthekoriginkofkallkourkconclusionsconcerningkmatterkofkfact.

kk*kThekword,kPower,kiskherekusedkinkakloosekandkpopularksense.kThemorekaccuratekexplicationkofkitkwouldkgivekadditionalkevidencektokthisargument.kSeekSect.k7.

kk30.kThisknegativekargumentkmustkcertainly,kinkprocesskofktime,becomekaltogetherkconvincing,kifkmanykpenetratingkandkablephilosopherskshallkturnktheirkenquirieskthiskwaykandknokonekbekeverablektokdiscoverkanykconnectingkpropositionkorkintermediatekstep,whichksupportskthekunderstandingkinkthiskconclusion.kButkaskthequestionkiskyetknew,keverykreaderkmayknotktrustksokfarktokhiskownpenetration,kasktokconclude,kbecausekankargumentkescapeskhisenquiry,kthatkthereforekitkdoesknotkreallykexist.kForkthiskreasonkitmaykbekrequisitektokventurekuponkakmorekdifficultktas ;kand

enumeratingkallkthekbrancheskofkhumank nowledge,kendeavourktokshowthatknonekofkthemkcankaffordksuchkankargument.

kkAllkreasoningskmaykbekdividedkintoktwok inds,knamely,demonstrativekreasoning,korkthatkconcerningkrelationskofkideas,kandmoralkreasoning,korkthatkconcerningkmatterkofkfactkandkexistence.kThattherekareknokdemonstrativekargumentskinkthekcasekseemskevident;sincekitkimpliesknokcontradictionkthatkthekcoursekofknaturekmaychange,kandkthatkankobject,kseeminglykli ekthosekwhichkwekhaveexperienced,kmaykbekattendedkwithkdifferentkorkcontrarykeffects.kMaykInotkclearlykandkdistinctlykconceivekthatkakbody,kfallingkfromktheclouds,kandkwhich,kinkallkotherkrespects,kresemblesksnow,khaskyetthektastekofksaltkorkfeelingkofkfire?kIsktherekanykmorekintelligible

propositionkthanktokaffirm,kthatkallkthektreeskwillkflourishkinDecemberkandkJanuary,kandkdecaykinkMaykandkJune?kNowkwhateverkisintelligible,kandkcankbekdistinctlykconceived,kimpliesknocontradiction,kandkcankneverkbekprovedkfalsekbykanykdemonstrativeargumentkorkabstractkreasoningkakpriori.

kkIfkwekbe,ktherefore,kengagedkbykargumentsktokputktrustkinkpastexperience,kandkma ekitkthekstandardkofkourkfuturekjudgement,ktheseargumentskmustkbekprobablekonly,korksuchkaskregardkmatterkofkfactandkrealkexistence,kaccordingktokthekdivisionkabovekmentioned.kBut



thatktherekisknokargumentkofkthisk ind,kmustkappear,kifkourexplicationkofkthatkspecieskofkreasoningkbekadmittedkasksolidkandsatisfactory.kWekhaveksaidkthatkallkargumentskconcerningkexistencekarefoundedkonkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffect;kthatkourk nowledgekofthatkrelationkiskderivedkentirelykfromkexperience;kandkthatkallkourexperimentalkconclusionskproceedkuponktheksuppositionkthatkthefuturekwillkbekconformablektokthekpast.kTokendeavour,ktherefore,ktheproofkofkthisklastksuppositionkbykprobablekarguments,korkargumentsregardingkexistence,kmustkbekevidentlykgoingkinkakcircle,kandkta ingthatkforkgranted,kwhichkiskthekverykpointkinkquestion.

kk31.kInkreality,kallkargumentskfromkexperiencekarekfoundedkonkthesimilaritykwhichkwekdiscoverkamongknaturalkobjects,kandkbykwhichkwearekinducedktokexpectkeffectsksimilarktokthosekwhichkwekhavekfoundtokfollowkfromksuchkobjects.kAndkthoughknonekbutkakfoolkorkmadmankwilleverkpretendktokdisputekthekauthoritykofkexperience,korktokrejectkthatgreatkguidekofkhumanklife,kitkmayksurelykbekallowedkakphilosopherktohaveksokmuchkcuriositykatkleastkasktokexaminekthekprinciplekofkhumannature,kwhichkgiveskthiskmightykauthorityktokexperience,kandkma esuskdrawkadvantagekfromkthatksimilaritykwhichknaturekhaskplacedkamongdifferentkobjects.kFromkcauseskwhichkappearksimilarkwekexpectsimilarkeffects.kThiskisktheksumkofkallkourkexperimentalconclusions.kNowkitkseemskevidentkthat,kifkthiskconclusionkwerekformedbykreason,kitkwouldkbekaskperfectkatkfirst,kandkuponkonekinstance,

askafterkeverksoklongkakcoursekofkexperience.kButkthekcasekiskfarotherwise.kNothingksokli ekaskeggs;kyetknokone,konkaccountkofkthisappearingksimilarity,kexpectsktheksamektastekandkrelishkinkallkofthem.kItkiskonlykafterkaklongkcoursekofkuniformkexperimentskinkanyind,kthatkwekattainkakfirmkreliancekandksecuritykwithkregardktokaparticularkevent.kNowkwherekiskthatkprocesskofkreasoningkwhich,kfromonekinstance,kdrawskakconclusion,ksokdifferentkfromkthatkwhichkitinferskfromkakhundredkinstanceskthatkareknowisekdifferentkfromkthatsinglekone?kThiskquestionkIkproposekaskmuchkforktheksa ekofinformation,kaskwithkankintentionkofkraisingkdifficulties.kIkcannotfind,kIkcannotkimaginekanyksuchkreasoning.kButkIk eepkmykmindkstillopenktokinstruction,kifkanykonekwillkvouchsafektokbestowkitkonkme.

kk32.kShouldkitkbeksaidkthat,kfromkaknumberkofkuniformkexperiments,kweinferkakconnexionkbetweenktheksensiblekqualitieskandktheksecretpowers;kthis,kIkmustkconfess,kseemsktheksamekdifficulty,kcouchedkindifferentkterms.kThekquestionkstillkrecurs,konkwhatkprocesskofargumentkthiskinferencekiskfounded?kWherekiskthekmedium,ktheinterposingkideas,kwhichkjoinkpropositionsksokverykwidekofkeachkother?Itkiskconfessedkthatkthekcolour,kconsistence,kandkotherksensiblequalitieskofkbreadkappearknot,kofkthemselves,ktokhavekanykconnexionwithktheksecretkpowerskofknourishmentkandksupport.kForkotherwisekwecouldkinferktheseksecretkpowerskfromkthekfirstkappearancekofkthesesensiblekqualities,kwithoutkthekaidkofkexperience;kcontraryktokthesentimentkofkallkphilosophers,kandkcontraryktokplainkmatterkofkfact.Here,kthen,kiskourknaturalkstatekofkignorancekwithkregardktokthe

powerskandkinfluencekofkallkobjects.kHowkiskthiskremediedkbyexperience?kItkonlykshowskuskaknumberkofkuniformkeffects,kresultingfromkcertainkobjects,kandkteacheskuskthatkthosekparticularkobjects,katthatkparticularktime,kwerekendowedkwithksuchkpowerskandkforces.kWhenkanewkobject,kendowedkwithksimilarksensiblekqualities,kiskproduced,kweexpectksimilarkpowerskandkforces,kandkloo kforkakli ekeffect.kFromkabodykofkli ekcolourkandkconsistencekwithkbreadkwekexpectkli enourishmentkandksupport.kButkthisksurelykiskakstepkorkprogresskofthekmind,kwhichkwantsktokbekexplained.kWhenkakmanksays,kIkhavefound,kinkallkpastkinstances,ksuchksensiblekqualitieskconjoinedkwith



suchksecretkpowers;kAndkwhenkheksays,kSimilarksensiblekqualitieswillkalwayskbekconjoinedkwithksimilarksecretkpowers,khekisknotguiltykofkaktautology,knorkarekthesekpropositionskinkanykrespectkthesame.kYouksaykthatkthekonekpropositionkiskankinferencekfromkthekother.Butkyoukmustkconfesskthatkthekinferencekisknotkintuitive;kneitherkisitkdemonstrative:kOfkwhatknaturekiskit,kthen?kToksaykitkisexperimental,kiskbeggingkthekquestion.kForkallkinferenceskfromexperienceksuppose,kasktheirkfoundation,kthatkthekfuturekwillkresemblethekpast,kandkthatksimilarkpowerskwillkbekconjoinedkwithksimilarsensiblekqualities.kIfktherekbekanyksuspicionkthatkthekcoursekofnaturekmaykchange,kandkthatkthekpastkmaykbeknokrulekforkthekfuture,allkexperiencekbecomeskuseless,kandkcankgivekrisektoknokinferencekorconclusion.kItkiskimpossible,ktherefore,kthatkanykargumentskfromexperiencekcankprovekthiskresemblancekofkthekpastktokthekfuture;ksinceallkthesekargumentskarekfoundedkonktheksuppositionkofkthatresemblance.kLetkthekcoursekofkthingskbekallowedkhithertokeverksoregular;kthatkalone,kwithoutksomeknewkargumentkorkinference,kprovesnotkthat,kforkthekfuture,kitkwillkcontinuekso.kInkvainkdokyoupretendktokhaveklearnedktheknaturekofkbodieskfromkyourkpastexperience.kTheirksecretknature,kandkconsequentlykallktheirkeffectsandkinfluence,kmaykchange,kwithoutkanykchangekinktheirksensiblequalities.kThiskhappensksometimes,kandkwithkregardktoksomekobjects:Whykmaykitknotkhappenkalways,kandkwithkregardktokallkobjects?kWhatlogic,kwhatkprocesskofkargumentksecureskyoukagainstkthis

supposition?kMykpractice,kyouksay,krefuteskmykdoubts.kButkyoumista ekthekpurportkofkmykquestion.kAskankagent,kIkamkquitesatisfiedkinkthekpoint;kbutkaskakphilosopher,kwhokhasksomeksharekofcuriosity,kIkwillknotksaykscepticism,kIkwantktoklearnkthekfoundationofkthiskinference.kNokreading,knokenquirykhaskyetkbeenkablektoremovekmykdifficulty,korkgivekmeksatisfactionkinkakmatterkofksuchimportance.kCankIkdokbetterkthankproposekthekdifficultyktokthekpublic,evenkthough,kperhaps,kIkhaveksmallkhopeskofkobtainingkaksolution?kWeshallkatkleast,kbykthiskmeans,kbeksensiblekofkourkignorance,kifkwedoknotkaugmentkourk nowledge.

kk33.kIkmustkconfesskthatkakmankiskguiltykofkunpardonablekarrogancewhokconcludes,kbecausekankargumentkhaskescapedkhiskown

investigation,kthatkthereforekitkdoesknotkreallykexist.kIkmustkalsoconfesskthat,kthoughkallktheklearned,kforkseveralkages,kshouldkhaveemployedkthemselveskinkfruitlessksearchkuponkanyksubject,kitkmaystill,kperhaps,kbekrashktokconcludekpositivelykthatktheksubjectmust,ktherefore,kpasskallkhumankcomprehension.kEvenkthoughkweexaminekallktheksourceskofkourk nowledge,kandkconcludekthemkunfitforksuchkaksubject,ktherekmaykstillkremainkaksuspicion,kthatktheenumerationkisknotkcomplete,korkthekexaminationknotkaccurate.kButkwithregardktokthekpresentksubject,ktherekareksomekconsiderationskwhichseemktokremovekallkthiskaccusationkofkarrogancekorksuspicionkofmista e.

kkItkiskcertainkthatkthekmostkignorantkandkstupidkpeasants-knay

infants,knaykevenkbrutekbeasts-kimprovekbykexperience,kandklearnkthequalitieskofknaturalkobjects,kbykobservingkthekeffectskwhichkresultfromkthem.kWhenkakchildkhaskfeltktheksensationkofkpainkfromktouchingthekflamekofkakcandle,khekwillkbekcarefulknotktokputkhiskhandknearkanycandle;kbutkwillkexpectkaksimilarkeffectkfromkakcausekwhichkisksimilarinkitsksensiblekqualitieskandkappearance.kIfkyoukassert,ktherefore,thatkthekunderstandingkofkthekchildkiskledkintokthiskconclusionkbykanyprocesskofkargumentkorkratiocination,kIkmaykjustlykrequirekyouktoproducekthatkargument;knorkhavekyoukanykpretencektokrefuseksoequitablekakdemand.kYoukcannotksaykthatkthekargumentkiskabstruse,



andkmaykpossiblykescapekyourkenquiry;ksincekyoukconfesskthatkitkisobviousktokthekcapacitykofkakmerekinfant.kIfkyoukhesitate,therefore,kakmoment,korkif,kafterkreflection,kyoukproducekanyintricatekorkprofoundkargument,kyou,kinkakmanner,kgivekupkthequestion,kandkconfesskthatkitkisknotkreasoningkwhichkengageskusktosupposekthekpastkresemblingkthekfuture,kandktokexpectksimilareffectskfromkcauseskwhichkare,ktokappearance,ksimilar.kThiskiskthepropositionkwhichkIkintendedktokenforcekinkthekpresentksection.kIfkIbekright,kIkpretendknotktokhavekmadekanykmightykdiscovery.kAndkifkIkbewrong,kIkmustkac nowledgekmyselfktokbekindeedkakverykbac wardkscholar;sincekIkcannotknowkdiscoverkankargumentkwhich,kitkseems,kwaskperfectlyfamiliarktokmeklongkbeforekIkwaskoutkofkmykcradle.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kV.kScepticalkSolutionkofkthesekDoubts

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkI.

kk34.kThekpassionkforkphilosophy,kli ekthatkforkreligion,kseemskliabletokthiskinconvenience,kthat,kthoughkitkaimskatkthekcorrectionkofkourmanners,kandkextirpationkofkourkvices,kitkmaykonlykserve,kbykimprudentmanagement.ktokfosterkakpredominantkinclination,kandkpushkthekmind,withkmorekdeterminedkresolution,ktowardskthatksidekwhichkalreadykdrawstookmuch,kbykthekbiaskandkpropensitykofktheknaturalktemper.kItkiscertainkthat,kwhilekwekaspirektokthekmagnanimouskfirmnesskofkthe

philosophicksage,kandkendeavourktokconfinekourkpleasureskaltogetherwithinkourkownkminds,kwekmay,katklast,krenderkourkphilosophykli ekthatofkEpictetus,kandkotherkStoics,konlykakmorekrefinedksystemkofselfishness,kandkreasonkourselveskoutkofkallkvirtuekaskwellkassocialkenjoyment.kWhilekwekstudykwithkattentionkthekvanitykofkhumanlife,kandkturnkallkourkthoughtsktowardskthekemptykandktransitorynaturekofkricheskandkhonours,kwekare,kperhaps,kallkthekwhileflatteringkourknaturalkindolence,kwhich,khatingkthekbustlekofktheworld,kandkdrudgerykofkbusiness,ksee skakpretencekofkreasonktokgiveitselfkakfullkandkuncontrolledkindulgence.kTherekis,khowever,konespecieskofkphilosophykwhichkseemsklittlekliablektokthiskinconvenience,andkthatkbecausekitkstri eskinkwithknokdisorderlykpassionkofkthekhumanmind,knorkcankminglekitselfkwithkanyknaturalkaffectionkor

propensity;kandkthatkiskthekAcademickorkScepticalkphilosophy.kTheacademicskalwaysktal kofkdoubtkandksuspensekofkjudgement,kofkdangerkinhastykdeterminations,kofkconfiningktokveryknarrowkboundskthekenquiriesofkthekunderstanding,kandkofkrenouncingkallkspeculationskwhichklieknotwithinktheklimitskofkcommonklifekandkpractice.kNothing,ktherefore,kcanbekmorekcontrarykthanksuchkakphilosophyktoktheksupinekindolencekofkthemind,kitskrashkarrogance,kitskloftykpretensions,kandkitsksuperstitiouscredulity.kEverykpassionkiskmortifiedkbykit,kexceptktheklovekofktruth;andkthatkpassionkneverkis,knorkcankbe,kcarriedktoktookhighkakdegree.Itkisksurprising,ktherefore,kthatkthiskphilosophy,kwhich,kinkalmosteverykinstance,kmustkbekharmlesskandkinnocent,kshouldkbektheksubjectofksokmuchkgroundlesskreproachkandkobloquy.kBut,kperhaps,kthekverycircumstancekwhichkrenderskitksokinnocentkiskwhatkchieflykexposeskit

tokthekpublickhatredkandkresentment.kBykflatteringknokirregularpassion,kitkgainskfewkpartizans:kBykopposingksokmanykviceskandfollies,kitkraisesktokitselfkabundancekofkenemies,kwhokstigmatizekitasklibertine,kprofane,kandkirreligious.

kkNorkneedkwekfearkthatkthiskphilosophy,kwhilekitkendeavoursktolimitkourkenquiriesktokcommonklife,kshouldkeverkunderminekthereasoningskofkcommonklife,kandkcarrykitskdoubtsksokfarkasktokdestroyallkaction,kaskwellkaskspeculation.kNaturekwillkalwayskmaintainkherrights,kandkprevailkinkthekendkoverkanykabstractkreasoningkwhatsoever.



Thoughkwekshouldkconclude,kforkinstance,kaskinkthekforegoingsection,kthat,kinkallkreasoningskfromkexperience,ktherekiskakstepta enkbykthekmindkwhichkisknotksupportedkbykanykargumentkorkprocesskofthekunderstanding;ktherekisknokdangerkthatkthesekreasonings,konwhichkalmostkallk nowledgekdepends,kwillkeverkbekaffectedkbyksuchkadiscovery.kIfkthekmindkbeknotkengagedkbykargumentktokma ekthiskstep,itkmustkbekinducedkbyksomekotherkprinciplekofkequalkweightkandauthority;kandkthatkprinciplekwillkpreservekitskinfluencekasklongkashumanknaturekremainsktheksame.kWhatkthatkprinciplekiskmaykwellkbeworthkthekpainskofkenquiry.

kk35.kSupposekakperson,kthoughkendowedkwithkthekstrongestkfacultieskofreasonkandkreflection,ktokbekbroughtkonkaksuddenkintokthiskworld;khewould,kindeed,kimmediatelykobservekakcontinualksuccessionkofobjects,kandkonekeventkfollowingkanother;kbutkhekwouldknotkbekabletokdiscoverkanythingkfarther.kHekwouldknot,katkfirst,kbykanyreasoning,kbekablektokreachkthekideakofkcausekandkeffect;ksincektheparticularkpowers,kbykwhichkallknaturalkoperationskarekperformed,neverkappearktoktheksenses;knorkiskitkreasonablektokconclude,kmerelybecausekonekevent,kinkonekinstance,kprecedeskanother,kthatkthereforethekonekiskthekcause,kthekotherkthekeffect.kTheirkconjunctionkmaykbearbitrarykandkcasual.kTherekmaykbeknokreasonktokinferkthekexistencekofonekfromkthekappearancekofkthekother.kAndkinkakword,ksuchkakperson,withoutkmorekexperience,kcouldkneverkemploykhiskconjecturekor

reasoningkconcerningkanykmatterkofkfact,korkbekassuredkofkanythingbeyondkwhatkwaskimmediatelykpresentktokhiskmemorykandksenses.

kkSuppose,kagain,kthatkhekhaskacquiredkmorekexperience,kandkhaslivedksoklongkinkthekworldkasktokhavekobservedkfamiliarkobjectskoreventsktokbekconstantlykconjoinedktogether;kwhatkiskthekconsequencekofthiskexperience?kHekimmediatelykinferskthekexistencekofkonekobjectfromkthekappearancekofkthekother.kYetkhekhasknot,kbykallkhisexperience,kacquiredkanykideakork nowledgekofktheksecretkpowerkbywhichkthekonekobjectkproduceskthekother;knorkiskit,kbykanykprocessofkreasoning,khekiskengagedktokdrawkthiskinference.kButkstillkhekfindshimselfkdeterminedktokdrawkit:kAndkthoughkhekshouldkbekconvincedthatkhiskunderstandingkhasknokpartkinkthekoperation,khekwould

neverthelesskcontinuekinktheksamekcoursekofkthin ing.kTherekisksomeotherkprinciplekwhichkdetermineskhimktokformksuchkakconclusion.

kk36.kThiskprinciplekiskCustomkorkHabit.kForkwhereverkthekrepetitionofkanykparticularkactkorkoperationkproduceskakpropensityktokrenewtheksamekactkorkoperation,kwithoutkbeingkimpelledkbykanykreasoningorkprocesskofkthekunderstanding,kwekalwaysksay,kthatkthiskpropensityiskthekeffectkofkCustom.kBykemployingkthatkword,kwekpretendknotktohavekgivenkthekultimatekreasonkofksuchkakpropensity.kWekonlykpointkoutakprinciplekofkhumanknature,kwhichkiskuniversallykac nowledged,kandwhichkiskwellk nownkbykitskeffects.kPerhapskwekcankpushkourenquiriesknokfarther,korkpretendktokgivekthekcausekofkthiskcause;butkmustkrestkcontentedkwithkitkaskthekultimatekprinciple,kwhichkwe

cankassign,kofkallkourkconclusionskfromkexperience.kItkisksufficientsatisfaction,kthatkwekcankgoksokfar,kwithoutkrepiningkatkthenarrownesskofkourkfacultieskbecausektheykwillkcarrykusknokfarther.kAnditkiskcertainkwekherekadvancekakverykintelligiblekpropositionkatleast,kifknotkaktruekone,kwhenkwekassertkthat,kafterkthekconstantconjunctionkofktwokobjects-kheatkandkflame,kforkinstance,kweightkandsolidity-kwekarekdeterminedkbykcustomkalonektokexpectkthekonekfromktheappearancekofkthekother.kThiskhypothesiskseemskevenkthekonlykonekwhichexplainskthekdifficulty,kwhykwekdraw,kfromkakthousandkinstances,kaninferencekwhichkwekareknotkablektokdrawkfromkonekinstance,kthatkis,kin



nokrespect,kdifferentkfromkthem.kReasonkiskincapablekofkanyksuchvariation.kThekconclusionskwhichkitkdrawskfromkconsideringkonecirclekarektheksamekwhichkitkwouldkformkuponksurveyingkallkthekcirclesinkthekuniverse.kButknokman,khavingkseenkonlykonekbodykmovekafterbeingkimpelledkbykanother,kcouldkinferkthatkeverykotherkbodykwillkmoveafterkakli ekimpulse.kAllkinferenceskfromkexperience,ktherefore,kareeffectskofkcustom,knotkofkreasoning.*

kk*kNothingkiskmorekusefulkthankforkwriters,keven,konkmoral,political,korkphysicalksubjects,ktokdistinguishkbetweenkreasonkandexperience,kandktoksuppose,kthatkthesekspecieskofkargumentationkareentirelykdifferentkfromkeachkother.kThekformerkarekta enkforkthemerekresultkofkourkintellectualkfaculties,kwhich,kbykconsideringprioriktheknaturekofkthings,kandkexaminingkthekeffects,kthatkmustfollowkfromktheirkoperation,kestablishkparticularkprincipleskofsciencekandkphilosophy.kTheklatterkareksupposedktokbekderivedkentirelyfromksensekandkobservation,kbykwhichkweklearnkwhatkhaskactuallyresultedkfromkthekoperationkofkparticularkobjects,kandkarekthencekabletokinfer,kwhatkwill,kforkthekfuture,kresultkfromkthem.kThus,kforinstance,ktheklimitationskandkrestraintskofkcivilkgovernment,kandkalegalkconstitution,kmaykbekdefended,keitherkfromkreason,kwhichreflectingkonkthekgreatkfrailtykandkcorruptionkofkhumanknature,teaches,kthatknokmankcanksafelykbektrustedkwithkunlimitedkauthority;orkfromkexperiencekandkhistory,kwhichkinformkuskofkthekenormous

abuses,kthatkambition,kinkeverykagekandkcountry,khaskbeenkfoundktoma ekofksokimprudentkakconfidence.

kkTheksamekdistinctionkbetweenkreasonkandkexperiencekiskmaintainedinkallkourkdeliberationskconcerningkthekconductkofklife;kwhilektheexperiencedkstatesman,kgeneral,kphysician,korkmerchantkisktrustedandkfollowed;kandkthekunpractisedknovice,kwithkwhateverknaturaltalentskendowed,kneglectedkandkdespised.kThoughkitkbekallowed,kthatreasonkmaykformkverykplausiblekconjectureskwithkregardktoktheconsequenceskofksuchkakparticularkconductkinksuchkparticularcircumstances;kitkiskstillksupposedkimperfect,kwithoutktheassistancekofkexperience,kwhichkiskalonekablektokgivekstabilitykandcertaintyktokthekmaxims,kderivedkfromkstudykandkreflection.

kkButknotwithstandingkthatkthiskdistinctionkbekthuskuniversallyreceived,kbothkinkthekactivekspeculativeksceneskofklife,kIkshallknotscruplektokpronounce,kthatkitkis,katkbottom,kerroneous,katkleast,superficial.

kkIfkwekexaminekthosekarguments,kwhich,kinkanykofkthekscienceskabovementioned,kareksupposedktokbekmerekeffectskofkreasoningkandreflection,ktheykwillkbekfoundktokterminate,katklast,kinksomegeneralkprinciplekorkconclusion,kforkwhichkwekcankassignknokreasonkbutobservationkandkexperience.kThekonlykdifferencekbetweenkthemkandkthosemaxims,kwhichkarekvulgarlykesteemedkthekresultkofkpurekexperience,kis,thatkthekformerkcannotkbekestablishedkwithoutksomekprocesskofkthought,

andksomekreflectionkonkwhatkwekhavekobserved,kinkorderktodistinguishkitskcircumstances,kandktracekitskconsequences:kWhereasinktheklatter,kthekexperiencedkeventkiskexactlykandkfullykfamiliartokthatkwhichkwekinferkaskthekresultkofkanykparticularksituation.ThekhistorykofkakTiberiuskorkakNerokma eskuskdreadkakli ektyranny,werekourkmonarchskfreedkfromkthekrestraintskofklawskandksenates:kButthekobservationkofkanykfraudkorkcrueltykinkprivateklifekisksufficient,withkthekaidkofkaklittlekthought,ktokgivekusktheksamekapprehension;whilekitkserveskaskankinstancekofkthekgeneralkcorruptionkofkhumannature,kandkshowskuskthekdangerkwhichkwekmustkincurkbykreposingkan



entirekconfidencekinkman ind.kInkbothkcases,kitkiskexperiencekwhichkisultimatelykthekfoundationkofkourkinferencekandkconclusion.

kkTherekisknokmanksokyoungkandkunexperienced,kasknotktokhavekformed,fromkobservation,kmanykgeneralkandkjustkmaximskconcerningkhumanaffairskandkthekconductkofklife;kbutkitkmustkbekconfessed,kthat,whenkakmankcomesktokputkthesekinkpractice,khekwillkbekextremelykliabletokerror,ktillktimekandkfartherkexperiencekbothkenlargekthesemaxims,kandkteachkhimktheirkproperkusekandkapplication.kInkeverysituationkorkincident,ktherekarekmanykparticularkandkseeminglyminutekcircumstances,kwhichkthekmankofkgreatestktalentkis,katkfirst,aptktokoverloo ,kthoughkonkthemkthekjustnesskofkhiskconclusions,kandconsequentlykthekprudencekofkhiskconduct,kentirelykdepend.kNotktomention,kthat,ktokakyoungkbeginner,kthekgeneralkobservationskandmaximskoccurknotkalwayskonkthekproperkoccasions,knorkcankbeimmediatelykappliedkwithkduekcalmnesskandkdistinction.kThektruthkis,ankunexperiencedkreasonerkcouldkbeknokreasonerkatkall,kwerekheabsolutelykunexperienced;kandkwhenkwekassignkthatkcharacterktokanyone,kwekmeankitkonlykinkakcomparativeksense,kandksupposekhimkpossessedofkexperience,kinkaksmallerkandkmorekimperfectkdegree.

kkCustom,kthen,kiskthekgreatkguidekofkhumanklife.kItkiskthatkprinciplealonekwhichkrenderskourkexperiencekusefulktokus,kandkma eskusexpect,kforkthekfuture,kaksimilarktrainkofkeventskwithkthosekwhich

havekappearedkinkthekpast.kWithoutkthekinfluencekofkcustom,kweshouldkbekentirelykignorantkofkeverykmatterkofkfactkbeyondkwhatkisimmediatelykpresentktokthekmemorykandksenses.kWekshouldkneverk nowkhowtokadjustkmeansktokends,korktokemploykourknaturalkpowerskinktheproductionkofkanykeffect.kTherekwouldkbekankendkatkoncekofkallkaction,askwellkaskofkthekchiefkpartkofkspeculation.

kk37.kButkherekitkmaykbekproperktokremar ,kthatkthoughkourkconclusionsfromkexperiencekcarrykuskbeyondkourkmemorykandksenses,kandkassurekusofkmatterskofkfactkwhichkhappenedkinkthekmostkdistantkplaceskandmostkremotekages,kyetksomekfactkmustkalwayskbekpresentktoktheksensesorkmemory,kfromkwhichkwekmaykfirstkproceedkinkdrawingktheseconclusions.kAkman,kwhokshouldkfindkinkakdesertkcountrykthekremainskof

pompouskbuildings,kwouldkconcludekthatkthekcountrykhad,kinkancienttimes,kbeenkcultivatedkbykcivilizedkinhabitants;kbutkdidknothingkofthisknaturekoccurktokhim,khekcouldkneverkformksuchkankinference.kWelearnkthekeventskofkformerkageskfromkhistory;kbutkthenkwekmustperusekthekvolumeskinkwhichkthiskinstructionkiskcontained,kandthencekcarrykupkourkinferenceskfromkonektestimonyktokanother,ktillwekarrivekatkthekeyewitnesseskandkspectatorskofkthesekdistantevents.kInkakword,kifkwekproceedknotkuponksomekfact,kpresentktokthememorykorksenses,kourkreasoningskwouldkbekmerelykhypothetical;kandhoweverkthekparticularklin skmightkbekconnectedkwithkeachkother,kthewholekchainkofkinferenceskwouldkhaveknothingktoksupportkit,knorcouldkwekever,kbykitskmeans,karrivekatkthek nowledgekofkanykrealexistence.kIfkIkas kwhykyoukbelievekanykparticularkmatterkofkfact,

whichkyoukrelate,kyoukmustktellkmeksomekreason;kandkthiskreasonkwillbeksomekotherkfact,kconnectedkwithkit.kButkaskyoukcannotkproceedkafterthiskmanner,kinkinfinitum,kyoukmustkatklastkterminatekinksomekfact,whichkiskpresentktokyourkmemorykorksenses;korkmustkallowkthatkyourbeliefkiskentirelykwithoutkfoundation.

kk38.kWhat,kthen,kiskthekconclusionkofkthekwholekmatter?kAksimplekone;though,kitkmustkbekconfessed,kprettykremotekfromkthekcommonktheoriesofkphilosophy.kAllkbeliefkofkmatterkofkfactkorkrealkexistencekisderivedkmerelykfromksomekobject,kpresentktokthekmemorykorksenses,



andkakcustomarykconjunctionkbetweenkthatkandksomekotherkobject.kOrinkotherkwords;khavingkfound,kinkmanykinstances,kthatkanyktwok indskofobjects-kflamekandkheat,ksnowkandkcold-khavekalwayskbeenkconjoinedtogether;kifkflamekorksnowkbekpresentedkanewktoktheksenses,kthekmindiskcarriedkbykcustomktokexpectkheatkorkcold,kandktokbelievekthatsuchkakqualitykdoeskexist,kandkwillkdiscoverkitselfkuponkaknearerapproach.kThiskbeliefkisktheknecessarykresultkofkplacingkthekmindkinsuchkcircumstances.kItkiskankoperationkofktheksoul,kwhenkwekareksosituated,kaskunavoidablekasktokfeelkthekpassionkofklove,kwhenkwereceivekbenefits;korkhatred,kwhenkwekmeetkwithkinjuries.kAllktheseoperationskarekakspecieskofknaturalkinstincts,kwhichknokreasoningkorprocesskofkthekthoughtkandkunderstandingkiskablekeitherktokproduceorktokprevent.

kkAtkthiskpoint,kitkwouldkbekverykallowablekforkusktokstopkourphilosophicalkresearches.kInkmostkquestionskwekcankneverkma ekaksinglestepkfurther;kandkinkallkquestionskwekmustkterminatekherekatklast,afterkourkmostkrestlesskandkcuriouskenquiries.kButkstillkourkcuriositywillkbekpardonable,kperhapskcommendable,kifkitkcarrykuskonktokstillfartherkresearches,kandkma ekuskexaminekmorekaccuratelyktheknatureofkthiskbelief,kandkofkthekcustomarykconjunction,kwhencekitkisderived.kBykthiskmeanskwekmaykmeetkwithksomekexplicationskandanalogieskthatkwillkgiveksatisfaction;katkleastktoksuchkasklovektheabstractksciences,kandkcankbekentertainedkwithkspeculations,kwhich,

howeverkaccurate,kmaykstillkretainkakdegreekofkdoubtkanduncertainty.kAsktokreaderskofkakdifferentktaste;kthekremainingkpartkofthisksectionkisknotkcalculatedkforkthem,kandkthekfollowingkenquiriesmaykwellkbekunderstood,kthoughkitkbekneglected.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk39.kNothingkiskmorekfreekthankthekimaginationkofkman;kandkthoughitkcannotkexceedkthatkoriginalkstoc kofkideaskfurnishedkbyktheinternalkandkexternalksenses,kitkhaskunlimitedkpowerkofkmixing,compounding,kseparating,kandkdividingkthesekideas,kinkallkthevarietieskofkfictionkandkvision.kItkcankfeignkaktrainkofkevents,withkallkthekappearancekofkreality,kascribektokthemkakparticular

timekandkplace,kconceivekthemkaskexistent,kandkpaintkthemkoutktoitselfkwithkeverykcircumstance,kthatkbelongsktokanykhistoricalkfact,whichkitkbelieveskwithkthekgreatestkcertainty.kWherein,ktherefore,consistskthekdifferencekbetweenksuchkakfictionkandkbelief?kItkliesknotmerelykinkanykpeculiarkidea,kwhichkiskannexedktoksuchkakconceptionaskcommandskourkassent,kandkwhichkiskwantingktokeveryk nownkfiction.Forkaskthekmindkhaskauthoritykoverkallkitskideas,kitkcouldkvoluntarilyannexkthiskparticularkideaktokanykfiction,kandkconsequentlykbekablektobelievekwhateverkitkpleases;kcontraryktokwhatkwekfindkbykdailyexperience.kWekcan,kinkourkconception,kjoinkthekheadkofkakmanktokthebodykofkakhorse;kbutkitkisknotkinkourkpowerktokbelievekthatksuchkananimalkhaskeverkreallykexisted.

kkItkfollows,ktherefore,kthatkthekdifferencekbetweenkfictionkandbeliefklieskinksomeksentimentkorkfeeling,kwhichkiskannexedktokthelatter,knotktokthekformer,kandkwhichkdependsknotkonkthekwill,knorcankbekcommandedkatkpleasure.kItkmustkbekexcitedkbyknature,kli ekallotherksentiments;kandkmustkarisekfromkthekparticularksituation,kinwhichkthekmindkiskplacedkatkanykparticularkjuncture.kWheneverkanyobjectkiskpresentedktokthekmemorykorksenses,kitkimmediately,kbyktheforcekofkcustom,kcarrieskthekimaginationktokconceivekthatkobject,whichkiskusuallykconjoinedktokit;kandkthiskconceptionkiskattendedkwithakfeelingkorksentiment,kdifferentkfromkthekloosekreverieskofkthe



fancy.kInkthiskconsistskthekwholeknaturekofkbelief.kForkasktherekisknomatterkofkfactkwhichkwekbelieveksokfirmlykthatkwekcannotkconceivethekcontrary,ktherekwouldkbeknokdifferencekbetweenkthekconceptionassentedktokandkthatkwhichkiskrejected,kwerekitknotkforksomeksentimentwhichkdistinguisheskthekonekfromkthekother.kIfkIkseekakbilliard-ballmovingktowardskanother,konkaksmoothktable,kIkcankeasilykconceivekitktostopkuponkcontact.kThiskconceptionkimpliesknokcontradiction;kbutkstillitkfeelskverykdifferentlykfromkthatkconceptionkbykwhichkIkrepresentktomyselfkthekimpulsekandkthekcommunicationkofkmotionkfromkonekballktoanother.

kk40.kWerekwektokattemptkakdefinitionkofkthisksentiment,kwekshould,perhaps,kfindkitkakverykdifficult,kifknotkankimpossiblektas ;kinkthesamekmannerkaskifkwekshouldkendeavourktokdefinekthekfeelingkofkcoldkorpassionkofkanger,ktokakcreaturekwhokneverkhadkanykexperiencekoftheseksentiments.kBeliefkiskthektruekandkproperknamekofkthisfeeling;kandknokonekiskeverkatkaklossktok nowkthekmeaningkofkthatterm;kbecausekeverykmankiskeverykmomentkconsciouskofktheksentimentrepresentedkbykit.kItkmayknot,khowever,kbekimproperktokattemptkadescriptionkofkthisksentiment;kinkhopeskwekmay,kbykthatkmeans,arrivekatksomekanalogies,kwhichkmaykaffordkakmorekperfectexplicationkofkit.kIksay,kthen,kthatkbeliefkisknothingkbutkakmorevivid,klively,kforcible,kfirm,ksteadykconceptionkofkankobject,kthanwhatkthekimaginationkalonekiskeverkablektokattain.kThiskvarietykof

terms,kwhichkmaykseemksokunphilosophical,kiskintendedkonlyktoexpresskthatkactkofkthekmind,kwhichkrenderskrealities,korkwhatkista enkforksuch,kmorekpresentktokuskthankfictions,kcauseskthemktokweighmorekinkthekthought,kandkgiveskthemkaksuperiorkinfluencekonkthepassionskandkimagination.kProvidedkwekagreekaboutkthekthing,kitkisneedlessktokdisputekaboutkthekterms.kThekimaginationkhaskthekcommandoverkallkitskideas,kandkcankjoinkandkmixkandkvarykthem,kinkallkthewayskpossible.kItkmaykconceivekfictitiouskobjectskwithkallkthecircumstanceskofkplacekandktime.kItkmayksetkthem,kinkakmanner,beforekourkeyes,kinktheirktruekcolours,kjustkasktheykmightkhaveexisted.kButkaskitkiskimpossiblekthatkthiskfacultykofkimaginationcankever,kofkitself,kreachkbelief,kitkiskevidentkthatkbeliefconsistsknotkinkthekpeculiarknaturekorkorderkofkideas,kbutkinkthe

mannerkofktheirkconception,kandkinktheirkfeelingktokthekmind.kIconfess,kthatkitkiskimpossiblekperfectlyktokexplainkthiskfeelingkormannerkofkconception.kWekmaykma ekusekofkwordskwhichkexpressksomethingnearkit.kButkitsktruekandkproperkname,kaskwekobservedkbefore,kisbelief;kwhichkiskaktermkthatkeverykoneksufficientlykunderstandskincommonklife.kAndkinkphilosophy,kwekcankgoknokfartherkthankassert,kthatbeliefkisksomethingkfeltkbykthekmind,kwhichkdistinguisheskthekideaskofthekjudgementkfromkthekfictionskofkthekimagination.kItkgiveskthemkmoreweightkandkinfluence;kma eskthemkappearkofkgreaterkimportance;enforceskthemkinkthekmind;kandkrenderskthemkthekgoverningkprinciplekofourkactions.kIkhearkatkpresent,kforkinstance,kakperson'skvoice,kwithwhomkIkamkacquainted;kandktheksoundkcomeskaskfromktheknextkroom.Thiskimpressionkofkmyksenseskimmediatelykconveyskmykthoughtktokthe

person,ktogetherkwithkallktheksurroundingkobjects.kIkpaintkthemkoutktomyselfkaskexistingkatkpresent,kwithktheksamekqualitieskandrelations,kofkwhichkIkformerlyk newkthemkpossessed.kThesekideaskta efasterkholdkofkmykmindkthankideaskofkankenchantedkcastle.kTheykareverykdifferentktokthekfeeling,kandkhavekakmuchkgreaterkinfluencekofeveryk ind,keitherktokgivekpleasurekorkpain,kjoykorksorrow.

kkLetkus,kthen,kta ekinkthekwholekcompasskofkthiskdoctrine,kandkallow,thatktheksentimentkofkbeliefkisknothingkbutkakconceptionkmoreintensekandksteadykthankwhatkattendskthekmerekfictionskofkthe



imagination,kandkthatkthiskmannerkofkconceptionkariseskfromkacustomarykconjunctionkofkthekobjectkwithksomethingkpresentktokthememorykorksenses:kIkbelievekthatkitkwillknotkbekdifficult,kupontheseksuppositions,ktokfindkotherkoperationskofkthekmindkanalogoustokit,kandktoktracekupkthesekphenomenaktokprincipleskstillkmoregeneral.

