data mining Chapter 08

38

Transcript of data mining Chapter 08

Page 1: data mining  Chapter 08

� �����������

� �� ����������������� �!�#"$� %&('*)�+-,/.1032*46587*9(4:0:;�<=.1>/.17@?�4:2@4BAC'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' E&(' FHG3?�IJ;#4LK1M�N�.10O.D2@>P5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T>J.17@?�4:2@4D'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' U

&(' F('@) VL2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0Q2Y;#4Z.T>JN[4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0:2Y;�4�\!]^;_.14:9(<:2@>�R�0:,(;a`b9J.17@2@0$?aKTMZ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�Rc'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' d&(' F('eF f$>�0Q;#<:gh.T7Yi$4B5�.17@;�N[gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4l'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' m&(' F('eE no2@>J.1<Q?Sgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4p'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' q&(' F(' U rsKhW[2*>/.17$t1Kh<ON�2@>J.17$t�.1>JN[<O.10:2@KTiu4O5#.17@;�Nvgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4w'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�' x&(' F('ed y3.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4ZKTMzW[2Y{�;�Nv0$?�IJ;#4�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�|

&(' EH}l5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2*~_.10:2@Kb>�KTMzW^.#�OKh<35O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[WS;#0Q,�K�N�4c'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')h)&(' U ��.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�RDWS;�0:,�K�N�4�'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�F

&(' U/'@) �37X.T4:4:2X5#.T7�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�RDWS;�0:,�K�N�4_\��biuW[;�.1>(4�.T>JN^�biuW[;�N�Kb2jN�4c'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�F&(' U/'eF ��.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�RDW[;#0:,�K�N�4�2@>[7j.T<:Rb;�N(.10B.TkJ.14Q;#4�\�M <:KhW��bi$WS;�N�Kh2XN�4�0QKS����}=�s}=rL��'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�d

&(' d��s2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4S'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�m&(' d('@) }LRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*gb;6.1>JN[N�2@g�2*4Q2@gh;6,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�m&(' d('eF nof:�����D\�n3.17X.T>J5O;�N[f$0:;�<B.10Q2@gh;a�s;�N�9J5O2@>�RS.T>JNS�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�9�4:2@>�RS�s2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2@;#4�'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�q&(' d('eE ���L�6��\��37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RS��4Q2*>(RS�6��I�<Q;#4:;�>�0O.10Q2*gb;#4�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�')�&&(' d(' U ���s}=]P�o�!����rD\(}�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W9�4:2@>�R�N�?�>J.1W[2X5�WSK�N�;�7*2@>�R '�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fh|

&(' m�VL;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSWS;�0:,�K�N�4S'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�F�)&(' m('@) V�n3���3}=rC\1}-N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�WS;#0Q,�K�NDkJ.T4:;�NCKh>�5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q;�N�<Q;#Rh2@Kb>�4���2*0Q,a4Q9���5O2@;#>�0:7@?D,(2*Rb,N�;#>�4:2@0$? '�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�F�)&(' m('eF ����G�f:����\J�L<BN�;�<:2@>�RS��Kh2@>�0:4�G�K�f:N�;#>�0:2�M�?[0:,�;D�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS��0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;�'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�FhF&(' m('eE V���rL���!�L��\J�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�kJ.14Q;�N[Kh>PN�;#>�4Q2@0$?�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>�M 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>�4�'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�FhE

&(' q���<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_N�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�F1U&(' q('@) ��G�f:r6��\�}l��0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7�f$>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>S��<Q2XN�}6I(I�<:K�.h5Q,�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fhd&(' q('eF +�._gb;��37@9�4:0Q;#<�\��37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�9�4:2@>�R���._gh;#7@;#0�0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W�.T0:2@Kh> '�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fhm&(' q('eE ����f:¡��6��\/�37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�,�2@Rh,�i¢N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17�4QIJ.h58;='D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fh&

&(' &�]^K�N�;�7Yi$kJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSWS;�0:,�K�N�4£'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fhx&(' x��L9�0Q7*2@;#<6.T>J.17@?�4:2@4P'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Fhx

&(' x('@) ��0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7!.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,SM Kh<3Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<6N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>¤'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�Eh|&(' x('eF VL2@4:0O.1>J58;Oiuk/.14:;_N^Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<�N�;�0:;�5O0Q2@Kh> '�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�E�)&(' x('eE VL;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>�i$kJ.14Q;�N�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<6N�;�0:;�5O0Q2@Kh>c'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�EhF

&('*)_|���9(WSW�.T<:?¥'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'D'�'�'D'�'='�'D'�'�'D'�'�'�'D'�'='C'='�'�'D'�'�'D'�'�'='C'='�'D'�'�'�'�EhE

)

Page 2: data mining  Chapter 08

F ¦�§�¨C©�ª�¨D©�«

Page 3: data mining  Chapter 08

¬ ­¯®±°�²´³¤µ ¶

� ·�¸ ¤����¹ º � »¥·�¼ �½=

¾¿ÁÀ�Â!Ã�ÄhÅÆÄhÅ�ÇÆÈÁÂ!É�ÄhÊSË�Ì1Í1Î!Ï�Ð�Ð�Ð(Î!ÑaÒ�ÓaÔ�Õ�Ö×Ö�Ñ�ØcÙ�ØDÕ�Ú�ØDÛ3Ü�Ö×Ö�Ñ�ØcÙ�ØDÕ�Ñ�ÝOÞ�Õ6ÒDÝOß6à�Õ6ásÖXÖ ÓDâ�ã�â�äOå�æTç(Î�æhè�è�è

é�êQë ìîíLï�ðòñ:óÆô�õQö6óbð�÷!øùïzúLï�õ$û6ó�ñ:ó(üG�,�;DI(<:K�5O;#4Q4DK1M�Rh<QKh9�I(2*>(RS.�4:;#0LK1M�I�,�?�4:2X5#.17�Kh<�.1k�4Q0:<B.b5O0�Khkh�O;_5O0:4L2*>�0QKS5O7X.14:4Q;#4�K1M�ý#þXÿ�þ������DKhkh�8;�5O0:4�2@465#.T7*7@;�N�� ����������1" �� '�}� ���#�_��� 2*46.�5OKb7*7@;�580:2@Kh>^K1M�N�.10O.DKbkh�O;�5O0Q460Q,J.106.T<:;�ý#þXÿaþ������0QK�Kh>�;D.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<���2@0:,�2@>[0:,�;D4O.1W[;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�.1>JN[.1<:;��1þ@ýOý#þXÿ�þ������60QK0:,(;6Khkh�8;�5O0:4�2@>�Kb0:,�;#<6587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'o}w5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�KTMzN�.10O.�Khkh�O;_5O0:465#.T>Sk/;60Q<:;�.T0:;�N^5OKb7*7@;�580:2@gh;#7@?�.143Kh>�;�Rb<:Kb9�IS2@>�W�.T>�?a.1I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4�'

