Databases

Chapter 17

Data Bases (p.26)Discuss with your friends about the first-three-question!

Read the text about “Basic Features of Database Programs”

Find out new vocabularies from the text!

Discuss and answer the exercises B, C on page 28

Complte the Puzzle using the given-clue!

Regular Plural NounsPlural noun markers with -s

-S

We add the plural suffix –s to most words.

SINGULARPLURAL

apple (æ-pul) apples (æ-pulz)

book books

chair chairs

picture pictures

page pages

key keys

computer computers

-ES

 After sounds s /s/,  z /z/,  sh /ʃ/,  ch /tʃ/ and j /dʒ/, we add the plural suffix -es /ɪz/

SINGULAR PLURAL

box /bɒks/ boxes  /bɒks-iz/kiss kisses  /kɪs-ɪz/

wish wishes /wɪʃ-ɪz/

watch watches /watʃ-ɪz/

buzz buzzes /bʌz-ɪz/

garage garages /gəˈrɑʒ-ɪz/

judge judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/

–ES

We add the plural suffix -es to most words that end in o.

SINGULAR   

PLURAL

tomato   /təˈmeɪtoʊ, -ˈmɑ-/ tomatoes /təˈmeɪtoʊz/echo  /ˈɛkoʊ/ echoes /ˈɛkoʊz/embargo embargoes /ɛmˈbɑrgoʊz/hero heroes /ˈhɪəroʊz/potato potatoes /pəˈmeɪtoʊz/veto vetoes /ˈvitoʊz/

OPTIONALbuffalo

OS / OESbuffalos or buffaloes /ˈbʌfəˌloʊ/

cargocargos or cargoes  /ˈkɑrgoʊz/

halo halos or haloes /ˈheɪloʊz/mosquito mosquitos or mosquitoes no nos or noes /noʊz/torpedo torpedos or torpedoeszero zeros or zeroes  /ˈzɪəroʊz/

–S

We add the plural suffix -s to words of foreign origin (latin, greek, etc.)

SINGULAR PLURAL

piano pianos  /piˈænoʊz, ˈpyænoʊz/

auto autos /ˈɔtoʊz/

avocado avocados /ˌɑvəˈkɑdoʊz/

ghetto ghettos  /ˈgɛtoʊz/

kilo kilos  /ˈkɪloʊz/

memo memos  /ˈmɛmoʊz/

photo photos  /ˈfoʊtoʊz/

portfolio portfolios  /ˈfoʊtoʊz/

pro pros /proʊz/

radio radios  /ˈreɪdiˌoʊz/

sopranosopranos  /səˈprænoʊz, -ˈprɑnoʊz/

solo solos  /ˈsoʊloʊz/

studio studios  /ˈstudiˌoʊz/

video  videos /ˈvɪdiˌoʊz/

Y → I + ES

When a word ends in Y and there is a consonant before Y, we change the Y to I and add -ES.

SINGULAR PLURAL

baby babies  /ˈbeɪbiz/

fry fries /fraɪz/

supply supplies /səˈplaɪz/

fly flies    /flaɪz/

ally allies  /ˈælaɪz, əˈlaɪz/

BUT NOT AFTER—VOWEL+Y  

employ employs  /ɛmˈplɔɪz/

destroy destroys  /dɪˈstrɔɪz/

key keys   /kiz/

monkey monkeys  /ˈmʌŋkiz/

toy toys  /tɔɪz/

play plays  /pleɪz/

FE or F → V + ES

When a word ends in -F or -FE, we change the F to V and add -ES.

SINGULAR PLURAL

leaf   leaves  /livz/half halves  /hævz, hɑvz/

life lives    n.– /laɪvz/  v.– /lɪvz/

self selves /sɛlvz/

thief thieves  /θivz/

scarf scarves  /skɑrvz/

calf calves   /kævz, kɑvz/

knife knives  /naɪvz/

loaf loaves /loʊvz/

shelf shelves  /ʃɛlvz/

wolf wolves  /wʊlvz/

BUT NOT IN THESE WORDS  

cliff cliffs  /klɪfs/

roof roofs   /rufs, rʊfs/

belief beliefs /bɪˈlifs/

chief chiefs    /tʃifs/

CHANGE MIDDLE VOWELS

In a few words, the mid-word vowels are changed to form the plural.

SINGULAR PLURAL

mouse mice /maɪs/

foot feet /fit/

tooth teeth /ti /θ

goose geese /gis/

louse lice /laɪs/

 

SINGULAR FORM (NO CHANGE)

In a few words, the singular form is used for both singular and plural.

SINGULAR PLURALfish fish

deer deer

sheep sheep

shrimpshrimp  /ʃrɪmp/  note (Amer. English does not use -s) 

offspring offspring

series series  /ˈsɪər-iz/

species species   /ˈspi-ʃiz, -siz/

means means

grapefruitgrapefruit    "fruit" – plural form (next page)

aircraft aircraft

 

LATIN WORDS

In words borrowed from Latin, the Latin plural forms are used.

SINGULAR—UScactus  

PLURAL – i cacti  cactuses

fungus /ˈfʌŋ-gəs/ fungi  /ˈfʌn-dʒaɪ, ˈfʌŋ-gaɪ/nucleus /ˈnu-kli-əs/ nuclei  /ˈnu-kli-ˌaɪ/stimulus stimulisyllabus  /ˈsɪl-ə-bəs/ syllabi  /ˈsɪl-ə-baɪ/SINGULAR—ON, —UMphenomenon  Greek / Latin

PLURAL –Aphenomena    /fɪˈ-nɒ-mə-nə/

criterion   Greek / Latin criteriabacterium  Latin bacteriacurriculum Latin curriculadatum  Latin data   /ˈde-ɪtə, ˈdæ-tə, ˈdɑ-tə/medium Latin mediamemorandum Latin memoranda

SINGULAR—Aformula /ˈfɔrmyələ/  Latin

Plural –AEformulas / formulae /ˈfɔrm-yə-li/

vertebra  Latin vertebrae

OLD ENGLISH WORDS OR GREEK WORDS

In some words, the plurals are derived (come) from older language forms.

SINGULAR*man   /mæn/ from Middle English

PLURAL  –ENmen /mɛn/

**woman   /ˈwʊmən/ women /ˈwɪmɪn/child  /tʃaɪld/ children /ˈtʃɪl-drən/ox oxen   /ˈɒksən/   SINGULAR –IS    from Greekanalysis  Greek

PLURAL –ESanalyses

basis  Greek basescrisis  Greek criseshypothesis  Greek hypothesesoasis  /oʊˈeɪsɪs/ Greek > Egyptian

oases /oʊˈeɪsiz/

parenthesis /pəˈrɛn-θə-sɪs/  Greek

parentheses /pəˈrɛn-θə--siz/

thesis   /ˈθi-sɪs/  Greek theses   /ˈθi-siz/

Language Work; Plurals(p.29)Look at the help box (on page 29)!Write down the plural form of the words on exercise A!

Re-read text “Basic Features of Database Programs” on page 27 to find at least 5 plurals pronounced /iz/

Pronounced the plurals words on the box page 29 and put them in the right coloumn!