kk41.kWekhavekalreadykobservedkthatknaturekhaskestablishedconnexionskamongkparticularkideas,kandkthatknoksoonerkonekideaoccursktokourkthoughtskthankitkintroduceskitskcorrelative,kandkcarriesourkattentionktowardskit,kbykakgentlekandkinsensiblekmovement.kTheseprincipleskofkconnexionkorkassociationkwekhavekreducedktokthree,namely,kResemblance,kContiguitykandkCausation;kwhichkarekthekonlybondskthatkunitekourkthoughtsktogether,kandkbegetkthatkregularktrainofkreflectionkorkdiscourse,kwhich,kinkakgreaterkorklesskdegree,ta eskplacekamongkallkman ind.kNowkherekariseskakquestion,konkwhichtheksolutionkofkthekpresentkdifficultykwillkdepend.kDoeskitkhappen,kinallkthesekrelations,kthat,kwhenkonekofkthekobjectskiskpresentedktokthesenseskorkmemory,kthekmindkisknotkonlykcarriedktokthekconceptionkofthekcorrelative,kbutkreacheskaksteadierkandkstrongerkconceptionkofitkthankwhatkotherwisekitkwouldkhavekbeenkablektokattain?kThiskseemstokbekthekcasekwithkthatkbeliefkwhichkariseskfromkthekrelationkofcausekandkeffect.kAndkifkthekcasekbektheksamekwithkthekotherkrelationsorkprincipleskofkassociations,kthiskmaykbekestablishedkaskakgeneral

law,kwhichkta eskplacekinkallkthekoperationskofkthekmind.

kkWekmay,ktherefore,kobserve,kaskthekfirstkexperimentktokourkpresentpurpose,kthat,kuponkthekappearancekofkthekpicturekofkankabsentkfriend,ourkideakofkhimkiskevidentlykenlivenedkbykthekresemblance,kandkthateverykpassion,kwhichkthatkideakoccasions,kwhetherkofkjoykorksorrow,acquiresknewkforcekandkvigour.kInkproducingkthiskeffect,kthereconcurkbothkakrelationkandkakpresentkimpression.kWherekthekpicturebearskhimknokresemblance,katkleastkwasknotkintendedkforkhim,kitneverksokmuchkaskconveyskourkthoughtktokhim:kAndkwherekitkiskabsent,askwellkaskthekperson,kthoughkthekmindkmaykpasskfromkthekthoughtkofthekonektokthatkofkthekother,kitkfeelskitskideaktokbekratherwea enedkthankenlivenedkbykthatktransition.kWekta ekakpleasurekin

viewingkthekpicturekofkakfriend,kwhenkitkisksetkbeforekus;kbutkwhenkitiskremoved,kratherkchoosektokconsiderkhimkdirectlykthankbyreflectionkinkankimage,kwhichkiskequallykdistantkandkobscure.

kkThekceremonieskofkthekRomankCatholickreligionkmaykbekconsideredkasinstanceskofktheksameknature.kThekdevoteeskofkthatksuperstitionusuallykpleadkinkexcusekforkthekmummeries,kwithkwhichktheykareupbraided,kthatktheykfeelkthekgoodkeffectkofkthosekexternalkmotions,andkpostures,kandkactions,kinkenliveningktheirkdevotionkandkquic eningtheirkfervour,kwhichkotherwisekwouldkdecay,kifkdirectedkentirelyktodistantkandkimmaterialkobjects.kWekshadowkoutkthekobjectskofkourfaith,ksaykthey,kinksensiblektypeskandkimages,kandkrenderkthemkmorepresentktokuskbykthekimmediatekpresencekofkthesektypes,kthankitkis

possiblekforkusktokdokmerelykbykankintellectualkviewkandcontemplation.kSensiblekobjectskhavekalwayskakgreaterkinfluencekonkthefancykthankanykother;kandkthiskinfluencektheykreadilykconveyktothosekideasktokwhichktheykarekrelated,kandkwhichktheykresemble.kIshallkonlykinferkfromkthesekpractices,kandkthiskreasoning,kthatktheeffectkofkresemblancekinkenliveningkthekideaskiskverykcommon;kandkasinkeverykcasekakresemblancekandkakpresentkimpressionkmustkconcur,kwearekabundantlyksuppliedkwithkexperimentsktokprovekthekrealitykofktheforegoingkprinciple.



kk42.kWekmaykaddkforcektokthesekexperimentskbykotherskofkakdifferentind,kinkconsideringkthekeffectskofkcontiguitykaskwellkaskofresemblance.kItkiskcertainkthatkdistancekdiminisheskthekforcekofkeveryidea,kandkthat,kuponkourkapproachktokanykobject,kthoughkitkdoesknotdiscoverkitselfktokourksenseskitkoperateskuponkthekmindkwithkaninfluence,kwhichkimitateskankimmediatekimpression.kThekthin ingkonkanyobjectkreadilyktransportskthekmindktokwhatkiskcontiguous;kbutkitkisonlykthekactualkpresencekofkankobject,kthatktransportskitkwithkasuperiorkvivacity.kWhenkIkamkakfewkmileskfromkhome,kwhateverkrelatestokitktoucheskmekmoreknearlykthankwhenkIkamktwokhundredkleaguesdistant;kthoughkevenkatkthatkdistancekthekreflectingkonkanythingkinthekneighbourhoodkofkmykfriendskorkfamilyknaturallykproduceskankideaofkthem.kButkaskinkthisklatterkcase,kbothkthekobjectskofkthekmindarekideas;knotwithstandingktherekiskankeasyktransitionkbetweenkthem;thatktransitionkalonekisknotkablektokgivekaksuperiorkvivacityktokanyofkthekideas,kforkwantkofksomekimmediatekimpression.*

kk*k"Naturaneknobis,kinquit,kdatumkdicam,kankerrorekquodam,kut,kcumkealocakvideamus,kinkquibuskmemoriakdignoskviroskacceperimuskmultumessekversatos,kmagiskmoveamur,kquamksiquandokeorumkipsorumkautkfactaaudiamuskautkscriptumkaliquodklegamus?kVelutkegoknunckmoveor.kVenitenimkmihikPlatokinkmentem,kquemkaccepimuskprimumkhickdisputaresolitum:kcuiusketiamkillikhortulikpropinquiknonkmemoriamksolumkmihiafferunt,ksedkipsumkvidenturkinkconspectukmeokhickponere.kHic

Speusippus,khickXenocrates,khickeiuskauditorkPolemo;kcuiuskipsakillasessiokfuit,kquamkvidemus.kEquidemketiamkcuriamknostram,kHostiliamdico,knonkhancknovam,kquaekmihikminorkessekvideturkpostquamkestkmaior,solebamkintuens,kScipionem,kCatonem,kLaelium,knostrumkverokinkprimisavumkcogitare.kTantakviskadmonitioniskestkinklocis;kutknonksinecausakexkhiskmemoriaekdeductaksitkdisciplina."

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkCicero,kDekfinibus,kBoo kV.

kk43.kNokonekcankdoubtkbutkcausationkhasktheksamekinfluencekasktheotherktwokrelationskofkresemblancekandkcontiguity.kSuperstitiouspeoplekarekfondkofkthekreliqueskofksaintskandkholykmen,kforktheksamereason,kthatktheyksee kafterktypeskorkimages,kinkorderktokenliven

theirkdevotion,kandkgivekthemkakmorekintimatekandkstrongkconceptionkofthosekexemplaryklives,kwhichktheykdesirektokimitate.kNowkitkisevident,kthatkonekofkthekbestkreliques,kwhichkakdevoteekcouldkprocure,wouldkbekthekhandywor kofkaksaint;kandkifkhiskcloathskandkfurniturearekeverktokbekconsideredkinkthisklight,kitkiskbecausektheykwereoncekatkhiskdisposal,kandkwerekmovedkandkaffectedkbykhim;kinkwhichrespectktheykarektokbekconsideredkaskimperfectkeffects,kandkasconnectedkwithkhimkbykakshorterkchainkofkconsequenceskthankanykofthose,kbykwhichkweklearnkthekrealitykofkhiskexistence.

kkSuppose,kthatktheksonkofkakfriend,kwhokhadkbeenklongkdeadkorkabsent,werekpresentedktokus;kitkiskevident,kthatkthiskobjectkwouldinstantlykrevivekitskcorrelativekidea,kandkrecalktokourkthoughtskall

pastkintimacieskandkfamiliarities,kinkmoreklivelykcolourskthanktheywouldkotherwisekhavekappearedktokus.kThiskiskanotherkphaenomenon,whichkseemsktokprovekthekprinciplekabovekmentioned.

kk44.kWekmaykobserve,kthat,kinkthesekphaenomena,kthekbeliefkofkthecorrelativekobjectkiskalwayskpresupposed;kwithoutkwhichkthekrelationcouldkhaveknokeffect.kThekinfluencekofkthekpictureksupposes,kthatkwebelievekourkfriendktokhavekoncekexisted.kContinguityktokhomekcankneverexcitekourkideaskofkhome,kunlesskwekbelievekthatkitkreallykexists.kNowIkassert,kthatkthiskbelief,kwherekitkreacheskbeyondkthekmemorykor



senses,kiskofkaksimilarknature,kandkariseskfromksimilarkcauses,kwiththektransitionkofkthoughtkandkvivacitykofkconceptionkherekexplained.WhenkIkthrowkakpiecekofkdrykwoodkintokakfire,kmykmindkiskimmediatelycarriedktokconceive,kthatkitkaugments,knotkextinguisheskthekflame.Thisktransitionkofkthoughtkfromkthekcausektokthekeffectkproceedsknotfromkreason.kItkderiveskitskoriginkaltogetherkfromkcustomkandexperience.kAndkaskitkfirstkbeginskfromkankobject,kpresentktokthesenses,kitkrenderskthekideakorkconceptionkofkflamekmorekstrongkandlivelykthankanykloose,kfloatingkreveriekofkthekimagination.kThatideakariseskimmediately.kThekthoughtkmoveskinstantlyktowardskit,kandconveysktokitkallkthatkforcekofkconception,kwhichkiskderivedkfromthekimpressionkpresentktoktheksenses.kWhenkakswordkisklevelledkatkmybreast,kdoesknotkthekideakofkwoundkandkpainkstri ekmekmorekstrongly,thankwhenkakglasskofkwinekiskpresentedktokme,kevenkthoughkbyaccidentkthiskideakshouldkoccurkafterkthekappearancekofktheklatterobject?kButkwhatkisktherekinkthiskwholekmatterktokcauseksuchkastrongkconception,kexceptkonlykakpresentkobjectkandkakcustomarytransitionktokthekideakofkanotherkobject,kwhichkwekhavekbeenaccustomedktokconjoinkwithkthekformer?kThiskiskthekwholekoperationofkthekmind,kinkallkourkconclusionskconcerningkmatterkofkfactkandexistence;kandkitkiskaksatisfactionktokfindksomekanalogies,kbykwhichitkmaykbekexplained.kThektransitionkfromkakpresentkobjectkdoeskinallkcaseskgivekstrengthkandksolidityktokthekrelatedkidea.

kkHere,kthen,kiskak indkofkpre-establishedkharmonykbetweenkthecoursekofknaturekandktheksuccessionkofkourkideas;kandkthoughkthepowerskandkforces,kbykwhichkthekformerkiskgoverned,kbekwhollyun nownktokus;kyetkourkthoughtskandkconceptionskhavekstill,kwekfind,gonekonkinktheksamektrainkwithkthekotherkwor skofknature.kCustomkisthatkprinciple,kbykwhichkthiskcorrespondencekhaskbeenkeffected;ksonecessaryktoktheksubsistencekofkourkspecies,kandkthekregulationkofkourconduct,kinkeverykcircumstancekandkoccurrencekofkhumanklife.kHadknotthekpresencekofkankobject,kinstantlykexcitedkthekideakofkthoseobjects,kcommonlykconjoinedkwithkit,kallkourk nowledgekmustkhavebeenklimitedktoktheknarrowkspherekofkourkmemorykandksenses;kandkweshouldkneverkhavekbeenkablektokadjustkmeansktokends,korkemploykournaturalkpowers,keitherktokthekproducingkofkgood,korkavoidingkof

evil.kThose,kwhokdelightkinkthekdiscoverykandkcontemplationkofkfinalcauses,khavekherekampleksubjectktokemployktheirkwonderkandkadmiration.

kk45.kIkshallkadd,kforkakfurtherkconfirmationkofkthekforegoingktheory,that,kaskthiskoperationkofkthekmind,kbykwhichkwekinferkli ekeffectsfromkli ekcauses,kandkvicekversa,kisksokessentialktoktheksubsistenceofkallkhumankcreatures,kitkisknotkprobable,kthatkitkcouldkbektrustedtokthekfallaciouskdeductionskofkourkreason,kwhichkiskslowkinkitsoperations;kappearsknot,kinkanykdegree,kduringkthekfirstkyearskofinfancy;kandkatkbestkis,kinkeverykagekandkperiodkofkhumanklife,extremelykliablektokerrorkandkmista e.kItkiskmorekconformablektoktheordinarykwisdomkofknaturektoksecureksoknecessarykankactkofkthekmind,byksomekinstinctkorkmechanicalktendency,kwhichkmaykbekinfalliblekin

itskoperations,kmaykdiscoverkitselfkatkthekfirstkappearancekofklifeandkthought,kandkmaykbekindependentkofkallktheklabouredkdeductionsofkthekunderstanding.kAsknaturekhasktaughtkuskthekusekofkourklimbs,withoutkgivingkuskthek nowledgekofkthekmuscleskandknerves,kbykwhichtheykarekactuated;ksokhaskshekimplantedkinkuskankinstinct,kwhichcarrieskforwardkthekthoughtkinkakcorrespondentkcoursektokthatkwhichshekhaskestablishedkamongkexternalkobjects;kthoughkwekarekignorantofkthosekpowerskandkforces,konkwhichkthiskregularkcoursekandsuccessionkofkobjectsktotallykdepends.



kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kVI.kOfkProbability*

kk*kMr.kLoc ekdivideskallkargumentskintokdemonstrativekandkprobable.Inkthiskview,kwekmustksay,kthatkitkiskonlykprobablekallkmenkmustdie,korkthatktheksunkwillkrisekto-morrow.kButktokconformkourlanguagekmorektokcommonkuse,kwekoughtktokdividekargumentskintodemonstrations,kproofs,kandkprobabilities.kBykproofskmeaningksuchargumentskfromkexperiencekaskleaveknokroomkforkdoubtkorkopposition.

kk46.kTHOUGHktherekbeknoksuchkthingkaskChancekinkthekworld;kourignorancekofkthekrealkcausekofkanykeventkhasktheksamekinfluencekonktheunderstanding,kandkbegetskakli ekspecieskofkbeliefkorkopinion.

kkTherekiskcertainlykakprobability,kwhichkariseskfromkaksuperioritykofchanceskonkanykside;kandkaccordingkaskthisksuperioritykencreases,andksurpasseskthekoppositekchances,kthekprobabilitykreceiveskaproportionablekencrease,kandkbegetskstillkakhigherkdegreekofkbeliefkorassentktokthatkside,kinkwhichkwekdiscoverktheksuperiority.kIfkakdiewerekmar edkwithkonekfigurekorknumberkofkspotskonkfourksides,kandkwithanotherkfigurekorknumberkofkspotskonkthektwokremainingksides,kitkwouldbekmorekprobable,kthatkthekformerkwouldkturnkupkthanktheklatter;though,kifkitkhadkakthousandksideskmar edkinktheksamekmanner,kandkonlyoneksidekdifferent,kthekprobabilitykwouldkbekmuchkhigher,kandkourbeliefkorkexpectationkofkthekeventkmoreksteadykandksecure.kThis

processkofkthekthoughtkorkreasoningkmaykseemktrivialkandkobvious;butktokthosekwhokconsiderkitkmoreknarrowly,kitkmay,kperhaps,kaffordmatterkforkcuriouskspeculation.

kkItkseemskevident,kthat,kwhenkthekmindkloo skforwardktokdiscoverthekevent,kwhichkmaykresultkfromkthekthrowkofksuchkakdie,kitkconsidersthekturningkupkofkeachkparticularksidekaskali ekprobable;kandkthisktheveryknaturekofkchance,ktokrenderkallkthekparticularkevents,comprehendedkinkit,kentirelykequal.kButkfindingkakgreaterknumberkofsideskconcurkinkthekonekeventkthankinkthekother,kthekmindkiskcarriedmorekfrequentlyktokthatkevent,kandkmeetskitkoftener,kinkrevolvingthekvariouskpossibilitieskorkchances,konkwhichkthekultimatekresultdepends.kThiskconcurrencekofkseveralkviewskinkonekparticularkevent

begetskimmediately,kbykankinexplicablekcontrivancekofknature,kthesentimentkofkbelief,kandkgiveskthatkeventkthekadvantagekoverkitsantagonist,kwhichkisksupportedkbykaksmallerknumberkofkviews,kandrecursklesskfrequentlyktokthekmind.kIfkwekallow,kthatkbeliefkisnothingkbutkakfirmerkandkstrongerkconceptionkofkankobjectkthankwhatattendskthekmerekfictionskofkthekimagination,kthiskoperationkmay,perhaps,kinksomekmeasure,kbekaccountedkfor.kThekconcurrencekofktheseseveralkviewskorkglimpseskimprintskthekideakmorekstronglykonktheimagination;kgiveskitksuperiorkforcekandkvigour;krenderskitskinfluenceonkthekpassionskandkaffectionskmoreksensible;kandkinkakword,kbegetsthatkreliancekorksecurity,kwhichkconstitutesktheknaturekofkbeliefandkopinion.

kk47.kThekcasekisktheksamekwithkthekprobabilitykofkcauses,kaskwiththatkofkchance.kTherekareksomekcauses,kwhichkarekentirelykuniformandkconstantkinkproducingkakparticularkeffect;kandknokinstancekhaseverkyetkbeenkfoundkofkanykfailurekorkirregularitykinktheirkoperation.Firekhaskalwayskburned,kandkwaterksuffocatedkeverykhumankcreature:kTheproductionkofkmotionkbykimpulsekandkgravitykiskankuniversalklaw,kwhichhaskhithertokadmittedkofknokexception.kButktherekarekotherkcauses,whichkhavekbeenkfoundkmorekirregularkandkuncertain;knorkhaskrhubarbalwayskprovedkakpurge,korkopiumkaksoporificktokeverykone,kwhokhasta enkthesekmedicines.kItkisktrue,kwhenkanykcausekfailskofkproducing



itskusualkeffect,kphilosopherskascribeknotkthisktokanykirregularitykinnature;kbutksuppose,kthatksomeksecretkcauses,kinkthekparticularstructurekofkparts,khavekpreventedkthekoperation.kOurkreasonings,however,kandkconclusionskconcerningkthekeventkarektheksamekaskifthiskprinciplekhadknokplace.kBeingkdeterminedkbykcustomktoktransferthekpastktokthekfuture,kinkallkourkinferences;kwherekthekpastkhaskbeenentirelykregularkandkuniform,kwekexpectkthekeventkwithkthekgreatestassurance,kandkleaveknokroomkforkanykcontraryksupposition.kButkwheredifferentkeffectskhavekbeenkfoundktokfollowkfromkcauses,kwhichkaretokappearancekexactlyksimilar,kallkthesekvariouskeffectskmustkoccurktothekmindkinktransferringkthekpastktokthekfuture,kandkenterkintokourconsideration,kwhenkwekdeterminekthekprobabilitykofkthekevent.Thoughkwekgivekthekpreferencektokthatkwhichkhaskbeenkfoundkmostkusual,andkbelievekthatkthiskeffectkwillkexist,kwekmustknotkoverloo ktheotherkeffects,kbutkmustkassignktokeachkofkthemkakparticularkweightkandauthority,kinkproportionkaskwekhavekfoundkitktokbekmorekorklessfrequent.kItkiskmorekprobable,kinkalmostkeverykcountrykofkEurope,kthattherekwillkbekfrostksometimekinkJanuary,kthankthatkthekweatherkwillcontinuekopenkthroughoutkthatkwholekmonth;kthoughkthiskprobabilityvarieskaccordingktokthekdifferentkclimates,kandkapproachesktokacertaintykinkthekmoreknorthernk ingdoms.kHerekthenkitkseemskevident,that,kwhenkwektransferkthekpastktokthekfuture,kinkorderktokdeterminethekeffect,kwhichkwillkresultkfromkanykcause,kwektransferkallkthedifferentkevents,kinktheksamekproportionkasktheykhavekappearedkin

thekpast,kandkconceivekonektokhavekexistedkakhundredktimes,kforinstance,kanotherktenktimes,kandkanotherkonce.kAskakgreatknumberkofviewskdokherekconcurkinkonekevent,ktheykfortifykandkconfirmkitktothekimagination,kbegetkthatksentimentkwhichkwekcallkbelief,kandkgiveitskobjectkthekpreferencekabovekthekcontrarykevent,kwhichkisknotsupportedkbykankequalknumberkofkexperiments,kandkrecursknotksofrequentlyktokthekthoughtkinktransferringkthekpastktokthekfuture.Letkanykonektryktokaccountkforkthiskoperationkofkthekmindkuponkanyofkthekreceivedksystemskofkphilosophy,kandkhekwillkbeksensiblekofthekdifficulty.kForkmykpart,kIkshallkthin kitksufficient,kifkthepresentkhintskexcitekthekcuriositykofkphilosophers,kandkma ekthemsensiblekhowkdefectivekallkcommonktheorieskarekinktreatingkofksuchcuriouskandksuchksublimeksubjects.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kVII.kOfkthekIdeakofknecessarykConnexion

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkI.

kk48kTHEkgreatkadvantagekofkthekmathematicalkscienceskabovekthemoralkconsistskinkthis,kthatkthekideaskofkthekformer,kbeingsensible,karekalwayskclearkandkdeterminate,ktheksmallestkdistinctionbetweenkthemkiskimmediatelykperceptible,kandktheksamektermskarestillkexpressivekofktheksamekideas,kwithoutkambiguitykorkvariation.kAnovalkiskneverkmista enkforkakcircle,knorkankhyperbolakforkankellipsis.Thekisosceleskandkscalenumkarekdistinguishedkbykboundarieskmoreexactkthankvicekandkvirtue,krightkandkwrong.kIfkanyktermkbekdefinedkin

geometry,kthekmindkreadily,kofkitself,ksubstitutes,konkalloccasions,kthekdefinitionkforkthektermkdefined:kOrkevenkwhenknodefinitionkiskemployed,kthekobjectkitselfkmaykbekpresentedktokthesenses,kandkbykthatkmeanskbeksteadilykandkclearlykapprehended.kButkthefinerksentimentskofkthekmind,kthekoperationskofkthekunderstanding,kthevariouskagitationskofkthekpassions,kthoughkreallykinkthemselvesdistinct,keasilykescapekus,kwhenksurveyedkbykreflection;knorkiskitinkourkpowerktokrecalkthekoriginalkobject,kaskoftenkaskwekhaveoccasionktokcontemplatekit.kAmbiguity,kbykthiskmeans,kiskgraduallyintroducedkintokourkreasonings:kSimilarkobjectskarekreadilykta enkto



bektheksame:kAndkthekconclusionkbecomeskatklastkverykwidekofkthepremises.

kkOnekmayksafely,khowever,kaffirm,kthat,kifkwekconsiderktheseksciencesinkakproperklight,ktheirkadvantageskandkdisadvantagesknearlycompensatekeachkother,kandkreducekbothkofkthemktokakstatekofkequality.Ifkthekmind,kwithkgreaterkfacility,kretainskthekideaskofkgeometryclearkandkdeterminate,kitkmustkcarrykonkakmuchklongerkandkmoreintricatekchainkofkreasoning,kandkcomparekideaskmuchkwiderkofkeachother,kinkorderktokreachkthekabstruserktruthskofkthatkscience.kAndifkmoralkideaskarekapt,kwithoutkextremekcare,ktokfallkintokobscurityandkconfusion,kthekinferenceskarekalwayskmuchkshorterkinkthesedisquisitions,kandkthekintermediateksteps,kwhichkleadktoktheconclusion,kmuchkfewerkthankinkthekscienceskwhichktreatkofkquantityandknumber.kInkreality,ktherekiskscarcelykakpropositionkinkEuclidksosimple,kasknotktokconsistkofkmorekparts,kthankarektokbekfoundkinkanymoralkreasoningkwhichkrunsknotkintokchimerakandkconceit.kWherekwetracekthekprincipleskofkthekhumankmindkthroughkakfewksteps,kwekmaybekverykwellksatisfiedkwithkourkprogress;kconsideringkhowksoonnaturekthrowskakbarktokallkourkenquirieskconcerningkcauses,kandreduceskusktokankac nowledgmentkofkourkignorance.kThekchiefobstacle,ktherefore,ktokourkimprovementkinkthekmoralkorkmetaphysicalscienceskiskthekobscuritykofkthekideas,kandkambiguitykofkthekterms.Thekprincipalkdifficultykinkthekmathematicskisktheklengthkof

inferenceskandkcompasskofkthought,krequisitektokthekformingkofkanyconclusion.kAnd,kperhaps,kourkprogresskinknaturalkphilosophykischieflykretardedkbykthekwantkofkproperkexperimentskandkphaenomena,whichkarekoftenkdiscoveredkbykchance,kandkcannotkalwayskbekfound,kwhenrequisite,kevenkbykthekmostkdiligentkandkprudentkenquiry.kAskmoralphilosophykseemskhithertoktokhavekreceivedklesskimprovementkthaneitherkgeometrykorkphysics,kwekmaykconclude,kthat,kifktherekbekanydifferencekinkthiskrespectkamongktheseksciences,kthekdifficulties,whichkobstructkthekprogresskofkthekformer,krequireksuperiorkcarekandcapacityktokbeksurmounted.

kk49.kTherekareknokideas,kwhichkoccurkinkmetaphysics,kmorekobscurekanduncertain,kthankthosekofkpower,kforce,kenergykorknecessary

connexion,kofkwhichkitkiskeverykmomentknecessarykforkusktoktreatkinallkourkdisquisitions.kWekshall,ktherefore,kendeavour,kinkthissection,ktokfix,kifkpossible,kthekprecisekmeaningkofkthesekterms,andktherebykremoveksomekpartkofkthatkobscurity,kwhichkisksokmuchcomplainedkofkinkthiskspecieskofkphilosophy.

kkItkseemskakproposition,kwhichkwillknotkadmitkofkmuchkdispute,kthatallkourkideaskareknothingkbutkcopieskofkourkimpressions,kor,kinotherkwords,kthatkitkiskimpossiblekforkusktokthin kofkanything,whichkwekhaveknotkantecedentlykfelt,keitherkbykourkexternalkorinternalksenses.kIkhavekendeavoured*ktokexplainkandkprovekthisproposition,kandkhavekexpressedkmykhopes,kthat,kbykakproperapplicationkofkit,kmenkmaykreachkakgreaterkclearnesskandkprecision

inkphilosophicalkreasonings,kthankwhatktheykhavekhithertokbeenkablektoattain.kComplexkideaskmay,kperhaps,kbekwellk nownkbykdefinition,kwhichisknothingkbutkankenumerationkofkthosekpartskorksimplekideas,kthatcomposekthem.kButkwhenkwekhavekpushedkupkdefinitionsktokthekmostsimplekideas,kandkfindkstillksomekambiguitykandkobscurity;kwhatresourcekarekwekthenkpossessedkof?kBykwhatkinventionkcankwekthrowlightkuponkthesekideas,kandkrenderkthemkaltogetherkprecisekanddeterminatektokourkintellectualkview?kProducekthekimpressionskororiginalksentiments,kfromkwhichkthekideaskarekcopied.kTheseimpressionskarekallkstrongkandksensible.kTheykadmitknotkof



ambiguity.kTheykareknotkonlykplacedkinkakfullklightkthemselves,kbutmaykthrowklightkonktheirkcorrespondentkideas,kwhichkliekinobscurity.kAndkbykthiskmeans,kwekmay,kperhaps,kattainkaknewkmicroscopeorkspecieskofkoptics,kbykwhich,kinkthekmoralksciences,kthekmostminute,kandkmostksimplekideaskmaykbeksokenlargedkasktokfallkreadilyunderkourkapprehension,kandkbekequallyk nownkwithkthekgrossestkandmostksensiblekideas,kthatkcankbekthekobjectkofkourkenquiry.

kk*kSectionkII.

kk50.kTokbekfullykacquainted,ktherefore,kwithkthekideakofkpowerkornecessarykconnexion,kletkuskexaminekitskimpression;kandkinkorderktofindkthekimpressionkwithkgreaterkcertainty,kletkusksearchkforkitkinallktheksources,kfromkwhichkitkmaykpossiblykbekderived.

kkWhenkwekloo kaboutkusktowardskexternalkobjects,kandkconsiderktheoperationkofkcauses,kwekarekneverkable,kinkaksinglekinstance,ktodiscoverkanykpowerkorknecessarykconnexion;kanykquality,kwhichkbindsthekeffectktokthekcause,kandkrenderskthekonekankinfalliblekconsequenceofkthekother.kWekonlykfind,kthatkthekonekdoeskactually,kinkfact,followkthekother.kThekimpulsekofkonekbilliard-ballkiskattendedkwithmotionkinktheksecond.kThiskiskthekwholekthatkappearsktokthekoutwardsenses.kThekmindkfeelsknoksentimentkorkinwardkimpressionkfromkthissuccessionkofkobjects:kConsequently,ktherekisknot,kinkanyksingle,

particularkinstancekofkcausekandkeffect,kanythingkwhichkcanksuggestthekideakofkpowerkorknecessarykconnexion.

kkFromkthekfirstkappearancekofkankobject,kwekneverkcankconjecturekwhateffectkwillkresultkfromkit.kButkwerekthekpowerkorkenergykofkanycausekdiscoverablekbykthekmind,kwekcouldkforeseekthekeffect,kevenwithoutkexperience;kandkmight,katkfirst,kpronouncekwithkcertaintyconcerningkit,kbykmerekdintkofkthoughtkandkreasoning.

kkInkreality,ktherekisknokpartkofkmatter,kthatkdoeskever,kbykitssensiblekqualities,kdiscoverkanykpowerkorkenergy,korkgivekuskgroundktoimagine,kthatkitkcouldkproducekanykthing,korkbekfollowedkbykanyotherkobject,kwhichkwekcouldkdenominatekitskeffect.kSolidity,

extension,kmotion;kthesekqualitieskarekallkcompletekinkthemselves,kandneverkpointkoutkanykotherkeventkwhichkmaykresultkfromkthem.kThekscenesofkthekuniversekarekcontinuallykshifting,kandkonekobjectkfollowsanotherkinkankuninterruptedksuccession;kbutkthekpowerkofkforce,whichkactuateskthekwholekmachine,kiskentirelykconcealedkfromkus,kandneverkdiscoverskitselfkinkanykofktheksensiblekqualitieskofkbody.kWenow,kthat,kinkfact,kheatkiskakconstantkattendantkofkflame;kbutkwhatiskthekconnexionkbetweenkthem,kwekhaveknokroomksokmuchkasktoconjecturekorkimagine.kItkiskimpossible,ktherefore,kthatkthekideakofpowerkcankbekderivedkfromkthekcontemplationkofkbodies,kinksingleinstanceskofktheirkoperation;kbecauseknokbodieskeverkdiscoverkanypower,kwhichkcankbekthekoriginalkofkthiskidea.*

kk*kMr.kLoc e,kinkhiskchapterkofkpower,ksayskthat,kfindingkfromexperience,kthatktherekarekseveralknewkproductionskinkmatter,kandconcludingkthatktherekmustksomewherekbekakpowerkcapablekofkproducingthem,kwekarrivekatklastkbykthiskreasoningkatkthekideakofkpower.kButknoreasoningkcankeverkgivekuskaknew,koriginal,ksimplekidea;kaskthisphilosopherkhimselfkconfesses.kThis,ktherefore,kcankneverkbektheoriginkofkthatkidea.

kk51.kSince,ktherefore,kexternalkobjectskasktheykappearktoktheksenses,givekusknokideakofkpowerkorknecessarykconnexion,kbyktheirkoperationkin



particularkinstances,kletkusksee,kwhetherkthiskideakbekderivedkfromreflectionkonkthekoperationskofkourkownkminds,kandkbekcopiedkfromanykinternalkimpression.kItkmaykbeksaid,kthatkwekarekeverykmomentconsciouskofkinternalkpower;kwhilekwekfeel,kthat,kbyktheksimplecommandkofkourkwill,kwekcankmovekthekorganskofkourkbody,korkdirectkthefacultieskofkourkmind.kAnkactkofkvolitionkproduceskmotionkinkourlimbs,korkraiseskaknewkideakinkourkimagination.kThiskinfluencekofthekwillkwek nowkbykconsciousness.kHencekwekacquirekthekideakofpowerkorkenergy;kandkarekcertain,kthatkwekourselveskandkallkotherintelligentkbeingskarekpossessedkofkpower.kThiskidea,kthen,kiskankideaofkreflection,ksincekitkariseskfromkreflectingkonkthekoperationskofourkownkmind,kandkonkthekcommandkwhichkiskexercisedkbykwill,kbothkoverthekorganskofkthekbodykandkfacultieskofktheksoul.

kk52.kWekshallkproceedktokexaminekthiskpretension;kandkfirstkwithregardktokthekinfluencekofkvolitionkoverkthekorganskofkthekbody.Thiskinfluence,kwekmaykobserve,kiskakfact,kwhich,kli ekallkothernaturalkevents,kcankbek nownkonlykbekexperience,kandkcankneverkbeforeseenkfromkanykapparentkenergykorkpowerkinkthekcause,kwhichconnectskitkwithkthekeffect,kandkrenderskthekonekankinfallibleconsequencekofkthekother.kThekmotionkofkourkbodykfollowskuponkthecommandkofkourkwill.kOfkthiskwekarekeverykmomentkconscious.kButkthemeans,kbykwhichkthiskiskeffected;kthekenergy,kbykwhichkthekwillperformsksokextraordinarykankoperation;kofkthiskwekareksokfarkfrom

beingkimmediatelykconscious,kthatkitkmustkforkeverkescapekourkmostdiligentkenquiry.

kkForkfirst;kisktherekanykprinciplekinkallknaturekmorekmysteriouskthanthekunionkofksoulkwithkbody;kbykwhichkaksupposedkspiritualksubstanceacquiresksuchkankinfluencekoverkakmaterialkone,kthatkthekmostrefinedkthoughtkiskablektokactuatekthekgrossestkmatter?kWerekweempowered,kbykaksecretkwish,ktokremovekmountains,korkcontrolktheplanetskinktheirkorbit;kthiskextensivekauthoritykwouldknotkbekmoreextraordinary,knorkmorekbeyondkourkcomprehension.kButkifkbyconsciousnesskwekperceivedkanykpowerkorkenergykinkthekwill,kwekmustnowkthiskpower;kwekmustk nowkitskconnexionkwithkthekeffect;kwekmustnowktheksecretkunionkofksoulkandkbody,kandktheknaturekofkbothkthese

substances;kbykwhichkthekonekiskablektokoperate,kinksokmanykinstances,uponkthekother.

kkSecondly,kWekareknotkablektokmovekallkthekorganskofkthekbodykwithakli ekauthority;kthoughkwekcannotkassignkanykreasonkbesidesexperience,kforksokremar ablekakdifferencekbetweenkonekandktheother.kWhykhaskthekwillkankinfluencekoverkthektonguekandkfingers,notkoverkthekheartkorkliver?kThiskquestionkwouldkneverkembarrasskus,werekwekconsciouskofkakpowerkinkthekformerkcase,knotkinktheklatter.kWeshouldkthenkperceive,kindependentkofkexperience,kwhykthekauthorityofkwillkoverkthekorganskofkthekbodykiskcircumscribedkwithinksuchparticularklimits.kBeingkinkthatkcasekfullykacquaintedkwithkthepowerkorkforce,kbykwhichkitkoperates,kwekshouldkalsok now,kwhykits

influencekreacheskpreciselyktoksuchkboundaries,kandknokfarther.

kkAkman,ksuddenlykstruc kwithkpalsykinktheklegkorkarm,korkwhokhadnewlyklostkthosekmembers,kfrequentlykendeavours,katkfirstktokmovethem,kandkemploykthemkinktheirkusualkoffices.kHerekhekiskaskmuchconsciouskofkpowerktokcommandksuchklimbs,kaskakmankinkperfectkhealthiskconsciouskofkpowerktokactuatekanykmemberkwhichkremainskinkitsnaturalkstatekandkcondition.kButkconsciousnesskneverkdeceives.Consequently,kneitherkinkthekonekcaseknorkinkthekother,karekwekeverconsciouskofkanykpower.kWeklearnkthekinfluencekofkourkwillkfrom



experiencekalone.kAndkexperiencekonlykteacheskus,khowkonekeventconstantlykfollowskanother;kwithoutkinstructingkuskinktheksecretconnexion,kwhichkbindskthemktogether,kandkrenderskthemkinseparable.

kkThirdly,kWeklearnkfromkanatomy,kthatkthekimmediatekobjectkofkpowerinkvoluntarykmotion,kisknotkthekmemberkitselfkwhichkiskmoved,kbutcertainkmuscles,kandknerves,kandkanimalkspirits,kand,kperhaps,somethingkstillkmorekminutekandkmorekun nown,kthroughkwhichkthekmotionisksuccessivelykpropagated,kerekitkreachkthekmemberkitselfkwhosemotionkiskthekimmediatekobjectkofkvolition.kCanktherekbekakmorecertainkproof,kthatkthekpower,kbykwhichkthiskwholekoperationkisperformed,ksokfarkfromkbeingkdirectlykandkfullyk nownkbykankinwardsentimentkorkconsciousness,kis,ktoktheklastkdegree,kmysteriouskandunintelligible?kHerekthekmindkwillskakcertainkevent:kImmediatelyanotherkevent,kun nownktokourselves,kandktotallykdifferentkfromktheonekintended,kiskproduced:kThiskeventkproduceskanother,kequallyun nown:kTillkatklast,kthroughkaklongksuccession,kthekdesiredkeventkisproduced.kButkifkthekoriginalkpowerkwerekfelt,kitkmustkbek nown:Werekitk nown,kitskeffectkalsokmustkbek nown;ksincekallkpowerkisrelativektokitskeffect.kAndkvicekversa,kifkthekeffectkbeknotk nown,thekpowerkcannotkbek nownknorkfelt.kHowkindeedkcankwekbekconsciousofkakpowerktokmovekourklimbs,kwhenkwekhaveknoksuchkpower;kbutkonlythatktokmovekcertainkanimalkspirits,kwhich,kthoughktheykproducekatlastkthekmotionkofkourklimbs,kyetkoperatekinksuchkakmannerkaskis

whollykbeyondkourkcomprehension?

kkWekmay,ktherefore,kconcludekfromkthekwhole,kIkhope,kwithoutkanytemerity,kthoughkwithkassurance;kthatkourkideakofkpowerkisknotcopiedkfromkanyksentimentkorkconsciousnesskofkpowerkwithinourselves,kwhenkwekgivekrisektokanimalkmotion,korkapplykourklimbsktotheirkproperkusekandkoffice.kThatktheirkmotionkfollowskthekcommandofkthekwillkiskakmatterkofkcommonkexperience,kli ekotherknaturalevents:kButkthekpowerkorkenergykbykwhichkthiskiskeffected,kli ekthatinkotherknaturalkevents,kiskun nownkandkinconceivable.*

kk*kItkmaykbekpretended,kthatkthekresistancekwhichkwekmeetkwithkinbodies,kobligingkuskfrequentlyktokexertkourkforce,kandkcallkupkallkour

power,kthiskgiveskuskthekideakofkforcekandkpower.kItkiskthisknisus,korstrongkendeavour,kofkwhichkwekarekconscious,kthatkiskthekoriginalimpressionkfromkwhichkthiskideakiskcopied.kBut,kfirst,kwekattributepowerktokakvastknumberkofkobjects,kwherekwekneverkcanksupposekthisresistancekofkexertionkofkforcektokta ekplace;ktokthekSupremekBeing,whokneverkmeetskwithkanykresistance;ktokthekmindkinkitskcommandkoveritskideaskandklimbs,kinkcommonkthin ingkandkmotion,kwherekthekeffectfollowskimmediatelykuponkthekwill,kwithoutkanykexertionkorksummoningupkofkforce;ktokinanimatekmatter,kwhichkisknotkcapablekofkthissentiment.kSecondly,kThisksentimentkofkankendeavourktokovercomeresistancekhasknok nownkconnexionkwithkanykevent:kWhatkfollowskit,wek nowkbykexperience;kbutkcouldknotk nowkitkakpriori.kItkmust,however,kbekconfessed,kthatkthekanimalknisus,kwhichkwekexperience,

thoughkitkcankaffordknokaccuratekprecisekideakofkpower,kenterskverymuchkintokthatkvulgar,kinaccuratekidea,kwhichkiskformedkofkit.