�37@9�4Q0:;#<6.T>J.17@?�4:2@432*46.T>^2*W[IJKb<:0O.1>�0�,�9�W�.T>S.h5O0Q2@g�2@0$?�'z�o.1<:7@?[2*>^5Q,�2@7jN�,�K�K�N�t�Kh>�;�7@;�.1<Q>�46,(K1�-0:KSN�2@4Q0:2@>�Rh9(2*4Q,Sk/;#0$�3;#;#>Æ5#.10Q4.1>/NÆN�KhRb4�t�Kh<�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>ò.1>(2*W^.17@4=.T>JN I�7X.1>�0:4_t!k�? 5OKb>�0:2@>�9�Kh9�4Q7@?P2@WSI�<QK1g�2@>�R�4Q9�k�5OKh>�4O5O2@Kh9�4�5O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>Æ4O5Q,�;#WS;�4�'S�37@9�4Q0:;#<.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�,J.T4�kJ;#;�>���2XN�;�7*?�9�4Q;�N[2*>�>�9�W[;#<:Kb9�4�.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>�4_t12@>J5O7@9JN�2@>�RCIJ.10Q0:;#<Q>�<Q;�5OKbRh>�2@0:2@Kb>!t�N(.10B.�.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�tb2@W�.1Rb;ZI(<:K�5O;#4Q4$i2@>�RJtbW�.T<��b;#0�<:;�4:;�.T<B5Q,!t/;#0B5T'Zno?S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/t�Kh>(;=5#.T>S2XN�;#>�0:2�M�?S58<:K1�6N�;�N[.1>JNv4:IJ.T<:4Q;D<:;#Rb2@Kh>�4_t�.1>JNv0:,�;#<Q;OM�Kb<:;ht/N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<ZK1gb;#<B.T7@7N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>SI/.10:0Q;#<:>(46.1>JNv2*>�0Q;#<:;#4Q0:2@>�RS5OKb<:<Q;#7X.10:2@Kb>�4�.TWSKb>�RDN�.10O.a.T0:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;�4�'�f$>[k�9�4Q2*>(;#4:4_tJ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�W�._?D,�;�7*I[W�.T<��h;�0:;#<Q4N�2@4B58K1gh;#<�N�2@4:0:2@>J580�Rh<:Kb9�I�4�2@>S0Q,�;#2@<=589�4:0QKhWS;�<ZkJ.T4:;#4�.1>JN^5Q,J.T<B.h580:;#<Q2*~�; 5O9(4:0:KbWS;#<�Rb<:Kb9�I�4�kJ.T4:;�N[Kh>^I�9(<B5Q,J.14Q2@>�R�IJ.10Q0:;#<Q>�4�'of$>k�2@Kh7@KbRh?�th2@065#.T>PkJ;C9�4:;�N 0:KSN�;#<Q2@gh;DI�7X.T>�06.T>JN^.1>�2@W^.17�0O._{�Kh>�KbWS2@;#4_t�5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2*~�;aRb;#>�;#4L��2*0Q,^4:2@[email protected]<�M 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>J.17@2@0$?�t�.T>JN[R�.12@>2@>�4:2@Rb,�0o2*>�0QKa4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;#462@>�,(;#<:;#>�0�2@>�I/KhI�9�7X.T0:2@Kh>�4_'z�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RaW^._?a.17@4QKD,�;#7@IS2@>[0:,�;L2jN�;#>�0:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>�KTM .1<Q;�.143K1M!4Q2@[email protected]<�7X.1>JN9�4Q;�2*>Æ.1>´;�.T<:0:,ÆKbk�4:;�<:gh.10Q2@Kh> N�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;htz.T>JN 2*> 0:,�;�2XN�;#>�0Q2� �5#.10Q2*Kb> KTMZRh<QKh9�I(4DK1MZW[Kh0QKh<62@>�4Q9�<B.T>J5O;�I/Kh7@2X5O?^,�Kh7XN�;�<:4D��2@0:,Æ.,�2@Rh,S._gb;#<B.TRh;�5O7X.12@W±5OKb4:0_tJ.14o�Z;#7@7�.1430:,�;L2XN�;#>�0:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>�KTM!Rh<QKh9�I�43K1M!,(Kh9�4Q;#4�2@>S.a5O2@0$?�.h5#58Kh<BN�2*>(Ra0QKD,�Kh9(4:;�0$?�IJ;ht�gh.T7@9�;hth.T>JNRh;�KhRh<O.1I�,(2j5�.17�7@K�5#.10Q2@Kh>!'�f$0�W^._?�.T7@4:K6,(;#[email protected]:4Q2�M�?DN�K�5O9�WS;�>�0Q4�Kh>�0:,(;�+-+-+�M�Kb<�2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>=N�2*4O5OK1gh;�<:?�'!}L4Z.�N�.10O.6W[2@>�2@>�RM�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>�t 587*9(4:0:;�<�.T>J.17@?�4:2@465#.T>Pk/;a9�4Q;�N´.14=.�4Q0B.T>JNbi:.17@Kh>�;C0:K�Kh7�0:KSR�.12@>^2@>�4:2@Rh,�0�2@>�0:K[0:,�;aN�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh> K1MZN�.10O.�t(0:KSKbk�4:;�<:gh;0:,(; 5Q,J.T<B.h580:;#<Q2*4Q0:2X5O4DKTM�;�.h5Q,Æ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t!.T>JN^0QK�M�K�5O9�4LKh> .vIJ.1<Q0:2X5O9�7X.T<�4:;#0�K1M�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4LM�Kb<�M�9�<Q0:,�;�<�.T>J.17@?�4:2@4_'�}67@0:;�<:>J.T0:2@gh;#7@?�t�2@0W�._?�4:;�<:gh;�.146.CI�<Q;#I�<:K�5O;�4:4:2@>�R^4Q0:;#I^M Kh<�Kh0Q,�;#<6.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4_th4Q9J5Q,P.1465O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>P.T>JN^5:,/.1<B.b5O0:;�<:2@~�.10Q2@Kh>!t(KhI/;#<B.T0:2@>�R�Kh>^0Q,�;N�;#0Q;�5O0Q;�N 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'V�.10O.D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(Ra2@4�.�?hKb9�>�RD4O5O2@;#>�0:2� 5�N�2@4B5O2@I�7@2@>�;�9�>/N�;#<�g�2@RhKh<QKh9�43N�;#gh;�7*KbI�WS;�>�0_'!G�,(;#<:;D.1<Q;=.C7X.1<:Rb;�>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1M!<Q;#4:;�.T<B5Q,IJ.TIJ;#<Q4S4O5#.10Q0:;#<Q;�N-2@>ùW�.1>�?Æ5OKh>�M�;#<:;�>J5O;´I�<:K�5O;#;_N�2@>�Rh4^.1>JNùI/;#<:2@K�N�2X5#.17@4_t�WSKb4:0Q7*?´2@> 0:,�;� J;#7XN�4�KTM�N�.T0B.´W[2*>(2*>(RJt�4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5O4�tW�.b5Q,�2@>�;67@;�.T<:>�2@>�R/th4QIJ.10Q2j.T7!N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;ht(k�2@Kh7@KhRb?�tTW�.1<��h;#0Q2@>�RJt�.1>JNv4:K�Kb>!t���2@0:,PN�2�� ;�<:;#>�0�;#W[I�,J.14Q;#46.1>/N�N�2���;#<Q;#>�0�0:;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4_'�L��2@>�Ra0QKD0:,(;6,�9�Rh;�.1W[Kh9�>�0:4�KTM N�.T0B.D5OKb7@7*;_5O0:;�Nv2@>�N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�t�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<6.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�,J.T4�<:;_5O;#>�0:7@?Sk/;�5OKbWS;�.�,�2@Rh,�7@?�.h5O0Q2@gh;�0:KbI�2X52@>PN�.10O.DW[2*>(2*>(RD<:;#4Q;�.1<O5Q,!'}L4�.´k�<O.1>J5Q,¤K1MD4:0O.10:2@4Q0:2X5O4�t�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<P.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�,J.14[kJ;�;#>w4Q0:9JN�2*;_N ;O{�0:;#>(4:2@gh;#7@?ùM�Kb<SW�.T>�?Æ?h;�.T<:4�t�M�K�5O9�4:4Q2@>�R�W^.12@>�7@? Kb>N�2@4:0O.1>J58;Oiuk/.14:;_N�587*9(4:0:;�<6.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4_'!�37@9�4:0Q;#<6.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�0:K�Kh7@4�kJ.T4:;�NvKh>S�bi$WS;_.1>�4_t��bi$WS;_N�Kh2XN�4_t .T>JN�4Q;#gh;�<B.17/Kh0Q,�;#<3WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�,J._gb;.17@4QK�kJ;#;�>Pk�9�2@7@0Z2@>[W�.1>�?�4:0O.10:2@4Q0:2X5#.17�.1>J.T7@?�4Q2@4Z4QK1M�0$��.1<Q;=I/.h5��h.1Rb;#4�Kh<�4Q?�4Q0:;#W[4�t�4Q9J5Q, .146�bi:��7@9�4_t���������t/.1>JN^��}���'f$>ÆW^.h5Q,�2@>�;D7@;�.T<:>�2@>�R/tz5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�.1>/.17@?�4:2@4DK1M 0:;#>Æ<Q;OM�;#<Q4a0QK ��� ������������"u����� ���(�1�z" ��� '��s>�7@2��b;S5O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>!t�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RN�K�;#4�>�Kh0C<:;#7@?´Kh>´I�<:;�N�;� J>�;�N 5O7X.T4:4:;�4 .T>JNÆ5O7X.14Q4$i$7j.TkJ;�7*;_N´0:<B.T2@>�2@>�R^;O{J.1WSI(7*;�4�'��(Kh<�0:,(2*4C<:;�.T4:Kh>�t�2*0�2@4a.[M Kh<:W K1M ������1��" ���� ��� � ������������" �/� t(<B.T0:,�;#<C0:,J.T>!��"����$#(þ�#&%('*)+"�,-�1ÿ/.0�1"Oý#'[f$>2� �J� � �3���_���� � ����������1" �� t�.[Rh<QKh9�IÆKTM�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�M�Kh<QWS4D.^5O7X.14Q4Kh>(7*?^2�M�2@062@4=N�;�4B5O<Q2*k/.1k�7@;�k�?P.[5OKh>J58;#I�0�'�G�,(2*4�N�2�� ;�<:4LM�<:KbW 5OKh>�gb;#>�0:2@Kh>J.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R^��,�2X5:, WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#464Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?�kJ.T4:;�N^Kb>Rh;�KhWS;�0:<:2X5�N�2@4:0O.1>J58;h'6�3Kh>/5O;#I�0Q9J.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�5OKb>�4:2@4:0Q4�K1M�0$�ZKS58KhWSI/Kh>(;#>�0:4�\54B)7632*0�N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:4L0:,�;�.1I�I�<QKhI�<Q2X.10:;�5O7X.14:4Q;#4�t�.T>JN4uF86�2@0�M Kh<:W[4�N�;#4B58<:2@I�0:2@Kb>�4�M Kh<�;�.b5Q,�5O7X.14Q4�t�.1432@>S5O7X.14:4Q2� 5#.10Q2@Kh>!'�G�,�;6Rb9�2XN�;#7@2@>�;3K1M!4:0Q<:2@g�2@>�R�M�Kb<�,�2@Rh,�2@>�0:<O.h5O7X.14Q4�4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?=.T>JN7@K1�-2@>�0:;#<O5O7X.14:4L4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0$?D4:0Q2*7@7!.TI�I�7@2@;#4�'f$>PN�.T0B.CWS2@>�2@>�RJtbI/;#KhI�7@;�,J._gb;=k/;#;#> 4:0:9/N�?�2*>(R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�43M�Kh<3;O��5O2@;#>�0�.1>JN[;���;�5O0Q2*gb;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<D.1>/.17@?�4:2@4Z2@>9�����:%-";�-�=<>�8'��_ý?"Oý#'