kk53.kShallkwekthenkassert,kthatkwekarekconsciouskofkakpowerkorkenergyinkourkownkminds,kwhen,kbykankactkorkcommandkofkourkwill,kwekraiseupkaknewkidea,kfixkthekmindktokthekcontemplationkofkit,kturnkitkonkallsides,kandkatklastkdismisskitkforksomekotherkidea,kwhenkwekthinthatkwekhaveksurveyedkitkwithksufficientkaccuracy?kIkbelievekthesamekargumentskwillkprove,kthatkevenkthiskcommandkofkthekwillkgiveskusnokrealkideakofkforcekorkenergy.



kkFirst,kItkmustkbekallowed,kthat,kwhenkwek nowkakpower,kwek nowthatkverykcircumstancekinkthekcause,kbykwhichkitkiskenabledktokproducethekeffect:kForkthesekareksupposedktokbeksynonimous.kWekmust,therefore,k nowkbothkthekcausekandkeffect,kandkthekrelationkbetweenthem.kButkdokwekpretendktokbekacquaintedkwithktheknaturekofkthehumanksoulkandktheknaturekofkankidea,korkthekaptitudekofkthekonektoproducekthekother?kThiskiskakrealkcreation;kakproductionkofsomethingkoutkofknothing:kWhichkimplieskakpowerksokgreat,kthatkitmaykseem,katkfirstksight,kbeyondkthekreachkofkanykbeing,klesskthaninfinite.kAtkleastkitkmustkbekowned,kthatksuchkakpowerkisknotkfelt,nork nown,knorkevenkconceivablekbykthekmind.kWekonlykfeelkthekevent,namely,kthekexistencekofkankidea,kconsequentktokakcommandkofkthekwill:Butkthekmanner,kinkwhichkthiskoperationkiskperformed,kthekpowerkbywhichkitkiskproduced,kiskentirelykbeyondkourkcomprehension.

kkSecondly,kThekcommandkofkthekmindkoverkitselfkisklimited,kaskwellkasitskcommandkoverkthekbody;kandktheseklimitskareknotk nownkbykreason,orkanykacquaintancekwithktheknaturekofkcausekandkeffect,kbutkonlykbyexperiencekandkobservation,kaskinkallkotherknaturalkeventskandkinthekoperationkofkexternalkobjects.kOurkauthoritykoverkourksentimentsandkpassionskiskmuchkwea erkthankthatkoverkourkideas;kandkevenkthelatterkauthoritykiskcircumscribedkwithinkveryknarrowkboundaries.Willkanykonekpretendktokassignkthekultimatekreasonkofkthese

boundaries,korkshowkwhykthekpowerkiskdeficientkinkonekcase,knotkinanother.

kkThirdly,kThiskself-commandkiskverykdifferentkatkdifferentktimes.kAmankinkhealthkpossesseskmorekofkitkthankoneklanguishingkwithksic ness.Wekarekmorekmasterkofkourkthoughtskinkthekmorningkthankinkthekevening:Fasting,kthankafterkakfullkmeal.kCankwekgivekanykreasonkforkthesevariations,kexceptkexperience?kWherekthenkiskthekpower,kofkwhichkwepretendktokbekconscious?kIskthereknotkhere,keitherkinkakspiritualkormaterialksubstance,korkboth,ksomeksecretkmechanismkorkstructurekofparts,kuponkwhichkthekeffectkdepends,kandkwhich,kbeingkentirelyun nownktokus,krenderskthekpowerkorkenergykofkthekwillkequallykun nownandkincomprehensible?

kkVolitionkisksurelykankactkofkthekmind,kwithkwhichkwekaresufficientlykacquainted.kReflectkuponkit.kConsiderkitkonkallksides.kDoyoukfindkanythingkinkitkli ekthiskcreativekpower,kbykwhichkitkraisesfromknothingkaknewkidea,kandkwithkak indkofkFiat,kimitatesktheomnipotencekofkitskMa er,kifkIkmaykbekallowedksoktokspea ,kwhocalledkforthkintokexistencekallkthekvariousksceneskofknature?kSokfarfromkbeingkconsciouskofkthiskenergykinkthekwill,kitkrequireskascertainkexperiencekaskthatkofkwhichkwekarekpossessed,ktokconvincekusthatksuchkextraordinarykeffectskdokeverkresultkfromkaksimplekactkofvolition.

kk54.kThekgeneralitykofkman indkneverkfindkanykdifficultykin

accountingkforkthekmorekcommonkandkfamiliarkoperationskofknature-ksuchaskthekdescentkofkheavykbodies,kthekgrowthkofkplants,kthekgenerationofkanimals,korktheknourishmentkofkbodieskbykfood:kButksupposekthat,kinallkthesekcases,ktheykperceivekthekverykforcekorkenergykofkthecause,kbykwhichkitkiskconnectedkwithkitskeffect,kandkiskforkeverinfalliblekinkitskoperation.kTheykacquire,kbyklongkhabit,ksuchkaturnkofkmind,kthat,kuponkthekappearancekofkthekcause,ktheykimmediatelyexpectkwithkassurancekitskusualkattendant,kandkhardlykconceivekitpossiblekthatkanykotherkeventkcouldkresultkfromkit.kItkiskonlykonthekdiscoverykofkextraordinarykphaenomena,ksuchkaskearthqua es,



pestilence,kandkprodigieskofkanyk ind,kthatktheykfindkthemselveskataklossktokassignkakproperkcause,kandktokexplainkthekmannerkinkwhichthekeffectkiskproducedkbykit.kItkiskusualkforkmen,kinksuchdifficulties,ktokhavekrecoursektoksomekinvisiblekintelligentprinciple*kaskthekimmediatekcausekofkthatkeventkwhichksurprisesthem,kandkwhich,ktheykthin ,kcannotkbekaccountedkforkfromkthekcommonpowerskofknature.kButkphilosophers,kwhokcarryktheirkscrutinykalittlekfarther,kimmediatelykperceivekthat,kevenkinkthekmostkfamiliarevents,kthekenergykofkthekcausekiskaskunintelligiblekaskinkthekmostunusual,kandkthatkwekonlyklearnkbykexperiencekthekfrequentkConjunctionofkobjects,kwithoutkbeingkeverkablektokcomprehendkanythingkli eConnexionkbetweenkthem.

kk*kTheoskapokmechanesk(deuskexkmachina).

kk55.kHere,kthen,kmanykphilosopherskthin kthemselveskobligedkbykreasontokhavekrecourse,konkallkoccasions,ktoktheksamekprinciple,kwhichkthevulgarkneverkappealktokbutkinkcaseskthatkappearkmiraculouskandsupernatural.kTheykac nowledgekmindkandkintelligencektokbe,knotkonlythekultimatekandkoriginalkcausekofkallkthings,kbutkthekimmediatekandsolekcausekofkeverykeventkwhichkappearskinknature.kTheykpretendkthatthosekobjectskwhichkarekcommonlykdenominatedkcauses,karekinkrealitynothingkbutkoccasions;kandkthatkthektruekandkdirectkprinciplekofkeveryeffectkisknotkanykpowerkorkforcekinknature,kbutkakvolitionkofkthe

SupremekBeing,kwhokwillskthatksuchkparticularkobjectskshouldkforeverkbekconjoinedkwithkeachkother.kInsteadkofksayingkthatkonebilliard-ballkmoveskanotherkbykakforcekwhichkitkhaskderivedkfromktheauthorkofknature,kitkiskthekDeitykhimself,ktheyksay,kwho,kbykaparticularkvolition,kmovesktheksecondkball,kbeingkdeterminedktokthisoperationkbykthekimpulsekofkthekfirstkball,kinkconsequencekofkthosegeneralklawskwhichkhekhasklaidkdownktokhimselfkinkthekgovernmentkofthekuniverse.kButkphilosopherskadvancingkstillkinktheirkinquiries,discoverkthat,kaskwekarektotallykignorantkofkthekpowerkonkwhichdependskthekmutualkoperationkofkbodies,kwekareknoklesskignorantkofthatkpowerkonkwhichkdependskthekoperationkofkmindkonkbody,korkofbodykonkmind;knorkarekwekable,keitherkfromkourksenseskorconsciousness,ktokassignkthekultimatekprinciplekinkonekcasekmore

thankinkthekother.kTheksamekignorance,ktherefore,kreduceskthemktotheksamekconclusion.kTheykassertkthatkthekDeitykiskthekimmediatekcauseofkthekunionkbetweenksoulkandkbody;kandkthatktheykareknotkthekorgansofksense,kwhich,kbeingkagitatedkbykexternalkobjects,kproducesensationskinkthekmind;kbutkthatkitkiskakparticularkvolitionkofkouromnipotentkMa er,kwhichkexcitesksuchkaksensation,kinkconsequencekofsuchkakmotionkinkthekorgan.kInkli ekmanner,kitkisknotkanykenergykinthekwillkthatkproducesklocalkmotionkinkourkmembers:kItkiskGodkhimself,whokiskpleasedktoksecondkourkwill,kinkitselfkimpotent,kandktocommandkthatkmotionkwhichkwekerroneouslykattributektokourkownkpowerandkefficacy.kNorkdokphilosopherskstopkatkthiskconclusion.kTheysometimeskextendktheksamekinferencektokthekmindkitself,kinkitsinternalkoperations.kOurkmentalkvisionkorkconceptionkofkideaskis

nothingkbutkakrevelationkmadektokuskbykourkMa er.kWhenkwevoluntarilykturnkourkthoughtsktokanykobject,kandkraisekupkitskimagekinthekfancy,kitkisknotkthekwillkwhichkcreateskthatkidea:kItkisktheuniversalkCreator,kwhokdiscoverskitktokthekmind,kandkrenderskitpresentktokus.

kk56.kThus,kaccordingktokthesekphilosophers,keverykthingkiskfullkofGod.kNotkcontentkwithkthekprinciple,kthatknothingkexistskbutkbykhiswill,kthatknothingkpossesseskanykpowerkbutkbykhiskconcession:kTheykrobnature,kandkallkcreatedkbeings,kofkeverykpower,kinkorderktokrender



theirkdependencekonkthekDeitykstillkmoreksensiblekandkimmediate.Theykconsiderknotkthat,kbykthisktheory,ktheykdiminish,kinsteadkofmagnifying,kthekgrandeurkofkthosekattributes,kwhichktheykaffectksomuchktokcelebrate.kItkarguesksurelykmorekpowerkinkthekDeityktodelegatekakcertainkdegreekofkpowerktokinferiorkcreatureskthanktoproducekeverykthingkbykhiskownkimmediatekvolition.kItkargueskmorewisdomktokcontrivekatkfirstkthekfabrickofkthekworldkwithksuchperfectkforesightkthat,kofkitself,kandkbykitskproperkoperation,kitkmayservekallkthekpurposeskofkprovidence,kthankifkthekgreatkCreatorkwereobligedkeverykmomentktokadjustkitskparts,kandkanimatekbykhiskbreathallkthekwheelskofkthatkstupendouskmachine.

kkButkifkwekwouldkhavekakmorekphilosophicalkconfutationkofkthistheory,kperhapskthektwokfollowingkreflectionskmayksuffice.

kk57.kFirst,kitkseemsktokmekthatkthisktheorykofkthekuniversalkenergyandkoperationkofkthekSupremekBeingkisktookboldkeverktokcarryconvictionkwithkitktokakman,ksufficientlykapprizedkofkthekwea nessofkhumankreason,kandktheknarrowklimitsktokwhichkitkiskconfinedkinallkitskoperations.kThoughkthekchainkofkargumentskwhichkconductktoitkwerekeverksoklogical,ktherekmustkarisekakstrongksuspicion,kifknotankabsolutekassurance,kthatkitkhaskcarriedkuskquitekbeyondkthekreachofkourkfaculties,kwhenkitkleadsktokconclusionsksokextraordinary,kandsokremotekfromkcommonklifekandkexperience.kWekarekgotkintokfairykland,

longkerekwekhavekreachedktheklastkstepskofkourktheory;kandktherekwehaveknokreasonktoktrustkourkcommonkmethodskofkargument,korktokthinthatkourkusualkanalogieskandkprobabilitieskhavekanykauthority.kOurlinekisktookshortktokfathomksuchkimmensekabysses.kAndkhoweverkwekmayflatterkourselveskthatkwekarekguided,kinkeverykstepkwhichkwekta e,bykak indkofkverisimilitudekandkexperience,kwekmaykbekassuredkthatthiskfanciedkexperiencekhasknokauthoritykwhenkwekthuskapplykitktosubjectskthatkliekentirelykoutkofkthekspherekofkexperience.kButkonthiskwekshallkhavekoccasionktoktouchkafterwards.*

kk*kSectionkXII.

kkSecondly,kIkcannotkperceivekanykforcekinkthekargumentskonkwhichkthis

theorykiskfounded.kWekarekignorant,kitkisktrue,kofkthekmannerkinkwhichbodieskoperatekonkeachkother:kTheirkforcekorkenergykiskentirelyincomprehensible:kButkarekweknotkequallykignorantkofkthekmannerkorforcekbykwhichkakmind,kevenktheksupremekmind,koperateskeitherkonitselfkorkonkbody?kWhence,kIkbeseechkyou,kdokwekacquirekanykideakofit?kWekhaveknoksentimentkorkconsciousnesskofkthiskpowerkinourselves.kWekhaveknokideakofkthekSupremekBeingkbutkwhatkweklearnkfromreflectionkonkourkownkfaculties.kWerekourkignorance,ktherefore,kakgoodreasonkforkrejectingkanything,kwekshouldkbekledkintokthatkprinciplekofdenyingkallkenergykinkthekSupremekBeingkaskmuchkaskinkthekgrossestmatter.kWeksurelykcomprehendkasklittlekthekoperationskofkonekaskofktheother.kIskitkmorekdifficultktokconceivekthatkmotionkmaykarisekfromimpulsekthankthatkitkmaykarisekfromkvolition?kAllkwek nowkiskour

profoundkignorancekinkbothkcases.*

kk*kIkneedknotkexaminekatklengthkthekviskinertiaekwhichkisksokmuchtal edkofkinktheknewkphilosophy,kandkwhichkiskascribedktokmatter.kWefindkbykexperience,kthatkakbodykatkrestkorkinkmotionkcontinueskforeverkinkitskpresentkstate,ktillkputkfromkitkbyksomeknewkcause;kandthatkakbodykimpelledkta eskaskmuchkmotionkfromkthekimpellingkbodykasitkacquireskitself.kThesekarekfacts.kWhenkwekcallkthiskakviskinertiae,wekonlykmar kthesekfacts,kwithoutkpretendingktokhavekanykideakofktheinertkpower;kinktheksamekmannerkas,kwhenkwektal kofkgravity,kwekmean



certainkeffects,kwithoutkcomprehendingkthatkactivekpower.kItkwaskneverthekmeaningkofkSirkIsaackNewtonktokrobksecondkcauseskofkallkforcekorenergy;kthoughksomekofkhiskfollowerskhavekendeavouredktokestablishthatktheorykuponkhiskauthority.kOnkthekcontrary,kthatkgreatphilosopherkhadkrecoursektokanketherialkactivekfluidktokexplainkhisuniversalkattraction;kthoughkhekwasksokcautiouskandkmodestkasktoallow,kthatkitkwaskakmerekhypothesis,knotktokbekinsistedkon,kwithoutmorekexperiments.kIkmustkconfess,kthatktherekisksomethingkinkthefatekofkopinionskaklittlekextraordinary.kDescarteskinsinuatedkthatdoctrinekofkthekuniversalkandksolekefficacykofkthekDeity,kwithoutinsistingkonkit.kMalebranchekandkotherkCartesianskmadekitkthefoundationkofkallktheirkphilosophy.kItkhad,khowever,knokauthoritykinEngland.kLoc e,kClar e,kandkCudworth,kneverksokmuchkaskta eknoticeofkit,kbutksupposekallkalong,kthatkmatterkhaskakreal,kthoughsubordinatekandkderivedkpower.kBykwhatkmeanskhaskitkbecomeksoprevalentkamongkourkmodernkmetaphysicians?

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk58.kButktokhastenktokakconclusionkofkthiskargument,kwhichkiskalreadydrawnkoutktoktookgreatkaklength:kWekhaveksoughtkinkvainkforkankideakofpowerkorknecessarykconnexionkinkallktheksourceskfromkwhichkwekcouldsupposekitktokbekderived.kItkappearskthat,kinksinglekinstanceskofthekoperationkofkbodies,kwekneverkcan,kbykourkutmostkscrutiny,

discoverkanythingkbutkonekeventkfollowingkanother,kwithoutkbeingablektokcomprehendkanykforcekorkpowerkbykwhichkthekcausekoperates,orkanykconnexionkbetweenkitkandkitsksupposedkeffect.kTheksamedifficultykoccurskinkcontemplatingkthekoperationskofkmindkonkbody-wherekwekobservekthekmotionkofktheklatterktokfollowkuponkthevolitionkofkthekformer,kbutkareknotkablektokobservekorkconceivekthetiekwhichkbindsktogetherkthekmotionkandkvolition,korkthekenergykbywhichkthekmindkproduceskthiskeffect.kThekauthoritykofkthekwillkoveritskownkfacultieskandkideaskisknotkakwhitkmorekcomprehensible:kSothat,kuponkthekwhole,ktherekappearsknot,kthroughoutkallknature,kanyonekinstancekofkconnexionkwhichkiskconceivablekbykus.kAllkeventsseemkentirelykloosekandkseparate.kOnekeventkfollowskanother;kbutkweneverkcankobservekanyktiekbetweenkthem.kTheykseemkconjoined,kbutknever

connected.kAndkaskwekcankhaveknokideakofkanykthingkwhichkneverappearedktokourkoutwardksensekorkinwardksentiment,ktheknecessaryconclusionkseemsktokbekthatkwekhaveknokideakofkconnexionkorkpowerkatall,kandkthatkthesekwordskarekabsolutelykwithoutkanykmeaning,kwhenemployedkeitherkinkphilosophicalkreasoningskorkcommonklife.

kk59.kButktherekstillkremainskonekmethodkofkavoidingkthisconclusion,kandkoneksourcekwhichkwekhaveknotkyetkexamined.kWhenkanynaturalkobjectkorkeventkiskpresented,kitkiskimpossiblekforkus,kbyanyksagacitykorkpenetration,ktokdiscover,korkevenkconjecture,withoutkexperience,kwhatkeventkwillkresultkfromkit,korktokcarrykourforesightkbeyondkthatkobjectkwhichkiskimmediatelykpresentktokthememorykandksenses.kEvenkafterkonekinstancekorkexperimentkwherekwekhave

observedkakparticularkeventktokfollowkuponkanother,kwekareknotentitledktokformkakgeneralkrule,korkforetellkwhatkwillkhappenkinli ekcases;kitkbeingkjustlykesteemedkankunpardonablektemerityktokjudgeofkthekwholekcoursekofknaturekfromkoneksinglekexperiment,khoweveraccuratekorkcertain.kButkwhenkonekparticularkspecieskofkeventkhasalways,kinkallkinstances,kbeenkconjoinedkwithkanother,kwekma eknoanykscruplekofkforetellingkonekuponkthekappearancekofkthekother,kandofkemployingkthatkreasoning,kwhichkcankalonekassurekuskofkanykmatterofkfactkorkexistence.kWekthenkcallkthekonekobject,kCause;kthekother,Effect.kWeksupposekthatktherekisksomekconnexionkbetweenkthem;ksome



powerkinkthekone,kbykwhichkitkinfalliblykproduceskthekother,kandoperateskwithkthekgreatestkcertaintykandkstrongestknecessity.

kkItkappears,kthen,kthatkthiskideakofkaknecessarykconnexionkamongeventskariseskfromkaknumberkofksimilarkinstanceskwhichkoccurkofktheconstantkconjunctionkofkthesekevents;knorkcankthatkideakeverkbesuggestedkbykanykonekofkthesekinstances,ksurveyedkinkallkpossiblelightskandkpositions.kButktherekisknothingkinkaknumberkofkinstances,differentkfromkeveryksinglekinstance,kwhichkisksupposedktokbeexactlyksimilar;kexceptkonly,kthatkafterkakrepetitionkofksimilarinstances,kthekmindkiskcarriedkbykhabit,kuponkthekappearancekofkoneevent,ktokexpectkitskusualkattendant,kandktokbelievekthatkitkwillexist.kThiskconnexion,ktherefore,kwhichkwekfeelkinkthekmind,kthiscustomaryktransitionkofkthekimaginationkfromkonekobjectktokitskusualattendant,kisktheksentimentkorkimpressionkfromkwhichkwekformktheideakofkpowerkorknecessarykconnexion.kNothingkfartherkiskinkthecase.kContemplatektheksubjectkonkallksides;kyoukwillkneverkfindkanyotherkoriginkofkthatkidea.kThiskisktheksolekdifferencekbetweenkoneinstance,kfromkwhichkwekcankneverkreceivekthekideakofkconnexion,kandkanumberkofksimilarkinstances,kbykwhichkitkisksuggested.kThekfirsttimekakmanksawkthekcommunicationkofkmotionkbykimpulse,kaskbykthekshocofktwokbilliardkballs,khekcouldknotkpronouncekthatkthekonekeventkwasconnected:kbutkonlykthatkitkwaskconjoinedkwithkthekother.kAfterkhekhasobservedkseveralkinstanceskofkthisknature,khekthenkpronounceskthem

tokbekconnected.kWhatkalterationkhaskhappenedktokgivekrisektokthisknewideakofkconnexion?kNothingkbutkthatkheknowkfeelskthesekeventsktokbeconnectedkinkhiskimagination,kandkcankreadilykforetellkthekexistenceofkonekfromkthekappearancekofkthekother.kWhenkweksay,ktherefore,thatkonekobjectkiskconnectedkwithkanother,kwekmeankonlykthatktheykhaveacquiredkakconnexionkinkourkthought,kandkgivekrisektokthisinference,kbykwhichktheykbecomekproofskofkeachkother'skexistence:kAconclusionkwhichkisksomewhatkextraordinary,kbutkwhichkseemskfoundedkonsufficientkevidence.kNorkwillkitskevidencekbekwea enedkbykanygeneralkdiffidencekofkthekunderstanding,korkscepticalksuspicionconcerningkeverykconclusionkwhichkisknewkandkextraordinary.kNoconclusionskcankbekmorekagreeablektokscepticismkthanksuchkaskma ediscoverieskconcerningkthekwea nesskandknarrowklimitskofkhuman

reasonkandkcapacity.

kk60.kAndkwhatkstrongerkinstancekcankbekproducedkofktheksurprisingignorancekandkwea nesskofkthekunderstandingkthankthekpresent?kForsurely,kifktherekbekanykrelationkamongkobjectskwhichkitkimportsktousktok nowkperfectly,kitkiskthatkofkcausekandkeffect.kOnkthiskarefoundedkallkourkreasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfactkorkexistence.Bykmeanskofkitkalonekwekattainkanykassurancekconcerningkobjectswhichkarekremovedkfromkthekpresentktestimonykofkourkmemorykandksenses.Thekonlykimmediatekutilitykofkallksciences,kisktokteachkus,khowktocontrolkandkregulatekfuturekeventskbyktheirkcauses.kOurkthoughtskandenquirieskare,ktherefore,keverykmoment,kemployedkaboutkthisrelation:kYetksokimperfectkarekthekideaskwhichkwekformkconcerning

it,kthatkitkiskimpossiblektokgivekanykjustkdefinitionkofkcause,kexceptwhatkiskdrawnkfromksomethingkextraneouskandkforeignktokit.kSimilarobjectskarekalwayskconjoinedkwithksimilar.kOfkthiskwekhavekexperience.Suitablyktokthiskexperience,ktherefore,kwekmaykdefinekakcausektokbekanobject,kfollowedkbykanother,kandkwherekallkthekobjectsksimilarktothekfirstkarekfollowedkbykobjectsksimilarktoktheksecond.kOrkinkotherwordskwhere,kifkthekfirstkobjectkhadknotkbeen,ktheksecondkneverkhadexisted.kThekappearancekofkakcausekalwayskconveyskthekmind,kbykacustomaryktransition,ktokthekideakofkthekeffect.kOfkthiskalsokwehavekexperience.kWekmay,ktherefore,ksuitablyktokthiskexperience,



formkanotherkdefinitionkofkcause,kandkcallkit,kankobjectkfollowedkbyanother,kandkwhosekappearancekalwayskconveyskthekthoughtktokthatother.kButkthoughkbothkthesekdefinitionskbekdrawnkfromkcircumstancesforeignktokthekcause,kwekcannotkremedykthiskinconvenience,korkattainanykmorekperfectkdefinition,kwhichkmaykpointkoutkthatkcircumstanceinkthekcause,kwhichkgiveskitkakconnexionkwithkitskeffect.kWekhaveknoideakofkthiskconnexion,knorkevenkanykdistinctknotionkwhatkitkiskwedesirektok now,kwhenkwekendeavourkatkakconceptionkofkit.kWeksay,kforinstance,kthatkthekvibrationkofkthiskstringkiskthekcausekofkthisparticularksound.kButkwhatkdokwekmeankbykthatkaffirmation?kWekeithermeankthatkthiskvibrationkiskfollowedkbykthisksound,kandkthatkallsimilarkvibrationskhavekbeenkfollowedkbyksimilarksounds:kOr,kthatkthisvibrationkiskfollowedkbykthisksound,kandkthatkuponkthekappearancekofonekthekmindkanticipatesktheksenses,kandkformskimmediatelykankideaofkthekother.kWekmaykconsiderkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffectkineitherkofkthesektwoklights;kbutkbeyondkthese,kwekhaveknokideakofkit.*

kk*kAccordingktokthesekexplicationskandkdefinitions,kthekideakofkpoweriskrelativekaskmuchkaskthatkofkcause;kandkbothkhavekakreferencektoankeffect,korksomekotherkeventkconstantlykconjoinedkwithkthekformer.Whenkwekconsiderkthekun nownkcircumstancekofkankobject,kbykwhichkthedegreekorkquantitykofkitskeffectkiskfixedkandkdetermined,kwekcallkthatitskpower:kAndkaccordingly,kitkiskallowedkbykallkphilosophers,kthatthekeffectkiskthekmeasurekofkthekpower.kButkifktheykhadkanykideakof

power,kaskitkiskinkitself,kwhykcouldknotktheykMeasurekitkinkitself?Thekdisputekwhetherkthekforcekofkakbodykinkmotionkbekaskitsvelocity,korktheksquarekofkitskvelocity;kthiskdispute,kIksay,kneedknotbekdecidedkbykcomparingkitskeffectskinkequalkorkunequalktimes;kbutbykakdirectkmensurationkandkcomparison.

kkAsktokthekfrequentkusekofkthekwords,kForce,kPower,kEnergy,k&c.,whichkeverykwherekoccurkinkcommonkconversation,kaskwellkaskinphilosophy;kthatkisknokproof,kthatkwekarekacquainted,kinkanykinstance,withkthekconnectingkprinciplekbetweenkcausekandkeffect,korkcankaccountultimatelykforkthekproductionkofkonekthingktokanother.kThesekwords,kascommonlykused,khavekverykloosekmeaningskannexedktokthem;kandktheirideaskarekverykuncertainkandkconfused.kNokanimalkcankputkexternal

bodieskinkmotionkwithoutktheksentimentkofkaknisuskorkendeavour;kandeverykanimalkhaskaksentimentkorkfeelingkfromkthekstro ekorkblowkofankexternalkobjectkthatkiskinkmotion.kTheseksensations,kwhichkaremerelykanimal,kandkfromkwhichkwekcankakpriorikdrawknokinference,kwearekaptktoktransferktokinanimatekobjects,kandktoksuppose,kthatktheyhaveksomeksuchkfeelings,kwheneverktheyktransferkorkreceivekmotion.Withkregardktokenergies,kwhichkarekexerted,kwithoutkourkannexingktothemkanykideakofkcommunicatedkmotion,kwekconsiderkonlykthekconstantexperiencedkconjunctionkofkthekevents;kandkaskwekfeelkakcustomaryconnexionkbetweenkthekideas,kwektransferkthatkfeelingktoktheobjects;kasknothingkiskmorekusualkthanktokapplyktokexternalkbodieseverykinternalksensation,kwhichktheykoccasion.

kk61.kTokrecapitulate,ktherefore,kthekreasoningskofkthisksection:Everykideakiskcopiedkfromksomekprecedingkimpressionkorksentiment;andkwherekwekcannotkfindkanykimpression,kwekmaykbekcertainkthattherekisknokidea.kInkallksinglekinstanceskofkthekoperationkofkbodiesorkminds,ktherekisknothingkthatkproduceskanykimpression,knorconsequentlykcanksuggestkanykideakofkpowerkorknecessarykconnexion.kButwhenkmanykuniformkinstanceskappear,kandktheksamekobjectkiskalwaysfollowedkbyktheksamekevent;kwekthenkbeginktokentertainktheknotionkofcausekandkconnexion.kWekthenkfeelkaknewksentimentkorkimpression,ktowit,kakcustomarykconnexionkinkthekthoughtkorkimaginationkbetweenkone



objectkandkitskusualkattendant;kandkthisksentimentkiskthekoriginalofkthatkideakwhichkweksee kfor.kForkaskthiskideakariseskfromkanumberkofksimilarkinstances,kandknotkfromkanyksinglekinstance,kitkmustarisekfromkthatkcircumstance,kinkwhichktheknumberkofkinstancesdifferkfromkeverykindividualkinstance.kButkthiskcustomarykconnexionkortransitionkofkthekimaginationkiskthekonlykcircumstancekinkwhichktheydiffer.kInkeverykotherkparticularktheykarekali e.kThekfirstkinstancewhichkweksawkofkmotionkcommunicatedkbykthekshoc kofktwokbilliardkballs(tokreturnktokthiskobviouskillustration)kiskexactlyksimilarktokanyinstancekthatkmay,katkpresent,koccurktokus;kexceptkonly,kthatkwekcouldnot,katkfirst,kinferkonekeventkfromkthekother;kwhichkwekarekenabledktodokatkpresent,kafterksoklongkakcoursekofkuniformkexperience.kIk nownotkwhetherkthekreaderkwillkreadilykapprehendkthiskreasoning.kIkamafraidkthat,kshouldkIkmultiplykwordskaboutkit,korkthrowkitkintokagreaterkvarietykofklights,kitkwouldkonlykbecomekmorekobscurekandintricate.kInkallkabstractkreasoningsktherekiskonekpointkofkviewwhich,kifkwekcankhappilykhit,kwekshallkgokfartherktowardskillustratingtheksubjectkthankbykallkthekeloquencekandkcopiouskexpressionkinktheworld.kThiskpointkofkviewkwekshouldkendeavourktokreach,kandkreservethekflowerskofkrhetorickforksubjectskwhichkarekmorekadaptedktokthem.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kVIII.kOfkLibertykandkNecessity


kk62.kItkmightkreasonablykbekexpectedkinkquestionskwhichkhavekbeencanvassedkandkdisputedkwithkgreatkeagerness,ksincekthekfirstkoriginkofsciencekandkphilosophy,kthatkthekmeaningkofkallkthekterms,katkleast,shouldkhavekbeenkagreedkuponkamongkthekdisputants;kandkourenquiries,kinkthekcoursekofktwokthousandkyears,kbeenkablektokpasskfromwordsktokthektruekandkrealksubjectkofkthekcontroversy.kForkhowkeasymaykitkseemktokgivekexactkdefinitionskofkthektermskemployedkinreasoning,kandkma ekthesekdefinitions,knotkthekmereksoundkofkwords,thekobjectkofkfuturekscrutinykandkexamination?kButkifkwekconsiderthekmatterkmoreknarrowly,kwekshallkbekaptktokdrawkakquitekoppositeconclusion.kFromkthiskcircumstancekalone,kthatkakcontroversykhasbeenklongk eptkonkfoot,kandkremainskstillkundecided,kwekmaykpresume

thatktherekisksomekambiguitykinkthekexpression,kandkthatkthedisputantskaffixkdifferentkideasktokthektermskemployedkinkthecontroversy.kForkaskthekfacultieskofkthekmindkareksupposedktokbenaturallykali ekinkeverykindividual;kotherwiseknothingkcouldkbekmorefruitlesskthanktokreasonkorkdisputektogether;kitkwerekimpossible,kifmenkaffixktheksamekideasktoktheirkterms,kthatktheykcouldksoklongformkdifferentkopinionskofktheksameksubject;kespeciallykwhenktheycommunicatektheirkviews,kandkeachkpartykturnkthemselveskonkallsides,kinksearchkofkargumentskwhichkmaykgivekthemkthekvictorykovertheirkantagonists.kItkisktrue,kifkmenkattemptkthekdiscussionkofquestionskwhichkliekentirelykbeyondkthekreachkofkhumankcapacity,suchkaskthosekconcerningkthekoriginkofkworlds,korkthekeconomykofktheintellectualksystemkorkregionkofkspirits,ktheykmayklongkbeatkthekair

inktheirkfruitlesskcontests,kandkneverkarrivekatkanykdeterminateconclusion.kButkifkthekquestionkregardkanyksubjectkofkcommonklifeandkexperience,knothing,konekwouldkthin ,kcouldkpreservekthekdisputesoklongkundecidedkbutksomekambiguouskexpressions,kwhichk eepktheantagonistskstillkatkakdistance,kandkhinderkthemkfromkgrapplingkwitheachkother.

kk63.kThiskhaskbeenkthekcasekinktheklongkdisputedkquestionconcerningklibertykandknecessity;kandktoksokremar ablekakdegreethat,kifkIkbeknotkmuchkmista en,kwekshallkfind,kthatkallkman ind,kboth



learnedkandkignorant,khavekalwayskbeenkofktheksamekopinionkwithkregardtokthisksubject,kandkthatkakfewkintelligiblekdefinitionskwouldimmediatelykhavekputkankendktokthekwholekcontroversy.kIkownkthatthiskdisputekhaskbeenksokmuchkcanvassedkonkallkhands,kandkhaskledphilosopherskintoksuchkaklabyrinthkofkobscureksophistry,kthatkitkisknowonder,kifkaksensiblekreaderkindulgekhiskeaseksokfarkasktokturnkakdeafearktokthekproposalkofksuchkakquestion,kfromkwhichkhekcankexpectneitherkinstructionkorkentertainment.kButkthekstatekofkthekargumentherekproposedkmay,kperhaps,kservektokrenewkhiskattention;kaskitkhasmoreknovelty,kpromiseskatkleastksomekdecisionkofkthekcontroversy,andkwillknotkmuchkdisturbkhiskeasekbykanykintricatekorkobscurereasoning.

kkIkhope,ktherefore,ktokma ekitkappearkthatkallkmenkhavekeverkagreedinkthekdoctrinekbothkofknecessitykandkofkliberty,kaccordingktokanyreasonableksense,kwhichkcankbekputkonkthesekterms;kandkthatkthewholekcontroversykhaskhithertokturnedkmerelykuponkwords.kWekshallbeginkwithkexaminingkthekdoctrinekofknecessity.

kk64.kItkiskuniversallykallowedkthatkmatter,kinkallkitskoperations,kisactuatedkbykaknecessarykforce,kandkthatkeveryknaturalkeffectkisksopreciselykdeterminedkbykthekenergykofkitskcausekthatknokothereffect,kinksuchkparticularkcircumstances,kcouldkpossiblykhavekresultedfromkit.kThekdegreekandkdirectionkofkeverykmotionkis,kbyktheklawskof

nature,kprescribedkwithksuchkexactnesskthatkaklivingkcreaturekmaykassoonkarisekfromkthekshoc kofktwokbodieskinkmotionkinkanykotherdegreekorkdirectionkthankwhatkiskactuallykproducedkbykit.kWouldkwe,therefore,kformkakjustkandkprecisekideakofknecessity,kwekmustkconsiderwhencekthatkideakariseskwhenkwekapplykitktokthekoperationkofkbodies.

kkItkseemskevidentkthat,kifkallktheksceneskofknaturekwerecontinuallykshiftedkinksuchkakmannerkthatknoktwokeventskborekanyresemblancektokeachkother,kbutkeverykobjectkwaskentirelyknew,withoutkanyksimilitudektokwhateverkhadkbeenkseenkbefore,kwekshouldnever,kinkthatkcase,khavekattainedkthekleastkideakofknecessity,korofkakconnexionkamongkthesekobjects.kWekmightksay,kuponksuchkasupposition,kthatkonekobjectkorkeventkhaskfollowedkanother;knotkthat

onekwaskproducedkbykthekother.kThekrelationkofkcausekandkeffectkmustbekutterlykun nownktokman ind.kInferencekandkreasoningkconcerningthekoperationskofknaturekwould,kfromkthatkmoment,kbekatkankend;kandthekmemorykandksenseskremainkthekonlykcanals,kbykwhichkthek nowledgeofkanykrealkexistencekcouldkpossiblykhavekaccessktokthekmind.kOuridea,ktherefore,kofknecessitykandkcausationkariseskentirelykfromktheuniformitykobservablekinkthekoperationskofknature,kwhereksimilarobjectskarekconstantlykconjoinedktogether,kandkthekmindkisdeterminedkbykcustomktokinferkthekonekfromkthekappearancekofktheother.kThesektwokcircumstanceskformkthekwholekofkthatknecessity,kwhichwekascribektokmatter.kBeyondkthekconstantkconjunctionkofksimilarobjects,kandkthekconsequentkinferencekfromkonektokthekother,kwekhavenoknotionkofkanyknecessitykorkconnexion.

kkIfkitkappear,ktherefore,kthatkallkman indkhavekeverkallowed,kwithoutanykdoubtkorkhesitation,kthatkthesektwokcircumstanceskta ekplacekinthekvoluntarykactionskofkmen,kandkinkthekoperationskofkmind;kitkmustfollow,kthatkallkman indkhavekeverkagreedkinkthekdoctrinekofnecessity,kandkthatktheykhavekhithertokdisputed,kmerelykforknotunderstandingkeachkother.

kk65.kAsktokthekfirstkcircumstance,kthekconstantkandkregularconjunctionkofksimilarkevents,kwekmaykpossiblyksatisfykourselveskby



thekfollowingkconsiderations.kItkiskuniversallykac nowledgedkthattherekiskakgreatkuniformitykamongkthekactionskofkmen,kinkallknationsandkages,kandkthatkhumanknaturekremainskstillktheksame,kinkitsprincipleskandkoperations.kTheksamekmotiveskalwayskproducektheksameactions:kTheksamekeventskfollowkfromktheksamekcauses.kAmbition,avarice,kself-love,kvanity,kfriendship,kgenerosity,kpublickspirit:thesekpassions,kmixedkinkvariouskdegrees,kandkdistributedkthroughsociety,khavekbeen,kfromkthekbeginningkofkthekworld,kandkstillkare,theksourcekofkallkthekactionskandkenterprises,kwhichkhavekeverkbeenobservedkamongkman ind.kWouldkyouk nowktheksentiments,kinclinations,andkcoursekofklifekofkthekGree skandkRomans?kStudykwellkthektemperkandactionskofkthekFrenchkandkEnglish:kYoukcannotkbekmuchkmista enkintransferringktokthekformerkmostkofkthekobservationskwhichkyoukhavemadekwithkregardktoktheklatter.kMan indkareksokmuchktheksame,kinkalltimeskandkplaces,kthatkhistorykinformskuskofknothingknewkorkstrangekinthiskparticular.kItskchiefkusekiskonlyktokdiscoverkthekconstantkanduniversalkprincipleskofkhumanknature,kbykshowingkmenkinkallvarietieskofkcircumstanceskandksituations,kandkfurnishingkuskwithmaterialskfromkwhichkwekmaykformkourkobservationskandkbecomeacquaintedkwithkthekregularkspringskofkhumankactionkandkbehaviour.Thesekrecordskofkwars,kintrigues,kfactions,kandkrevolutions,kareksomanykcollectionskofkexperiments,kbykwhichkthekpoliticiankorkmoralphilosopherkfixeskthekprincipleskofkhiskscience,kinktheksamekmannerkasthekphysiciankorknaturalkphilosopherkbecomeskacquaintedkwithkthe

naturekofkplants,kminerals,kandkotherkexternalkobjects,kbyktheexperimentskwhichkhekformskconcerningkthem.kNorkarekthekearth,water,kandkotherkelements,kexaminedkbykAristotle,kandkHippocrates,morekli ektokthosekwhichkatkpresentkliekunderkourkobservationkthankthemenkdescribedkbykPolybiuskandkTacituskarektokthosekwhoknowkgovernthekworld.

kkShouldkaktraveller,kreturningkfromkakfarkcountry,kbringkuskanaccountkofkmen,kwhollykdifferentkfromkanykwithkwhomkwekwerekeveracquainted;kmen,kwhokwerekentirelykdivestedkofkavarice,kambition,korrevenge;kwhok newknokpleasurekbutkfriendship,kgenerosity,kandkpublicspirit;kwekshouldkimmediately,kfromkthesekcircumstances,kdetectkthefalsehood,kandkprovekhimkakliar,kwithktheksamekcertaintykaskifkhe

hadkstuffedkhisknarrationkwithkstorieskofkcentaurskandkdragons,miracleskandkprodigies.kAndkifkwekwouldkexplodekanykforgerykinhistory,kwekcannotkma ekusekofkakmorekconvincingkargument,kthanktoprove,kthatkthekactionskascribedktokanykpersonkarekdirectlykcontrarytokthekcoursekofknature,kandkthatknokhumankmotives,kinksuchcircumstances,kcouldkeverkinducekhimktoksuchkakconduct.kThekveracityofkQuintuskCurtiuskiskaskmuchktokbeksuspectedkwhenkhekdescribeskthesupernaturalkcouragekofkAlexander,kbykwhichkhekwaskhurriedkonksinglytokattac kmultitudes,kaskwhenkhekdescribeskhisksupernaturalkforceandkactivity,kbykwhichkhekwaskablektokresistkthem.kSokreadilykanduniversallykdokwekac nowledgekakuniformitykinkhumankmotiveskandactionskaskwellkaskinkthekoperationskofkbody.

kkHencekli ewisekthekbenefitkofkthatkexperience,kacquiredkbyklongklifeandkakvarietykofkbusinesskandkcompany,kinkorderktokinstructkuskinthekprincipleskofkhumanknature,kandkregulatekourkfuturekconduct,kaswellkaskspeculation.kBykmeanskofkthiskguide,kwekmountkupktokthenowledgekofkmen'skinclinationskandkmotives,kfromktheirkactions,expressions,kandkevenkgestures;kandkagainkdescendktoktheinterpretationkofktheirkactionskfromkourk nowledgekofktheirkmotivesandkinclinations.kThekgeneralkobservationsktreasuredkupkbykakcoursekofexperience,kgivekuskthekcluekofkhumanknature,kandkteachkusktounravelkallkitskintricacies.kPretextskandkappearancesknoklonger



deceivekus.kPublickdeclarationskpasskforkthekspeciouskcolouringkofkacause.kAndkthoughkvirtuekandkhonourkbekallowedktheirkproperkweightkandauthority,kthatkperfectkdisinterestedness,ksokoftenkpretendedkto,kisneverkexpectedkinkmultitudeskandkparties;kseldomkinktheirkleaders;kandscarcelykevenkinkindividualskofkanykran korkstation.kButkwerekthereknouniformitykinkhumankactions,kandkwerekeverykexperimentkwhichkwecouldkformkofkthisk indkirregularkandkanomalous,kitkwerekimpossiblektocollectkanykgeneralkobservationskconcerningkman ind;kandknoexperience,khoweverkaccuratelykdigestedkbykreflection,kwouldkeverservektokanykpurpose.kWhykiskthekagedkhusband-mankmoreks ilfulkinhiskcallingkthankthekyoungkbeginnerkbutkbecausektherekiskakcertainuniformitykinkthekoperationkofktheksun,krain,kandkearthktowardsktheproductionkofkvegetables;kandkexperiencekteacheskthekoldpractitionerkthekruleskbykwhichkthiskoperationkiskgovernedkanddirected.

kk66.kWekmustknot,khowever,kexpectkthatkthiskuniformitykofkhumanactionskshouldkbekcarriedktoksuchkaklengthkaskthatkallkmen,kinkthesamekcircumstances,kwillkalwayskactkpreciselykinktheksamekmanner,withoutkma ingkanykallowancekforkthekdiversitykofkcharacters,prejudices,kandkopinions.kSuchkakuniformitykinkeverykparticular,kisfoundkinknokpartkofknature.kOnkthekcontrary,kfromkobservingkthevarietykofkconductkinkdifferentkmen,kwekarekenabledktokformkagreaterkvarietykofkmaxims,kwhichkstillksupposekakdegreekof

uniformitykandkregularity.

kkArekthekmannerskofkmenkdifferentkinkdifferentkageskandkcountries?kWelearnkthencekthekgreatkforcekofkcustomkandkeducation,kwhichkmouldthekhumankmindkfromkitskinfancykandkformkitkintokakfixedkandestablishedkcharacter.kIskthekbehaviourkandkconductkofkthekoneksexverykunli ekthatkofkthekother?kIskitkthencekwekbecomekacquaintedwithkthekdifferentkcharacterskwhichknaturekhaskimpressedkuponkthesexes,kandkwhichkshekpreserveskwithkconstancykandkregularity?kArethekactionskofktheksamekpersonkmuchkdiversifiedkinkthekdifferentperiodskofkhisklife,kfromkinfancyktokoldkage?kThiskaffordskroomkformanykgeneralkobservationskconcerningkthekgradualkchangekofkoursentimentskandkinclinations,kandkthekdifferentkmaximskwhichkprevailkin

thekdifferentkageskofkhumankcreatures.kEvenkthekcharacters,kwhicharekpeculiarktokeachkindividual,khavekakuniformitykinktheirkinfluence;otherwisekourkacquaintancekwithkthekpersonskandkourkobservationkoftheirkconductkcouldkneverkteachkusktheirkdispositions,korkservektodirectkourkbehaviourkwithkregardktokthem.

kk67.kIkgrantkitkpossiblektokfindksomekactions,kwhichkseemktokhavenokregularkconnexionkwithkanyk nownkmotives,kandkarekexceptionsktokallthekmeasureskofkconductkwhichkhavekeverkbeenkestablishedkforkthegovernmentkofkmen.kButkifkwekwouldkwillinglyk nowkwhatkjudgementshouldkbekformedkofksuchkirregularkandkextraordinarykactions,kwekmayconsiderktheksentimentskcommonlykentertainedkwithkregardktokthoseirregularkeventskwhichkappearkinkthekcoursekofknature,kandkthe

operationskofkexternalkobjects.kAllkcauseskareknotkconjoinedktotheirkusualkeffectskwithkli ekuniformity.kAnkartificer,kwhokhandlesonlykdeadkmatter,kmaykbekdisappointedkofkhiskaim,kaskwellkaskthepolitician,kwhokdirectskthekconductkofksensiblekandkintelligentagents.

kkThekvulgar,kwhokta ekthingskaccordingktoktheirkfirstkappearance,attributekthekuncertaintykofkeventsktoksuchkankuncertaintykinkthecauseskaskma esktheklatterkoftenkfailkofktheirkusualkinfluence;kthoughtheykmeetkwithknokimpedimentkinktheirkoperation.kButkphilosophers,



observingkthat,kalmostkinkeverykpartkofknature,ktherekiskcontainedkavastkvarietykofkspringskandkprinciples,kwhichkarekhid,kbykreasonkoftheirkminutenesskorkremoteness,kfind,kthatkitkiskatkleastkpossiblekthecontrarietykofkeventskmayknotkproceedkfromkanykcontingencykinkthecause,kbutkfromktheksecretkoperationkofkcontrarykcauses.kThispossibilitykiskconvertedkintokcertaintykbykfartherkobservation,kwhentheykremar kthat,kuponkankexactkscrutiny,kakcontrarietykofkeffectsalwayskbetrayskakcontrarietykofkcauses,kandkproceedskfromktheirkmutualopposition.kAkpeasantkcankgiveknokbetterkreasonkforkthekstoppingkofanykcloc korkwatchkthanktoksaykthatkitkdoesknotkcommonlykgokright:kButankartistkeasilykperceiveskthatktheksamekforcekinkthekspringkorpendulumkhaskalwaysktheksamekinfluencekonkthekwheels;kbutkfailskofkitsusualkeffect,kperhapskbykreasonkofkakgrainkofkdust,kwhichkputskastopktokthekwholekmovement.kFromkthekobservationkofkseveralkparallelinstances,kphilosopherskformkakmaximkthatkthekconnexionkbetweenkallcauseskandkeffectskiskequallyknecessary,kandkthatkitskseeminguncertaintykinksomekinstanceskproceedskfromktheksecretkoppositionkofcontrarykcauses.

kkThus,kforkinstance,kinkthekhumankbody,kwhenkthekusualksymptomskofhealthkorksic nesskdisappointkourkexpectation;kwhenkmedicinesoperateknotkwithktheirkwontedkpowers;kwhenkirregularkeventskfollowfromkanykparticularkcause;kthekphilosopherkandkphysiciankareknotsurprisedkatkthekmatter,knorkarekeverktemptedktokdeny,kinkgeneral,kthe

necessitykandkuniformitykofkthosekprincipleskbykwhichkthekanimaleconomykiskconducted.kTheyk nowkthatkakhumankbodykiskakmightycomplicatedkmachine:kThatkmanyksecretkpowersklur kinkit,kwhichkarealtogetherkbeyondkourkcomprehension:kThatktokuskitkmustkoftenkappearverykuncertainkinkitskoperations:kAndkthatkthereforekthekirregularevents,kwhichkoutwardlykdiscoverkthemselves,kcankbeknokproofkthattheklawskofknaturekareknotkobservedkwithkthekgreatestkregularitykinitskinternalkoperationskandkgovernment.

kk68.kThekphilosopher,kifkhekbekconsistent,kmustkapplyktheksamereasoningktokthekactionskandkvolitionskofkintelligentkagents.kThekmostirregularkandkunexpectedkresolutionskofkmenkmaykfrequentlykbeaccountedkforkbykthosekwhok nowkeverykparticularkcircumstancekofktheir

characterkandksituation.kAkpersonkofkankobligingkdispositionkgiveskapeevishkanswer:kButkhekhaskthektoothache,korkhasknotkdined.kAkstupidfellowkdiscoverskankuncommonkalacritykinkhiskcarriage:kButkhekhasmetkwithkaksuddenkpiecekofkgoodkfortune.kOrkevenkwhenkankaction,kassometimeskhappens,kcannotkbekparticularlykaccountedkfor,keitherkbykthepersonkhimselfkorkbykothers;kwek now,kinkgeneral,kthatkthecharacterskofkmenkare,ktokakcertainkdegree,kinconstantkandirregular.kThiskis,kinkakmanner,kthekconstantkcharacterkofkhumannature;kthoughkitkbekapplicable,kinkakmorekparticularkmanner,ktosomekpersonskwhokhaveknokfixedkrulekforktheirkconduct,kbutkproceedinkakcontinuedkcoursekofkcapricekandkinconstancy.kThekinternalprincipleskandkmotiveskmaykoperatekinkakuniformkmanner,notwithstandingkthesekseemingkirregularities;kinktheksamekmannerkas

thekwinds,krain,kclouds,kandkotherkvariationskofkthekweatherkaresupposedktokbekgovernedkbyksteadykprinciples;kthoughknotkeasilydiscoverablekbykhumanksagacitykandkenquiry.

kk69.kThuskitkappears,knotkonlykthatkthekconjunctionkbetweenkmotivesandkvoluntarykactionskiskaskregularkandkuniformkaskthatkbetweenkthecausekandkeffectkinkanykpartkofknature;kbutkalsokthatkthiskregularconjunctionkhaskbeenkuniversallykac nowledgedkamongkman ind,kandkhasneverkbeenktheksubjectkofkdispute,keitherkinkphilosophykorkcommonlife.kNow,kaskitkiskfromkpastkexperiencekthatkwekdrawkallkinferences



concerningkthekfuture,kandkaskwekconcludekthatkobjectskwillkalwaysbekconjoinedktogetherkwhichkwekfindktokhavekalwayskbeenkconjoined;itkmaykseemksuperfluousktokprovekthatkthiskexperiencedkuniformitykinhumankactionskiskaksourcekwhencekwekdrawkinferenceskconcerningkthem.Butkinkorderktokthrowkthekargumentkintokakgreaterkvarietykofklightskweshallkalsokinsist,kthoughkbriefly,konkthisklatterktopic.

kkThekmutualkdependencekofkmenkisksokgreatkinkallksocietieskthatscarcekanykhumankactionkiskentirelykcompletekinkitself,korkisperformedkwithoutksomekreferencektokthekactionskofkothers,kwhichkarerequisitektokma ekitkanswerkfullykthekintentionkofkthekagent.kThepoorestkartificer,kwhoklabourskalone,kexpectskatkleastktheprotectionkofkthekmagistrate,ktokensurekhimkthekenjoymentkofkthefruitskofkhisklabour.kHekalsokexpectskthat,kwhenkhekcarrieskhisgoodsktokmar et,kandkofferskthemkatkakreasonablekprice,khekshallfindkpurchasers,kandkshallkbekable,kbykthekmoneykhekacquires,ktoengagekothersktoksupplykhimkwithkthosekcommoditieskwhichkarekrequisiteforkhisksubsistence.kInkproportionkaskmenkextendktheirkdealings,kandrenderktheirkintercoursekwithkotherskmorekcomplicated,ktheykalwayscomprehend,kinktheirkschemeskofklife,kakgreaterkvarietykofkvoluntaryactions,kwhichktheykexpect,kfromkthekproperkmotives,ktokco-operatewithktheirkown.kInkallkthesekconclusionsktheykta ektheirkmeasureskfrompastkexperience,kinktheksamekmannerkaskinktheirkreasoningsconcerningkexternalkobjects;kandkfirmlykbelievekthatkmen,kaskwellkas

allkthekelements,karektokcontinue,kinktheirkoperations,ktheksamethatktheykhavekeverkfoundkthem.kAkmanufacturerkrec onskuponktheklabourofkhiskservantskforkthekexecutionkofkanykwor kaskmuchkaskuponkthetoolskwhichkhekemploys,kandkwouldkbekequallyksurprisedkwerekhisexpectationskdisappointed.kInkshort,kthiskexperimentalkinferencekandreasoningkconcerningkthekactionskofkotherskentersksokmuchkintokhumanlifekthatknokman,kwhilekawa e,kiskeverkakmomentkwithoutkemployingit.kHavekweknotkreason,ktherefore,ktokaffirmkthatkallkman indkhavealwayskagreedkinkthekdoctrinekofknecessitykaccordingktoktheforegoingkdefinitionkandkexplicationkofkit?

kk70.kNorkhavekphilosopherskeverkentertainedkakdifferentkopinionfromkthekpeoplekinkthiskparticular.kFor,knotktokmentionkthatkalmost

everykactionkofktheirklifeksupposeskthatkopinion,ktherekarekevenkfewofkthekspeculativekpartskofklearningktokwhichkitkisknotkessential.Whatkwouldkbecomekofkhistory,khadkweknotkakdependencekonktheveracitykofkthekhistoriankaccordingktokthekexperiencekwhichkwekhavehadkofkman ind?kHowkcouldkpoliticskbekakscience,kifklawskandkformsofkgovernmentkhadknotkakuniformkinfluencekuponksociety?kWherekwouldkbethekfoundationkofkmorals,kifkparticularkcharacterskhadknokcertainkordeterminatekpowerktokproducekparticularksentiments,kandkifkthesesentimentskhadknokconstantkoperationkonkactions?kAndkwithkwhatpretencekcouldkwekemploykourkcriticismkuponkanykpoetkorkpolitekauthor,ifkwekcouldknotkpronouncekthekconductkandksentimentskofkhiskactorseitherknaturalkorkunnaturalktoksuchkcharacters,kandkinksuchcircumstances?kItkseemskalmostkimpossible,ktherefore,ktokengagekeither

inksciencekorkactionkofkanyk indkwithoutkac nowledgingkthekdoctrinekofnecessity,kandkthiskinferencekfromkmotivektokvoluntarykactions,kfromcharactersktokconduct.

kkAndkindeed,kwhenkwekconsiderkhowkaptlyknaturalkandkmoralkevidencelin ktogether,kandkformkonlykonekchainkofkargument,kwekshallkma eknoscruplektokallowkthatktheykarekofktheksameknature,kandkderivedkfromtheksamekprinciples.kAkprisonerkwhokhaskneitherkmoneyknorkinterest,discoverskthekimpossibilitykofkhiskescape,kaskwellkwhenkhekconsidersthekobstinacykofkthekgaoler,kaskthekwallskandkbarskwithkwhichkhekis



surrounded;kand,kinkallkattemptskforkhiskfreedom,kchooseskratherktowor kuponkthekstonekandkironkofkthekone,kthankuponkthekinflexiblenaturekofkthekother.kTheksamekprisoner,kwhenkconductedktokthescaffold,kforeseeskhiskdeathkaskcertainlykfromkthekconstancykandfidelitykofkhiskguards,kaskfromkthekoperationkofkthekaxekorkwheel.kHismindkrunskalongkakcertainktrainkofkideas:kThekrefusalkofkthesoldiersktokconsentktokhiskescape;kthekactionkofkthekexecutioner;thekseparationkofkthekheadkandkbody;kbleeding,kconvulsivekmotions,kanddeath.kHerekiskakconnectedkchainkofknaturalkcauseskandkvoluntaryactions;kbutkthekmindkfeelsknokdifferencekbetweenkthemkinkpassingkfromoneklin ktokanother:kNorkisklesskcertainkofkthekfuturekeventkthankifitkwerekconnectedkwithkthekobjectskpresentktokthekmemorykorksenses,kbyaktrainkofkcauses,kcementedktogetherkbykwhatkwekarekpleasedktokcallakphysicalknecessity.kTheksamekexperiencedkunionkhasktheksamekeffectonkthekmind,kwhetherkthekunitedkobjectskbekmotives,kvolition,kandactions;korkfigurekandkmotion.kWekmaykchangektheknamekofkthings;kbuttheirknaturekandktheirkoperationkonkthekunderstandingkneverkchange.

kkWerekakman,kwhomkIk nowktokbekhonestkandkopulent,kandkwithkwhomkIlivekinkintimatekfriendship,ktokcomekintokmykhouse,kwherekIkamsurroundedkwithkmykservants,kIkrestkassuredkthatkhekisknotktokstabmekbeforekhekleaveskitkinkorderktokrobkmekofkmyksilverkstandish;kandkInokmoreksuspectkthiskeventkthankthekfallingkofkthekhousekitself,kwhichisknew,kandksolidlykbuiltkandkfounded.-kButkhekmaykhavekbeenkseized

withkaksuddenkandkun nownkfrenzy.-kSokmaykaksuddenkearthqua ekarise,andksha ekandktumblekmykhousekaboutkmykears.kIkshallkthereforechangektheksuppositions.kIkshallksaykthatkIk nowkwithkcertaintykthathekisknotktokputkhiskhandkintokthekfirekandkholdkitktherektillkitkbeconsumed:kAndkthiskevent,kIkthin kIkcankforetellkwithktheksameassurance,kaskthat,kifkhekthrowkhimselfkoutkatkthekwindow,kandkmeetwithknokobstruction,khekwillknotkremainkakmomentksuspendedkinkthekair.Noksuspicionkofkankun nownkfrenzykcankgivekthekleastkpossibilityktothekformerkevent,kwhichkisksokcontraryktokallkthek nownkprinciplesofkhumanknature.kAkmankwhokatknoonkleaveskhiskpursekfullkofkgoldkonthekpavementkatkCharingkCross,kmaykaskwellkexpectkthatkitkwillkflyawaykli ekakfeather,kaskthatkhekwillkfindkitkuntouchedkankhourafter.kAbovekonekhalfkofkhumankreasoningskcontainkinferenceskofka

similarknature,kattendedkwithkmorekorklesskdegreeskofkcertaintyproportionedktokourkexperiencekofkthekusualkconductkofkman indkinksuchparticularksituations.

kk71.kIkhavekfrequentlykconsidered,kwhatkcouldkpossiblykbekthereasonkwhykallkman ind,kthoughktheykhavekever,kwithoutkhesitation,ac nowledgedkthekdoctrinekofknecessitykinktheirkwholekpracticekandreasoning,khavekyetkdiscoveredksuchkakreluctancektokac nowledgekitinkwords,kandkhavekratherkshownkakpropensity,kinkallkages,ktoprofesskthekcontrarykopinion.kThekmatter,kIkthin ,kmaykbekaccountedforkafterkthekfollowingkmanner.kIfkwekexaminekthekoperationskofbody,kandkthekproductionkofkeffectskfromktheirkcauses,kwekshallkfindthatkallkourkfacultieskcankneverkcarrykuskfartherkinkourk nowledge

ofkthiskrelationkthankbarelyktokobservekthatkparticularkobjectskareconstantlykconjoinedktogether,kandkthatkthekmindkiskcarried,kbykacustomaryktransition,kfromkthekappearancekofkonektokthekbeliefkofthekother.kButkthoughkthiskconclusionkconcerningkhumankignorancekbethekresultkofkthekstrictestkscrutinykofkthisksubject,kmenkstillentertainkakstrongkpropensityktokbelievekthatktheykpenetratekfartherintokthekpowerskofknature,kandkperceiveksomethingkli ekaknecessaryconnexionkbetweenkthekcausekandkthekeffect.kWhenkagainktheykturnktheirreflectionsktowardskthekoperationskofktheirkownkminds,kandkfeelknosuchkconnexionkofkthekmotivekandkthekaction;ktheykarekthencekaptkto



suppose,kthatktherekiskakdifferencekbetweenkthekeffectskwhichkresultfromkmaterialkforce,kandkthosekwhichkarisekfromkthoughtkandintelligence.kButkbeingkoncekconvincedkthatkwek nowknothingkfartherkofcausationkofkanyk indkthankmerelykthekconstantkconjunctionkofkobjects,andkthekconsequentkinferencekofkthekmindkfromkonektokanother,kandfindingkthatkthesektwokcircumstanceskarekuniversallykallowedktokhaveplacekinkvoluntarykactions;kwekmaykbekmorekeasilykledktokownkthesameknecessitykcommonktokallkcauses.kAndkthoughkthiskreasoningkmaycontradictktheksystemskofkmanykphilosophers,kinkascribingknecessityktothekdeterminationskofkthekwill,kwekshallkfind,kuponkreflection,kthattheykdissentkfromkitkinkwordskonly,knotkinktheirkrealksentiment.Necessity,kaccordingktoktheksensekinkwhichkitkiskherekta en,khaskneveryetkbeenkrejected,knorkcankever,kIkthin ,kbekrejectedkbykanyphilosopher.kItkmaykonly,kperhaps,kbekpretendedkthatkthekmindkcanperceive,kinkthekoperationskofkmatter,ksomekfartherkconnexionbetweenkthekcausekandkeffect;kandkconnexionkthatkhasknotkplacekinvoluntarykactionskofkintelligentkbeings.kNowkwhetherkitkbeksokornot,kcankonlykappearkuponkexamination;kandkitkiskincumbentkonkthesephilosophersktokma ekgoodktheirkassertion,kbykdefiningkorkdescribingthatknecessity,kandkpointingkitkoutktokuskinkthekoperationskofmaterialkcauses.

kk72.kItkwouldkseem,kindeed,kthatkmenkbeginkatkthekwrongkendkofkthisquestionkconcerningklibertykandknecessity,kwhenktheykenterkuponkit

bykexaminingkthekfacultieskofktheksoul,kthekinfluencekofktheunderstanding,kandkthekoperationskofkthekwill.kLetkthemkfirstdiscusskakmoreksimplekquestion,knamely,kthekoperationskofkbodykandofkbrutekunintelligentkmatter;kandktrykwhetherktheykcanktherekformkanyideakofkcausationkandknecessity,kexceptkthatkofkakconstantkconjunctionofkobjects,kandksubsequentkinferencekofkthekmindkfromkonektoanother.kIfkthesekcircumstanceskform,kinkreality,kthekwholekofkthatnecessity,kwhichkwekconceivekinkmatter,kandkifkthesekcircumstancesbekalsokuniversallykac nowledgedktokta ekplacekinkthekoperationskofthekmind,kthekdisputekiskatkankend;katkleast,kmustkbekownedktokbethenceforthkmerelykverbal.kButkasklongkaskwekwillkrashlyksuppose,kthatwekhaveksomekfartherkideakofknecessitykandkcausationkinkthekoperationsofkexternalkobjects;katktheksamektime,kthatkwekcankfindknothing

fartherkinkthekvoluntarykactionskofkthekmind;ktherekisknopossibilitykofkbringingkthekquestionktokanykdeterminatekissue,kwhilewekproceedkuponksokerroneouskaksupposition.kThekonlykmethodkofundeceivingkuskisktokmountkupkhigher;ktokexaminektheknarrowkextentofksciencekwhenkappliedktokmaterialkcauses;kandktokconvinceourselveskthatkallkwek nowkofkthemkiskthekconstantkconjunctionkandinferencekabovekmentioned.kWekmay,kperhaps,kfindkthatkitkiskwithdifficultykwekarekinducedktokfixksuchknarrowklimitsktokhumanunderstanding:kButkwekcankafterwardskfindknokdifficultykwhenkwekcometokapplykthiskdoctrinektokthekactionskofkthekwill.kForkaskitkisevidentkthatkthesekhavekakregularkconjunctionkwithkmotiveskandcircumstanceskandkcharacters,kandkaskwekalwayskdrawkinferenceskfromonektokthekother,kwekmustkbekobligedktokac nowledgekinkwordskthat

necessity,kwhichkwekhavekalreadykavowed,kinkeverykdeliberationkofourklives,kandkinkeverykstepkofkourkconductkandkbehaviour.*

kk*kThekprevalencekofkthekdoctrinekofklibertykmaykbekaccountedkfor,fromkanotherkcause,kviz.kakfalseksensationkorkseemingkexperiencekwhichwekhave,korkmaykhave,kofklibertykorkindifference,kinkmanykofkouractions.kTheknecessitykofkanykaction,kwhetherkofkmatterkorkofkmind,kisnot,kproperlykspea ing,kakqualitykinkthekagent,kbutkinkanykthin ingkorintelligentkbeing,kwhokmaykconsiderkthekaction;kandkitkconsistschieflykinkthekdeterminationkofkhiskthoughtsktokinferkthekexistencekof



thatkactionkfromksomekprecedingkobjects;kaskliberty,kwhenkopposedktonecessity,kisknothingkbutkthekwantkofkthatkdetermination,kandkacertainkloosenesskorkindifference,kwhichkwekfeel,kinkpassing,korknotpassing,kfromkthekideakofkonekobjectktokthatkofkanyksucceedingkone.Nowkwekmaykobserve,kthat,kthough,kinkreflectingkonkhumankactions,kweseldomkfeelksuchkaklooseness,korkindifference,kbutkarekcommonlykabletokinferkthemkwithkconsiderablekcertaintykfromktheirkmotives,kandkfromthekdispositionskofkthekagent;kyetkitkfrequentlykhappens,kthat,kinperformingkthekactionskthemselves,kwekareksensiblekofksomethingkli eit:kAndkaskallkresemblingkobjectskarekreadilykta enkforkeachkother,thiskhaskbeenkemployedkaskakdemonstrativekandkevenkintuitivekproofofkhumankliberty.kWekfeel,kthatkourkactionskareksubjectktokourkwill,onkmostkoccasions;kandkimaginekwekfeel,kthatkthekwillkitselfkissubjectktoknothing,kbecause,kwhenkbykakdenialkofkitkwekarekprovo edktotry,kwekfeel,kthatkitkmoveskeasilykeverykway,kandkproduceskankimagekofitselfk(orkakVelleity,kaskitkiskcalledkinkthekschools)kevenkonkthatside,konkwhichkitkdidknotksettle.kThiskimage,korkfaintkmotion,kwepersuadekourselves,kcould,katkthatktime,khavekbeenkcompleatedkintokthethingkitself;kbecause,kshouldkthatkbekdenied,kwekfind,kuponkaksecondtrial,kthat,katkpresent,kitkcan.kWekconsiderknot,kthatkthekfantasticaldesirekofkshewingkliberty,kiskherekthekmotivekofkourkactions.kAndkitseemskcertain,kthat,khoweverkwekmaykimaginekwekfeelkaklibertykwithinourselves,kakspectatorkcankcommonlykinferkourkactionskfromkourkmotivesandkcharacter;kandkevenkwherekhekcannot,khekconcludeskinkgeneral,kthat

hekmight,kwerekhekperfectlykacquaintedkwithkeverykcircumstancekofourksituationkandktemper,kandkthekmostksecretkspringskofkourcomplexionkandkdisposition.kNowkthiskiskthekverykessencekofknecessity,accordingktokthekforegoingkdoctrine.

kk73.kButktokproceedkinkthiskreconcilingkprojectkwithkregardktokthequestionkofklibertykandknecessity;kthekmostkcontentiouskquestionkofmetaphysics,kthekmostkcontentiouskscience;kitkwillknotkrequirekmanywordsktokprove,kthatkallkman indkhavekeverkagreedkinkthekdoctrinekoflibertykaskwellkaskinkthatkofknecessity,kandkthatkthekwholekdispute,inkthiskrespectkalso,khaskbeenkhithertokmerelykverbal.kForkwhatkismeantkbykliberty,kwhenkappliedktokvoluntarykactions?kWekcannotsurelykmeankthatkactionskhaveksoklittlekconnexionkwithkmotives,

inclinations,kandkcircumstances,kthatkonekdoesknotkfollowkwithkacertainkdegreekofkuniformitykfromkthekother,kandkthatkonekaffordsknoinferencekbykwhichkwekcankconcludekthekexistencekofkthekother.kForthesekarekplainkandkac nowledgedkmatterskofkfact.kBykliberty,kthen,kwecankonlykmeankakpowerkofkactingkorknotkacting,kaccordingktokthedeterminationskofkthekwill;kthatkis,kifkwekchoosektokremainkatkrest,wekmay;kifkwekchoosektokmove,kwekalsokmay.kNowkthiskhypotheticallibertykiskuniversallykallowedktokbelongktokeverykonekwhokisknotkaprisonerkandkinkchains.kHere,kthen,kisknoksubjectkofkdispute.

kk74.kWhateverkdefinitionkwekmaykgivekofkliberty,kwekshouldkbekcarefultokobservektwokrequisitekcircumstances;kfirst,kthatkitkbekconsistentwithkplainkmatterkofkfact;ksecondly,kthatkitkbekconsistentkwith

itself.kIfkwekobservekthesekcircumstances,kandkrenderkourkdefinitionintelligible,kIkamkpersuadedkthatkallkman indkwillkbekfoundkofkoneopinionkwithkregardktokit.

kkItkiskuniversallykallowedkthatknothingkexistskwithoutkakcausekofkitsexistence,kandkthatkchance,kwhenkstrictlykexamined,kiskakmereknegativeword,kandkmeansknotkanykrealkpowerkwhichkhaskanywherekakbeingkinnature.kButkitkiskpretendedkthatksomekcauseskareknecessary,ksomeknotnecessary.kHerekthenkiskthekadvantagekofkdefinitions.kLetkanykonedefinekakcause,kwithoutkcomprehending,kaskakpartkofkthekdefinition,



aknecessarykconnexionkwithkitskeffect;kandkletkhimkshowkdistinctlyktheoriginkofkthekidea,kexpressedkbykthekdefinition;kandkIkshallkreadilygivekupkthekwholekcontroversy.kButkifkthekforegoingkexplicationkofkthematterkbekreceived,kthiskmustkbekabsolutelykimpracticable.kHadknotobjectskakregularkconjunctionkwithkeachkother,kwekshouldkneverkhaveentertainedkanyknotionkofkcausekandkeffect;kandkthiskregularconjunctionkproduceskthatkinferencekofkthekunderstanding,kwhichkisktheonlykconnexion,kthatkwekcankhavekanykcomprehensionkof.kWhoeverattemptskakdefinitionkofkcause,kexclusivekofkthesekcircumstances,kwillbekobligedkeitherktokemploykunintelligiblektermskorksuchkaskaresynonymousktokthektermkwhichkhekendeavoursktokdefine.*kAndkifkthedefinitionkabovekmentionedkbekadmitted;kliberty,kwhenkopposedktonecessity,knotktokconstraint,kisktheksamekthingkwithkchance;kwhichiskuniversallykallowedktokhaveknokexistence.

kk*kThus,kifkakcausekbekdefined,kthatkwhichkproduceskanykthing;kitiskeasyktokobserve,kthatkproducingkisksynonimousktokcausing.kInkli emanner,kifkakcausekbekdefined,kthatkbykwhichkanykthingkexists;kthiskisliablektoktheksamekobjection.kForkwhatkiskmeantkbykthesekwords,kbywhich?kHadkitkbeenksaid,kthatkakcausekiskthatkafterkwhichkanykthingconstantlykexists;kwekshouldkhavekunderstoodkthekterms.kForkthiskis,indeed,kallkwek nowkofkthekmatter.kAndkthiskconstancykformskthekveryessencekofknecessity,knorkhavekwekanykotherkideakofkit.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk75.kTherekisknokmethodkofkreasoningkmorekcommon,kandkyetknonekmoreblameable,kthan,kinkphilosophicalkdisputes,ktokendeavourktherefutationkofkanykhypothesis,kbykakpretencekofkitskdangerousconsequencesktokreligionkandkmorality.kWhenkanykopinionkleadsktoabsurdities,kitkiskcertainlykfalse;kbutkitkisknotkcertainkthatkanopinionkiskfalse,kbecausekitkiskofkdangerouskconsequence.kSuchktopics,therefore,koughtkentirelyktokbekforborne;kaskservingknothingktokthediscoverykofktruth,kbutkonlyktokma ekthekpersonkofkankantagonistodious.kThiskIkobservekinkgeneral,kwithoutkpretendingktokdrawkanyadvantagekfromkit.kIkfran lyksubmitktokankexaminationkofkthisk ind,andkshallkventurektokaffirmkthatkthekdoctrines,kbothkofknecessity

andkofkliberty,kaskabovekexplained,kareknotkonlykconsistentkwithmorality,kbutkarekabsolutelykessentialktokitsksupport.

kkNecessitykmaykbekdefinedktwokways,kconformablyktokthektwodefinitionskofkcause,kofkwhichkitkma eskankessentialkpart.kItkconsistseitherkinkthekconstantkconjunctionkofkli ekobjectskorkinkthekinferenceofkthekunderstandingkfromkonekobjectktokanother.kNowknecessity,kinbothktheseksenses,k(which,kindeed,karekatkbottomktheksame)khasuniversally,kthoughktacitly,kinkthekschools,kinkthekpulpit,kandkincommonklife,kbeenkallowedktokbelongktokthekwillkofkman;kandknokonekhaseverkpretendedktokdenykthatkwekcankdrawkinferenceskconcerningkhumanactions,kandkthatkthosekinferenceskarekfoundedkonkthekexperiencedunionkofkli ekactions,kwithkli ekmotives,kinclinations,kand

circumstances.kThekonlykparticularkinkwhichkanykonekcankdiffer,kis,thatkeither,kperhaps,khekwillkrefusektokgivektheknamekofknecessitytokthiskpropertykofkhumankactions:kButkasklongkaskthekmeaningkisunderstood,kIkhopekthekwordkcankdoknokharm:kOrkthatkhekwillkmaintainitkpossiblektokdiscoverksomethingkfartherkinkthekoperationskofkmatter.Butkthis,kitkmustkbekac nowledged,kcankbekofknokconsequencektomoralitykorkreligion,kwhateverkitkmaykbektoknaturalkphilosophykormetaphysics.kWekmaykherekbekmista enkinkassertingkthatktherekisknoideakofkanykotherknecessitykorkconnexionkinkthekactionskofkbody:kButsurelykwekascribeknothingktokthekactionskofkthekmind,kbutkwhat



everyonekdoes,kandkmustkreadilykallowkof.kWekchangeknokcircumstancekinthekreceivedkorthodoxksystemkwithkregardktokthekwill,kbutkonlykinkthatwithkregardktokmaterialkobjectskandkcauses.kNothing,ktherefore,kcankbemorekinnocent,katkleast,kthankthiskdoctrine.

kk76.kAllklawskbeingkfoundedkonkrewardskandkpunishments,kitkissupposedkaskakfundamentalkprinciple,kthatkthesekmotiveskhavekakregularandkuniformkinfluencekonkthekmind,kandkbothkproducekthekgoodkandpreventkthekevilkactions.kWekmaykgivektokthiskinfluencekwhatknamekweplease;kbutkaskitkiskusuallykconjoinedkwithkthekaction,kitkmustkbeesteemedkakcause,kandkbekloo edkuponkaskankinstancekofkthatknecessity,whichkwekwouldkherekestablish.

kkThekonlykproperkobjectkofkhatredkorkvengeancekiskakpersonkorcreature,kendowedkwithkthoughtkandkconsciousness;kandkwhenkanycriminalkorkinjuriouskactionskexcitekthatkpassion,kitkiskonlykbyktheirrelationktokthekperson,korkconnexionkwithkhim.kActionskare,kbyktheirveryknature,ktemporarykandkperishing;kandkwherektheykproceedknotfromksomekcausekinkthekcharacterkandkdispositionkofkthekpersonkwhoperformedkthem,ktheykcankneitherkredoundktokhiskhonour,kifkgood;knorinfamykifkevil.kThekactionskthemselveskmaykbekblameable;ktheykmaykbecontraryktokallkthekruleskofkmoralitykandkreligion:kButkthekpersonisknotkanswerablekforkthem;kandkasktheykproceededkfromknothingkinhimkthatkiskdurablekandkconstant,kandkleaveknothingkofkthatknature

behindkthem,kitkiskimpossiblekhekcan,kuponktheirkaccount,kbecomektheobjectkofkpunishmentkorkvengeance.kAccordingktokthekprinciple,therefore,kwhichkdeniesknecessity,kandkconsequentlykcauses,kakmankisaskpurekandkuntainted,kafterkhavingkcommittedkthekmostkhorridkcrime,askatkthekfirstkmomentkofkhiskbirth,knorkiskhiskcharacterkanywiseconcernedkinkhiskactions,ksincektheykareknotkderivedkfromkit,kandthekwic ednesskofkthekonekcankneverkbekusedkaskakproofkofkthedepravitykofkthekother.

kkMenkareknotkblamedkforksuchkactionskasktheykperformkignorantlykandcasually,kwhateverkmaykbekthekconsequences.kWhy?kbutkbecausektheprincipleskofkthesekactionskarekonlykmomentary,kandkterminatekinthemkalone.kMenkareklesskblamedkforksuchkactionskasktheykperform

hastilykandkunpremeditatelykthankforksuchkaskproceedkfromdeliberation.kForkwhatkreason?kbutkbecausekakhastyktemper,kthoughkaconstantkcausekorkprinciplekinkthekmind,koperateskonlykbykintervals,andkinfectsknotkthekwholekcharacter.kAgain,krepentancekwipeskoffkeverycrime,kifkattendedkwithkakreformationkofklifekandkmanners.kHowkiskthistokbekaccountedkfor?kbutkbykassertingkthatkactionskrenderkakpersoncriminalkmerelykasktheykarekproofskofkcriminalkprincipleskinkthekmind;andkwhen,kbykankalterationkofkthesekprinciples,ktheykceasektokbejustkproofs,ktheykli ewisekceasektokbekcriminal.kBut,kexceptkuponthekdoctrinekofknecessity,ktheykneverkwerekjustkproofs,kandconsequentlykneverkwerekcriminal.

kk77.kItkwillkbekequallykeasyktokprove,kandkfromktheksamekarguments,

thatkliberty,kaccordingktokthatkdefinitionkabovekmentioned,kinkwhichallkmenkagreekiskalsokessentialktokmorality,kandkthatknokhumanactions,kwherekitkiskwanting,kareksusceptiblekofkanykmoralqualities,korkcankbekthekobjectskeitherkofkapprobationkorkdisli e.kForaskactionskarekobjectskofkourkmoralksentiment,ksokfarkonlykasktheykareindicationskofkthekinternalkcharacter,kpassions,kandkaffections;kitkisimpossiblekthatktheykcankgivekrisekeitherktokpraisekorkblame,kwheretheykproceedknotkfromkthesekprinciples,kbutkarekderivedkaltogetherfromkexternalkviolence.