E

Page 4: data mining  Chapter 08

U ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«}=580:2@gh;�0:,�;�WS;#4LK1M�<:;#4Q;�.1<O5Q,´M�K�5O9�4�Kh>P0Q,�;�ý?P����1�-'�þ��Yþ1<:)�K1MZ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R^WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�t(0:,�;�;���;�5O0:2@gb;#>�;#4Q4aKTM W[;#0:,(K�N�4�M�Kb<=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RP�Q1ÿ/.0�1"�,LýSR���.�"OýL��#0�/<:)�.T"8ýUQ:VU�-�=<>�Tt&R�þW%?R8XS�1þXÿY"$#�ý8þ Q�#0��� 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�0:;�5Q,�>(2j`b9�;�4�t�.1>JN�W[;#0:,(K�N�4�M�Kb< 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�ÿaþW,�"��E#�Z�ÿY"$��þ[P������#\�]P��=<>">%-Q��#þ[P����N�-�7<��L2@>^7j.T<:Rb;=N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�'

�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�2*46.�5Q,J.T7@7*;�>�Rh2@>�RE /;#7XN^K1M�<:;#4Q;�.1<O5:,´��,�;#<Q;D2@0:4�I/Kh0Q;#>�0:2X.17�.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>�43I/Kh4:;C0:,�;#2@<�K1��>^4:I/;�5O2X.T7!<:;_`h9(2*<Q;#WS;�>�0Q4�'G�,�;�M Kh7@7@K1��2*>(R�.T<:;�0$?�I�2X5#.17�<Q;�`b9�2@<:;#W[;#>�0:4�KTMo587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�2@>PN�.10O.DW[2*>(2*>(RJ')b'/^_� �� � � "� "��O� \3]P.1>�? 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R .17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS43�ZKb<��P�3;#7@7�2@>P4QW�.17@7�N�.10O.S4Q;#0:4�5OKh>�0B.T2@>�2@>�RS7@;#4Q4D0:,J.T> Fb|h|[N�.10O.SKbkh�O;�5O0Q4?`,�K1�Z;�gh;#<_t�.�7X.T<:Rh;�N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�W^._?D5OKh>�0B.T2@>aW[2*7@7@2@Kh>�4�KTM Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'3�37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RDKb> .�ý?�TÿU.\��"�KTM�.LRb2*gb;#>�7X.1<QRh;�N�.10O.64Q;#03W�._?7*;_.hN[0:K�k�2X.14Q;�N[<:;#4Q9�7@0:4�'��sK1�w5#.1>^�3;DN�;#gh;�7*KbIP5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4�0:,J.T06.1<:;C,�2@Rh,�7@?�4B5#.T7j.Tk�7@;�2*>[7X.1<:Rb;DN�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4OAF(' � � "� " �#� �?�a�����( cb�"��7de��"fZ���1���!�^�#�g�������ihS���_���1" � �z�_��� \D] .1>�?�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4=.T<:;PN�;#4Q2@Rh>�;�N 0:KÆ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�2@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�ikJ.14Q;�Na4 >�9�WS;#<Q2X5#.17�6�N�.T0B.�'���K1�3;#gh;#<_t6W^.1>�?�.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>�4�W�._?Æ<Q;�`b9�2@<:;Æ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R Kh0Q,�;#<^0$?�IJ;�4�KTMaN�.10O.�t�4Q9J5Q, .T4k�2@>J.1<Q?�t�5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2j5�.17�4�>(KhWS2@>J.T7�6#th.T>JN[Kh<BN�2*>/.17!N�.T0B.�t�Kb<�WS2�{�0:9�<Q;#43K1Mz0Q,�;#4Q;aN�.10O.�0$?�IJ;#4_'E('Cj "$� � ���/���1�a��h � � ���_���h�kb�"��7dc��� � " ���1���1���*dz�i��� \P]P.1>�?ò587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4aN�;#0:;#<QWS2@>�;P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�k/.14:;_N�Kb>��9J5O7@2XN�;�.T>�Kh<Z]P.T>�,J.T0:0B.T> N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;6W[;�.14Q9�<:;�4�'�}67@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4!kJ.T4:;�N�Kb>�4:9J5Q,SN�[email protected]>/5O;6W[;�.14Q9�<:;#4o0:;#>JN�0QKE J>JN�4QI�,�;#<Q2X5#.175O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4���2@0:,´4:2@[email protected]<�4Q2*~�;S.1>JNÆN�;�>�4:2@0$?�' �sK1�Z;�gh;#<_tz.^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�5OKh9(7jN k/;�K1M6.1>�?P4:,/.1I/;h'�f$0D2@4�2@WSI/Kh<:0O.1>�060QKPN�;#gh;�7*KbI.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4���,�2X5Q,�5#.T> N�;#0Q;�5O0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�K1M�.1<Qk�2@0:<B.T<:?[4:,J.TIJ;h'U/'Cl "���" mÆ�� ��1��n/�z" �1�&mÆ���!���(h��J�!�o�\mÆ��"��qp���iba ���N�/�¤�?�r�!���_����mÆ"���� "��������s�����1�imÆ���_���h� \´]P.1>�?-5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4�<:;�`b9�2@<Q;�9�4:;#<Q4Z0QK�2*>(I�9�0�5O;#<Q0B.12@>�IJ.T<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4�2@> 587*9(4:0:;�<Z.1>J.T7@?�4Q2@4A4�4Q9J5Q,S.14�0Q,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<!KTM�N�;�4:2@<:;�N�587*9(4:0:;�<:4S6�'G�,�;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS<:;�4:9�7@0:4D.T<:;DKTM�0:;#>P`b9�2@0:;C4:;#>�4Q2@0:2@gh;D0QKS2@>�I�9(0�IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4�'�]P.1>�?[IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4=.1<Q;D,J.T<BN[0:K^N�;#0:;�<:WS2@>�;bt;#4:I/;�5O2X.17@7@?[M�Kh<6N(.10B.v4:;#0Q4D5OKh>�0B.T2@>�2@>�Ra,(2*Rb,�i:N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7JKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'LG�,�2@4�>�Kh0LKh>�7@?Sk(9�<BN�;�>�4�9�4:;#<Q4�t�k(9�0=.T7*4QK�W�.��h;#4�0Q,�;`h9/.17@2@0$?�K1M 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RSN�2���5O9�7@0�0QK 5OKb>�0:<:Kb7$'d(' � � "� " �#���?�t������ �b�" �?dc���/"u���t������� \ ] Kh4:0^<Q;�.17�i$�ZKb<:7XN N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4P5OKb>�0O.12@>-Kb9�0:7@2@;#<:4[Kh<[WS2@4:4Q2*>(RJt�9(>���>�K1��>!t�Kb<;#<:<QKh>�;#Kb9�46N�.T0B.�'���KbWS;65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4�.T<:;64Q;#>�4Q2*0Q2@gh;60QKD4:9/5:,PN�.T0B.D.T>JN�W^._?�7*;_.hN�0QKa5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46K1M!I/K�Kh<�`b9J.17@2@0$?�'m('vu ���#�����#" �_"[��"X���S�7���7d����/�-�����E�ih�" �����z�L�1� � �/�-�z� \���KhW[;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�.1<:;�4Q;#>�4Q2*0Q2@gh;60QKa0Q,�;6Kb<BN�;�<ZKTM 2@>�I�9(0N�.10O.�t/;h' RJ'@t/0:,�;�4B.TWS;D4Q;#0�K1M�N(.10B.(t���,�;#>´I�<Q;#4:;#>�0Q;�N´��2@0:,ÆN�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0�Kh<BN�;#<:2@>�Rb4=0QK^4:9J5Q,Æ.1> .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W t�W^._?SRb;#>�;#<O.10:;N�<B.TW�.10Q2X5#.17@7@?=N�2���;#<:;�>�035O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'�f$0�2@4z2@W[IJKb<:0B.T>�0!0:KDN�;�gh;#7@KhI�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4���,�2X5Q,�.1<:;�2@>�4Q;#>�4Q2*0Q2@gh;30:K�0:,�;�Kb<BN�;�<�K1M�2@>�I�9�0_'q('Cw " �\dx��" mÆ��� ��" �J���� X"×�#� \/}lN�.10O.1kJ.T4:;�Kh<6.�N�.T0B.���.1<Q;#,�Kh9(4:;DW^._? 5OKb>�0B.12@>[4:;#gb;#<B.T7 N�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>�4�Kb<6.10:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�'�]P.T>�?5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R .17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4 .T<:;PRbK�K�NÁ.10�,J.T>JN�7@2@>�RÆ7@K1� N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.176N�.T0B.(tZ2@>�ghKb7@g�2@>�R´Kh>(7*?ù0$�ZKÆ0QK�0Q,�<:;#;ÆN�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>(4�'��9�W^.1>D;#?b;#4�.1<:;�RbK�K�N�.T0��O9JN�Rb2*>(R=0Q,�;6`b9J.17@2@0$?DKTM�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�M�Kb<�9�I�0:K�0Q,�<:;#;�N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>�4_'�f$0�2@4Z5Q,J.T7*7@;#>(Rh2@>�R60QKa5O7@9�4Q0:;#<N�.10O.DKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�2*>[,�2@Rh,^N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7�4QIJ.h58;ht�;#4QIJ;_5O2X.17@7@?�5OKb>�4:2XN�;#<Q2@>�Ra0Q,J.10�N�.T0B.C2*>[,�2@Rh,^N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7�4QIJ.h58;a5#.1>[kJ;�gb;#<:?4:IJ.T<:4:;�.1>JN[,�2@Rh,(7*?�4��h;#�3;�N�'&(' �L�/���#�_�1��" �!�7y � �J���T� � ����������1" ��� \���;�.T7�iu�3Kh<Q7jN[.1I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4�W�._?�>�;#;_N^0:K[IJ;#<¢M�Kh<QW 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^9�>/N�;#<6gh.T<:2@Kh9(4C��2@>JN�4K1M=5OKb>�4:0Q<B.12@>�0:4_' ��9(I�IJKb4:;[0:,J.T0D?hKb9�<Z�OKbkÆ2*4C0:KÆ5:,(K�Kb4:;[0:,�;[7*K�5#.T0:2@Kh>(46M Kh<a.^Rb2@gh;#>Æ>�9�W�k/;#<DKTM�>�;���.19�0QKhW^.10:2X5�5#.14Q,4:0B.T0:2@Kh>(4E4�}�G6]^4�6�2@>�.�582*0$?�'�G�K N�;�5O2XN�;D9�I/Kh>^0Q,�2@4�t�?bKh9[W�._?S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<L,�Kh9�4Q;#,�Kb7jN�4���,�2@7*;D5OKb>�4:2XN�;�<:2@>�R�0:,(;a5O2@0$?gz 4�<Q2@gh;#<Q4.1>JN ,�2@Rh,���._?´>�;#0$�3Kh<���4�tZ.T>JN�589�4:0QKhWS;�<�<:;�`b9�2@<:;�WS;#>�0:4�I/;#<�<:;#Rb2@Kh>ò.T4S5OKh>(4:0:<O.12@>�0:4_'Æ} 5Q,J.17@7@;#>�Rb2*>(RP0B.T4��Æ2@4a0QK+ />JNRh<:Kb9�I�4�KTM N�.T0B.���2@0:,^RhK�K�NS587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�k/;#,J._g�2@Kh<6.1>/NS4O.10Q2*4¢M�?�2@>�Ragh.T<:2@Kh9(4�5OKb>�4:0Q<B.T2*>�0Q4�'x('vu �!�_�����z�1���_� � "X X" �O�����A�P����� � "� "��O� \/��4:;�<:43W�._?6;8{�I/;�5O0�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RD<:;#4Q9�7@0:4�0QK�kJ;�2@>�0:;#<QI�<:;�0B.1k(7*;bt�5OKbWSI�<Q;#,�;#>(4:2@k�7@;hth.T>JN9�4B.Tk�7@;h'�G�,J.T062@4�t/5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^W�._?�>(;#;�N^0QKSk/;D0:2@;�N^9(IP��2@0:,P4QIJ;�582� �5D4Q;#W�.T>�0Q2X562@>�0:;�<:I�<Q;#0B.T0:2@Kh>�4D.T>JN^.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>�4_'3f$02*4�2@W[IJKb<:0B.T>�0�0:K�4Q0:9JN�?[,�K1��.1>�.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2@Kh>SRbK�.T7JW^._?a2@>&{J9(;#>J5O;D0Q,�;D4Q;#7@;�5O0:2@Kb>�KTMZ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�W[;#0:,�K�N�4_'+-2@0Q,a0Q,�;#4:;L<:;�`b9�2@<Q;#WS;#>�0Q4�2@>aW[2*>/N�t#Kb9�<�4:0Q9JN�?�K1M!5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4�I�<QK�5O;#;�N�4�.14 M�Kh7@7@K1��4�'N��2@<:4Q0�tb�Z;�4Q0:9JN�? N�2���;#<:;�>�0o0$?�I/;#4K1M6N�.T0B.P.T>JNP,(K1�l0:,(;#? 5�.1>Æ2@>&{J9�;�>J5O;�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RPW[;#0:,�K�N�4_'S��;�58Kh>JN�t��3;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0 . Rh;#>�;�<B.1735#.10Q;#RhKb<:2@~�.10Q2@Kh>ÆK1M65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RWS;�0:,�K�N�4_'^+Æ;�0:,�;#>ù4:0Q9JN�?´;�.h5Q,ò587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R´WS;#0Q,�K�NP2@>�N�;#0O.12@7$t!2@>J587*9/N�2@>�R^IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(2*>(R�W[;#0:,(K�N�4�t�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.173WS;�0:,�K�N�4_tN�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�t(Rh<:2XNbi$kJ.T4:;�N[WS;�0:,�K�N�4_tJ.1>/NSW[K�N�;#7�iuk/.14:;_NSW[;#0:,(K�N�4�'�+Æ;�.17@4:K�;8{(.TWS2@>�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[2*>^,�2@Rb, N�2*W[;#>�i4:2@Kb>J.17�4QIJ.h5O;�.1>JN^N�2@4B589�4:4Lgh.1<:2X.T0:2@Kh>�4oK1MZN�2�� ;�<:;#>�06W[;#0:,(K�N�4�'