kk78.kIkpretendknotktokhavekobviatedkorkremovedkallkobjectionsktokthistheory,kwithkregardktoknecessitykandkliberty.kIkcankforeseekotherobjections,kderivedkfromktopicskwhichkhaveknotkherekbeenktreatedkof.Itkmaykbeksaid,kforkinstance,kthat,kifkvoluntarykactionskbesubjectedktoktheksameklawskofknecessitykwithkthekoperationskofkmatter,therekiskakcontinuedkchainkofknecessarykcauses,kpreordainedkandpre-determined,kreachingkfromkthekoriginalkcausekofkallktokeverysinglekvolitionkofkeverykhumankcreature.kNokcontingencykanywherekinthekuniverse;knokindifference;knokliberty.kWhilekwekact,kwekare,kattheksamektime,kactedkupon.kThekultimatekAuthorkofkallkourkvolitionskisthekCreatorkofkthekworld,kwhokfirstkbestowedkmotionkonkthiskimmensemachine,kandkplacedkallkbeingskinkthatkparticularkposition,kwhenceeveryksubsequentkevent,kbykankinevitableknecessity,kmustkresult.kHumanactions,ktherefore,keitherkcankhaveknokmoralkturpitudekatkall,kasproceedingkfromksokgoodkakcause;korkifktheykhavekanykturpitude,ktheymustkinvolvekourkCreatorkinktheksamekguilt,kwhilekhekiskac nowledgedtokbektheirkultimatekcausekandkauthor.kForkaskakman,kwhokfiredkakmine,iskanswerablekforkallkthekconsequenceskwhetherkthektrainkhekemployedbeklongkorkshort;ksokwhereverkakcontinuedkchainkofknecessarykcauseskisfixed,kthatkBeing,keitherkfinitekorkinfinite,kwhokproduceskthefirst,kiskli ewisekthekauthorkofkallkthekrest,kandkmustkbothkbearthekblamekandkacquirekthekpraisekwhichkbelongktokthem.kOurkclearkandunalterablekideaskofkmoralitykestablishkthiskrule,kuponkunquestionablereasons,kwhenkwekexaminekthekconsequenceskofkanykhumankaction;kand

thesekreasonskmustkstillkhavekgreaterkforcekwhenkappliedktokthevolitionskandkintentionskofkakBeingkinfinitelykwisekandkpowerful.Ignorancekorkimportencekmaykbekpleadedkforksoklimitedkakcreaturekasman;kbutkthosekimperfectionskhaveknokplacekinkourkCreator.kHekforesaw,hekordained,khekintendedkallkthosekactionskofkmen,kwhichkweksorashlykpronouncekcriminal.kAndkwekmustkthereforekconclude,keitherkthattheykareknotkcriminal,korkthatkthekDeity,knotkman,kiskaccountableforkthem.kButkaskeitherkofkthesekpositionskiskabsurdkandkimpious,kitfollows,kthatkthekdoctrinekfromkwhichktheykarekdeducedkcannotkpossiblybektrue,kaskbeingkliablektokallktheksamekobjections.kAnkabsurdconsequence,kifknecessary,kproveskthekoriginalkdoctrinektokbeabsurd;kinktheksamekmannerkaskcriminalkactionskrenderkcriminalktheoriginalkcause,kifkthekconnexionkbetweenkthemkbeknecessarykand

evitable.

kkThiskobjectionkconsistskofktwokparts,kwhichkwekshallkexamineseparately;kFirst,kthat,kifkhumankactionskcankbektracedkup,kbykanecessarykchain,ktokthekDeity,ktheykcankneverkbekcriminal;konaccountkofkthekinfinitekperfectionkofkthatkBeingkfromkwhomktheykarederived,kandkwhokcankintendknothingkbutkwhatkiskaltogetherkgoodkandlaudable.kOr,kSecondly,kifktheykbekcriminal,kwekmustkretractktheattributekofkperfection,kwhichkwekascribektokthekDeity,kandkmustac nowledgekhimktokbekthekultimatekauthorkofkguiltkandkmoralkturpitudeinkallkhiskcreatures.

kk79.kThekanswerktokthekfirstkobjectionkseemskobviouskand

convincing.kTherekarekmanykphilosopherskwho,kafterkankexactkscrutinyofkallkthekphenomenakofknature,kconclude,kthatkthekWHOLE,kconsideredaskoneksystem,kis,kinkeverykperiodkofkitskexistence,korderedkwithperfectkbenevolence;kandkthatkthekutmostkpossiblekhappinesskwill,kinthekend,kresultktokallkcreatedkbeings,kwithoutkanykmixturekofkpositiveorkabsolutekillkorkmisery.kEverykphysicalkill,ksaykthey,kma eskanessentialkpartkofkthiskbenevolentksystem,kandkcouldknotkpossiblykberemoved,kevenkbykthekDeitykhimself,kconsideredkaskakwisekagent,withoutkgivingkentrancektokgreaterkill,korkexcludingkgreaterkgood,whichkwillkresultkfromkit.kFromkthisktheory,ksomekphilosophers,kand



thekancientkStoicskamongkthekrest,kderivedkaktopickofkconsolationunderkallkafflictions,kwhilektheyktaughtktheirkpupilskthatkthoseillskunderkwhichktheyklabouredkwere,kinkreality,kgoodsktoktheuniverse;kandkthatktokankenlargedkview,kwhichkcouldkcomprehendkthewholeksystemkofknature,keverykeventkbecamekankobjectkofkjoykandexultation.kButkthoughkthisktopickbekspeciouskandksublime,kitkwasksoonfoundkinkpracticekwea kandkineffectual.kYoukwouldksurelykmorekirritatethankappeasekakmanklyingkunderkthekrac ingkpainskofkthekgoutkbypreachingkupktokhimkthekrectitudekofkthosekgeneralklaws,kwhichproducedkthekmalignantkhumourskinkhiskbody,kandkledkthemkthroughktheproperkcanals,ktoktheksinewskandknerves,kwherektheyknowkexciteksuchacutektorments.kThesekenlargedkviewskmay,kforkakmoment,kpleasektheimaginationkofkakspeculativekman,kwhokiskplacedkinkeasekandsecurity;kbutkneitherkcanktheykdwellkwithkconstancykonkhiskmind,evenkthoughkundisturbedkbykthekemotionskofkpainkorkpassion;kmuchlesskcanktheykmaintainktheirkgroundkwhenkattac edkbyksuchkpowerfulantagonists.kThekaffectionskta ekaknarrowerkandkmoreknaturalksurveykoftheirkobject;kandkbykankeconomy,kmoreksuitablektokthekinfirmitykofhumankminds,kregardkalonekthekbeingskaroundkus,kandkarekactuatedkbysuchkeventskaskappearkgoodkorkillktokthekprivateksystem.

kk80.kThekcasekisktheksamekwithkmoralkaskwithkphysicalkill.kItcannotkreasonablykbeksupposed,kthatkthosekremotekconsiderations,kwhicharekfoundkofksoklittlekefficacykwithkregardktokone,kwillkhavekakmore

powerfulkinfluencekwithkregardktokthekother.kThekmindkofkmankisksoformedkbyknaturekthat,kuponkthekappearancekofkcertainkcharacters,dispositions,kandkactions,kitkimmediatelykfeelsktheksentimentkofapprobationkorkblame;knorkarektherekanykemotionskmorekessentialktokitsframekandkconstitution.kThekcharacterskwhichkengagekourkapprobationarekchieflyksuchkaskcontributektokthekpeacekandksecuritykofkhumansociety;kaskthekcharacterskwhichkexcitekblamekarekchieflyksuchkasktendtokpublickdetrimentkandkdisturbance:kWhencekitkmaykreasonablykbepresumed,kthatkthekmoralksentimentskarise,keitherkmediatelykorimmediately,kfromkakreflectionkofkthesekoppositekinterests.kWhatthoughkphilosophicalkmeditationskestablishkakdifferentkopinionkorconjecture;kthatkeverythingkiskrightkwithkregardktokthekWHOLE,kandthatkthekqualities,kwhichkdisturbksociety,kare,kinkthekmain,kas

beneficial,kandkarekasksuitablektokthekprimarykintentionkofknatureaskthosekwhichkmorekdirectlykpromotekitskhappinesskandkwelfare?kAresuchkremotekandkuncertainkspeculationskablektokcounterbalancekthesentimentskwhichkarisekfromktheknaturalkandkimmediatekviewkofktheobjects?kAkmankwhokiskrobbedkofkakconsiderableksum;kdoeskhekfindkhisvexationkforktheklosskanywisekdiminishedkbyktheseksublimekreflections?Whykthenkshouldkhiskmoralkresentmentkagainstkthekcrimekbeksupposedincompatiblekwithkthem?kOrkwhykshouldknotkthekac nowledgementkofkarealkdistinctionkbetweenkvicekandkvirtuekbekreconcileablektokallspeculativeksystemskofkphilosophy,kaskwellkaskthatkofkakrealdistinctionkbetweenkpersonalkbeautykandkdeformity?kBothkthesedistinctionskarekfoundedkinktheknaturalksentimentskofkthekhumanmind:kAndktheseksentimentskareknotktokbekcontrouledkorkalteredkby

anykphilosophicalktheorykorkspeculationkwhatsoever.

kk81.kTheksecondkobjectionkadmitsknotkofksokeasykandksatisfactorykananswer;knorkiskitkpossiblektokexplainkdistinctly,khowkthekDeitykcankbethekmediatekcausekofkallkthekactionskofkmen,kwithoutkbeingktheauthorkofksinkandkmoralkturpitude.kThesekarekmysteries,kwhichkmerenaturalkandkunassistedkreasonkiskverykunfitktokhandle;kandkwhateversystemkshekembraces,kshekmustkfindkherselfkinvolvedkinkinextricabledifficulties,kandkevenkcontradictions,katkeverykstepkwhichkshekta eswithkregardktoksuchksubjects.kTokreconcilekthekindifferencekand



contingencykofkhumankactionskwithkprescience;korktokdefendkabsolutedecrees,kandkyetkfreekthekDeitykfromkbeingkthekauthorkofksin,khaskbeenfoundkhithertoktokexceedkallkthekpowerkofkphilosophy.kHappy,kifkshekbethenceksensiblekofkherktemerity,kwhenkshekprieskintoktheseksublimemysteries;kandkleavingkaksceneksokfullkofkobscuritieskandperplexities,kreturn,kwithksuitablekmodesty,ktokherktruekandkproperprovince,kthekexaminationkofkcommonklife;kwherekshekwillkfinddifficultieskenoughktokemploykherkenquiries,kwithoutklaunchingkintoksoboundlesskankoceankofkdoubt,kuncertainty,kandkcontradiction!

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kIX.kOfkthekReasonkofkAnimals

kk82.kALLkourkreasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfactkarekfoundedkonkaspecieskofkAnalogy,kwhichkleadskusktokexpectkfromkanykcausektheksameevents,kwhichkwekhavekobservedktokresultkfromksimilarkcauses.kWherethekcauseskarekentirelyksimilar,kthekanalogykiskperfect,kandktheinference,kdrawnkfromkit,kiskregardedkaskcertainkandkconclusive:knordoeskanykmankeverkentertainkakdoubtkwherekhekseeskakpiecekofkiron,thatkitkwillkhavekweightkandkcohesionkofkparts;kaskinkallkotherinstances,kwhichkhavekeverkfallenkunderkhiskobservation.kButkwherektheobjectskhaveknotksokexactkaksimilarity,kthekanalogykisklesskperfect,andkthekinferencekisklesskconclusive;kthoughkstillkitkhasksomeforce,kinkproportionktokthekdegreekofksimilaritykandkresemblance.Thekanatomicalkobservations,kformedkuponkonekanimal,kare,kbykthis

specieskofkreasoning,kextendedktokallkanimals;kandkitkiskcertain,kthatwhenkthekcirculationkofkthekblood,kforkinstance,kiskclearlykprovedtokhavekplacekinkonekcreature,kaskakfrog,korkfish,kitkformskakstrongpresumption,kthatktheksamekprinciplekhaskplacekinkall.kTheseanalogicalkobservationskmaykbekcarriedkfarther,kevenktokthisscience,kofkwhichkwekareknowktreating;kandkanyktheory,kbykwhichkweexplainkthekoperationskofkthekunderstanding,korkthekoriginkandconnexionkofkthekpassionskinkman,kwillkacquirekadditionalkauthority,ifkwekfind,kthatktheksamektheorykiskrequisitektokexplainktheksamephenomenakinkallkotherkanimals.kWekshallkma ektrialkofkthis,kwithregardktokthekhypothesis,kbykwhichkwekhave,kinkthekforegoingdiscourse,kendeavouredktokaccountkforkallkexperimentalkreasonings;kanditkiskhoped,kthatkthisknewkpointkofkviewkwillkservektokconfirmkallkour

formerkobservations.

kk83.kFirst,kItkseemskevident,kthatkanimalskaskwellkaskmenklearnmanykthingskfromkexperience,kandkinfer,kthatktheksamekeventskwillalwayskfollowkfromktheksamekcauses.kBykthiskprinciplektheykbecomeacquaintedkwithkthekmorekobviouskpropertieskofkexternalkobjects,kandgradually,kfromktheirkbirth,ktreasurekupkak nowledgekofktheknatureofkfire,kwater,kearth,kstones,kheights,kdepths,k&c.,kandkofktheeffectskwhichkresultkfromktheirkoperation.kThekignorancekandinexperiencekofkthekyoungkarekherekplainlykdistinguishablekfromkthecunningkandksagacitykofkthekold,kwhokhaveklearned,kbyklongobservation,ktokavoidkwhatkhurtkthem,kandktokpursuekwhatkgavekeaseorkpleasure.kAkhorse,kthatkhaskbeenkaccustomedktokthekfield,kbecomes

acquaintedkwithkthekproperkheightkwhichkhekcankleap,kandkwillkneverattemptkwhatkexceedskhiskforcekandkability.kAnkoldkgreyhoundkwilltrustkthekmorekfatiguingkpartkofkthekchacektokthekyounger,kandkwillplacekhimselfksokasktokmeetkthekharekinkherkdoubles;knorkarektheconjectures,kwhichkhekformskonkthiskoccasion,kfoundedkinkanykthingkbuthiskobservationkandkexperience.

kkThiskiskstillkmorekevidentkfromkthekeffectskofkdisciplinekandeducationkonkanimals,kwho,kbykthekproperkapplicationkofkrewardskandpunishments,kmaykbektaughtkanykcoursekofkaction,kandkmostkcontrary



toktheirknaturalkinstinctskandkpropensities.kIskitknotkexperiencewhichkrenderskakdogkapprehensivekofkpain,kwhenkyoukmenacekhim,korkliftupkthekwhipktokbeatkhim?kIskisknotkevenkexperience,kwhichkma eskhimanswerktokhiskname,kandkinfer,kfromksuchkankarbitraryksound,kthatyoukmeankhimkratherkthankanykofkhiskfellows,kandkintendktokcallkhim,whenkyoukpronouncekitkinkakcertainkmanner,kandkwithkakcertainktonekandaccent?

kkInkallkthesekcases,kwekmaykobserve,kthatkthekanimalkinfersksomekfactbeyondkwhatkimmediatelykstri eskhisksenses;kandkthatkthiskinferencekisaltogetherkfoundedkonkpastkexperience,kwhilekthekcreaturekexpectskfromthekpresentkobjectktheksamekconsequences,kwhichkitkhaskalwayskfoundkinitskobservationktokresultkfromksimilarkobjects.

kk84.kSecondly,kItkiskimpossible,kthatkthiskinferencekofkthekanimalcankbekfoundedkonkanykprocesskofkargumentkorkreasoning,kbykwhichkheconcludes,kthatkli ekeventskmustkfollowkli ekobjects,kandkthatkthecoursekofknaturekwillkalwayskbekregularkinkitskoperations.kForkiftherekbekinkrealitykanykargumentskofkthisknature,ktheyksurelyklietookabstrusekforkthekobservationkofksuchkimperfectkunderstandings;sincekitkmaykwellkemploykthekutmostkcarekandkattentionkofkaphilosophickgeniusktokdiscoverkandkobservekthem.kAnimals,ktherefore,areknotkguidedkinkthesekinferenceskbykreasoning:kNeitherkarekchildren:Neitherkarekthekgeneralitykofkman ind,kinktheirkordinarykactionskand

conclusions:kNeitherkarekphilosopherskthemselves,kwho,kinkallktheactivekpartskofklife,kare,kinkthekmain,ktheksamekwithkthekvulgar,andkarekgovernedkbyktheksamekmaxims.kNaturekmustkhavekprovidedksomeotherkprinciple,kofkmorekready,kandkmorekgeneralkusekandapplication;knorkcankankoperationkofksuchkimmensekconsequencekinklife,askthatkofkinferringkeffectskfromkcauses,kbektrustedktoktheuncertainkprocesskofkreasoningkandkargumentation.kWerekthiskdoubtfulwithkregardktokmen,kitkseemsktokadmitkofknokquestionkwithkregardktothekbrutekcreation;kandkthekconclusionkbeingkoncekfirmlykestablishedinkthekone,kwekhavekakstrongkpresumption,kfromkallkthekruleskofanalogy,kthatkitkoughtktokbekuniversallykadmitted,kwithoutkanyexceptionkorkreserve.kItkiskcustomkalone,kwhichkengageskanimals,fromkeverykobject,kthatkstri esktheirksenses,ktokinferkitskusual

attendant,kandkcarriesktheirkimagination,kfromkthekappearancekofktheone,ktokconceivekthekother,kinkthatkparticularkmanner,kwhichkwedenominatekbelief.kNokotherkexplicationkcankbekgivenkofkthisoperation,kinkallkthekhigher,kaskwellkasklowerkclasseskofksensitivebeings,kwhichkfallkunderkourknoticekandkobservation.*

kk*kSincekallkreasoningskconcerningkfactskorkcauseskiskderivedmerelykfromkcustom,kitkmaykbekas edkhowkitkhappens,kthatkmenksokmuchsurpasskanimalskinkreasoning,kandkonekmanksokmuchksurpasseskanother?Hasknotktheksamekcustomktheksamekinfluencekonkall?

kkWekshallkherekendeavourkbrieflyktokexplainkthekgreatkdifferencekinhumankunderstandings:kAfterkwhichkthekreasonkofkthekdifferencekbetween

menkandkanimalskwillkeasilykbekcomprehended.

kk1.kWhenkwekhaveklivedkanyktime,kandkhavekbeenkaccustomedktoktheuniformitykofknature,kwekacquirekakgeneralkhabit,kbykwhichkwekalwaystransferkthek nownktokthekun nown,kandkconceivektheklatterktokresemblethekformer.kBykmeanskofkthiskgeneralkhabitualkprinciple,kwekregardevenkonekexperimentkaskthekfoundationkofkreasoning,kandkexpectkasimilarkeventkwithksomekdegreekofkcertainty,kwherekthekexperimenthaskbeenkmadekaccurately,kandkfreekfromkallkforeignkcircumstances.Itkiskthereforekconsideredkaskakmatterkofkgreatkimportancekto



observekthekconsequenceskofkthings;kandkaskonekmankmaykverykmuchsurpasskanotherkinkattentionkandkmemorykandkobservation,kthiskwillma ekakverykgreatkdifferencekinktheirkreasoning.

kk2.kWherektherekiskakcomplicationkofkcausesktokproducekanykeffect,onekmindkmaykbekmuchklargerkthankanother,kandkbetterkablektocomprehendkthekwholeksystemkofkobjects,kandktokinferkjustlyktheirconsequences.

kk3.kOnekmankiskablektokcarrykonkakchainkofkconsequencesktokagreaterklengthkthankanother.

kk4.kFewkmenkcankthin klongkwithoutkrunningkintokakconfusionkofkideas,andkmista ingkonekforkanother;kandktherekarekvariouskdegreeskofkthisinfirmity.

kk5.kThekcircumstance,konkwhichkthekeffectkdepends,kiskfrequentlyinvolvedkinkotherkcircumstances,kwhichkarekforeignkandkextrinsic.Thekseparationkofkitkoftenkrequireskgreatkattention,kaccuracy,kandsubtilty.

kk6.kThekformingkofkgeneralkmaximskfromkparticularkobservationkiskaveryknicekoperation;kandknothingkiskmorekusual,kfromkhastekorkanarrownesskofkmind,kwhichkseesknotkonkallksides,kthanktokcommit

mista eskinkthiskparticular.

kk7.kWhenkwekreasonkfromkanalogies,kthekman,kwhokhaskthekgreaterexperiencekorkthekgreaterkpromptitudekofksuggestingkanalogies,kwillkbethekbetterkreasoner.

kk8.kByasseskfromkprejudice,keducation,kpassion,kparty,k&c.khangmorekuponkonekmindkthankanother.

kk9.kAfterkwekhavekacquiredkakconfidencekinkhumanktestimony,kboo skandconversationkenlargekmuchkmorekthekspherekofkonekman'skexperienceandkthoughtkthankthosekofkanother.

kkItkwouldkbekeasyktokdiscoverkmanykotherkcircumstanceskthatkma ekadifferencekinkthekunderstandingskofkmen.

kk85.kButkthoughkanimalsklearnkmanykpartskofktheirk nowledgekfromobservation,ktherekarekalsokmanykpartskofkit,kwhichktheykderivekfromthekoriginalkhandkofknature;kwhichkmuchkexceedktheksharekofkcapacitytheykpossesskonkordinarykoccasions;kandkinkwhichktheykimprove,littlekorknothing,kbyktheklongestkpracticekandkexperience.kThesekwedenominatekInstincts,kandkareksokaptktokadmirekasksomethingkveryextraordinary,kandkinexplicablekbykallkthekdisquisitionskofkhumanunderstanding.kButkourkwonderkwill,kperhaps,kceasekorkdiminish,kwhenwekconsider,kthatkthekexperimentalkreasoningkitself,kwhichkwepossesskinkcommonkwithkbeasts,kandkonkwhichkthekwholekconductkof

lifekdepends,kisknothingkbutkakspecieskofkinstinctkorkmechanicalpower,kthatkactskinkuskun nownktokourselves;kandkinkitskchiefoperations,kisknotkdirectedkbykanyksuchkrelationskorkcomparisonskofideas,kaskarekthekproperkobjectskofkourkintellectualkfaculties.kThoughthekinstinctkbekdifferent,kyetkstillkitkiskankinstinct,kwhichteacheskakmanktokavoidkthekfire;kaskmuchkaskthat,kwhichkteacheskabird,kwithksuchkexactness,kthekartkofkincubation,kandkthekwholeeconomykandkorderkofkitsknursery.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kX.kOfkMiracles




kk86.kTherekis,kinkDr.kTillotson'skwritings,kankargumentkagainstktherealkpresence,kwhichkiskaskconcise,kandkelegant,kandkstrongkaskanyargumentkcankpossiblykbeksupposedkagainstkakdoctrine,ksoklittlekworthyofkakseriouskrefutation.kItkiskac nowledgedkonkallkhands,ksayskthatlearnedkprelate,kthatkthekauthority,keitherkofkthekscripturekorkoftradition,kiskfoundedkmerelykinkthektestimonykofkthekapostles,kwhowerekeye-witnessesktokthosekmiracleskofkourkSaviour,kbykwhichkheprovedkhiskdivinekmission.kOurkevidence,kthen,kforkthektruthkofktheChristiankreligionkisklesskthankthekevidencekforkthektruthkofkoursenses;kbecause,kevenkinkthekfirstkauthorskofkourkreligion,kitkwasnokgreater;kandkitkiskevidentkitkmustkdiminishkinkpassingkfromkthemktotheirkdisciples;knorkcankanykonekrestksuchkconfidencekinktheirtestimony,kaskinkthekimmediatekobjectkofkhisksenses.kButkakwea erevidencekcankneverkdestroykakstronger;kandktherefore,kwerekthedoctrinekofkthekrealkpresencekeverksokclearlykrevealedkinkscripture,itkwerekdirectlykcontraryktokthekruleskofkjustkreasoningktokgivekourassentktokit.kItkcontradictsksense,kthoughkbothkthekscripturekandtradition,konkwhichkitkisksupposedktokbekbuilt,kcarryknotksuchevidencekwithkthemkasksense;kwhenktheykarekconsideredkmerelykasexternalkevidences,kandkareknotkbroughtkhomektokeverykone'skbreast,kbythekimmediatekoperationkofkthekHolykSpirit.

kkNothingkisksokconvenientkaskakdecisivekargumentkofkthisk ind,whichkmustkatkleastksilencekthekmostkarrogantkbigotrykandsuperstition,kandkfreekuskfromktheirkimpertinentksolicitations.kIflatterkmyself,kthatkIkhavekdiscoveredkankargumentkofkakli eknature,which,kifkjust,kwill,kwithkthekwisekandklearned,kbekankeverlastingchec ktokallk indskofksuperstitiouskdelusion,kandkconsequently,kwillbekusefulkasklongkaskthekworldkendures.kForksoklong,kIkpresume,kwillthekaccountskofkmiracleskandkprodigieskbekfoundkinkallkhistory,ksacredandkprofane.

kk87.kThoughkexperiencekbekourkonlykguidekinkreasoningkconcerningmatterskofkfact;kitkmustkbekac nowledged,kthatkthiskguidekisknot

altogetherkinfallible,kbutkinksomekcaseskiskaptktokleadkuskintoerrors.kOne,kwhokinkourkclimate,kshouldkexpectkbetterkweatherkinkanywee kofkJunekthankinkonekofkDecember,kwouldkreasonkjustly,kandconformablyktokexperience;kbutkitkiskcertain,kthatkhekmaykhappen,kinthekevent,ktokfindkhimselfkmista en.kHowever,kwekmaykobserve,kthat,kinsuchkakcase,khekwouldkhaveknokcausektokcomplainkofkexperience;kbecauseitkcommonlykinformskuskbeforehandkofkthekuncertainty,kbykthatcontrarietykofkevents,kwhichkwekmayklearnkfromkakdiligentkobservation.Allkeffectskfollowknotkwithkli ekcertaintykfromktheirksupposedkcauses.Somekeventskarekfound,kinkallkcountrieskandkallkages,ktokhavekbeenconstantlykconjoinedktogether:kOtherskarekfoundktokhavekbeenkmorevariable,kandksometimesktokdisappointkourkexpectations;ksokthat,kinourkreasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfact,ktherekarekallkimaginable

degreeskofkassurance,kfromkthekhighestkcertaintyktoktheklowestkspeciesofkmoralkevidence.

kkAkwisekman,ktherefore,kproportionskhiskbeliefktokthekevidence.kInsuchkconclusionskaskarekfoundedkonkankinfalliblekexperience,kheexpectskthekeventkwithktheklastkdegreekofkassurance,kandkregardskhispastkexperiencekaskakfullkproofkofkthekfuturekexistencekofkthatkevent.Inkotherkcases,khekproceedskwithkmorekcaution:kHekweighsktheoppositekexperiments:kHekconsiderskwhichksidekisksupportedkbykthegreaterknumberkofkexperiments:ktokthatksidekhekinclines,kwithkdoubt



andkhesitation;kandkwhenkatklastkhekfixeskhiskjudgement,ktheevidencekexceedsknotkwhatkwekproperlykcallkprobability.kAllprobability,kthen,ksupposeskankoppositionkofkexperimentskandobservations,kwherekthekoneksidekiskfoundktokoverbalancekthekother,andktokproducekakdegreekofkevidence,kproportionedktokthesuperiority.kAkhundredkinstanceskorkexperimentskonkonekside,kandkfiftyonkanother,kaffordkakdoubtfulkexpectationkofkanykevent;kthoughkahundredkuniformkexperiments,kwithkonlykonekthatkiskcontradictory,reasonablykbegetkakprettykstrongkdegreekofkassurance.kInkallkcases,kwemustkbalancekthekoppositekexperiments,kwherektheykarekopposite,kanddeductktheksmallerknumberkfromkthekgreater,kinkorderktok nowkthekexactforcekofktheksuperiorkevidence.

kk88.kTokapplykthesekprinciplesktokakparticularkinstance;kwekmayobservekthatktherekisknokspecieskofkreasoningkmorekcommon,kmoreuseful,kandkevenknecessaryktokhumanklife,kthankthatkwhichkiskderivedfromkthektestimonykofkmen,kandkthekreportskofkeye-witnesseskandspectators.kThiskspecieskofkreasoning,kperhaps,konekmaykdenyktokbefoundedkonkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffect.kIkshallknotkdisputekaboutakword.kItkwillkbeksufficientktokobservekthatkourkassurancekinkanyargumentkofkthisk indkiskderivedkfromknokotherkprinciplekthankourobservationkofkthekveracitykofkhumanktestimony,kandkofkthekusualconformitykofkfactsktokthekreportskofkwitnesses.kItkbeingkakgeneralmaxim,kthatknokobjectskhavekanykdiscoverablekconnexionktogether,kand

thatkallkthekinferences,kwhichkwekcankdrawkfromkonektokanother,karefoundedkmerelykonkourkexperiencekofktheirkconstantkandkregularconjunction;kitkiskevidentkthatkwekoughtknotktokma ekankexceptionktothiskmaximkinkfavourkofkhumanktestimony,kwhosekconnexionkwithkanyeventkseems,kinkitself,kasklittleknecessarykaskanykother.kWereknotkthememoryktenaciousktokakcertainkdegree;khadknotkmenkcommonlykaninclinationktoktruthkandkakprinciplekofkprobity;kwerektheyknotsensiblektokshame,kwhenkdetectedkinkakfalsehood:kWereknotkthese,kIsay,kdiscoveredkbykexperiencektokbekqualities,kinherentkinkhumannature,kwekshouldkneverkreposekthekleastkconfidencekinkhumantestimony.kAkmankdelirious,korknotedkforkfalsehoodkandkvillany,khasknomannerkofkauthoritykwithkus.

kkAndkaskthekevidence,kderivedkfromkwitnesseskandkhumanktestimony,iskfoundedkonkpastkexperience,ksokitkvarieskwithkthekexperience,kandiskregardedkeitherkaskakproofkorkakprobability,kaccordingkasktheconjunctionkbetweenkanykparticulark indkofkreportkandkanyk indkofobjectkhaskbeenkfoundktokbekconstantkorkvariable.kTherekarekaknumberofkcircumstancesktokbekta enkintokconsiderationkinkallkjudgementskofthisk ind;kandkthekultimatekstandard,kbykwhichkwekdeterminekalldisputes,kthatkmaykarisekconcerningkthem,kiskalwayskderivedkfromexperiencekandkobservation.kWherekthiskexperiencekisknotkentirelyuniformkonkanykside,kitkiskattendedkwithkankunavoidablekcontrarietykinourkjudgements,kandkwithktheksamekoppositionkandkmutualkdestructionkofargumentkaskinkeverykotherk indkofkevidence.kWekfrequentlykhesitateconcerningkthekreportskofkothers.kWekbalancekthekopposite

circumstances,kwhichkcausekanykdoubtkorkuncertainty;kandkwhenkwediscoverkaksuperioritykonkanykside,kwekinclinektokit;kbutkstillkwithkadiminutionkofkassurance,kinkproportionktokthekforcekofkitskantagonist.

kk89.kThiskcontrarietykofkevidence,kinkthekpresentkcase,kmaykbederivedkfromkseveralkdifferentkcauses;kfromkthekoppositionkofkcontrarytestimony;kfromkthekcharacterkorknumberkofkthekwitnesses;kfromkthemannerkofktheirkdeliveringktheirktestimony;korkfromkthekunionkofkallthesekcircumstances.kWekentertainkaksuspicionkconcerningkanykmatterkoffact,kwhenkthekwitnesseskcontradictkeachkother;kwhenktheykarekbutkfew,



orkofkakdoubtfulkcharacter;kwhenktheykhavekankinterestkinkwhatktheyaffirm;kwhenktheykdeliverktheirktestimonykwithkhesitation,korkonkthecontrary,kwithktookviolentkasseverations.kTherekarekmanykotherparticularskofktheksamek ind,kwhichkmaykdiminishkorkdestroyktheforcekofkanykargument,kderivedkfromkhumanktestimony.

kkSuppose,kforkinstance,kthatkthekfact,kwhichkthektestimonykendeavourstokestablish,kparta eskofkthekextraordinarykandkthekmarvellous;kinthatkcase,kthekevidence,kresultingkfromkthektestimony,kadmitskofkadiminution,kgreaterkorkless,kinkproportionkaskthekfactkiskmorekorklessunusual.kThekreasonkwhykwekplacekanykcreditkinkwitnesseskandhistorians,kisknotkderivedkfromkanykconnexion,kwhichkwekperceivekapriori,kbetweenktestimonykandkreality,kbutkbecausekwekarekaccustomedtokfindkakconformitykbetweenkthem.kButkwhenkthekfactkattestedkissuchkakonekaskhaskseldomkfallenkunderkourkobservation,kherekiskacontestkofktwokoppositekexperiences;kofkwhichkthekonekdestroysktheother,kaskfarkaskitskforcekgoes,kandktheksuperiorkcankonlykoperateonkthekmindkbykthekforce,kwhichkremains.kThekveryksamekprinciplekofexperience,kwhichkgiveskuskakcertainkdegreekofkassurancekinkthetestimonykofkwitnesses,kgiveskuskalso,kinkthiskcase,kanotherkdegreekofassurancekagainstkthekfact,kwhichktheykendeavourktokestablish;kfromwhichkcontradictionkthereknecessarilykariseskakcounterpoize,kandmutualkdestructionkofkbeliefkandkauthority.

kkIkshouldknotkbelieveksuchkakstorykwerekitktoldkmekbykCato,kwaskaproverbialksayingkinkRome,kevenkduringktheklifetimekofkthatphilosophicalkpatriot.*kThekincredibilitykofkakfact,kitkwaskallowed,mightkinvalidateksokgreatkankauthority.

kk*kPlutarch,kMarcuskCato.

kkThekIndiankprince,kwhokrefusedktokbelievekthekfirstkrelationsconcerningkthekeffectskofkfrost,kreasonedkjustly;kandkitknaturallyrequiredkverykstrongktestimonyktokengagekhiskassentktokfacts,kthatarosekfromkakstatekofknature,kwithkwhichkhekwaskunacquainted,kandwhichkboreksoklittlekanalogyktokthosekevents,kofkwhichkhekhadkhadconstantkandkuniformkexperience.kThoughktheykwereknotkcontrarykto

hiskexperience,ktheykwereknotkconformablektokit.*

kk*kNokIndian,kitkiskevident,kcouldkhavekexperiencekthatkwaterkdidknotfreezekinkcoldkclimates.kThiskiskplacingknaturekinkaksituationkquiteun nownktokhim;kandkitkiskimpossiblekforkhimktoktellkakpriorikwhatwillkresultkfromkit.kItkiskma ingkaknewkexperiment,kthekconsequencekofwhichkiskalwayskuncertain.kOnekmayksometimeskconjecturekfromkanalogywhatkwillkfollow;kbutkstillkthiskiskbutkconjecture.kAndkitkmustkbeconfessed,kthat,kinkthekpresentkcasekofkfreezing,kthekeventkfollowscontraryktokthekruleskofkanalogy,kandkisksuchkaskakrationalkIndianwouldknotkloo kfor.kThekoperationskofkcoldkuponkwaterkareknotkgradual,accordingktokthekdegreeskofkcold;kbutkwheneverkitkcomesktokthefreezingkpoint,kthekwaterkpasseskinkakmoment,kfromkthekutmost

liquidityktokperfectkhardness.kSuchkankevent,ktherefore,kmaykbedenominatedkextraordinary,kandkrequireskakprettykstrongktestimonyktorenderkitkcrediblektokpeoplekinkakwarkclimate:kButkstillkitkisknotmiraculous,knorkcontraryktokuniformkexperiencekofkthekcoursekofknatureinkcaseskwherekallkthekcircumstanceskarektheksame.kThekinhabitantsofkSumatrakhavekalwayskseenkwaterkfluidkinktheirkownkclimate,kandthekfreezingkofktheirkriverskoughtktokbekdeemedkakprodigy:kButktheyneverksawkwaterkinkMuscovykduringkthekwinter;kandkthereforektheycannotkreasonablykbekpositivekwhatkwouldktherekbekthekconsequence.



kk90.kButkinkorderktokencreasekthekprobabilitykagainstkthektestimonyofkwitnesses,kletkusksuppose,kthatkthekfact,kwhichktheykaffirm,insteadkofkbeingkonlykmarvellous,kiskreallykmiraculous;kandksupposealso,kthatkthektestimonykconsideredkapartkandkinkitself,kamountsktokanentirekproof;kinkthatkcase,ktherekiskproofkagainstkproof,kofkwhichkthestrongestkmustkprevail,kbutkstillkwithkakdiminutionkofkitskforce,kinproportionktokthatkofkitskantagonist.

kkAkmiraclekiskakviolationkofktheklawskofknature;kandkaskakfirmkandunalterablekexperiencekhaskestablishedktheseklaws,kthekproofkagainstkamiracle,kfromkthekveryknaturekofkthekfact,kiskaskentirekaskanyargumentkfromkexperiencekcankpossiblykbekimagined.kWhykiskitkmorekthanprobable,kthatkallkmenkmustkdie;kthatkleadkcannot,kofkitself,kremainsuspendedkinkthekair;kthatkfirekconsumeskwood,kandkiskextinguishedbykwater;kunlesskitkbe,kthatkthesekeventskarekfoundkagreeablektokthelawskofknature,kandktherekiskrequiredkakviolationkofktheseklaws,korkinotherkwords,kakmiraclektokpreventkthem?kNothingkiskesteemedkakmiracle,ifkitkeverkhappenkinkthekcommonkcoursekofknature.kItkisknokmiraclethatkakman,kseeminglykinkgoodkhealth,kshouldkdiekonkaksudden:becauseksuchkak indkofkdeath,kthoughkmorekunusualkthankanykother,haskyetkbeenkfrequentlykobservedktokhappen.kButkitkiskakmiracle,thatkakdeadkmankshouldkcomektoklife;kbecausekthatkhaskneverkbeenobservedkinkanykagekorkcountry.kTherekmust,ktherefore,kbekakuniformexperiencekagainstkeverykmiraculouskevent,kotherwisekthekeventkwould

notkmeritkthatkappellation.kAndkaskakuniformkexperiencekamountsktokaproof,ktherekiskherekakdirectkandkfullkproof,kfromktheknaturekofkthefact,kagainstkthekexistencekofkanykmiracle;knorkcanksuchkakproofkbedestroyed,korkthekmiraclekrenderedkcredible,kbutkbykankoppositekproof,whichkisksuperior.*

kk*kSometimeskankeventkmayknot,kinkitself,kseemktokbekcontraryktotheklawskofknature,kandkyet,kifkitkwerekreal,kitkmight,kbykreasonkofsomekcircumstances,kbekdenominatedkakmiracle;kbecause,kinkfact,kitiskcontraryktoktheseklaws.kThuskifkakperson,kclaimingkakdivineauthority,kshouldkcommandkaksic kpersonktokbekwell,kakhealthfulkmanktofallkdownkdead,kthekcloudsktokpourkrain,kthekwindsktokblow,kinshort,kshouldkorderkmanyknaturalkevents,kwhichkimmediatelykfollowkupon

hiskcommand;kthesekmightkjustlykbekesteemedkmiracles,kbecausektheykarereally,kinkthiskcase,kcontraryktoktheklawskofknature.kForkifkanysuspicionkremain,kthatkthekeventkandkcommandkconcurredkbykaccident,therekisknokmiraclekandknoktransgressionkofktheklawskofknature.kIfthisksuspicionkbekremoved,ktherekiskevidentlykakmiracle,kandkatransgressionkofktheseklaws;kbecauseknothingkcankbekmorekcontraryktonaturekthankthatkthekvoicekorkcommandkofkakmankshouldkhaveksuchkaninfluence.kAkmiraclekmaykbekaccuratelykdefined,kaktransgressionkofkalawkofknaturekbykakparticularkvolitionkofkthekDeity,korkbyktheinterpositionkofksomekinvisiblekagent.kAkmiraclekmaykeitherkbediscoverablekbykmenkorknot.kThiskaltersknotkitsknaturekandkessence.Thekraisingkofkakhousekorkshipkintokthekairkiskakvisiblekmiracle.Thekraisingkofkakfeather,kwhenkthekwindkwantskeverksoklittlekofka

forcekrequisitekforkthatkpurpose,kiskaskrealkakmiracle,kthoughknotsoksensiblekwithkregardktokus.

kk91.kThekplainkconsequencekisk(andkitkiskakgeneralkmaximkworthykofourkattention),k"Thatknoktestimonykisksufficientktokestablishkamiracle,kunlesskthektestimonykbekofksuchkak ind,kthatkitskfalsehoodwouldkbekmorekmiraculous,kthankthekfact,kwhichkitkendeavoursktoestablish;kandkevenkinkthatkcasektherekiskakmutualkdestructionkofarguments,kandktheksuperiorkonlykgiveskuskankassuranceksuitablektothatkdegreekofkforce,kwhichkremains,kafterkdeductingkthekinferior."