é�ê>| }[ûU~D÷�ó9���]�Lï!ð�ï�ñ:ú ô�õ:ö6óbð�÷!ø(ñ:úU��ï�ú6ï�õ$û6ó�ñ:óf$>P0Q,�2@464:;_5O0:2@Kh>�tJ�3;D4Q0:9JN�? 0:,�;D0$?�I/;#4�K1MZN�.T0B.���,(2j5Q,^K1M 0:;#<LK�5�5O9�<�2@> 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^.1>J.T7@?�[email protected]>JN^,(K1�w0QKSI�<Q;#I�<:K�5O;�4:4�0:,�;#W M Kh<4:9/5:,Æ.1>´.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4_'6��9�I(IJKb4:;�0:,J.T0=.SN(.10B.v4:;#0�0QKSk/; 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q;�N´5OKh>�0B.T2@>�4L�´Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4D��,�2X5Q,PW�._?�<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0DI/;#<:4QKh>�4_t!,(Kh9�4Q;#4�t

Page 5: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I��iI-©UMAD�ªo«Æ§C���CBL©0B�O:¨¦AJCK�«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�!B�¨CBEJNM�«&O:« d

N�K�5O9�W[;#>�0:4_t�5OKb9�>�0:<Q2*;�4�t�;#0O51'Z]P.T2@>aW[;#WSKb<:?biuk/.14:;_Na5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�Ra.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�0$?�I(2j5�.17@7@?DKhI/;#<B.T0:;LKh>S;�2*0Q,�;#<3K1M�0:,�;sM�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�R60$�3KN�.T0B.�4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;#4�')b'Cj �(���9mÆ���_�1" � 4 Kh<�Q-'�?"�P�< XS'*)7X��=���#þ[�-'*��"Cý�<:�$Z�P�<:Z&�S"�6#\3G�,�2@4�<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0:4Y�´Khkh�O;�580:4�t�4:9/5:,Æ.14�I/;#<:4QKh>�4_t���2@0:,�� �����1" � � ����4u.17@4QK 5#.T7@7*;_NPÿY"S� ý$Z3��"#ÿY"*#&<�ý�Kh<c�=<[<:�#þ['*Z8<>"8ý�6#tb4:9J5Q, .T4�.TRh;ht�,(;#2@Rh,�0�t��3;#2@Rh,�0�t�Rb;#>JN�;�<�t�<O.h5O;btJ.1>/N�4:K�Kb>!'�G�,�;�4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;D2@42*>[0:,�;�M�Kh<QWcK1M�<:;#7X.10Q2@Kh>J.T7�0B.1k(7*;bt�Kh<U�(i$k�?bi��SW^.10Q<:2�{]4:�PKbkh�O;�5O0Q4����^gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4S6�t�.14�4:,(K1��>�2@>k4u&�'@)76#'

������

�_�S� �7�?���g�:� �7�?���g����7�?���7�?���7�7���7�?���?�7��i� � �7�?�����1� �7�?��������7�?���7�?���7�7���7�?���?�7��i�����7�?� ���8� �7�?�¡�i�?�

¢�££££¤ 4u&('@)?6

F('Cj "$�_�#" mÆ"� ×���1"X�#��mÆ���_�1"[� 4�Kb<¥Q8'��?"�P¦<[XS'*)7XSQ-'�?"�P¦<�ý�<§�$Z�P¦<§Z&��"�6�\!G�,�2@434:0QKh<:;�46.D5OKh7@7@;�5O0Q2@Kh>SKTM!I�<:K_{�2@WS2@0Q2*;�4z0Q,J.10�.1<Q;=._gh.T2*7X.Tk�7@;M�Kh<6.T7*7/IJ.T2*<Q4�K1MA�PKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'�f$0�2@4�KTM�0:;#>^<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0:;_N´k�?S.T>+�(iuk�?bi>� 0B.1k(7*;D.T4�4:,�K1��>^k/;#7@K1�Dt�������

|¨ 4uFi©�)76 |¨ 4uEi©�)76 ¨ 4uE�©OF-6 |''' ''' '''¨ 4:��©�)76 ¨ 4§��©OF-6 �7�?���7�?� |

¢�£££££¤ 4u&('eF-6

��,�;#<:; ¨ 4:ª�©>«-632*430:,(;=W[;�.14Q9�<:;_N ��"fZ���1��� � � Kh< ��"$����" mÆ"X ��(��" �O� k/;#0$�Z;�;#>PKhkh�8;�5O0:4Eª�.1>/N¬«�'Z��2@>J5O; ¨ 4§ª�©>«�6A­ ¨ 4«-©Sª 6#t�.T>JN¨ 4:ª�©�ª 6A­-|�t��3;D,J._gb;60Q,�;DW�.T0:<Q2Y{�2@>+4$&�'eF-6�'�]^;�.14Q9�<:;�46K1M�N�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?a.T<:;aN�2@4O5O9�4:4Q;�N^0Q,�<:Kb9�Rh,�Kb9�0�0:,(2*4�4Q;�5O0Q2*Kb>!'G�,�;�N�.10O.DW^.10:<Q2�{a2@4�K1M�0Q;#>�5�.17@7@;�NS. �*b;�0y�m9�N��� W�.T0:<:2�{!t1��,�;�<:;�.T4�0:,�;�N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?�W�.10Q<:2�{a2@4Z5#.T7@7*;_NS. �/���3y�m9�N��� W^.10:<Q2�{�t4:2@>J58;�0Q,�;S<QK1��4 .T>JNÆ5OKb7*9(WS>�4�K1M60Q,�;�M Kh<:W[;#<D<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0�N�2���;#<Q;#>�0a;#>�0Q2*0Q2@;#4�to��,�2@7*;�0Q,J.10CK1M60:,(;S7X.10Q0:;#<�<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0S0:,(;S4B.TWS;;#>�0:2@0$?�'z] .1>�?S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4!KhI/;#<O.10:;CKh>S.�N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?�W�.10Q<:2�{!'�f Mz0Q,�;=N(.10B.�.1<Q;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�N 2*>�0Q,�;LM�Kh<QWK1M .�N�.T0B.W�.T0:<Q2Y{!tb2@0�5#.T>� J<:4Q06k/;D0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QWS;�Nv2*>�0QK .�N�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?�W^.10:<Q2�{ k/;OM�Kb<:;a.TI�I�7@?�2*>(Ra4Q9J5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4�'

�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q4aKTM�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4S.1<:;S58KhWSI(9�0:;�N´k/.14:;_NÆKh>Æ0Q,�;#2@<D4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0:2@;#4LKh<aN�2*4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0:2@;#4�'�f$>Æ0Q,�2@4a4Q;�5O0:2@Kb>!t��Z;¬ /<:4:0�N�2@4B589�4:4,�K1��0:,�;S`b9J.T7*2@0$?[K1M65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RP5#.T>ÆkJ;�.14Q4:;#4Q4:;�NùkJ.T4:;�N Kh>!P�Q��$��"$�1�7<$þ[Q�#9P�Q?"®!P#þ["*#&< ý#t���,�2X5Q, 5#.T> k/;S5OKb>�gb;#<:0Q;�N´0:K��Tþ@ýOý8þ×ÿaþ1X�����#þ1<:)+PSQ7"®xP�þ["*#&< ý6Kh<�ý#þXÿ�þ��1���#þ1<:)]P�Q7"�®!P�þ["*#&<�ý#'�+Æ;�0Q,�;#>�N�2@4O5O9�4:4�,�K1�0:,(;SN�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?SKTM�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4 5#.T>ÆkJ;S58KhWSI(9�0:;�N M Kh<Khkh�8;�5O0:4�N�;#4O5O<:2@k/;�N^k�?Pþ�#&<�"$�*�=����X$ý?P�����"��3gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4�t�k�?s'#þ#0���$)sgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�tbk�?+#0Q1ÿ�þ�#0����¯°Q��S�1þ#0����t�.T>JN��S�7<$þ[Q=X$ý*P�����"��3gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4_thKb<5OKbW�k�2@>J.10Q2*Kb>�4�KTMz0:,(;#4:;�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;�0$?�IJ;#4_'

é�ê>|Zê:ë ±-ñ:ó�ó�ñ�² ñ:õ:ï�ø�ñ ð�ñQ÷�óPï�úU��ó�ñ�²cñQõ:ï�ø�ñ¢ð�ñQ÷�ó\³�´�÷!ï�ó�ö6ø(ñ:úU� ð�í6÷aµ�ö6ï�õQñ$ð1ût����ô�õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU�]^;�.T4:9�<Q;#4�K1M¥�Tþ@ýOý8þ×ÿaþ��1���#þW<§)�Kb<¶�Tþ@ýOý#þXÿaþ������þ1<§)�P�Q7"�®!P�þ["*#&<�ý65#.T>ÆkJ;�9�4Q;�N´0:K^WS;_.14:9(<:;�0:,�;S`b9J.T7*2@0$?[K1M65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/'Df$>´Rh;#>�;�<B.17$t��"u�_��"[mÆ" X���1"X��� ¨ 4:ª�©>«-6�2@4Z.�>�Kb>�>�;#R�.10:2@gb;Z>�9�W�k/;#<�0Q,J.10�2@4�5O7@Kh4Q;60QKa|L��,�;#>]ª�.1>JN¥«a.1<Q;�>�;�.1<3;�.b5:,�Kb0:,�;�<�t�.1>JN�k/;�5OKbWS;#4�7X.T<:Rh;�<��,�;#> 0:,�;#?^.1<Q;=W[Kh<Q;=N�2���;#<:;#>�0_'

VL2@4:4Q2*W[2@7j._<Q2@0:2@;#4Z5#.T>Pk/;DKhk�0O.12@>�;�N[k�?S4Q2@WSI�7@;64Q9�kh�O;�580:2@gh;�<B.T0:2@>�Rh4�W^.hN�;�k�?�.�4Q;#06KTM�Khk�4Q;#<:gb;#<:4�Kh<L;O{�IJ;�<:0:4�Kb>�,(K1�wW�9J5Q,5O;#<Q0B.T2*> Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4SN�2�� ;#<CM�<QKhW�;�.b5Q,�Kh0Q,�;#<_'���Kb<a;8{(.TWSI�7@;ht�2@>�4QK�582j.T7Z4O5O2@;#>J5O;btZKb>�;^W�._?P<O.10Q;S,�K1��587*Kb4:;[Kh>�;[4:9�kh�O;_5O0�t34:9/5:,.14CW�.10Q,�;#W^.10:2X5O4_t/2*4C0:K .T>�Kh0Q,�;#<�t�4:9/5:, .14Dk(2*Kb7@KhRh?�t�5OKhW[I�9�0Q;#<�4B5O2@;#>J58;ht�Kb<DI�,�?�4:2X5O4�'^}L7@0:;#<Q>J.10Q2*gb;#7@?�t�N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0:2@;#4�5#.1>Æk/;5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�NvM�<:KbW�5OKb<:<:;�7j.T0:2@Kh>^5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0:4_'���2@gh;#>��^Khkh�O;_5O0:4sM�Kh<65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RJt(0:,�;�IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:<Q2X5U· �����h�$�/�������N��� � �7y�m9�\mÆ���!�� �/�1�1�� ��(��" �J� k/;#0$�3;#;#>´0$�ZK[gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4L¸Æ.T>JN�¹^2@4=N�;¦ J>�;�N 2@>94u&(' E86#t/��,�;#<Q;º¸Æ.T>JNk¹�.1<Q;agh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4=N�;#4O5O<:2@k�2@>�R^0Q,�;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�t»Y� .1>JN »¶¼ .T<:;D0Q,�;DWS;_.1>Sgh.T7@9�;#4�K1MA¸ .T>JN�¹Jt(<:;#4QIJ;�580:2@gh;#7@?�t�.1>JN �i��� 2@4�0:,�;�gh.17@9�;�KTM½¸ M�Kb<Z0Q,�;cª×0:,PKbkh�O;�5O0_t .T>JN ���1¼ 2@4�0Q,�;gh.17@9�;�KTM¹�M�Kb<Z0Q,�;cª×0:,^Khkh�O;_5O0�'¾¿4§¸\©�¹&6À­ Á ���Âo� 4 � �1�;à » � 6�4 � �1¼Uà » ¼ 6Ä Á ���Âo� 4 ���1� à »Y� 6�Å Ä Á ��WÂo� 4 �i�1¼ à »Y¼ 6�ÅoÆ 4u&('eE-6

G�,�;�>�Kh>(IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:<:2X5¿Ç-.�"����#ÿY��#9P�Q��$��"$�1�7<$þ[Q�#�5#.T> .17@4:K�k/;�9�4:;�N 2*> 4:KhW[;D.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>�4_'�r�Kh0Q2X5O;D0:,/.10L¾�2@4�9�4Q;�NP2@>^4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5O4M�Kb<6W�9�7@0:2@I�7@;�5OKh<Q<:;#7X.10Q2@Kh>PKb<6.�W�.T0:<Q2Y{SKTM�5OKb<:<:;�7j.T0:2@Kh>(4�t/��,�2@7@;¥È�2@4L9�4:;�N M�Kb<6.S5OKb<:<:;�7j.T0:2@Kh>�'6n�Kb0:,Æ5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0:4D.T<:;DI�<QK1g�2jN�;�Nk�?SW[Kh4:034:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7�IJ.h5��h.1Rb;#4�t(4:9J5Q,P.146�(������t/��}=��t/.1>JN[����7@9�4_'

Page 6: data mining  Chapter 08

m ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«�3Kb>�gb;#<:4Q2@Kh>ÆM Kh<:W�9(7j.(4u&(' U&6a5�.1> kJ;[9�4:;_N 0:KÆ5OKhW[I�9�0Q;�N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?P5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0Q4�t ¨ 4§¸\©�¹&6#t M�<:KbW�;#2@0:,�;�<�IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:<:2X5�Kb<>�Kb>�IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:<Q2j5L5OKh<Q<:;#7X.T0:2@Kh>P5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0Q4�tg¾¿4§¸\©�¹&6#\¨ 4§¸\©�¹36À­ 4B) à ¾¿4§¸\©�¹&6�6�ÉhF Æ 4u&(' U36

��2@gh;�>�gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4���2@0:,S.�,(2*Rb,�IJKb4:2@0:2@gb;65OKh<Q<:;#7X.10Q2@Kh>!tb0:,�2@4�.14Q4:2@Rh>�43.aN�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?�5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�030:,J.T0Z2@4Z5O7@Kb4:;60QKD~#;#<QKJ'oyZ.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4��2@0:,�.�4:0Q<:Kb>�R�>�;#R�.T0:2@gh;658Kh<:<Q;#7X.10Q2*Kb> .T<:;6.T4:4:2@Rb>�;�N�.�N�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?65OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0�0Q,J.10o2*4�5O7@Kb4:;�0:K�)E4 WS;�.T>�2@>�R�0:,/.10�0Q,�;�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4.1<Q;Dgh;�<:?�N�2*4Q4:2@[email protected]<�6#'f$>P4QKhW[;a.1I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4�t/9�4:;�<:4�W�._?�I�<Q;OM�;#<D0QK^9�4:;S5OKb>�gh;#<Q4:2@Kh> M�Kh<QW�9�7X.Y4$&�'ed-6�t/��,�;#<:;�gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�46��2@0:,Æ.[,�2@Rh,PI/Kh4Q2*0Q2@gh;DKb<>�;#R�.10Q2*gb;D5OKh<Q<:;#7X.10Q2@Kh>P.1<Q;�.T4:4Q2*Rb>�;�N[0:,(;D4B.TWS;6,(2*Rb,S4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?Dgh.T7*9(;h'¨ 4:¸\©�¹&6À­ ) Ã!Ê ¾;4:¸\©�¹&6 Ê 4u&('ed-6

}67@0Q;#<:>J.T0:2@gh;�7*?�t�9�4Q;#<:4LW�._?D7@21�h;L0:K�9�4:;a.vý#þXÿ�þ������#þ1<:)cP�Q?"®!P#þ["*#&<NË�4§ª�©:«-6�2@>�4Q0:;�.bNSKTM .�N�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?D5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0�'v��Kb<:W�9�7X.¿4u&('em-65#.T>�k/;D9�4Q;�N^0QKa0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W kJ;#0$�3;#;#> 0:,�;D0$�3K�5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0:4_'Ë�4:ª�©>«-6À­ ) à ¨ 4§ª�©>«�6 4u&('em-6rsKh0:2X5O;�0Q,J.10o>�Kh0�.17@7�KTM 0Q,�;�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4�4:,(Kh9�7XN�k/;�2*>/5O7@9JN�;�N�2@>�0:,(;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�Ra.T>J.17@?�4:2@4_'!}-gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;o0:,J.T0�2@4�WS;�.T>�2@>�Rh7@;#4Q4!0QK.LRh2@gh;�>a5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�2@4!�3Kh<Q4:;30:,J.T>a9(4:;#7@;#4Q4�tb4:2@>J5O;�2@0!,(2jN�;#4�0:,�;39�4:;8M�9�7�2@>�M�Kb<:W^.10:2@Kb>6I�<QK1g�2XN�;_N�k�?=Kb0:,�;�<�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�'o��Kb<!;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht0:,(;D0:;#7@;#I(,�Kh>�;C>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTMZ.�IJ;#<Q4:Kb>P2@4�K1M�0Q;#>P9�4Q;#7@;#4:4L2*>^0Q,�;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSK1M�I/;#KhI(7*;�.h5#5OKb<BN�2@>�R�0QK�0:,�;�2*<�5Q,J.1<O.h5O0Q;#<:2@4:0Q2X5O4�t/4:9/5:,.14�.1Rb;ht/,�;#2@Rh,�0�t(�Z;�2*Rb,�0�t�.1>JN[4QKSKh>�'6��9J5Q,+��2@>JN^KTM¥ÌQ0:<O.14:,iÍSgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;�4:,�Kb9�7XN[kJ;�Rh2@gh;�>�~�;#<:K^�3;#2@Rh,�0�t(;O{J5O7@9JN�2@>�RS2@03M�<QKhW�0Q,�;5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSI�<QK�58;#4:4_'