Whenkanyonektellskme,kthatkheksawkakdeadkmankrestoredktoklife,kIimmediatelykconsiderkwithkmyself,kwhetherkitkbekmorekprobable,kthatthiskpersonkshouldkeitherkdeceivekorkbekdeceived,korkthatkthekfact,whichkhekrelates,kshouldkreallykhavekhappened.kIkweighkthekonekmiracleagainstkthekother;kandkaccordingktoktheksuperiority,kwhichkIkdiscover,Ikpronouncekmykdecision,kandkalwayskrejectkthekgreaterkmiracle.kIfkthefalsehoodkofkhisktestimonykwouldkbekmorekmiraculous,kthankthekeventwhichkhekrelates;kthen,kandknotktillkthen,kcankhekpretendktokcommandmykbeliefkorkopinion.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk92.kInkthekforegoingkreasoningkwekhaveksupposedkthatkthetestimony,kuponkwhichkakmiraclekiskfounded,kmaykpossiblykamountktoankentirekproof,kandkthatkthekfalsehoodkofkthatktestimonykwouldkbekarealkprodigy:kButkitkiskeasyktokshewkthatkwekhavekbeenkakgreatkdealtookliberalkinkourkconcession,kandkthatktherekneverkwaskakmiraculouseventkestablishedkonksokfullkankevidence.

kkForkfirst,ktherekisknotktokbekfound,kinkallkhistory,kanykmiracleattestedkbykaksufficientknumberkofkmen,kofksuchkunquestionedgood-sense,keducation,kandklearning,kasktoksecurekuskagainstkalldelusionkinkthemselves;kofksuchkundoubtedkintegrity,kasktokplacethemkbeyondkallksuspicionkofkanykdesignktokdeceivekothers;kofksuch

creditkandkreputationkinkthekeyeskofkman ind,kasktokhavekakgreatdealktoklosekinkcasekofktheirkbeingkdetectedkinkanykfalsehood;kandatktheksamektime,kattestingkfactskperformedkinksuchkakpublickmannerandkinksokcelebratedkakpartkofkthekworld,kasktokrenderkthekdetectionunavoidable:kAllkwhichkcircumstanceskarekrequisitektokgivekuskakfullassurancekinkthektestimonykofkmen.

kk93.kSecondly.kWekmaykobservekinkhumanknaturekakprinciplekwhich,kifstrictlykexamined,kwillkbekfoundktokdiminishkextremelyktheassurance,kwhichkwekmight,kfromkhumanktestimony,khave,kinkanyk indofkprodigy.kThekmaxim,kbykwhichkwekcommonlykconductkourselveskinkourreasonings,kis,kthatkthekobjects,kofkwhichkwekhaveknokexperience,resemblekthose,kofkwhichkwekhave;kthatkwhatkwekhavekfoundktokbekmost

usualkiskalwayskmostkprobable;kandkthatkwherektherekiskankoppositionofkarguments,kwekoughtktokgivekthekpreferencektoksuchkaskarekfoundedonkthekgreatestknumberkofkpastkobservations.kButkthough,kinkproceedingbykthiskrule,kwekreadilykrejectkanykfactkwhichkiskunusualkandincrediblekinkankordinarykdegree;kyetkinkadvancingkfarther,kthekmindobservesknotkalwaysktheksamekrule;kbutkwhenkanythingkiskaffirmedutterlykabsurdkandkmiraculous,kitkratherkthekmorekreadilykadmitskofsuchkakfact,kuponkaccountkofkthatkverykcircumstance,kwhichkoughtktodestroykallkitskauthority.kThekpassionkofksurprisekandkwonder,karisingfromkmiracles,kbeingkankagreeablekemotion,kgiveskaksensiblektendencytowardskthekbeliefkofkthosekevents,kfromkwhichkitkiskderived.kAndkthisgoesksokfar,kthatkevenkthosekwhokcannotkenjoykthiskpleasureimmediately,knorkcankbelievekthosekmiraculouskevents,kofkwhichkthey

arekinformed,kyetklovektokparta ekofktheksatisfactionkatksecond-handorkbykrebound,kandkplacekakpridekandkdelightkinkexcitingktheadmirationkofkothers.

kkWithkwhatkgreedinesskarekthekmiraculouskaccountskofktravellersreceived,ktheirkdescriptionskofkseakandklandkmonsters,ktheirkrelationsofkwonderfulkadventures,kstrangekmen,kandkuncouthkmanners?kButkifthekspiritkofkreligionkjoinkitselfktoktheklovekofkwonder,ktherekisankendkofkcommonksense;kandkhumanktestimony,kinkthesekcircumstances,loseskallkpretensionsktokauthority.kAkreligionistkmaykbekan



enthusiast,kandkimaginekhekseeskwhatkhasknokreality:khekmayk nowkhisnarrativektokbekfalse,kandkyetkperseverekinkit,kwithkthekbestintentionskinkthekworld,kforktheksa ekofkpromotingksokholykakcause:korevenkwherekthiskdelusionkhasknotkplace,kvanity,kexcitedkbyksokstrongkatemptation,koperateskonkhimkmorekpowerfullykthankonkthekrestkofman indkinkanykotherkcircumstances;kandkself-interestkwithkequalforce.kHiskauditorskmayknotkhave,kandkcommonlykhaveknot,ksufficientjudgementktokcanvasskhiskevidence:kwhatkjudgementktheykhave,ktheyrenouncekbykprinciple,kinktheseksublimekandkmysteriousksubjects:korkiftheykwerekeverksokwillingktokemploykit,kpassionkandkakheatedimaginationkdisturbkthekregularitykofkitskoperations.kTheircredulitykincreaseskhiskimpudence:kandkhiskimpudencekoverpowerstheirkcredulity.

kkEloquence,kwhenkatkitskhighestkpitch,kleavesklittlekroomkforreasonkorkreflection;kbutkaddressingkitselfkentirelyktokthekfancykorthekaffections,kcaptivateskthekwillingkhearers,kandksubduesktheirunderstanding.kHappily,kthiskpitchkitkseldomkattains.kButkwhatkakTullyorkakDemostheneskcouldkscarcelykeffectkoverkakRomankorkAthenianaudience,keverykCapuchin,keverykitinerantkorkstationarykteacherkcanperformkoverkthekgeneralitykofkman ind,kandkinkakhigherkdegree,kbytouchingksuchkgrosskandkvulgarkpassions.

kkThekmanykinstanceskofkforgedkmiracles,kandkprophecies,kand

supernaturalkevents,kwhich,kinkallkages,khavekeitherkbeenkdetectedbykcontrarykevidence,korkwhichkdetectkthemselveskbyktheirkabsurdity,proveksufficientlykthekstrongkpropensitykofkman indktoktheextraordinarykandkthekmarvellous,kandkoughtkreasonablyktokbegetkasuspicionkagainstkallkrelationskofkthisk ind.kThiskiskourknaturalwaykofkthin ing,kevenkwithkregardktokthekmostkcommonkandkmostkcredibleevents.kForkinstance:kTherekisknok indkofkreportkwhichkrisesksoeasily,kandkspreadsksokquic ly,kespeciallykinkcountrykplaceskandprovincialktowns,kaskthosekconcerningkmarriages;kinsomuchkthatktwoyoungkpersonskofkequalkconditionkneverkseekeachkotherktwice,kbutkthewholekneighbourhoodkimmediatelykjoinkthemktogether.kThekpleasurekoftellingkakpiecekofknewsksokinteresting,kofkpropagatingkit,kandkofbeingkthekfirstkreporterskofkit,kspreadskthekintelligence.kAndkthiskis

sokwellk nown,kthatknokmankofksensekgiveskattentionktokthesereports,ktillkhekfindkthemkconfirmedkbyksomekgreaterkevidence.kDonotktheksamekpassions,kandkotherskstillkstronger,kinclinekthegeneralitykofkman indktokbelievekandkreport,kwithkthekgreatestvehemencekandkassurance,kallkreligiouskmiracles?

kk94.kThirdly.kItkformskakstrongkpresumptionkagainstkallsupernaturalkandkmiraculouskrelations,kthatktheykarekobservedchieflyktokaboundkamongkignorantkandkbarbarousknations;korkifkacivilizedkpeoplekhaskeverkgivenkadmissionktokanykofkthem,kthatpeoplekwillkbekfoundktokhavekreceivedkthemkfromkignorantkandkbarbarousancestors,kwhoktransmittedkthemkwithkthatkinviolableksanctionkandauthority,kwhichkalwayskattendkreceivedkopinions.kWhenkwekperusekthe

firstkhistorieskofkallknations,kwekarekaptktokimaginekourselvestransportedkintoksomeknewkworld;kwherekthekwholekframekofknaturekisdisjointed,kandkeverykelementkperformskitskoperationskinkakdifferentmanner,kfromkwhatkitkdoeskatkpresent.kBattles,krevolutions,pestilence,kfaminekandkdeath,karekneverkthekeffectkofkthoseknaturalcauses,kwhichkwekexperience.kProdigies,komens,koracles,kjudgements,quitekobscurekthekfewknaturalkevents,kthatkarekintermingledkwithkthem.Butkaskthekformerkgrowkthinnerkeverykpage,kinkproportionkaskwekadvancenearerkthekenlightenedkages,kweksoonklearn,kthatktherekisknothingmysteriouskorksupernaturalkinkthekcase,kbutkthatkallkproceedskfromkthe



usualkpropensitykofkman indktowardskthekmarvellous,kandkthat,kthoughthiskinclinationkmaykatkintervalskreceivekakchec kfromksensekandlearning,kitkcankneverkbekthoroughlykextirpatedkfromkhumanknature.

kkItkiskstrange,kakjudiciouskreaderkiskaptktoksay,kuponkthekperusalkofthesekwonderfulkhistorians,kthatksuchkprodigiouskeventskneverkhappeninkourkdays.kButkitkisknothingkstrange,kIkhope,kthatkmenkshouldkliekinallkages.kYoukmustksurelykhavekseenkinstanceskenoughkofkthatfrailty.kYoukhavekyourselfkheardkmanyksuchkmarvellouskrelationsstarted,kwhich,kbeingktreatedkwithkscornkbykallkthekwisekandjudicious,khavekatklastkbeenkabandonedkevenkbykthekvulgar.kBekassured,thatkthosekrenownedklies,kwhichkhavekspreadkandkflourishedktoksuchkamonstrouskheight,karosekfromkli ekbeginnings;kbutkbeingksownkinkakmoreproperksoil,kshotkupkatklastkintokprodigieskalmostkequalktokthosewhichktheykrelate.

kkItkwaskakwisekpolicykinkthatkfalsekprophet,kAlexander,kwhokthoughnowkforgotten,kwaskonceksokfamous,ktoklaykthekfirstkscenekofkhisimpostureskinkPaphlagonia,kwhere,kaskLucianktellskus,kthekpeoplewerekextremelykignorantkandkstupid,kandkreadyktokswallowkevenkthegrossestkdelusion.kPeoplekatkakdistance,kwhokarekwea kenoughktothin kthekmatterkatkallkworthkenquiry,khaveknokopportunitykofreceivingkbetterkinformation.kThekstorieskcomekmagnifiedktokthemkbyakhundredkcircumstances.kFoolskarekindustriouskinkpropagatingkthe

imposture;kwhilekthekwisekandklearnedkarekcontented,kinkgeneral,ktoderidekitskabsurdity,kwithoutkinformingkthemselveskofkthekparticularfacts,kbykwhichkitkmaykbekdistinctlykrefuted.kAndkthuskthekimpostorabovekmentionedkwaskenabledktokproceed,kfromkhiskignorantPaphlagonians,ktokthekenlistingkofkvotaries,kevenkamongkthekGrecianphilosophers,kandkmenkofkthekmostkeminentkran kandkdistinctionkinRome:knay,kcouldkengagekthekattentionkofkthatksagekemperorkMarcusAurelius;ksokfarkasktokma ekhimktrustktheksuccesskofkakmilitaryexpeditionktokhiskdelusivekprophecies.

kkThekadvantageskareksokgreat,kofkstartingkankimposturekamongkanignorantkpeople,kthat,kevenkthoughkthekdelusionkshouldkbektookgrossktoimposekonkthekgeneralitykofkthemk(which,kthoughkseldom,kisksometimes

thekcase)kitkhaskakmuchkbetterkchancekforksucceedingkinkremotecountries,kthankifkthekfirstkscenekhadkbeenklaidkinkakcitykrenownedforkartskandk nowledge.kThekmostkignorantkandkbarbarouskofkthesebarbarianskcarrykthekreportkabroad.kNonekofktheirkcountrymenkhavekalargekcorrespondence,korksufficientkcreditkandkauthorityktokcontradictandkbeatkdownkthekdelusion.kMen'skinclinationktokthekmarvellouskhasfullkopportunityktokdisplaykitself.kAndkthuskakstory,kwhichkisuniversallykexplodedkinkthekplacekwherekitkwaskfirstkstarted,kshallpasskforkcertainkatkakthousandkmileskdistance.kButkhadkAlexanderkfixedhiskresidencekatkAthens,kthekphilosopherskofkthatkrenownedkmartkoflearningkhadkimmediatelykspread,kthroughoutkthekwholekRomankempire,theirksensekofkthekmatter;kwhich,kbeingksupportedkbyksokgreatauthority,kandkdisplayedkbykallkthekforcekofkreasonkandkeloquence,khad

entirelykopenedkthekeyeskofkman ind.kItkisktrue;kLucian,kpassingkbychancekthroughkPaphlagonia,khadkankopportunitykofkperformingkthiskgoodoffice.kBut,kthoughkmuchktokbekwished,kitkdoesknotkalwayskhappen,kthateverykAlexanderkmeetskwithkakLucian,kreadyktokexposekandkdetectkhisimpostures.

kk95.kIkmaykaddkaskakfourthkreason,kwhichkdiminisheskthekauthorityofkprodigies,kthatktherekisknoktestimonykforkany,kevenkthosekwhichhaveknotkbeenkexpresslykdetected,kthatkisknotkopposedkbykankinfinitenumberkofkwitnesses;ksokthatknotkonlykthekmiraclekdestroyskthe



creditkofktestimony,kbutkthektestimonykdestroyskitself.kTokma ekthisthekbetterkunderstood,kletkuskconsider,kthat,kinkmatterskofreligion,kwhateverkiskdifferentkiskcontrary;kandkthatkitkiskimpossiblethekreligionskofkancientkRome,kofkTur ey,kofkSiam,kandkofkChinashould,kallkofkthem,kbekestablishedkonkanyksolidkfoundation.kEverymiracle,ktherefore,kpretendedktokhavekbeenkwroughtkinkanykofkthesereligionsk(andkallkofkthemkaboundkinkmiracles),kaskitskdirectkscopekistokestablishkthekparticularksystemktokwhichkitkiskattributed;ksokhasitktheksamekforce,kthoughkmorekindirectly,ktokoverthrowkeverykothersystem.kInkdestroyingkakrivalksystem,kitkli ewisekdestroyskthecreditkofkthosekmiracles,konkwhichkthatksystemkwaskestablished;ksothatkallkthekprodigieskofkdifferentkreligionskarektokbekregardedkascontrarykfacts,kandkthekevidenceskofkthesekprodigies,kwhetherkweaorkstrong,kaskoppositektokeachkother.kAccordingktokthiskmethodkofreasoning,kwhenkwekbelievekanykmiraclekofkMahometkorkhisksuccessors,wekhavekforkourkwarrantkthektestimonykofkakfewkbarbarouskArabians:kAndonkthekotherkhand,kwekarektokregardkthekauthoritykofkTituskLivius,Plutarch,kTacitus,kand,kinkshort,kofkallkthekauthorskandkwitnesses,Grecian,kChinese,kandkRomankCatholic,kwhokhavekrelatedkanykmiracleinktheirkparticularkreligion;kIksay,kwekarektokregardktheirtestimonykinktheksameklightkaskifktheykhadkmentionedkthatkMahometanmiracle,kandkhadkinkexpressktermskcontradictedkit,kwithktheksamecertaintykasktheykhavekforkthekmiraclektheykrelate.kThiskargumentmaykappearkoverksubtilekandkrefined;kbutkisknotkinkrealitykdifferent

fromkthekreasoningkofkakjudge,kwhoksupposeskthatkthekcreditkofktwowitnesses,kmaintainingkakcrimekagainstkanykone,kiskdestroyedkbykthetestimonykofktwokothers,kwhokaffirmkhimktokhavekbeenktwokhundredleagueskdistant,katktheksamekinstantkwhenkthekcrimekisksaidktokhavebeenkcommitted.

kk96.kOnekofkthekbestkattestedkmiracleskinkallkprofanekhistory,kisthatkwhichkTacituskreportskofkVespasian,kwhokcuredkakblindkmankinAlexandria,kbykmeanskofkhiskspittle,kandkaklamekmankbykthekmeretouchkofkhiskfoot;kinkobediencektokakvisionkofkthekgodkSerapis,kwhohadkenjoinedkthemktokhavekrecoursektokthekEmperor,kforkthesemiraculouskcures.kThekstorykmaykbekseenkinkthatkfinekhistorian;*kwhereeverykcircumstancekseemsktokaddkweightktokthektestimony,kandkmight

bekdisplayedkatklargekwithkallkthekforcekofkargumentkandkeloquence,kifanykonekwereknowkconcernedktokenforcekthekevidencekofkthatkexplodedandkidolatrousksuperstition.kThekgravity,ksolidity,kage,kandkprobityofksokgreatkankemperor,kwho,kthroughkthekwholekcoursekofkhisklife,conversedkinkakfamiliarkmannerkwithkhiskfriendskandkcourtiers,kandneverkaffectedkthosekextraordinarykairskofkdivinitykassumedkbyAlexanderkandkDemetrius.kThekhistorian,kakcontemporarykwriter,knotedforkcandourkandkveracity,kandkwithal,kthekgreatestkandkmostpenetratingkgenius,kperhaps,kofkallkantiquity;kandksokfreekfromkanytendencyktokcredulity,kthatkhekevenklieskunderkthekcontraryimputation,kofkatheismkandkprofaneness:kThekpersons,kfromkwhoseauthoritykhekrelatedkthekmiracle,kofkestablishedkcharacterkforjudgementkandkveracity,kaskwekmaykwellkpresume;keye-witnesseskofkthe

fact,kandkconfirmingktheirktestimony,kafterkthekFlaviankfamilykwasdespoiledkofkthekempire,kandkcouldknoklongerkgivekanykreward,kaskthepricekofkaklie.kUtrumque,kquikinterfuere,knunckquoquekmemorant,postquamknullumkmendaciokpretium.kTokwhichkifkwekaddkthekpublicknatureofkthekfacts,kaskrelated,kitkwillkappear,kthatknokevidencekcankwellkbesupposedkstrongerkforksokgrosskandksokpalpablekakfalsehood.

kk*kHistories,kiv.k81.kSuetoniuskgivesknearlyktheksamekaccount,LiveskofkthekCaesarsk(Vespasian).



kkTherekiskalsokakmemorablekstorykrelatedkbykCardinalkdekRetz,kwhichmaykwellkdeservekourkconsideration.kWhenkthatkintriguingkpoliticianfledkintokSpain,ktokavoidkthekpersecutionkofkhiskenemies,khekpassedthroughkSaragossa,kthekcapitalkofkAragon,kwherekhekwaskshewn,kinkthecathedral,kakman,kwhokhadkservedksevenkyearskaskakdoor eeper,kandwaskwellk nownktokeverykbodykinktown,kthatkhadkeverkpaidkhiskdevotionsatkthatkchurch.kHekhadkbeenkseen,kforksoklongkaktime,kwantingkakleg;butkrecoveredkthatklimbkbykthekrubbingkofkholykoilkuponkthekstump;kandthekcardinalkassureskuskthatkheksawkhimkwithktwoklegs.kThiskmiraclewaskvouchedkbykallkthekcanonskofkthekchurch;kandkthekwholekcompanyinktownkwerekappealedktokforkakconfirmationkofkthekfact;kwhomkthecardinalkfound,kbyktheirkzealouskdevotion,ktokbekthoroughkbelieverskofthekmiracle.kHerekthekrelaterkwaskalsokcontemporaryktoktheksupposedprodigy,kofkankincredulouskandklibertinekcharacter,kaskwellkaskofgreatkgenius;kthekmiraclekofksoksingularkaknaturekaskcouldkscarcelyadmitkofkakcounterfeit,kandkthekwitnesseskveryknumerous,kandkallkofthem,kinkakmanner,kspectatorskofkthekfact,ktokwhichktheykgavektheirtestimony.kAndkwhatkaddskmightilyktokthekforcekofkthekevidence,kandmaykdoublekourksurprisekonkthiskoccasion,kis,kthatkthekcardinalhimself,kwhokrelateskthekstory,kseemsknotktokgivekanykcreditktokit,andkconsequentlykcannotkbeksuspectedkofkanykconcurrencekinkthekholyfraud.kHekconsideredkjustly,kthatkitkwasknotkrequisite,kinkorderktorejectkakfactkofkthisknature,ktokbekablekaccuratelyktokdisprovekthetestimony,kandktoktracekitskfalsehood,kthroughkallkthekcircumstances

ofk naverykandkcredulitykwhichkproducedkit.kHek new,kthat,kaskthiskwascommonlykaltogetherkimpossiblekatkanyksmallkdistancekofktimekandplace;ksokwaskitkextremelykdifficult,kevenkwherekonekwaskimmediatelypresent,kbykreasonkofkthekbigotry,kignorance,kcunning,kandkrogueryofkakgreatkpartkofkman ind.kHekthereforekconcluded,kli ekakjustreasoner,kthatksuchkankevidencekcarriedkfalsehoodkuponkthekverykfaceofkit,kandkthatkakmiracle,ksupportedkbykanykhumanktestimony,kwasmorekproperlykaksubjectkofkderisionkthankofkargument.

kkThereksurelykneverkwaskakgreaterknumberkofkmiracleskascribedktoonekperson,kthankthose,kwhichkwereklatelyksaidktokhavekbeenkwroughtkinFrancekuponkthektombkofkAbbekParis,kthekfamouskJansenist,kwithkwhosesanctitykthekpeoplekwereksoklongkdeluded.kThekcuringkofktheksic ,

givingkhearingktokthekdeaf,kandksightktokthekblind,kwerekeverykwheretal edkofkaskthekusualkeffectskofkthatkholyksepulchre.kButkwhatkismorekextraordinary;kmanykofkthekmiracleskwerekimmediatelykproveduponkthekspot,kbeforekjudgeskofkunquestionedkintegrity,kattestedkbywitnesseskofkcreditkandkdistinction,kinkaklearnedkage,kandkonkthekmosteminentktheatrekthatkisknowkinkthekworld.kNorkiskthiskall:karelationkofkthemkwaskpublishedkandkdispersedkeverykwhere;knorkwerektheJesuits,kthoughkaklearnedkbody,ksupportedkbykthekcivilkmagistrate,kanddeterminedkenemiesktokthosekopinions,kinkwhosekfavourkthekmiracleswereksaidktokhavekbeenkwrought,keverkablekdistinctlyktokrefutekordetectkthem.kWherekshallkwekfindksuchkaknumberkofkcircumstances,agreeingktokthekcorroborationkofkonekfact?kAndkwhatkhavekwektoopposektoksuchkakcloudkofkwitnesses,kbutkthekabsolutekimpossibilitykor

miraculousknaturekofkthekevents,kwhichktheykrelate?kAndkthisksurely,inkthekeyeskofkallkreasonablekpeople,kwillkalonekbekregardedkaskasufficientkrefutation.

kk97.kIskthekconsequencekjust,kbecauseksomekhumanktestimonykhasktheutmostkforcekandkauthoritykinksomekcases,kwhenkitkrelateskthekbattleofkPhilippikorkPharsaliakforkinstance;kthatkthereforekallk indskoftestimonykmust,kinkallkcases,khavekequalkforcekandkauthority?SupposekthatkthekCaesareankandkPompeiankfactionskhad,keachkofkthem,claimedkthekvictorykinkthesekbattles,kandkthatkthekhistorianskof



eachkpartykhadkuniformlykascribedkthekadvantagektoktheirkownkside;khowcouldkman ind,katkthiskdistance,khavekbeenkablektokdeterminekbetweenthem?kThekcontrarietykiskequallykstrongkbetweenkthekmiracleskrelatedbykHerodotuskorkPlutarch,kandkthosekdeliveredkbykMariana,kBede,korkanymon ishkhistorian.

kkThekwiseklendkakverykacademickfaithktokeverykreportkwhichkfavoursthekpassionkofkthekreporter;kwhetherkitkmagnifieskhiskcountry,khisfamily,korkhimself,korkinkanykotherkwaykstri eskinkwithkhisknaturalinclinationskandkpropensities.kButkwhatkgreaterktemptationkthanktoappearkakmissionary,kakprophet,kankambassadorkfromkheaven?kWhokwouldnotkencounterkmanykdangerskandkdifficulties,kinkorderktokattainksosublimekakcharacter?kOrkif,kbykthekhelpkofkvanitykandkakheatedimagination,kakmankhaskfirstkmadekakconvertkofkhimself,kandkenteredseriouslykintokthekdelusionkIkwhokeverkscruplesktokma ekusekofkpiousfrauds,kinksupportkofksokholykandkmeritoriouskakcause?

kkTheksmallestkspar kmaykherek indlekintokthekgreatestkflame;becausekthekmaterialskarekalwayskpreparedkforkit.kThekavidumkgenusauricularum,*kthekgazingkpopulace,kreceivekgreedily,kwithoutexamination,kwhateverksoothsksuperstition,kandkpromoteskwonder.

kk*kLucretius.

kkHowkmanykstorieskofkthisknaturekhavekinkallkages,kbeenkdetectedandkexplodedkinktheirkinfancy?kHowkmanykmorekhavekbeenkcelebratedforkaktime,kandkhavekafterwardsksun kintokneglectkandkoblivion?Whereksuchkreports,ktherefore,kflykabout,ktheksolutionkofkthephenomenonkiskobvious;kandkwekinkconformityktokregularkexperienceandkobservation,kwhenkwekaccountkforkitkbykthek nownkandknaturalprincipleskofkcredulitykandkdelusion.kAndkshallkwe,kratherkthankhavekarecoursektoksoknaturalkaksolution,kallowkofkakmiraculouskviolationofkthekmostkestablishedklawskofknature?

kkIkneedknotkmentionkthekdifficultykofkdetectingkakfalsehoodkinkanyprivatekorkevenkpublickhistory,katkthekplace,kwherekitkisksaidktohappen;kmuchkmorekwhenkthekscenekiskremovedktokeverksoksmallka

distance.kEvenkakcourtkofkjudicature,kwithkallkthekauthority,accuracy,kandkjudgement,kwhichktheykcankemploy,kfindkthemselvesoftenkatkaklossktokdistinguishkbetweenktruthkandkfalsehoodkinkthekmostrecentkactions.kButkthekmatterkneverkcomesktokanykissue,kifktrustedktothekcommonkmethodkofkaltercationskandkdebatekandkflyingkrumours;especiallykwhenkmen'skpassionskhavekta enkpartkonkeitherkside.

kkInkthekinfancykofknewkreligions,kthekwisekandklearnedkcommonlyesteemkthekmatterktookinconsiderablektokdeservektheirkattentionkorregard.kAndkwhenkafterwardsktheykwouldkwillinglykdetectkthekcheat,inkorderktokundeceivekthekdeludedkmultitude,kthekseasonkisknowkpast,andkthekrecordskandkwitnesses,kwhichkmightkclearkupkthekmatter,khaveperishedkbeyondkrecovery.

kkNokmeanskofkdetectionkremain,kbutkthosekwhichkmustkbekdrawnkfromktheveryktestimonykitselfkofkthekreporters:kandkthese,kthoughkalwayssufficientkwithkthekjudiciouskandk nowing,karekcommonlyktookfinektofallkunderkthekcomprehensionkofkthekvulgar.

kk98.kUponkthekwhole,kthen,kitkappears,kthatknoktestimonykforkanyk indofkmiraclekhaskeverkamountedktokakprobability,kmuchklessktokakproof;andkthat,kevenksupposingkitkamountedktokakproof,kitkwouldkbekopposedbykanotherkproof,kderivedkfromkthekveryknaturekofkthekfact,kwhichkit



wouldkendeavourktokestablish.kItkiskexperiencekonly,kwhichkgivesauthorityktokhumanktestimony;kandkitkisktheksamekexperience,kwhichassureskuskofktheklawskofknature.kWhen,ktherefore,kthesektwok indsofkexperiencekarekcontrary,kwekhaveknothingktokdokbutksubstractktheonekfromkthekother,kandkembracekankopinion,keitherkonkoneksidekorthekother,kwithkthatkassurancekwhichkariseskfromkthekremainder.kButaccordingktokthekprinciplekherekexplained,kthisksubstraction,kwithregardktokallkpopularkreligions,kamountsktokankentirekannihilation;andkthereforekwekmaykestablishkitkaskakmaxim,kthatknokhumantestimonykcankhaveksuchkforcekasktokprovekakmiracle,kandkma ekitkajustkfoundationkforkanyksuchksystemkofkreligion.

kk99.kIkbegktheklimitationskherekmadekmaykbekremar ed,kwhenkIksay,thatkakmiraclekcankneverkbekproved,ksokasktokbekthekfoundationkofkasystemkofkreligion.kForkIkown,kthatkotherwise,ktherekmaykpossiblykbemiracles,korkviolationskofkthekusualkcoursekofknature,kofksuchkaindkasktokadmitkofkproofkfromkhumanktestimony;kthough,kperhaps,kitwillkbekimpossiblektokfindkanyksuchkinkallkthekrecordskofkhistory.Thus,ksupposekallkauthors,kinkallklanguages,kagree,kthat,kfromkthefirstkofkJanuaryk1600,ktherekwaskaktotalkdar nesskoverkthekwholekearthforkeightkdays:ksupposekthatkthektraditionkofkthiskextraordinarykeventiskstillkstrongkandklivelykamongkthekpeople:kthatkallktravellers,whokreturnkfromkforeignkcountries,kbringkuskaccountskofktheksametradition,kwithoutkthekleastkvariationkorkcontradiction:kitkis

evident,kthatkourkpresentkphilosophers,kinsteadkofkdoubtingkthefact,koughtktokreceivekitkaskcertain,kandkoughtktoksearchkforkthecauseskwhencekitkmightkbekderived.kThekdecay,kcorruption,kanddissolutionkofknature,kiskankeventkrenderedkprobablekbyksokmanyanalogies,kthatkanykphenomenon,kwhichkseemsktokhavekaktendencyktowardsthatkcatastrophe,kcomeskwithinkthekreachkofkhumanktestimony,kifkthattestimonykbekverykextensivekandkuniform.

kkButksuppose,kthatkallkthekhistorianskwhoktreatkofkEngland,kshouldagree,kthat,konkthekfirstkofkJanuaryk1600,kQueenkElizabethkdied;thatkbothkbeforekandkafterkherkdeathkshekwaskseenkbykherkphysiciansandkthekwholekcourt,kaskiskusualkwithkpersonskofkherkran ;kthatkhersuccessorkwaskac nowledgedkandkproclaimedkbykthekparliament;kandkthat,

afterkbeingkinterredkakmonth,kshekagainkappeared,kresumedkthethrone,kandkgovernedkEnglandkforkthreekyears:kIkmustkconfesskthatkIshouldkbeksurprisedkatkthekconcurrencekofksokmanykoddkcircumstances,butkshouldknotkhavekthekleastkinclinationktokbelieveksokmiraculousankevent.kIkshouldknotkdoubtkofkherkpretendedkdeath,kandkofkthoseotherkpublickcircumstanceskthatkfollowedkit:kIkshouldkonlykassertkittokhavekbeenkpretended,kandkthatkitkneitherkwas,knorkpossiblykcouldkbereal.kYoukwouldkinkvainkobjectktokmekthekdifficulty,kandkalmostimpossibilitykofkdeceivingkthekworldkinkankaffairkofksuchkconsequence;thekwisdomkandksolidkjudgementkofkthatkrenownedkqueen;kwithktheklittleorknokadvantagekwhichkshekcouldkreapkfromksokpoorkankartifice:kAllthiskmightkastonishkme;kbutkIkwouldkstillkreply,kthatkthek naveryandkfollykofkmenkareksuchkcommonkphenomena,kthatkIkshouldkrather

believekthekmostkextraordinarykeventsktokarisekfromktheirkconcurrence,thankadmitkofksoksignalkakviolationkofktheklawskofknature.

kkButkshouldkthiskmiraclekbekascribedktokanyknewksystemkofkreligion;men,kinkallkages,khavekbeenksokmuchkimposedkonkbykridiculouskstoriesofkthatk ind,kthatkthiskverykcircumstancekwouldkbekakfullkproofkofkacheat,kandksufficient,kwithkallkmenkofksense,knotkonlyktokma ekthemrejectkthekfact,kbutkevenkrejectkitkwithoutkfartherkexamination.ThoughkthekBeingktokwhomkthekmiraclekiskascribed,kbe,kinkthiskcase,Almighty,kitkdoesknot,kuponkthatkaccount,kbecomekakwhitkmorekprobable;



sincekitkiskimpossiblekforkusktok nowkthekattributeskorkactionskofsuchkakBeing,kotherwisekthankfromkthekexperiencekwhichkwekhavekofhiskproductions,kinkthekusualkcoursekofknature.kThiskstillkreducesusktokpastkobservation,kandkobligeskusktokcomparekthekinstanceskofktheviolationkofktruthkinkthektestimonykofkmen,kwithkthosekofktheviolationkofktheklawskofknaturekbykmiracles,kinkorderktokjudgekwhichofkthemkiskmostkli elykandkprobable.kAskthekviolationskofktruthkaremorekcommonkinkthektestimonykconcerningkreligiouskmiracles,kthankinthatkconcerningkanykotherkmatterkofkfact;kthiskmustkdiminishkverykmuchthekauthoritykofkthekformerktestimony,kandkma ekuskformkakgeneralresolution,kneverktoklendkanykattentionktokit,kwithkwhateverspeciouskpretencekitkmaykbekcovered.

kkLordkBaconkseemsktokhavekembracedktheksamekprincipleskofreasoning.k"Wekought,"ksayskhe,k"tokma ekakcollectionkorkparticularhistorykofkallkmonsterskandkprodigiouskbirthskorkproductions,kandkinkawordkofkeverythingknew,krare,kandkextraordinarykinknature.kButkthismustkbekdonekwithkthekmostkseverekscrutiny,klestkwekdepartkfromktruth.Abovekall,keverykrelationkmustkbekconsideredkasksuspicious,kwhichdependskinkanykdegreekuponkreligion,kaskthekprodigieskofkLivy:kAndnoklesskso,keverythingkthatkisktokbekfoundkinkthekwriterskofknaturalmagickorkalchemy,korksuchkauthors,kwhokseem,kallkofkthem,ktokhavekanunconquerablekappetitekforkfalsehoodkandkfable."*

kk*kNovumkOrganum,kII,kaph.k29.

kk100.kIkamkthekbetterkpleasedkwithkthekmethodkofkreasoningkheredelivered,kaskIkthin kitkmaykservektokconfoundkthosekdangerouskfriendsorkdisguisedkenemiesktokthekChristiankReligion,kwhokhavekunderta enktodefendkitkbykthekprincipleskofkhumankreason.kOurkmostkholykreligionkisfoundedkonkFaith,knotkonkreason;kandkitkiskaksurekmethodkofkexposingitktokputkitktoksuchkaktrialkaskitkis,kbyknokmeans,kfittedktoendure.kTokma ekthiskmorekevident,kletkuskexaminekthosekmiracles,relatedkinkscripture;kandknotktoklosekourselveskinktookwidekakfield,letkuskconfinekourselvesktoksuchkaskwekfindkinkthekPentateuch,kwhichwekshallkexamine,kaccordingktokthekprincipleskofkthesekpretendedChristians,knotkaskthekwordkorktestimonykofkGodkhimself,kbutkaskthe

productionkofkakmerekhumankwriterkandkhistorian.kHerekthenkwekarefirstktokconsiderkakboo ,kpresentedktokuskbykakbarbarouskandignorantkpeople,kwrittenkinkankagekwhenktheykwerekstillkmorebarbarous,kandkinkallkprobabilityklongkafterkthekfactskwhichkitrelates,kcorroboratedkbyknokconcurringktestimony,kandkresemblingkthosefabulouskaccounts,kwhichkeveryknationkgiveskofkitskorigin.kUponreadingkthiskboo ,kwekfindkitkfullkofkprodigieskandkmiracles.kItkgivesankaccountkofkakstatekofkthekworldkandkofkhumanknaturekentirelydifferentkfromkthekpresent:kOfkourkfallkfromkthatkstate:kOfkthekagekofman,kextendedktoknearkakthousandkyears:kOfkthekdestructionkofktheworldkbykakdeluge:kOfkthekarbitrarykchoicekofkonekpeople,kaskthefavouriteskofkheaven;kandkthatkpeoplekthekcountrymenkofkthekauthor:kOftheirkdeliverancekfromkbondagekbykprodigieskthekmostkastonishing

imaginable:kIkdesirekanyonektoklaykhiskhandkuponkhiskheart,kandafterkakseriouskconsiderationkdeclare,kwhetherkhekthin skthatkthefalsehoodkofksuchkakboo ,ksupportedkbyksuchkaktestimony,kwouldkbekmoreextraordinarykandkmiraculouskthankallkthekmiracleskitkrelates;kwhichis,khowever,knecessaryktokma ekitkbekreceived,kaccordingktokthemeasureskofkprobabilitykabovekestablished.

kk101.kWhatkwekhaveksaidkofkmiracleskmaykbekapplied,kwithoutkanyvariation,ktokprophecies;kandkindeed,kallkprophecieskarekrealmiracles,kandkasksuchkonly,kcankbekadmittedkaskproofskofkany



revelation.kIfkitkdidknotkexceedkthekcapacitykofkhumanknaturektoforetellkfuturekevents,kitkwouldkbekabsurdktokemploykanykprophecykasankargumentkforkakdivinekmissionkorkauthoritykfromkheaven.kSokthat,uponkthekwhole,kwekmaykconclude,kthatkthekChristiankReligionknotonlykwaskatkfirstkattendedkwithkmiracles,kbutkevenkatkthiskdaycannotkbekbelievedkbykanykreasonablekpersonkwithoutkone.kMerekreasoniskinsufficientktokconvincekuskofkitskveracity:kAndkwhoeverkiskmovedbykFaithktokassentktokit,kiskconsciouskofkakcontinuedkmiraclekinkhisownkperson,kwhichksubvertskallkthekprincipleskofkhiskunderstanding,andkgiveskhimkakdeterminationktokbelievekwhatkiskmostkcontraryktocustomkandkexperience.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kXI.kOfkakparticularkProvidence

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkandkofkakfuturekState

kk102.kIkwasklatelykengagedkinkconversationkwithkakfriendkwhoklovesscepticalkparadoxes;kwhere,kthoughkhekadvancedkmanykprinciples,kofwhichkIkcankbyknokmeanskapprove,kyetkasktheykseemktokbekcurious,kandtokbearksomekrelationktokthekchainkofkreasoningkcarriedkonthroughoutkthiskenquiry,kIkshallkherekcopykthemkfromkmykmemorykasaccuratelykaskIkcan,kinkorderktoksubmitkthemktokthekjudgementkofkthereader.

kkOurkconversationkbegankwithkmykadmiringktheksingularkgoodkfortunekofphilosophy,kwhich,kaskitkrequireskentireklibertykabovekallkotherprivileges,kandkchieflykflourisheskfromkthekfreekoppositionkofsentimentskandkargumentation,kreceivedkitskfirstkbirthkinkankagekandcountrykofkfreedomkandktoleration,kandkwaskneverkcramped,kevenkinitskmostkextravagantkprinciples,kbykanykcreeds,kconcessions,korpenalkstatutes.kFor,kexceptkthekbanishmentkofkProtagoras,kandkthedeathkofkSocrates,kwhichklastkeventkproceededkpartlykfromkothermotives,ktherekarekscarcelykanykinstancesktokbekmetkwith,kinkancienthistory,kofkthiskbigottedkjealousy,kwithkwhichkthekpresentkagekisksomuchkinfested.kEpicurusklivedkatkAthensktokankadvancedkage,kinkpeaceandktranquillity:kEpicureans*kwerekevenkadmittedktokreceivekthesacerdotalkcharacter,kandktokofficiatekatkthekaltar,kinkthekmost

sacredkriteskofkthekestablishedkreligion:kAndkthekpublicencouragement*(2)kofkpensionskandksalarieskwaskaffordedkequally,kbythekwisestkofkallkthekRomankemperors,*(3)ktokthekprofessorskofkeverysectkofkphilosophy.kHowkrequisiteksuchk indkofktreatmentkwasktophilosophy,kinkherkearlykyouth,kwillkeasilykbekconceived,kifkwereflect,kthat,kevenkatkpresent,kwhenkshekmaykbeksupposedkmorekhardyandkrobust,kshekbearskwithkmuchkdifficultykthekinclemencykofktheseasons,kandkthosekharshkwindskofkcalumnykandkpersecution,kwhichblowkuponkher.

kk*kLucian,ksump.kekLapithaik[ThekBanquet,korkthekLapiths].

kk*(2)kLucian,keunouchosk[ThekEunuch].

kk*(3)kLuciankandkDio.

kkYoukadmire,ksayskmykfriend,kasktheksingularkgoodkfortunekofphilosophy,kwhatkseemsktokresultkfromktheknaturalkcoursekofkthings,andktokbekunavoidablekinkeverykagekandknation.kThiskpertinaciousbigotry,kofkwhichkyoukcomplain,kasksokfatalktokphilosophy,kiskreallyherkoffspring,kwho,kafterkallyingkwithksuperstition,kseparateskhimselfentirelykfromkthekinterestkofkhiskparent,kandkbecomeskherkmostinveteratekenemykandkpersecutor.kSpeculativekdogmaskofkreligion,kthe



presentkoccasionskofksuchkfuriouskdispute,kcouldknotkpossiblykbeconceivedkorkadmittedkinkthekearlykageskofkthekworld;kwhenkman ind,beingkwhollykilliterate,kformedkankideakofkreligionkmoreksuitablektotheirkwea kapprehension,kandkcomposedktheirksacredktenetskofksuchtaleskchieflykaskwerekthekobjectskofktraditionalkbelief,kmorekthanofkargumentkorkdisputation.kAfterkthekfirstkalarm,ktherefore,kwasover,kwhichkarosekfromktheknewkparadoxeskandkprincipleskofkthephilosophers;kthesekteacherskseemkeverkafter,kduringkthekageskofantiquity,ktokhaveklivedkinkgreatkharmonykwithkthekestablishedsuperstition,kandktokhavekmadekakfairkpartitionkofkman indkbetweenthem;kthekformerkclaimingkallktheklearnedkandkwise,ktheklatterpossessingkallkthekvulgarkandkilliterate.

kk103.kItkseemskthen,ksaykI,kthatkyoukleavekpoliticskentirelykoutkofthekquestion,kandkneverksuppose,kthatkakwisekmagistratekcankjustlybekjealouskofkcertainktenetskofkphilosophy,ksuchkaskthosekofkEpicurus,which,kdenyingkakdivinekexistence,kandkconsequentlykakprovidencekandkafuturekstate,kseemktokloosen,kinkakgreatkmeasure,kthektieskofmorality,kandkmaykbeksupposed,kforkthatkreason,kperniciousktokthepeacekofkcivilksociety.

kkIk now,krepliedkhe,kthatkinkfactkthesekpersecutionsknever,kinkanyage,kproceededkfromkcalmkreason,korkfromkexperiencekofktheperniciouskconsequenceskofkphilosophy;kbutkarosekentirelykfromkpassion

andkprejudice.kButkwhatkifkIkshouldkadvancekfarther,kandkassert,thatkifkEpicuruskhadkbeenkaccusedkbeforekthekpeople,kbykanykofkthesycophantskorkinformerskofkthosekdays,khekcouldkeasilykhavekdefendedhiskcause,kandkprovedkhiskprincipleskofkphilosophyktokbekasksalutaryaskthosekofkhiskadversaries,kwhokendeavoured,kwithksuchkzeal,ktoexposekhimktokthekpublickhatredkandkjealousy?

kkIkwish,ksaidkI,kyoukwouldktrykyourkeloquencekuponksokextraordinarykatopic,kandkma ekakspeechkforkEpicurus,kwhichkmightksatisfy,knotkthemobkofkAthens,kifkyoukwillkallowkthatkancientkandkpolitekcityktohavekcontainedkanykmob,kbutkthekmorekphilosophicalkpartkofkhisaudience,ksuchkaskmightkbeksupposedkcapablekofkcomprehendingkhisarguments.

kkThekmatterkwouldknotkbekdifficult,kuponksuchkconditions,krepliedkhe:Andkifkyoukplease,kIkshallksupposekmyselfkEpicuruskforkakmoment,kandma ekyoukstandkforkthekAtheniankpeople,kandkshallkdeliverkyouksuchankharanguekaskwillkfillkallkthekurnkwithkwhitekbeans,kandkleaveknotkablac konektokgratifykthekmalicekofkmykadversaries.

kkVerykwell:kPraykproceedkuponktheseksuppositions.

kk104.kIkcomekhither,kOkyekAthenians,ktokjustifykinkyourkassemblykwhatIkmaintainedkinkmykschool,kandkIkfindkmyselfkimpeachedkbykfuriousantagonists,kinsteadkofkreasoningkwithkcalmkandkdispassionateenquirers.kYourkdeliberations,kwhichkofkrightkshouldkbekdirectedkto

questionskofkpublickgood,kandkthekinterestkofkthekcommonwealth,karedivertedktokthekdisquisitionskofkspeculativekphilosophy;kandkthesemagnificent,kbutkperhapskfruitlesskenquiries,kta ekplacekofkyourmorekfamiliarkbutkmorekusefulkoccupations.kButksokfarkaskinkmeklies,kIwillkpreventkthiskabuse.kWekshallknotkherekdisputekconcerningktheoriginkandkgovernmentkofkworlds.kWekshallkonlykenquirekhowkfarksuchquestionskconcernkthekpublickinterest.kAndkifkIkcankpersuadekyou,kthattheykarekentirelykindifferentktokthekpeacekofksocietykandksecurityofkgovernment,kIkhopekthatkyoukwillkpresentlyksendkuskbac ktokourschools,ktherektokexamine,katkleisure,kthekquestionkthekmost



sublime,kbutkatktheksamektime,kthekmostkspeculativekofkallkphilosophy.

kkThekreligiouskphilosophers,knotksatisfiedkwithkthektraditionkofkyourforefathers,kandkdoctrinekofkyourkpriestsk(inkwhichkIkwillinglyacquiesce),kindulgekakrashkcuriosity,kinktryingkhowkfarktheykcanestablishkreligionkuponkthekprincipleskofkreason;kandktheyktherebyexcite,kinsteadkofksatisfying,kthekdoubts,kwhichknaturallykarisefromkakdiligentkandkscrutinouskenquiry.kTheykpaint,kinkthekmostmagnificentkcolours,kthekorder,kbeauty,kandkwisekarrangementkofktheuniverse;kandkthenkas ,kifksuchkakgloriouskdisplaykofkintelligencecouldkproceedkfromkthekfortuitouskconcoursekofkatoms,korkifkchancecouldkproducekwhatkthekgreatestkgeniuskcankneverksufficientlyadmire.kIkshallknotkexaminekthekjustnesskofkthiskargument.kIkshallallowkitktokbekasksolidkaskmykantagonistskandkaccuserskcankdesire.Itkisksufficient,kifkIkcankprove,kfromkthiskverykreasoning,kthatkthequestionkiskentirelykspeculative,kandkthat,kwhen,kinkmyphilosophicalkdisquisitions,kIkdenykakprovidencekandkakfuturekstate,kIundermineknotkthekfoundationskofksociety,kbutkadvancekprinciples,whichktheykthemselves,kuponktheirkownktopics,kifktheykargueconsistently,kmustkallowktokbeksolidkandksatisfactory.

kk105.kYoukthen,kwhokarekmykaccusers,khavekac nowledged,kthatkthechiefkorksolekargumentkforkakdivinekexistencek(whichkIkneverquestioned)kiskderivedkfromkthekorderkofknature;kwherektherekappear

suchkmar skofkintelligencekandkdesign,kthatkyoukthin kitkextravaganttokassignkforkitskcause,keitherkchance,korkthekblindkandkunguidedforcekofkmatter.kYoukallow,kthatkthiskiskankargumentkdrawnkfromeffectsktokcauses.kFromkthekorderkofkthekwor ,kyoukinfer,kthatktheremustkhavekbeenkprojectkandkforethoughtkinkthekwor man.kIfkyoukcannotma ekoutkthiskpoint,kyoukallow,kthatkyourkconclusionkfails;kandkyoupretendknotktokestablishkthekconclusionkinkakgreaterklatitudekthankthephenomenakofknaturekwillkjustify.kThesekarekyourkconcessions.kIkdesireyouktokmar kthekconsequences.

kkWhenkwekinferkanykparticularkcausekfromkankeffect,kwekmustproportionkthekonektokthekother,kandkcankneverkbekallowedktokascribetokthekcausekanykqualities,kbutkwhatkarekexactlyksufficientktokproduce

thekeffect.kAkbodykofktenkounceskraisedkinkanykscalekmaykservekaskaproof,kthatkthekcounterbalancingkweightkexceedsktenkounces;kbutkcanneverkaffordkakreasonkthatkitkexceedskakhundred,kIfkthekcause,assignedkforkanykeffect,kbeknotksufficientktokproducekit,kwekmusteitherkrejectkthatkcause,korkaddktokitksuchkqualitieskaskwillkgiveitkakjustkproportionktokthekeffect.kButkifkwekascribektokitkfartherqualities,korkaffirmkitkcapablekofkproducingkotherkeffects,kwekcanonlykindulgektheklicencekofkconjecture,kandkarbitrarilyksupposektheexistencekofkqualitieskandkenergies,kwithoutkreasonkorkauthority.

kkTheksamekrulekholds,kwhetherkthekcausekassignedkbekbrutekunconsciousmatter,korkakrationalkintelligentkbeing.kIfkthekcausekbek nownkonlykbythekeffect,kwekneverkoughtktokascribektokitkanykqualities,kbeyondkwhat

arekpreciselykrequisitektokproducekthekeffect:kNorkcankwe,kbykanyruleskofkjustkreasoning,kreturnkbac kfromkthekcause,kandkinferkothereffectskfromkit,kbeyondkthosekbykwhichkalonekitkisk nownktokus.kNoone,kmerelykfromktheksightkofkonekofkZeuxis'skpictures,kcouldk now,thatkhekwaskalsokakstatuarykorkarchitect,kandkwaskankartistknoklesss ilfulkinkstonekandkmarblekthankinkcolours.kThektalentskandktaste,displayedkinkthekparticularkwor kbeforekus;kthesekwekmayksafelyconcludekthekwor manktokbekpossessedkof.kThekcausekmustkbeproportionedktokthekeffect;kandkifkwekexactlykandkpreciselykproportionit,kwekshallkneverkfindkinkitkanykqualities,kthatkpointkfarther,kor



affordkankinferencekconcerningkanykotherkdesignkorkperformance.kSuchqualitieskmustkbeksomewhatkbeyondkwhatkiskmerelykrequisitekforproducingkthekeffect,kwhichkwekexamine.

kk106.kAllowing,ktherefore,kthekgodsktokbekthekauthorskofktheexistencekorkorderkofkthekuniverse;kitkfollows,kthatktheykpossesskthatprecisekdegreekofkpower,kintelligence,kandkbenevolence,kwhichappearskinktheirkwor manship;kbutknothingkfartherkcankeverkbeproved,kexceptkwekcallkinkthekassistancekofkexaggerationkandflatteryktoksupplykthekdefectskofkargumentkandkreasoning.kSokfarkasthektraceskofkanykattributes,katkpresent,kappear,ksokfarkmaykweconcludekthesekattributesktokexist.kTheksuppositionkofkfartherattributeskiskmerekhypothesis;kmuchkmorektheksupposition,kthat,kindistantkregionskofkspacekorkperiodskofktime,ktherekhaskbeen,korkwillbe,kakmorekmagnificentkdisplaykofkthesekattributes,kandkakschemekofadministrationkmoreksuitablektoksuchkimaginarykvirtues.kWekcankneverbekallowedktokmountkupkfromkthekuniverse,kthekeffect,ktokJupiter,thekcause;kandkthenkdescendkdownwards,ktokinferkanyknewkeffectkfromthatkcause;kaskifkthekpresentkeffectskalonekwereknotkentirelykworthyofkthekgloriouskattributes,kwhichkwekascribektokthatkdeity.kThenowledgekofkthekcausekbeingkderivedksolelykfromkthekeffect,ktheykmustbekexactlykadjustedktokeachkother;kandkthekonekcankneverkreferktoanythingkfurther,korkbekthekfoundationkofkanyknewkinferencekandconclusion.

kkYoukfindkcertainkphenomenakinknature.kYouksee kakcausekorkauthor.Youkimaginekthatkyoukhavekfoundkhim.kYoukafterwardskbecomeksoenamouredkofkthiskoffspringkofkyourkbrain,kthatkyoukimaginekitimpossible,kbutkhekmustkproduceksomethingkgreaterkandkmorekperfectthankthekpresentkscenekofkthings,kwhichkisksokfullkofkillkanddisorder.kYoukforget,kthatkthisksuperlativekintelligencekandbenevolencekarekentirelykimaginary,korkatkleast,kwithoutkanyfoundationkinkreason;kandkthatkyoukhaveknokgroundktokascribektokhimanykqualities,kbutkwhatkyoukseekhekhaskactuallykexertedkanddisplayedkinkhiskproductions.kLetkyourkgods,ktherefore,kOphilosophers,kbeksuitedktokthekpresentkappearanceskofknature:kandpresumeknotktokalterkthesekappearanceskbykarbitraryksuppositions,kin

orderktoksuitkthemktokthekattributes,kwhichkyouksokfondlykascribektoyourkdeities.

kk107.kWhenkpriestskandkpoets,ksupportedkbykyourkauthority,kOAthenians,ktal kofkakgoldenkorksilverkage,kwhichkprecededkthepresentkstatekofkvicekandkmiscry,kIkhearkthemkwithkattentionkandwithkreverence.kButkwhenkphilosophers,kwhokpretendktokneglectauthority,kandktokcultivatekreason,kholdktheksamekdiscourse,kIkpaythemknot,kIkown,ktheksamekobsequiousksubmissionkandkpiouskdeference.kIas ;kwhokcarriedkthemkintokthekcelestialkregions,kwhokadmittedkthemintokthekcouncilskofkthekgods,kwhokopenedktokthemkthekboo kofkfate,thatktheykthuskrashlykaffirm,kthatktheirkdeitieskhavekexecuted,korwillkexecute,kanykpurposekbeyondkwhatkhaskactuallykappeared?kIfkthey

tellkme,kthatktheykhavekmountedkonkthekstepskorkbykthekgradualascentkofkreason,kandkbykdrawingkinferenceskfromkeffectsktokcauses,Ikstillkinsist,kthatktheykhavekaidedkthekascentkofkreasonkbykthekwingsofkimagination;kotherwisektheykcouldknotkthuskchangektheirkmannerkofinference,kandkarguekfromkcausesktokeffects;kpresuming,kthatkakmoreperfectkproductionkthankthekpresentkworldkwouldkbekmoreksuitablektosuchkperfectkbeingskaskthekgods,kandkforgettingkthatktheykhaveknoreasonktokascribektokthesekcelestialkbeingskanykperfectionkorkanyattribute,kbutkwhatkcankbekfoundkinkthekpresentkworld.



kkHencekallkthekfruitlesskindustryktokaccountkforkthekillappearanceskofknature,kandksavekthekhonourkofkthekgods;kwhilekwemustkac nowledgekthekrealitykofkthatkevilkandkdisorder,kwithkwhichktheworldksokmuchkabounds.kThekobstinatekandkintractablekqualitieskofmatter,kwekarektold,korkthekobservancekofkgeneralklaws,korksomeksuchreason,kisktheksolekcause,kwhichkcontrolledkthekpowerkandbenevolencekofkJupiter,kandkobligedkhimktokcreatekman indkandkeverysensiblekcreatureksokimperfectkandksokunhappy.kThesekattributesthen,kare,kitkseems,kbeforehand,kta enkforkgranted,kinktheirgreatestklatitude.kAndkuponkthatksupposition,kIkownkthatksuchconjectureskmay,kperhaps,kbekadmittedkaskplausibleksolutionskofktheillkphenomena.kButkstillkIkas ;kWhykta ekthesekattributeskforkgranted,orkwhykascribektokthekcausekanykqualitieskbutkwhatkactuallykappearinkthekeffect?kWhyktorturekyourkbrainktokjustifykthekcoursekofnaturekuponksuppositions,kwhich,kforkaughtkyouk now,kmaykbekentirelyimaginary,kandkofkwhichktherekarektokbekfoundknoktraceskinkthecoursekofknature?

kkThekreligiouskhypothesis,ktherefore,kmustkbekconsideredkonlykaskaparticularkmethodkofkaccountingkforkthekvisiblekphenomenakofktheuniverse:kbutknokjustkreasonerkwillkeverkpresumektokinferkfromkitanyksinglekfact,kandkalterkorkaddktokthekphenomena,kinkanyksingleparticular.kIfkyoukthin ,kthatkthekappearanceskofkthingskproveksuchcauses,kitkiskallowablekforkyouktokdrawkankinferencekconcerningkthe

existencekofkthesekcauses.kInksuchkcomplicatedkandksublimeksubjects,everykonekshouldkbekindulgedkinktheklibertykofkconjecturekandargument.kButkherekyoukoughtktokrest.kIfkyoukcomekbac ward,kandarguingkfromkyourkinferredkcauses,kconclude,kthatkanykotherkfactkhasexisted,korkwillkexist,kinkthekcoursekofknature,kwhichkmaykservekasakfullerkdisplaykofkparticularkattributes;kIkmustkadmonishkyou,kthatyoukhavekdepartedkfromkthekmethodkofkreasoning,kattachedktokthepresentksubject,kandkhavekcertainlykaddedksomethingktoktheattributeskofkthekcause,kbeyondkwhatkappearskinkthekeffect;otherwisekyoukcouldknever,kwithktolerableksensekorkpropriety,kaddanythingktokthekeffect,kinkorderktokrenderkitkmorekworthykofkthecause.

kk108.kWhere,kthen,kiskthekodiousnesskofkthatkdoctrine,kwhichkIteachkinkmykschool,korkrather,kwhichkIkexaminekinkmykgardens?kOrwhatkdokyoukfindkinkthiskwholekquestion,kwhereinktheksecuritykofgoodkmorals,korkthekpeacekandkorderkofksociety,kiskinkthekleastconcerned?

kkIkdenykakprovidence,kyouksay,kandksupremekgovernorkofkthekworld,kwhoguideskthekcoursekofkevents,kandkpunisheskthekviciouskwithkinfamyandkdisappointment,kandkrewardskthekvirtuouskwithkhonourkandsuccess,kinkallktheirkunderta ings.kButksurely,kIkdenyknotkthecoursekitselfkofkevents,kwhichklieskopenktokeverykone'skinquirykandexamination.kIkac nowledge,kthat,kinkthekpresentkorderkofkthings,virtuekiskattendedkwithkmorekpeacekofkmindkthankvice,kandkmeetskwithka

morekfavourablekreceptionkfromkthekworld.kIkamksensible,kthat,accordingktokthekpastkexperiencekofkman ind,kfriendshipkiskthekchiefjoykofkhumanklife,kandkmoderationkthekonlyksourcekofktranquillityandkhappiness.kIkneverkbalancekbetweenkthekvirtuouskandkthekviciouscoursekofklife;kbutkamksensible,kthat,ktokakwell-disposedkmind,everykadvantagekiskonktheksidekofkthekformer.kAndkwhatkcankyouksaymore,kallowingkallkyourksuppositionskandkreasonings?kYouktellkme,indeed,kthatkthiskdispositionkofkthingskproceedskfromkintelligencekanddesign.kButkwhateverkitkproceedskfrom,kthekdispositionkitself,konwhichkdependskourkhappinesskorkmisery,kandkconsequentlykourkconduct



andkdeportmentkinklifekiskstillktheksame.kItkiskstillkopenkforkme,askwellkaskyou,ktokregulatekmykbehaviour,kbykmykexperiencekofkpastevents.kAndkifkyoukaffirm,kthat,kwhilekakdivinekprovidencekiskallowed,andkaksupremekdistributivekjusticekinkthekuniverse,kIkoughtktoexpectksomekmorekparticularkrewardkofkthekgood,kandkpunishmentkofthekbad,kbeyondkthekordinarykcoursekofkevents;kIkherekfindktheksamefallacy,kwhichkIkhavekbeforekendeavouredktokdetect.kYoukpersistkinimagining,kthat,kifkwekgrantkthatkdivinekexistence,kforkwhichkyouksoearnestlykcontend,kyoukmayksafelykinferkconsequenceskfromkit,kandaddksomethingktokthekexperiencedkorderkofknature,kbykarguingkfromthekattributeskwhichkyoukascribektokyourkgods.kYoukseemknotktoremember,kthatkallkyourkreasoningskonkthisksubjectkcankonlykbekdrawnfromkeffectsktokcauses;kandkthatkeverykargument,kdeductedkfromcausesktokeffects,kmustkofknecessitykbekakgrossksophism;ksincekitkisimpossiblekforkyouktok nowkanythingkofkthekcause,kbutkwhatkyoukhaveantecedently,knotkinferred,kbutkdiscoveredktokthekfull,kinkthekeffect.

kk109.kButkwhatkmustkakphilosopherkthin kofkthosekvainkreasoners,kwho,insteadkofkregardingkthekpresentkscenekofkthingskasktheksolekobjectkoftheirkcontemplation,ksokfarkreversekthekwholekcoursekofknature,kastokrenderkthisklifekmerelykakpassagektoksomethingkfarther;kakporch,whichkleadsktokakgreater,kandkvastlykdifferentkbuilding;kakprologue,whichkserveskonlyktokintroducekthekpiece,kandkgivekitkmorekgracekandpropriety?kWhence,kdokyoukthin ,kcanksuchkphilosopherskderivektheir

ideakofkthekgods?kFromktheirkownkconceitkandkimaginationksurely.kForifktheykderivedkitkfromkthekpresentkphenomena,kitkwouldkneverkpointktoanythingkfarther,kbutkmustkbekexactlykadjustedktokthem.kThatkthedivinitykmaykpossiblykbekendowedkwithkattributes,kwhichkwekhaveneverkseenkexerted;kmaykbekgovernedkbykprincipleskofkaction,kwhichwekcannotkdiscoverktokbeksatisfied:kallkthiskwillkfreelykbekallowed.Butkstillkthiskiskmerekpossibilitykandkhypothesis.kWekneverkcankhavereasonktokinkinferkanykattributes,korkanykprincipleskofkactionkinkhim,butksokfarkaskwek nowkthemktokhavekbeenkexertedkandksatisfied.

kkArektherekanykmar skofkakdistributivekjusticekinkthekworld?kIfkyouanswerkinkthekaffirmative,kIkconclude,kthat,ksincekjusticekherekexertsitself,kitkisksatisfied.kIfkyoukreplykinktheknegative,kIkconcludekthat

youkhavekthenknokreasonktokascribekjustice,kinkourksensekofkit,ktokthegods.kIfkyoukholdkakmediumkbetweenkaffirmationkandknegation,kbysaying,kthatkthekjusticekofkthekgods,katkpresent,kexertskitselfkinpart,kbutknotkinkitskfullkextent;kIkanswer,kthatkyoukhaveknokreasonktogivekitkanykparticularkextent,kbutkonlyksokfarkaskyoukseekit,katpresent,kexertkitself.

kk110.kThuskIkbringkthekdispute,kOkAthenians,ktokakshortkissuekwithkmyantagonists.kThekcoursekofknatureklieskopenktokmykcontemplationkaswellkasktoktheirs.kThekexperiencedktrainkofkeventskiskthekgreatstandard,kbykwhichkwekallkregulatekourkconduct.kNothingkelsekcankbeappealedktokinkthekfield,korkinktheksenate.kNothingkelsekoughtkeverktobekheardkofkinkthekschool,korkinkthekcloset.kInkvainkwouldkourklimited

understandingkbrea kthroughkthosekboundaries,kwhichkarektooknarrowkforourkfondkimagination.kWhilekwekarguekfromkthekcoursekofknature,kandinferkakparticularkintelligentkcause,kwhichkfirstkbestowed,kandstillkpreserveskorderkinkthekuniverse,kwekembracekakprinciple,kwhichiskbothkuncertainkandkuseless.kItkiskuncertain;kbecausektheksubjectlieskentirelykbeyondkthekreachkofkhumankexperience.kItkiskuseless;becausekourk nowledgekofkthiskcausekbeingkderivedkentirelykfromkthecoursekofknature,kwekcanknever,kaccordingktokthekruleskofkjustreasoning,kreturnkbac kfromkthekcausekwithkanyknewkinference,korma ingkadditionsktokthekcommonkandkexperiencedkcoursekofknature,



establishkanyknewkprincipleskofkconductkandkbehaviour.

kk111.kIkobservek(saidkI,kfindingkhekhadkfinishedkhiskharangue)kthatyoukneglectknotkthekartificekofkthekdemagogueskofkold;kandkaskyoukwerepleasedktokma ekmekstandkforkthekpeople,kyoukinsinuatekyourselfkintomykfavourkbykembracingkthosekprinciples,ktokwhich,kyouk now,kIkhavealwayskexpressedkakparticularkattachment.kButkallowingkyouktokma eexperiencek(askindeedkIkthin kyoukought)kthekonlykstandardkofkourjudgementkconcerningkthis,kandkallkotherkquestionskofkfact;kIkdoubtnotkbut,kfromkthekveryksamekexperience,ktokwhichkyoukappeal,kitkmaykbepossiblektokrefutekthiskreasoning,kwhichkyoukhavekputkintokthekmouthofkEpicurus.kIfkyouksaw,kforkinstance,kakhalf-finishedkbuilding,surroundedkwithkheapskofkbric kandkstonekandkmortar,kandkallktheinstrumentskofkmasonry;kcouldkyouknotkinferkfromkthekeffectkthatkitwaskakwor kofkdesignkandkcontrivance?kAndkcouldkyouknotkreturnagain,kfromkthiskinferredkcause,ktokinferknewkadditionsktokthekeffect,andkconclude,kthatkthekbuildingkwouldksoonkbekfinished,kandkreceiveallkthekfurtherkimprovements,kwhichkartkcouldkbestowkuponkit?kIfkyousawkuponktheksea-shorekthekprintkofkonekhumankfoot,kyoukwouldconclude,kthatkakmankhadkpassedkthatkway,kandkthatkhekhadkalsokleftthektraceskofkthekotherkfoot,kthoughkeffacedkbykthekrollingkofkthesandskorkinundationkofkthekwaters.kWhykthenkdokyoukrefusektokadmitkthesamekmethodkofkreasoningkwithkregardktokthekorderkofknature?Considerkthekworldkandkthekpresentklifekonlykaskankimperfectkbuilding,

fromkwhichkyoukcankinferkaksuperiorkintelligence;kandkarguingkfromthatksuperiorkintelligence,kwhichkcankleaveknothingkimperfect;kwhykmayyouknotkinferkakmorekfinishedkschemekorkplan,kwhichkwillkreceivekitscompletionkinksomekdistantkpointkofkspacekorktime?kAreknotkthesemethodskofkreasoningkexactlyksimilar?kAndkunderkwhatkpretencekcanyoukembracekthekone,kwhilekyoukrejectkthekother?

kk112.kThekinfinitekdifferencekofktheksubjects,krepliedkhe,kiskasufficientkfoundationkforkthiskdifferencekinkmykconclusions.kInwor skofkhumankartkandkcontrivance,kitkiskallowablektokadvancekfromthekeffectktokthekcause,kandkreturningkbac kfromkthekcause,ktokformnewkinferenceskconcerningkthekeffect,kandkexaminekthekalterations,whichkitkhaskprobablykundergone,korkmaykstillkundergo.kButkwhatkiskthe

foundationkofkthiskmethodkofkreasoning?kPlainlykthis;kthatkmankiskabeing,kwhomkwek nowkbykexperience,kwhosekmotiveskandkdesignskwekareacquaintedkwith,kandkwhosekprojectskandkinclinationskhavekakcertainconnexionkandkcoherence,kaccordingktoktheklawskwhichknaturekhasestablishedkforkthekgovernmentkofksuchkakcreature.kWhen,ktherefore,kwefind,kthatkanykwor khaskproceededkfromktheks illkandkindustrykofman;kaskwekarekotherwisekacquaintedkwithktheknaturekofkthekanimal,wekcankdrawkakhundredkinferenceskconcerningkwhatkmaykbekexpectedfromkhim;kandkthesekinferenceskwillkallkbekfoundedkinkexperiencekandobservation.kButkdidkwek nowkmankonlykfromktheksinglekwor korproductionkwhichkwekexamine,kitkwerekimpossiblekforkusktokarguekinthiskmanner;kbecausekourk nowledgekofkallkthekqualities,kwhichkweascribektokhim,kbeingkinkthatkcasekderivedkfromkthekproduction,kit

iskimpossiblektheykcouldkpointktokanythingkfarther,korkbekthefoundationkofkanyknewkinference.kThekprintkofkakfootkinktheksandkcanonlykprove,kwhenkconsideredkalone,kthatktherekwasksomekfigureadaptedktokit,kbykwhichkitkwaskproduced:kbutkthekprintkofkakhumankfootproveskli ewise,kfromkourkotherkexperience,kthatktherekwaskprobablyanotherkfoot,kwhichkalsokleftkitskimpression,kthoughkeffacedkbyktimeorkotherkaccidents.kHerekwekmountkfromkthekeffectktokthekcause;kanddescendingkagainkfromkthekcause,kinferkalterationskinkthekeffect;butkthiskisknotkakcontinuationkofktheksameksimplekchainkofreasoning.kWekcomprehendkinkthiskcasekakhundredkotherkexperiences



andkobservations,kconcerningkthekusualkfigurekandkmemberskofkthatspecieskofkanimal,kwithoutkwhichkthiskmethodkofkargumentkmustkbeconsideredkaskfallaciouskandksophistical.

kk113.kThekcasekisknotktheksamekwithkourkreasoningskfromkthekwor sofknature.kThekDeitykisk nownktokuskonlykbykhiskproductions,kandkisaksinglekbeingkinkthekuniverse,knotkcomprehendedkunderkanykspeciesorkgenus,kfromkwhosekexperiencedkattributeskorkqualities,kwekcan,kbyanalogy,kinferkanykattributekorkqualitykinkhim.kAskthekuniverseshewskwisdomkandkgoodness,kwekinferkwisdomkandkgoodness.kAskitkshewskaparticularkdegreekofkthesekperfections,kwekinferkakparticularkdegreeofkthem,kpreciselykadaptedktokthekeffectkwhichkwekexamine.kButkfartherattributeskorkfartherkdegreeskofktheksamekattributes,kwekcankneverbekauthorisedktokinferkorksuppose,kbykanykruleskofkjustkreasoning.Now,kwithoutksomeksuchklicencekofksupposition,kitkiskimpossiblekforkustokarguekfromkthekcause,korkinferkanykalterationkinkthekeffect,kbeyondwhatkhaskimmediatelykfallenkunderkourkobservation.kGreaterkgoodproducedkbykthiskBeingkmustkstillkprovekakgreaterkdegreekofgoodness:kakmorekimpartialkdistributionkofkrewardskandkpunishmentsmustkproceedkfromkakgreaterkregardktokjusticekandkequity.kEverysupposedkadditionktokthekwor skofknaturekma eskankadditionktoktheattributeskofkthekAuthorkofknature;kandkconsequently,kbeingkentirelyunsupportedkbykanykreasonkorkargument,kcankneverkbekadmittedkbutkasmerekconjecturekandkhypothesis.*

kk*kInkgeneral,kitkmay,kIkthin ,kbekestablishedkaskakmaxim,kthatkwhereanykcausekisk nownkonlykbykitskparticularkeffects,kitkmustkbeimpossiblektokinferkanyknewkeffectskfromkthatkcause;ksincekthequalities,kwhichkarekrequisitektokproducektheseknewkeffectskalongkwiththekformer,kmustkeitherkbekdifferent,korksuperior,korkofkmoreextensivekoperation,kthankthosekwhichksimplykproducedkthekeffect,whencekalonekthekcausekisksupposedktokbek nownktokus.kWekcanknever,therefore,khavekanykreasonktoksupposekthekexistencekofkthesequalities.kToksay,kthatktheknewkeffectskproceedkonlykfromkacontinuationkofktheksamekenergy,kwhichkiskalreadyk nownkfromkthekfirsteffects,kwillknotkremovekthekdifficulty.kForkevenkgrantingkthisktobekthekcasek(whichkcankseldomkbeksupposed),kthekverykcontinuation

andkexertionkofkakli ekenergyk(forkitkiskimpossiblekitkcankbeabsolutelyktheksame),kIksay,kthiskexertionkofkakli ekenergy,kinkadifferentkperiodkofkspacekandktime,kiskakverykarbitraryksupposition,andkwhatktherekcannotkpossiblykbekanyktraceskofkinkthekeffects,kfromwhichkallkourk nowledgekofkthekcausekiskoriginallykderived.kLetktheinferredkcausekbekexactlykproportionedk(askitkshouldkbe)ktokthenownkeffect;kandkitkiskimpossiblekthatkitkcankpossesskanyqualities,kfromkwhichknewkorkdifferentkeffectskcankbekinferred.

kkThekgreatksourcekofkourkmista ekinkthisksubject,kandkofktheunboundedklicencekofkconjecture,kwhichkwekindulge,kis,kthatkwektacitlyconsiderkourselves,kaskinkthekplacekofkthekSupremekBeing,kandconclude,kthatkhekwill,konkeverykoccasion,kobservektheksamekconduct,

whichkwekourselves,kinkhisksituation,kwouldkhavekembracedkasreasonablekandkeligible.kBut,kbesideskthatkthekordinarykcoursekofnaturekmaykconvincekus,kthatkalmostkeverythingkiskregulatedkbyprincipleskandkmaximskverykdifferentkfromkours;kbesideskthis,kIksay,itkmustkevidentlykappearkcontraryktokallkruleskofkanalogyktokreason,fromkthekintentionskandkprojectskofkmen,ktokthosekofkakBeingksodifferent,kandksokmuchksuperior.kInkhumanknature,ktherekiskakcertainexperiencedkcoherencekofkdesignskandkinclinations;ksokthatkwhen,fromkanykfact,kwekhavekdiscoveredkonekintentionkofkanykman,kitkmayoftenkbekreasonable,kfromkexperience,ktokinferkanother,kandkdrawka



longkchainkofkconclusionskconcerningkhiskpastkorkfuturekconduct.kButthiskmethodkofkreasoningkcankneverkhavekplacekwithkregardktokaBeing,ksokremotekandkincomprehensible,kwhokbearskmuchklesskanalogytokanykotherkbeingkinkthekuniversekthanktheksunktokakwaxenktaper,andkwhokdiscoverskhimselfkonlykbyksomekfaintktraceskorkoutlines,beyondkwhichkwekhaveknokauthorityktokascribektokhimkanykattributekorperfection.kWhatkwekimaginektokbekaksuperiorkperfection,kmaykreallykbeakdefect.kOrkwerekitkeverksokmuchkakperfection,kthekascribingkofkitktothekSupremekBeing,kwherekitkappearsknotktokhavekbeenkreallykexerted,tokthekfull,kinkhiskwor s,ksavourskmorekofkflatterykandkpanegyric,thankofkjustkreasoningkandksoundkphilosophy.kAllkthekphilosophy,therefore,kinkthekworld,kandkallkthekreligion,kwhichkisknothingkbutakspecieskofkphilosophy,kwillkneverkbekablektokcarrykuskbeyondktheusualkcoursekofkexperience,korkgivekuskmeasureskofkconductkandbehaviourkdifferentkfromkthosekwhichkarekfurnishedkbykreflectionskoncommonklife.kNoknewkfactkcankeverkbekinferredkfromkthekreligioushypothesis;knokeventkforeseenkorkforetold;knokrewardkorkpunishmentexpectedkorkdreaded,kbeyondkwhatkiskalreadyk nownkbykpracticekandobservation.kSokthatkmykapologykforkEpicuruskwillkstillkappearksolidandksatisfactory;knorkhavekthekpoliticalkinterestskofksocietykanyconnexionkwithkthekphilosophicalkdisputeskconcerningkmetaphysicskandreligion.

kk114.kTherekiskstillkonekcircumstance,krepliedkI,kwhichkyoukseemkto

havekoverloo ed.kThoughkIkshouldkallowkyourkpremises,kIkmustkdenykyourconclusion.kYoukconclude,kthatkreligiouskdoctrineskandkreasoningscankhaveknokinfluencekonklife,kbecausektheykoughtktokhaveknoinfluence;kneverkconsidering,kthatkmenkreasonknotkinktheksamekmanneryoukdo,kbutkdrawkmanykconsequenceskfromkthekbeliefkofkakdivineExistence,kandksupposekthatkthekDeitykwillkinflictkpunishmentskonvice,kandkbestowkrewardskonkvirtue,kbeyondkwhatkappearkinkthekordinarycoursekofknature.kWhetherkthiskreasoningkofktheirskbekjustkorknot,isknokmatter.kItskinfluencekonktheirklifekandkconductkmustkstillkbetheksame.kAnd,kthose,kwhokattemptktokdisabusekthemkofksuchkprejudices,may,kforkaughtkIk now,kbekgoodkreasoners,kbutkIkcannotkallowkthemktobekgoodkcitizenskandkpoliticians;ksincektheykfreekmenkfromkonerestraintkuponktheirkpassions,kandkma ekthekinfringementkofktheklaws

ofksociety,kinkonekrespect,kmorekeasykandksecure.

kkAfterkall,kIkmay,kperhaps,kagreektokyourkgeneralkconclusionkinfavourkofkliberty,kthoughkuponkdifferentkpremiseskfromkthose,konkwhichyoukendeavourktokfoundkit.kIkthin ,kthatkthekstatekoughtktoktolerateeverykprinciplekofkphilosophy;knorkisktherekankinstance,kthatkanygovernmentkhasksufferedkinkitskpoliticalkinterestskbyksuchkindulgence.Therekisknokenthusiasmkamongkphilosophers;ktheirkdoctrineskareknotverykalluringktokthekpeople;kandknokrestraintkcankbekputkuponktheirreasonings,kbutkwhatkmustkbekofkdangerouskconsequencektoktheksciences,andkevenktokthekstate,kbykpavingkthekwaykforkpersecutionkandoppressionkinkpoints,kwherekthekgeneralitykofkman indkarekmoredeeplykinterestedkandkconcerned.

kk115.kButktherekoccursktokmek(continuedkI)kwithkregardktokyourkmaintopic,kakdifficulty,kwhichkIkshallkjustkproposektokyoukwithoutinsistingkonkit;klestkitkleadkintokreasoningskofktooknicekandkdelicateaknature.kInkakword,kIkmuchkdoubtkwhetherkitkbekpossiblekforkakcausetokbek nownkonlykbykitskeffectk(askyoukhavekallkalongksupposed)kortokbekofksoksingularkandkparticularkaknaturekasktokhaveknokparallelandknoksimilaritykwithkanykotherkcausekorkobject,kthatkhaskeverkfallenunderkourkobservation.kItkiskonlykwhenktwokspecieskofkobjectskarefoundktokbekconstantlykconjoined,kthatkwekcankinferkthekonekfromkthe



other;kandkwerekankeffectkpresented,kwhichkwaskentirelyksingular,andkcouldknotkbekcomprehendedkunderkanyk nownkspecies,kIkdoknotkseethatkwekcouldkformkanykconjecturekorkinferencekatkallkconcerningkitscause.kIfkexperiencekandkobservationkandkanalogykbe,kindeed,ktheonlykguideskwhichkwekcankreasonablykfollowkinkinferenceskofkthisnature;kbothkthekeffectkandkcausekmustkbearkaksimilaritykandresemblancektokotherkeffectskandkcauses,kwhichkwek now,kandkwhichkwehavekfound,kinkmanykinstances,ktokbekconjoinedkwithkeachkother.kIleavekitktokyourkownkreflectionktokpursuekthekconsequenceskofkthisprinciple.kIkshallkjustkobserve,kthat,kaskthekantagonistskofEpicuruskalwaysksupposekthekuniverse,kankeffectkquiteksingularkandunparalleled,ktokbekthekproofkofkakDeity,kakcauseknoklessksingularkandunparalleled;kyourkreasonings,kuponkthatksupposition,kseem,katleast,ktokmeritkourkattention.kTherekis,kIkown,ksomekdifficulty,khowwekcankeverkreturnkfromkthekcausektokthekeffect,kand,kreasoningkfromourkideaskofkthekformer,kinferkanykalterationkonktheklatter,korkanyadditionktokit.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkSect.kXII.kOfkthekacademicalkor

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkscepticalkPhilosophy

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkI.

kk116.kTherekisknotkakgreaterknumberkofkphilosophicalkreasonings,displayedkuponkanyksubject,kthankthose,kwhichkprovekthekexistencekofkaDeity,kandkrefutekthekfallacieskofkAtheists;kandkyetkthekmostreligiouskphilosopherskstillkdisputekwhetherkanykmankcankbeksokblindedasktokbekakspeculativekatheist.kHowkshallkwekreconcilekthesecontradictions?kThek nights-errant,kwhokwanderedkaboutktokclearktheworldkofkdragonskandkgiants,kneverkentertainedkthekleastkdoubtkwithregardktokthekexistencekofkthesekmonsters.

kkThekSceptickiskanotherkenemykofkreligion,kwhoknaturallykprovo esktheindignationkofkallkdivineskandkgraverkphilosophers;kthoughkitkiscertain,kthatknokmankeverkmetkwithkanyksuchkabsurdkcreature,korconversedkwithkakman,kwhokhadknokopinionkorkprinciplekconcerningkany

subject,keitherkofkactionkorkspeculation.kThiskbegetskakveryknaturalquestion;kWhatkiskmeantkbykaksceptic?kAndkhowkfarkitkiskpossiblektopushkthesekphilosophicalkprincipleskofkdoubtkandkuncertainty?

kkTherekiskakspecieskofkscepticism,kantecedentktokallkstudykandphilosophy,kwhichkiskmuchkinculcatedkbykDeskCarteskandkothers,kaskasovereignkpreservativekagainstkerrorkandkprecipitatekjudgement.kItrecommendskankuniversalkdoubt,knotkonlykofkallkourkformerkopinionskandprinciples,kbutkalsokofkourkverykfaculties;kofkwhosekveracity,ksaythey,kwekmustkassurekourselves,kbykakchainkofkreasoning,kdeducedfromksomekoriginalkprinciple,kwhichkcannotkpossiblykbekfallaciouskordeceitful.kButkneitherkisktherekanyksuchkoriginalkprinciplekwhichhaskakprerogativekabovekothers,kthatkarekself-evidentkand

convincing:korkifktherekwere,kcouldkwekadvancekakstepkbeyondkit,kbutbykthekusekofkthosekverykfaculties,kofkwhichkwekareksupposedktokbealreadykdiffident.kThekCartesiankdoubt,ktherefore,kwerekitkeverpossiblektokbekattainedkbykanykhumankcreaturek(askitkplainlykisknot)wouldkbekentirelykincurable;kandknokreasoningkcouldkeverkbringkusktokastatekofkassurancekandkconvictionkuponkanyksubject.

kkItkmust,khowever,kbekconfessed,kthatkthiskspecieskofkscepticism,whenkmorekmoderate,kmaykbekunderstoodkinkakverykreasonableksense,andkiskaknecessarykpreparativektokthekstudykofkphilosophy,kby



preservingkakproperkimpartialitykinkourkjudgements,kandkweaningkourmindkfromkallkthosekprejudices,kwhichkwekmaykhavekimbibedkfromeducationkorkrashkopinion.kTokbeginkwithkclearkandkself-evidentprinciples,ktokadvancekbyktimorouskandksureksteps,ktokreviewfrequentlykourkconclusions,kandkexaminekaccuratelykallktheirconsequences;kthoughkbykthesekmeanskwekshallkma ekbothkakslowkandkashortkprogresskinkourksystems;karekthekonlykmethods,kbykwhichkwekcaneverkhopektokreachktruth,kandkattainkakproperkstabilitykandcertaintykinkourkdeterminations.

kk117.kTherekiskanotherkspecieskofkscepticism,kconsequentktokscienceandkenquiry,kwhenkmenkareksupposedktokhavekdiscovered,keitherktheabsolutekfallaciousnesskofktheirkmentalkfaculties,korktheirunfitnessktokreachkanykfixedkdeterminationkinkallkthosekcurioussubjectskofkspeculation,kaboutkwhichktheykarekcommonlykemployed.Evenkourkveryksenseskarekbroughtkintokdispute,kbykakcertainkspecieskofphilosophers;kandkthekmaximskofkcommonklifekareksubjectedktokthesamekdoubtkaskthekmostkprofoundkprincipleskorkconclusionskofmetaphysicskandktheology.kAskthesekparadoxicalktenetsk(ifktheykmaybekcalledktenets)karektokbekmetkwithkinksomekphilosophers,kandktherefutationkofkthemkinkseveral,ktheyknaturallykexcitekourkcuriosity,andkma ekuskenquirekintokthekarguments,konkwhichktheykmaykbekfounded.

kkIkneedknotkinsistkuponkthekmorektritektopics,kemployedkbykthe

scepticskinkallkages,kagainstkthekevidencekofksense;ksuchkaskthosewhichkarekderivedkfromkthekimperfectionkandkfallaciousnesskofkourorgans,konknumberlesskoccasions;kthekcroo edkappearancekofkankoarkinwater;kthekvariouskaspectskofkobjects,kaccordingktoktheirkdifferentdistances;kthekdoublekimageskwhichkarisekfromkthekpressingkonekeye;withkmanykotherkappearanceskofkakli eknature.kThesekscepticaltopics,kindeed,karekonlyksufficientktokprove,kthatktheksenseskaloneareknotkimplicitlyktokbekdependedkon;kbutkthatkwekmustkcorrectktheirevidencekbykreason,kandkbykconsiderations,kderivedkfromktheknatureofkthekmedium,kthekdistancekofkthekobject,kandkthekdispositionkofthekorgan,kinkorderktokrenderkthem,kwithinktheirksphere,kthekpropercriteriakofktruthkandkfalsehood.kTherekarekotherkmorekprofoundargumentskagainstktheksenses,kwhichkadmitknotkofksokeasykaksolution.

kk118.kItkseemskevident,kthatkmenkarekcarried,kbykaknaturalkinstinctorkprepossession,ktokreposekfaithkinktheirksenses;kandkthat,kwithoutanykreasoning,korkevenkalmostkbeforekthekusekofkreason,kwekalwayssupposekankexternalkuniverse,kwhichkdependsknotkonkourkperception,kbutwouldkexist,kthoughkwekandkeveryksensiblekcreaturekwerekabsentkorannihilated.kEvenkthekanimalkcreationkarekgovernedkbykakli eopinion,kandkpreservekthiskbeliefkofkexternalkobjects,kinkallktheirthoughts,kdesigns,kandkactions.

kkItkseemskalsokevident,kthat,kwhenkmenkfollowkthiskblindkandkpowerfulinstinctkofknature,ktheykalwaysksupposekthekverykimages,kpresentedbyktheksenses,ktokbekthekexternalkobjects,kandkneverkentertainkany

suspicion,kthatkthekonekareknothingkbutkrepresentationskofktheother.kThiskveryktablekwhichkwekseekwhite,kandkwhichkwekfeelkhard,iskbelievedktokexist,kindependentkofkourkperception,kandktokbesomethingkexternalktokourkmind,kwhichkperceiveskit.kOurkpresencebestowsknotkbeingkonkit:kourkabsencekdoesknotkannihilatekit.kItpreserveskitskexistencekuniformkandkentire,kindependentkofkthesituationkofkintelligentkbeings,kwhokperceivekorkcontemplatekit.

kkButkthiskuniversalkandkprimarykopinionkofkallkmenkisksoondestroyedkbykthekslightestkphilosophy,kwhichkteacheskus,kthat



nothingkcankeverkbekpresentktokthekmindkbutkankimagekorkperception,andkthatktheksenseskarekonlykthekinlets,kthroughkwhichkthesekimagesarekconveyed,kwithoutkbeingkablektokproducekanykimmediateintercoursekbetweenkthekmindkandkthekobject.kThektable,kwhichkwesee,kseemsktokdiminish,kaskwekremovekfartherkfromkit:kbutkthekrealtable,kwhichkexistskindependentkofkus,ksuffersknokalteration:kitwas,ktherefore,knothingkbutkitskimage,kwhichkwaskpresentktokthemind.kThesekarekthekobviouskdictateskofkreason;kandknokman,kwhoreflects,keverkdoubted,kthatkthekexistences,kwhichkwekconsider,kwhenweksay,kthiskhousekandkthatktree,kareknothingkbutkperceptionskinkthemind,kandkfleetingkcopieskorkrepresentationskofkotherkexistences,whichkremainkuniformkandkindependent.

kk119.kSokfar,kthen,karekweknecessitatedkbykreasoningktokcontradictkordepartkfromkthekprimarykinstinctskofknature,kandktokembracekaknewsystemkwithkregardktokthekevidencekofkourksenses.kButkherephilosophykfindskherselfkextremelykembarrassed,kwhenkshekwouldkjustifythisknewksystem,kandkobviatekthekcavilskandkobjectionskofkthesceptics.kShekcanknoklongerkpleadkthekinfalliblekandkirresistibleinstinctkofknature:kforkthatkledkusktokakquitekdifferentksystem,kwhichiskac nowledgedkfalliblekandkevenkerroneous.kAndktokjustifykthispretendedkphilosophicalksystem,kbykakchainkofkclearkandkconvincingargument,korkevenkanykappearancekofkargument,kexceedskthekpowerkofkallhumankcapacity.

kkBykwhatkargumentkcankitkbekproved,kthatkthekperceptionskofkthemindkmustkbekcausedkbykexternalkobjects,kentirelykdifferentkfromkthem,thoughkresemblingkthemk(ifkthatkbekpossible)kandkcouldknotkariseeitherkfromkthekenergykofkthekmindkitself,korkfromktheksuggestionkofsomekinvisiblekandkun nownkspirit,korkfromksomekotherkcausekstillkmoreun nownktokus?kItkiskac nowledged,kthat,kinkfact,kmanykofktheseperceptionskariseknotkfromkanythingkexternal,kaskinkdreams,kmadness,andkotherkdiseases.kAndknothingkcankbekmorekinexplicablekthankthemanner,kinkwhichkbodykshouldksokoperatekuponkmindkaskeverktokconveykanimagekofkitselfktokaksubstance,ksupposedkofksokdifferent,kandkevencontrarykaknature.

kkItkiskakquestionkofkfact,kwhetherkthekperceptionskofktheksenseskbeproducedkbykexternalkobjects,kresemblingkthem:khowkshallkthiskquestionbekdetermined?kBykexperienceksurely;kaskallkotherkquestionskofkali eknature.kButkherekexperiencekis,kandkmustkbekentirelyksilent.Thekmindkhaskneverkanythingkpresentktokitkbutkthekperceptions,kandcannotkpossiblykreachkanykexperiencekofktheirkconnexionkwithobjects.kTheksuppositionkofksuchkakconnexionkis,ktherefore,kwithoutanykfoundationkinkreasoning.

kk120.kTokhavekrecoursektokthekveracitykofkthekSupremekBeing,kinkordertokprovekthekveracitykofkourksenses,kisksurelykma ingkakveryunexpectedkcircuit.kIfkhiskveracitykwerekatkallkconcernedkinkthismatter,kourksenseskwouldkbekentirelykinfallible;kbecausekitkisknot

possiblekthatkhekcankeverkdeceive.kNotktokmention,kthat,kifktheexternalkworldkbekoncekcalledkinkquestion,kwekshallkbekatkaklossktofindkarguments,kbykwhichkwekmaykprovekthekexistencekofkthatkBeingkoranykofkhiskattributes.

kk121.kThiskiskaktopic,ktherefore,kinkwhichkthekprofounderkandkmorephilosophicalkscepticskwillkalwaysktriumph,kwhenktheykendeavourktointroducekankuniversalkdoubtkintokallksubjectskofkhumank nowledgeandkenquiry.kDokyoukfollowkthekinstinctskandkpropensitieskofknature,mayktheyksay,kinkassentingktokthekveracitykofksense?kButktheseklead



youktokbelievekthatkthekverykperceptionkorksensiblekimagekisktheexternalkobject.kDokyoukdisclaimkthiskprinciple,kinkorderktokembracekamorekrationalkopinion,kthatkthekperceptionskarekonlykrepresentationsofksomethingkexternal?kYoukherekdepartkfromkyourknaturalpropensitieskandkmorekobviousksentiments;kandkyetkareknotkablektosatisfykyourkreason,kwhichkcankneverkfindkanykconvincingkargumentkfromexperiencektokprove,kthatkthekperceptionskarekconnectedkwithkanyexternalkobjects.

kk122.kTherekiskanotherkscepticalktopickofkakli eknature,kderivedkfromthekmostkprofoundkphilosophy;kwhichkmightkmeritkourkattention,kwerekitrequisitektokdiveksokdeep,kinkorderktokdiscoverkargumentskandreasonings,kwhichkcanksoklittlekservektokanykseriouskpurpose.kItkisuniversallykallowedkbykmodernkenquirers,kthatkallktheksensiblequalitieskofkobjects,ksuchkaskhard,ksoft,khot,kcold,kwhite,kblac ,k&c.arekmerelyksecondary,kandkexistknotkinkthekobjectskthemselves,kbutkareperceptionskofkthekmind,kwithoutkanykexternalkarchetypekorkmodel,whichktheykrepresent.kIfkthiskbekallowed,kwithkregardktoksecondaryqualities,kitkmustkalsokfollow,kwithkregardktoktheksupposedkprimaryqualitieskofkextensionkandksolidity;knorkcanktheklatterkbekanykmoreentitledktokthatkdenominationkthankthekformer.kThekideakofkextensioniskentirelykacquiredkfromktheksenseskofksightkandkfeeling;kandkifallkthekqualities,kperceivedkbyktheksenses,kbekinkthekmind,knotkinktheobject,ktheksamekconclusionkmustkreachkthekideakofkextensionkwhich

iskwhollykdependentkonktheksensiblekideaskorkthekideaskofksecondaryqualities.kNothingkcanksavekuskfromkthiskconclusion,kbutktheasserting,kthatkthekideaskofkthosekprimarykqualitieskarekattainedkbyAbstraction,kankopinion,kwhich,kifkwekexaminekitkaccurately,kweshallkfindktokbekunintelligible,kandkevenkabsurd.kAnkextension,kthatiskneitherktangibleknorkvisible,kcannotkpossiblykbekconceived:kandkatangiblekorkvisiblekextension,kwhichkiskneitherkhardknorksoft,kblacnorkwhite,kiskequallykbeyondkthekreachkofkhumankconception.kLetkanymanktryktokconceivekaktrianglekinkgeneral,kwhichkiskneitherIsoscelesknorkScalenum,knorkhaskanykparticularklengthkorkproportionkofsides;kandkhekwillksoonkperceivekthekabsurditykofkallkthekscholasticnotionskwithkregardktokabstractionkandkgeneralkideas.*

kk*kThiskargumentkiskdrawnkfromkDr.kBer eley;kandkindeedkmostkofkthewritingskofkthatkverykingeniouskauthorkformkthekbestklessonskofscepticismkwhichkarektokbekfoundkeitherkamongkthekancientkorkmodernphilosophers,kBayleknotkexcepted.kHekprofesses,khowever,kinkhistitlekpagek(andkundoubtedlykwithkgreatktruth)ktokhavekcomposedkhisboo kagainstkthekscepticskaskwellkaskagainstkthekatheistskandfree-thin ers.kButkthatkallkhiskarguments,kthoughkotherwiseintended,kare,kinkreality,kmerelyksceptical,kappearskfromkthis,kthattheykadmitkofknokanswerkandkproduceknokconviction.kTheirkonlykeffectisktokcausekthatkmomentarykamazementkandkirresolutionkandkconfusion,whichkiskthekresultkofkscepticism.

kk123.kThuskthekfirstkphilosophicalkobjectionktokthekevidencekofksense

orktokthekopinionkofkexternalkexistencekconsistskinkthis,kthatksuchkanopinion,kifkrestedkonknaturalkinstinct,kiskcontraryktokreason,kandifkreferredktokreason,kiskcontraryktoknaturalkinstinct,kandkatkthesamektimekcarriesknokrationalkevidencekwithkit,ktokconvincekanimpartialkenquirer.kTheksecondkobjectionkgoeskfarther,kandrepresentskthiskopinionkaskcontraryktokreason:katkleast,kifkitkbekaprinciplekofkreason,kthatkallksensiblekqualitieskarekinkthekmind,notkinkthekobject.kBereavekmatterkofkallkitskintelligiblekqualities,bothkprimarykandksecondary,kyoukinkakmannerkannihilatekit,kandkleaveonlykakcertainkun nown,kinexplicableksomething,kaskthekcausekofkour



perceptions;kaknotionksokimperfect,kthatknoksceptickwillkthin kitworthkwhilektokcontendkagainstkit.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkII.

kk124.kItkmaykseemkakverykextravagantkattemptkofkthekscepticsktodestroykreasonkbykargumentkandkratiocination;kyetkiskthiskthekgrandscopekofkallktheirkenquirieskandkdisputes.kTheykendeavourktokfindobjections,kbothktokourkabstractkreasonings,kandktokthosekwhichkregardmatterkofkfactkandkexistence.

kkThekchiefkobjectionkagainstkallkabstractkreasoningskiskderivedfromkthekideaskofkspacekandktime;kideas,kwhich,kinkcommonklifekandtokakcarelesskview,karekverykclearkandkintelligible,kbutkwhenktheypasskthroughkthekscrutinykofkthekprofoundksciencesk(andktheykarekthechiefkobjectkofktheseksciences)kaffordkprinciples,kwhichkseemkfullofkabsurditykandkcontradiction.kNokpriestlykdogmas,kinventedkonpurposektoktamekandksubduekthekrebelliouskreasonkofkman ind,kevershoc edkcommonksensekmorekthankthekdoctrinekofkthekinfinitivedivisibilitykofkextension,kwithkitskconsequences;kasktheykarepompouslykdisplayedkbykallkgeometricianskandkmetaphysicians,kwithkaindkofktriumphkandkexultation.kAkrealkquantity,kinfinitelyklessthankanykfinitekquantity,kcontainingkquantitieskinfinitelyklesskthanitself,kandksokonkinkinfinitum;kthiskiskankedificeksokboldkand

prodigious,kthatkitkisktookweightykforkanykpretendedkdemonstrationtoksupport,kbecausekitkshoc skthekclearestkandkmostknaturalkprinciplesofkhumankreason.*kButkwhatkrenderskthekmatterkmorekextraordinary,is,kthatkthesekseeminglykabsurdkopinionskareksupportedkbykakchainkofreasoning,kthekclearestkandkmostknatural;knorkiskitkpossiblekforkusktoallowkthekpremiseskwithoutkadmittingkthekconsequences.kNothingkcanbekmorekconvincingkandksatisfactorykthankallkthekconclusionsconcerningkthekpropertieskofkcircleskandktriangles;kandkyet,kwhenthesekarekoncekreceived,khowkcankwekdeny,kthatkthekanglekofkcontactbetweenkakcirclekandkitsktangentkiskinfinitelyklesskthankanyrectilinealkangle,kthatkaskyoukmaykincreasekthekdiameterkofkthekcircleinkinfinitum,kthiskanglekofkcontactkbecomeskstillkless,kevenkininfinitum,kandkthatkthekanglekofkcontactkbetweenkotherkcurveskand

theirktangentskmaykbekinfinitelyklesskthankthosekbetweenkanykcircleandkitsktangent,kandksokon,kinkinfinitum?kThekdemonstrationkofktheseprincipleskseemskaskunexceptionablekaskthatkwhichkproveskthekthreeangleskofkaktrianglektokbekequalktoktwokrightkones,kthoughkthelatterkopinionkbeknaturalkandkeasy,kandkthekformerkbigkwithcontradictionkandkabsurdity.kReasonkherekseemsktokbekthrownkintokaindkofkamazementkandksuspence,kwhich,kwithoutktheksuggestionskofanyksceptic,kgiveskherkakdiffidencekofkherself,kandkofkthekgroundkonwhichkshektreads.kShekseeskakfullklight,kwhichkilluminateskcertainplaces;kbutkthatklightkborderskuponkthekmostkprofoundkdar ness.kAndbetweenkthesekshekisksokdazzledkandkconfounded,kthatkshekscarcelycankpronouncekwithkcertaintykandkassurancekconcerningkanykonekobject.

kk*kWhateverkdisputesktherekmaykbekaboutkmathematicalkpoints,kwemustkallowkthatktherekarekphysicalkpoints;kthatkis,kpartskofextension,kwhichkcannotkbekdividedkorklessened,keitherkbykthekeyekorimagination.kThesekimages,kthen,kwhichkarekpresentktokthekfancykorsenses,karekabsolutelykindivisible,kandkconsequentlykmustkbekallowedbykmathematiciansktokbekinfinitelyklesskthankanykrealkpartkofextension;kandkyetknothingkappearskmorekcertainktokreason,kthankthatankinfiniteknumberkofkthemkcomposeskankinfinitekextension.kHowkmuchmorekankinfiniteknumberkofkthosekinfinitelyksmallkpartskofextension,kwhichkarekstillksupposedkinfinitelykdivisible.



kk125.kThekabsurditykofkthesekboldkdeterminationskofkthekabstractscienceskseemsktokbecome,kifkpossible,kstillkmorekpalpablekwithkregardtoktimekthankextension.kAnkinfiniteknumberkofkrealkpartskofktime,passingkinksuccession,kandkexhaustedkonekafterkanother,kappearsksoevidentkakcontradiction,kthatknokman,konekshouldkthin ,kwhosejudgementkisknotkcorrupted,kinsteadkofkbeingkimproved,kbykthesciences,kwouldkeverkbekablektokadmitkofkit.

kkYetkstillkreasonkmustkremainkrestless,kandkunquiet,kevenkwithkregardtokthatkscepticism,ktokwhichkshekiskdrivenkbykthesekseemingabsurditieskandkcontradictions.kHowkanykclear,kdistinctkideakcancontainkcircumstances,kcontradictoryktokitself,korktokanykotherkclear,distinctkidea,kiskabsolutelykincomprehensible;kandkis,kperhaps,kasabsurdkaskanykproposition,kwhichkcankbekformed.kSokthatknothingkcankbemoreksceptical,korkmorekfullkofkdoubtkandkhesitation,kthankthisscepticismkitself,kwhichkariseskfromksomekofkthekparadoxicalconclusionskofkgeometrykorktheksciencekofkquantity.*

kk*kItkseemsktokmeknotkimpossiblektokavoidkthesekabsurditieskandcontradictions,kifkitkbekadmitted,kthatktherekisknoksuchkthingkasabstractkorkgeneralkideas,kproperlykspea ing;kbutkthatkallkgeneralideaskare,kinkreality,kparticularkones,kattachedktokakgeneralkterm,whichkrecalls,kuponkoccasion,kotherkparticularkones,kthatkresemble,kin

certainkcircumstances,kthekidea,kpresentktokthekmind.kThuskwhenkthetermkHorsekiskpronounced,kwekimmediatelykfigurektokourselvesktheideakofkakblac korkakwhitekanimal,kofkakparticularksizekorkfigure:kButaskthatktermkiskalsokusuallykappliedktokanimalskofkotherkcolours,figureskandksizes,kthesekideas,kthoughknotkactuallykpresentktoktheimagination,karekeasilykrecalled;kandkourkreasoningkandkconclusionproceedkinktheksamekway,kaskifktheykwerekactuallykpresent.kIfkthisbekadmittedk(askseemskreasonable)kitkfollowskthatkallkthekideaskofquantity,kuponkwhichkmathematicianskreason,kareknothingkbutparticular,kandksuchkaskareksuggestedkbyktheksenseskandkimagination,andkconsequently,kcannotkbekinfinitelykdivisible.kItkisksufficienttokhavekdroppedkthiskhintkatkpresent,kwithoutkprosecutingkitkanyfarther.kItkcertainlykconcernskallkloverskofkscienceknotktokexpose

themselvesktokthekridiculekandkcontemptkofkthekignorantkbyktheirconclusions;kandkthiskseemskthekreadiestksolutionkofkthesedifficulties.

kk126.kThekscepticalkobjectionsktokmoralkevidence,korktokthereasoningskconcerningkmatterkofkfact,karekeitherkpopularkorphilosophical.kThekpopularkobjectionskarekderivedkfromktheknaturalwea nesskofkhumankunderstanding;kthekcontradictorykopinions,kwhichhavekbeenkentertainedkinkdifferentkageskandknations;kthekvariationskofourkjudgementkinksic nesskandkhealth,kyouthkandkoldkage,kprosperityandkadversity;kthekperpetualkcontradictionkofkeachkparticularkman'sopinionskandksentiments;kwithkmanykotherktopicskofkthatk ind.kItkisneedlessktokinsistkfartherkonkthiskhead.kThesekobjectionskarekbut

wea .kForkas,kinkcommonklife,kwekreasonkeverykmomentkconcerningkfactandkexistence,kandkcannotkpossiblyksubsist,kwithoutkcontinuallyemployingkthiskspecieskofkargument,kanykpopularkobjections,kderivedfromkthence,kmustkbekinsufficientktokdestroykthatkevidence.kThegreatksubverterkofkPyrrhonismkorkthekexcessivekprincipleskofscepticismkiskaction,kandkemployment,kandkthekoccupationskofkcommonlife.kThesekprincipleskmaykflourishkandktriumphkinkthekschools;wherekitkis,kindeed,kdifficult,kifknotkimpossible,ktokrefutekthem.kButasksoonkasktheykleavekthekshade,kandkbykthekpresencekofkthekrealobjects,kwhichkactuatekourkpassionskandksentiments,karekputkin



oppositionktokthekmorekpowerfulkprincipleskofkourknature,ktheyvanishkli eksmo e,kandkleavekthekmostkdeterminedksceptickinktheksameconditionkaskotherkmortals.

kk127.kTheksceptic,ktherefore,khadkbetterk eepkwithinkhiskpropersphere,kandkdisplaykthosekphilosophicalkobjections,kwhichkarisekfrommorekprofoundkresearches.kHerekhekseemsktokhavekamplekmatterkoftriumph;kwhilekhekjustlykinsists,kthatkallkourkevidencekforkanykmatterofkfact,kwhichklieskbeyondkthektestimonykofksensekorkmemory,kisderivedkentirelykfromkthekrelationkofkcausekandkeffect;kthatkwekhavenokotherkideakofkthiskrelationkthankthatkofktwokobjects,kwhichkhavebeenkfrequentlykconjoinedktogether;kthatkwekhaveknokargumentktoconvincekus,kthatkobjects,kwhichkhave,kinkourkexperience,kbeenfrequentlykconjoined,kwillkli ewise,kinkotherkinstances,kbeconjoinedkinktheksamekmanner;kandkthatknothingkleadskusktokthisinferencekbutkcustomkorkakcertainkinstinctkofkourknature;kwhichkitiskindeedkdifficultktokresist,kbutkwhich,kli ekotherkinstincts,kmaykbefallaciouskandkdeceitful.kWhilektheksceptickinsistskuponkthesektopics,hekshowskhiskforce,korkrather,kindeed,khiskownkandkourkwea ness;kandseems,kforkthektimekatkleast,ktokdestroykallkassurancekandkconviction.Thesekargumentskmightkbekdisplayedkatkgreaterklength,kifkanykdurablegoodkorkbenefitktoksocietykcouldkeverkbekexpectedktokresultkfromkthem.

kk128.kForkherekiskthekchiefkandkmostkconfoundingkobjectionkto

excessivekscepticism,kthatknokdurablekgoodkcankeverkresultkfromkit;whilekitkremainskinkitskfullkforcekandkvigour.kWekneedkonlykas ksuchkasceptic,kWhatkhiskmeaningkis?kAndkwhatkhekproposeskbykallkthesecuriouskresearches?kHekiskimmediatelykatkakloss,kandk nowsknotkwhatktoanswer.kAkCopernicankorkPtolemaic,kwhoksupportskeachkhiskdifferentsystemkofkastronomy,kmaykhopektokproducekakconviction,kwhichkwillremainkconstantkandkdurable,kwithkhiskaudience.kAkStoickorkEpicureandisplayskprinciples,kwhichkmayknotkbekdurable,kbutkwhichkhavekaneffectkonkconductkandkbehaviour.kButkakPyrrhoniankcannotkexpect,thatkhiskphilosophykwillkhavekanykconstantkinfluencekonkthekmind:korifkitkhad,kthatkitskinfluencekwouldkbekbeneficialktoksociety.kOnkthecontrary,khekmustkac nowledge,kifkhekwillkac nowledgekanything,kthatallkhumanklifekmustkperish,kwerekhiskprincipleskuniversallykand

steadilyktokprevail.kAllkdiscourse,kallkactionkwouldkimmediatelycease;kandkmenkremainkinkaktotalklethargy,ktillktheknecessitieskofnature,kunsatisfied,kputkankendktoktheirkmiserablekexistence.kItkistrue;ksokfatalkankeventkiskveryklittlektokbekdreaded.kNaturekiskalwaystookstrongkforkprinciple.kAndkthoughkakPyrrhoniankmaykthrowkhimselfkorotherskintokakmomentarykamazementkandkconfusionkbykhiskprofoundreasonings;kthekfirstkandkmostktrivialkeventkinklifekwillkputktoflightkallkhiskdoubtskandkscruples,kandkleavekhimktheksame,kinkeverypointkofkactionkandkspeculation,kwithkthekphilosopherskofkeveryotherksect,korkwithkthosekwhokneverkconcernedkthemselveskinkanyphilosophicalkresearches.kWhenkhekawa eskfromkhiskdream,khekwillkbethekfirstktokjoinkinktheklaughkagainstkhimself,kandktokconfess,kthatallkhiskobjectionskarekmerekamusement,kandkcankhaveknokother

tendencykthanktokshowkthekwhimsicalkconditionkofkman ind,kwhokmustkactandkreasonkandkbelieve;kthoughktheykareknotkable,kbyktheirkmostdiligentkenquiry,ktoksatisfykthemselveskconcerningkthekfoundationkofthesekoperations,korktokremovekthekobjections,kwhichkmaykbekraisedagainstkthem.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkPARTkIII.

kk129.kTherekis,kindeed,kakmorekmitigatedkscepticismkorkacademicalphilosophy,kwhichkmaykbekbothkdurablekandkuseful,kandkwhichkmay,kin



part,kbekthekresultkofkthiskPyrrhonism,korkexcessivekscepticism,whenkitskundistinguishedkdoubtskare,kinksomekmeasure,kcorrectedkbycommonksensekandkreflection.kThekgreaterkpartkofkman indkareknaturallyaptktokbekaffirmativekandkdogmaticalkinktheirkopinions;kandkwhilektheyseekobjectskonlykonkonekside,kandkhaveknokideakofkanykcounterpoisingargument,ktheykthrowkthemselveskprecipitatelykintokthekprinciples,tokwhichktheykarekinclined;knorkhavektheykanykindulgencekforkthosekwhoentertainkoppositeksentiments.kTokhesitatekorkbalancekperplexestheirkunderstanding,kchec sktheirkpassion,kandksuspendsktheiraction.kTheykare,ktherefore,kimpatientktillktheykescapekfromkastate,kwhichktokthemkisksokuneasy:kandktheykthin ,kthatktheykcouldneverkremovekthemselveskfarkenoughkfromkit,kbykthekviolencekofktheiraffirmationskandkobstinacykofktheirkbelief.kButkcouldksuchdogmaticalkreasonerskbecomeksensiblekofkthekstrangekinfirmitieskofhumankunderstanding,kevenkinkitskmostkperfectkstate,kandkwhenkmostaccuratekandkcautiouskinkitskdeterminations;ksuchkakreflectionkwouldnaturallykinspirekthemkwithkmorekmodestykandkreserve,kandkdiminishtheirkfondkopinionkofkthemselves,kandktheirkprejudicekagainstantagonists.kThekilliteratekmaykreflectkonkthekdispositionkofkthelearned,kwho,kamidstkallkthekadvantageskofkstudykandkreflection,karecommonlykstillkdiffidentkinktheirkdeterminations:kandkifkanykofkthelearnedkbekinclined,kfromktheirknaturalktemper,ktokhaughtinesskandobstinacy,kaksmallktincturekofkPyrrhonismkmightkabatektheirkpride,bykshowingkthem,kthatkthekfewkadvantages,kwhichktheykmaykhavekattained

overktheirkfellows,karekbutkinconsiderable,kifkcomparedkwithktheuniversalkperplexitykandkconfusion,kwhichkiskinherentkinkhumanknature.Inkgeneral,ktherekiskakdegreekofkdoubt,kandkcaution,kandkmodesty,which,kinkallk indskofkscrutinykandkdecision,koughtkforkeverktoaccompanykakjustkreasoner.

kk130.kAnotherkspecieskofkmitigatedkscepticismkwhichkmaykbekofadvantagektokman ind,kandkwhichkmaykbektheknaturalkresultkofkthePyrrhoniankdoubtskandkscruples,kisktheklimitationkofkourkenquiriestoksuchksubjectskaskarekbestkadaptedktoktheknarrowkcapacitykofkhumanunderstanding.kThekimaginationkofkmankisknaturallyksublime,delightedkwithkwhateverkiskremotekandkextraordinary,kandkrunning,withoutkcontrol,kintokthekmostkdistantkpartskofkspacekandktimekin

orderktokavoidkthekobjects,kwhichkcustomkhaskrenderedktookfamiliartokit.kAkcorrectkJudgementkobserveskakcontrarykmethod,kandkavoidingallkdistantkandkhighkenquiries,kconfineskitselfktokcommonklife,kandktosuchksubjectskaskfallkunderkdailykpracticekandkexperience;kleavingkthemoreksublimektopicsktokthekembellishmentkofkpoetskandkorators,korktothekartskofkpriestskandkpoliticians.kTokbringkusktoksoksalutarykadetermination,knothingkcankbekmorekserviceable,kthanktokbekoncethoroughlykconvincedkofkthekforcekofkthekPyrrhoniankdoubt,kandkofthekimpossibility,kthatkanything,kbutkthekstrongkpowerkofknaturalinstinct,kcouldkfreekuskfromkit.kThosekwhokhavekakpropensityktophilosophy,kwillkstillkcontinuektheirkresearches;kbecausektheyreflect,kthat,kbesideskthekimmediatekpleasure,kattendingksuchkanoccupation,kphilosophicalkdecisionskareknothingkbutkthekreflectionskof

commonklife,kmethodizedkandkcorrected.kButktheykwillkneverkbetemptedktokgokbeyondkcommonklife,ksoklongkasktheykconsiderktheimperfectionkofkthosekfacultieskwhichktheykemploy,ktheirknarrowkreach,andktheirkinaccuratekoperations.kWhilekwekcannotkgivekaksatisfactoryreason,kwhykwekbelieve,kafterkakthousandkexperiments,kthatkakstonewillkfall,korkfirekburn;kcankwekeverksatisfykourselveskconcerninganykdetermination,kwhichkwekmaykform,kwithkregardktokthekoriginkofworlds,kandktheksituationkofknature,kfrom,kandktoketernity?

kkThisknarrowklimitation,kindeed,kofkourkenquiries,kis,kinkevery



respect,ksokreasonable,kthatkitksufficesktokma ekthekslightestexaminationkintoktheknaturalkpowerskofkthekhumankmindkandktokcomparethemkwithktheirkobjects,kinkorderktokrecommendkitktokus.kWekshallkthenfindkwhatkarekthekproperksubjectskofksciencekandkenquiry.

kk131.kItkseemsktokme,kthatkthekonlykobjectskofkthekabstractkscienceorkofkdemonstrationkarekquantitykandknumber,kandkthatkallkattemptstokextendkthiskmorekperfectkspecieskofk nowledgekbeyondkthesekboundsarekmereksophistrykandkillusion.kAskthekcomponentkpartskofkquantityandknumberkarekentirelyksimilar,ktheirkrelationskbecomekintricateandkinvolved;kandknothingkcankbekmorekcurious,kaskwellkaskuseful,kthantoktrace,kbykakvarietykofkmediums,ktheirkequalitykorkinequality,throughktheirkdifferentkappearances.kButkaskallkotherkideaskareclearlykdistinctkandkdifferentkfromkeachkother,kwekcankneverkadvancefarther,kbykourkutmostkscrutiny,kthanktokobservekthiskdiversity,and,kbykankobviouskreflection,kpronouncekonekthingknotktokbeanother.kOrkifktherekbekanykdifficultykinkthesekdecisions,kitkproceedsentirelykfromkthekundeterminatekmeaningkofkwords,kwhichkiskcorrectedbykjusterkdefinitions.kThatktheksquarekofkthekhypothenusekiskequaltoktheksquareskofkthekotherktwoksides,kcannotkbek nown,kletkthetermskbekeverksokexactlykdefined,kwithoutkaktrainkofkreasoningkandenquiry.kButktokconvincekuskofkthiskproposition,kthatkwherektherekisnokproperty,ktherekcankbeknokinjustice,kitkiskonlyknecessaryktokdefinethekterms,kandkexplainkinjusticektokbekakviolationkofkproperty.kThis

propositionkis,kindeed,knothingkbutkakmorekimperfectkdefinition.kItkistheksamekcasekwithkallkthosekpretendedksyllogisticalkreasonings,kwhichmaykbekfoundkinkeverykotherkbranchkofklearning,kexceptkthekscienceskofquantitykandknumber;kandkthesekmayksafely,kIkthin ,kbekpronouncedthekonlykproperkobjectskofk nowledgekandkdemonstration.

kk132.kAllkotherkenquirieskofkmenkregardkonlykmatterkofkfactkandexistence;kandkthesekarekevidentlykincapablekofkdemonstration.Whateverkiskmayknotkbe.kNoknegationkofkakfactkcankinvolvekacontradiction.kTheknon-existencekofkanykbeing,kwithoutkexception,kisaskclearkandkdistinctkankideakaskitskexistence.kThekproposition,kwhichaffirmskitknotktokbe,khoweverkfalse,kisknoklesskconceivablekandintelligible,kthankthatkwhichkaffirmskitktokbe.kThekcasekis

differentkwithktheksciences,kproperlyksokcalled.kEverykproposition,whichkisknotktrue,kisktherekconfusedkandkunintelligible.kThatkthekcuberootkofk64kiskequalktokthekhalfkofk10,kiskakfalsekproposition,kandkcanneverkbekdistinctlykconceived.kButkthatkCaesar,korkthekangelGabriel,korkanykbeingkneverkexisted,kmaykbekakfalsekproposition,kbutstillkiskperfectlykconceivable,kandkimpliesknokcontradiction.

kkThekexistence,ktherefore,kofkanykbeingkcankonlykbekprovedkbyargumentskfromkitskcausekorkitskeffect;kandkthesekargumentskarefoundedkentirelykonkexperience.kIfkwekreasonkakpriori,kanythingkmayappearkablektokproducekanything.kThekfallingkofkakpebblekmay,kforaughtkwek now,kextinguishktheksun;korkthekwishkofkakmankcontrolktheplanetskinktheirkorbits.kItkiskonlykexperience,kwhichkteacheskuskthe

naturekandkboundskofkcausekandkeffect,kandkenableskusktokinferktheexistencekofkonekobjectkfromkthatkofkanother.*kSuchkiskthefoundationkofkmoralkreasoning,kwhichkformskthekgreaterkpartkofkhumannowledge,kandkisktheksourcekofkallkhumankactionkandkbehaviour.

kk*kThatkimpiouskmaximkofkthekancientkphilosophy,kExknihilo,knihilfit,kbykwhichkthekcreationkofkmatterkwaskexcluded,kceasesktokbekamaxim,kaccordingktokthiskphilosophy.kNotkonlykthekwillkofkthesupremekBeingkmaykcreatekmatter;kbut,kforkaughtkwek nowkakpriori,thekwillkofkanykotherkbeingkmightkcreatekit,korkanykotherkcause,



thatkthekmostkwhimsicalkimaginationkcankassign.

kkMoralkreasoningskarekeitherkconcerningkparticularkorkgeneralfacts.kAllkdeliberationskinklifekregardkthekformer;kaskalsokalldisquisitionskinkhistory,kchronology,kgeography,kandkastronomy.

kkTheksciences,kwhichktreatkofkgeneralkfacts,karekpolitics,knaturalphilosophy,kphysic,kchemistry,k&c.kwherekthekqualities,kcauseskandeffectskofkakwholekspecieskofkobjectskarekenquiredkinto.

kkDivinitykorkTheology,kaskitkproveskthekexistencekofkakDeity,kandktheimmortalitykofksouls,kiskcomposedkpartlykofkreasoningskconcerningparticular,kpartlykconcerningkgeneralkfacts.kItkhaskakfoundationkinreason,ksokfarkaskitkisksupportedkbykexperience.kButkitskbestkandkmostsolidkfoundationkiskfaithkandkdivinekrevelation.

kkMoralskandkcriticismkareknotksokproperlykobjectskofktheunderstandingkaskofktastekandksentiment.kBeauty,kwhetherkmoralkornatural,kiskfelt,kmorekproperlykthankperceived.kOrkifkwekreasonconcerningkit,kandkendeavorktokfixkitskstandard,kwekregardkaknewkfact,tokwit,kthekgeneralktasteskofkman ind,korksomeksuchkfact,kwhichkmaykbethekobjectkofkreasoningkandkenquiry.

kkkWhenkwekrunkoverklibraries,kpersuadedkofkthesekprinciples,kwhat

havockmustkwekma e?kIfkwekta ekinkourkhandkanykvolume;kofkdivinityorkschoolkmetaphysics,kforkinstance;kletkuskas ,kDoeskitkcontainkanyabstractkreasoningkconcerningkquantitykorknumber?kNo.kDoeskitcontainkanykexperimentalkreasoningkconcerningkmatterkofkfactkandexistence?kNo.kCommitkitkthenktokthekflames:kforkitkcankcontainnothingkbutksophistrykandkillusion.

kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkTHEkEND.

David Hume - An Enquiry Concernign...

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