é�ê>|Zê:| Î�úoð�÷!ø&Ï�ï�õ:Ð1ó�ô�ïzõQ÷N�HÏ�ï�ø�ñ:ï�Ñ6õQ÷!óG�,�2@4!4Q;�5O0Q2*Kb> N�2*4O5O9�4Q4:;#4�þ�#&<�"*�$�=����X$ý?P����1"S�/�����#þ �-'*��"8ý .1>/N�0:,�;�2*<�4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN�2@~�.T0:2@Kh>�'�f$0!0Q,�;#>aN�;�4B5O<Q2*k/;#4Z58KhWSW[Kh>6N�[email protected]>/5O;ZW[;�.14Q9�<:;�49�4Q;�N M�Kh<D5OKbWSI�9(0:2@>�RS0Q,�;SN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?�KTM�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4aN�;#4O5O<:2@k/;�Nùk�? 2*>�0Q;#<:gh.T7Yi$4B5�.17@;�N gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�'CG�,�;#4:;[WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#4�2@>J5O7@9JN�;�0Q,�;ÒÓZ�P*�Yþ[�8"S��#&¯AÔs��#TRT�7< <���#�t�.1>/N+ÔPþ�#TÕ�Q�Ö�ý�Õ þÓ�Tþ@ý�<>��#0P�"Oý#'u ������������ yB� � �� ���!�����1" � � ��� .T<:;^5OKh>�0:2@>�9�Kb9�4aW[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�0:4CK1M=.^<QKh9�Rb,�7@? 7@2@>�;�.T<a4O5#.17@;h'´G3?�I(2j5�.17�;O{J.TWSI�7@;#4D2@>J587*9/N�;�3;#2@Rh,�06.1>JNv,�;#2@Rh,�0_t�7X.10Q2*0Q9JN�;�.1>JN[7@Kh>�Rb2@0:9JN�;�5OK�Kh<ON�2@>J.10Q;#4;4 ;h' RJ'@th��,(;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�,�Kh9�4Q;#4S6�t�.1>JN[�3;�.10Q,�;#<�0:;�WSI/;#<B.T0:9�<Q;h'

G�,�;CWS;�.T4:9�<Q;#WS;#>�0L9�>�2@069�4Q;�N´5#.1>Æ.7��;�5O0�0:,(; 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RP.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4_'L�(Kh<L;O{J.1W[I�7@;htJ5Q,J.T>�Rh2@>�R[WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#WS;#>�0�9�>(2*0Q4�t/4:9/5:,.14�5Q,J.1>�Rb2@>�R�M�<QKhW WS;#0Q;#<:4L0:K[2*>/5:,(;#4LM�Kh<L,�;#2@Rh,�0�t/Kb<�M�<QKhW ��2@7@KhRb<B.TWS4�0QKSI/Kh9�>JN�46M Kh<6�3;#2@Rh,�0_t�W�._?�7@;�.bN^0:K^.�gb;#<:?PN�2���;#<:;#>�05O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;h'�f$> Rh;#>�;�<B.17$t�;8{�I(<:;#4Q4:2@>�R .vgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;D2@>P4:W^.17@7@;#<�9�>�2@0:4L��2@7*7�7@;�.bN^0:K^.S7X.T<:Rh;�<6<B.T>�Rh;CM�Kb<60:,/.10�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;ht.1>/N�0:,�9�4Z.L7X.1<QRh;#<�;¦� ;�580ZKb>a0Q,�;�<:;#4Q9�7@0:2@>�Ra587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RD4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;h'3G�K6,�;#7@IS._gbKh2XNDN�;#I/;#>JN�;#>J5O;DKb>a0Q,�;65Q,�Kh2X5O;�KTM W[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�09�>�2@0Q4�t�0Q,�;DN�.10O.D4Q,�Kh9(7jN[k/;�4:0B.T>JN�.T<BN�2@~#;�N�'Z��0O.1>JN�.T<BN�2@~#2@>�R�WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0:4�.10:0Q;#WSI(0:430:K�Rh2@gb;=.17@7/gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�.1>^;�`b9J.17��3;#2@Rh,�0_'G�,�2@4�[email protected]<:0:2X5O9(7j.T<:7@?^9�4:;8M�9�7���,�;�> Rb2*gb;#>P>�K[I�<:2@Kb<L��>�K1��7@;�N�Rh;DKTMZ0:,�;�N�.T0B.�'D�sK1�Z;�gh;#<_t�2@>P4:KbWS;a.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>�4�t(IJ;�KhI�7@;�W�._?2@>�0:;#>�0:2@Kb>J.17@7@?Æ��.T>�0�0:KÆRh2@gb;�W[Kh<Q;��3;#2@Rh,�0�0QK�.Æ5O;#<:0O.12@>-4Q;#0^K1MDgh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�0:,J.T>-Kh0Q,�;#<:4_'×�(Kh<�;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht���,(;#>w5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RkJ.T4��h;�0:kJ.T7*7�I�7X._?h;#<�5#.T>JN�2XN�.10Q;#4�t(Kh>�;�W^._?a7@21�h;L0:K�Rh2@gb;6WSKb<:;L�Z;#2@Rb,�0�0QKa0Q,�;Dgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;L,�;#2@Rh,�0�'G�K^4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN�2@~#;�W[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�0:4_t!Kb>�;S5Q,�Kh2X5O;[2@4=0QK 5OKb>�gb;#<:0�0:,(;�Kh<:2@Rb2*>/.17�WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#WS;�>�0Q4�0:KP9�>(2*0Q7@;#4:4�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�'[��2@gh;#>WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0:43M�Kb<�.�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;U¸�t/0:,�2@465#.T>�k/;�IJ;�<$M�Kb<:WS;_N�.T43M�Kh7@7@K1��4�')b'���.17X5O9�7X.10Q;�0:,�; mÆ����� � � �$�/ �z�_�]���&��" ����" �/� t8Ë � t

Ë � ­ )� 4 Ê � �:�Eà » �NÊ$Ø�Ê � Å �Eà » �_Ê*Ø �?�7� ØaÊ � �-�/à » �NÊ 6 4u&('eq-6��,�;#<:; �g�:� © Æ1Æ © �i�-� .1<Q;c� WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#4�K1MA¸!t/.1>JN »Y� 2@4Z0Q,�;SÿY"S��#�gh.17@9�;6KTMÓ¸!t(2u' ;h'@t »Y� ­ �� 4 �g�:� Ø � Å � Ø �?�7� Ø �i�-� 6#'

F('���.17X5O9�7X.10Q;�0:,�; �������A�����-��" Ùh����mÆ���J�#���1�&mÆ���!� t15#.17@7@;�N Ù-yO� � �J�1� t�.143M Kh7@7@K1��4�tÚ*��� ­ ���1� à »Y�Ë � Æ 4u&('e&-6

G�,�;6W[;�.1>S.Tk�4:Kb7*9(0:;6N�;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>!t&Ë � tb2@4ZW[Kh<:;3<:Kbk�9�4Q0�0:KDKb9�0:7@2@;#<:430:,/.1>�0:,(;=4Q0B.T>JN�.1<ONSN�;�g�2X.T0:2@Kh>!t8Û � '�+-,�;#>^5OKhW[I�9�0:2@>�R0:,�;DW[;�.1>^.1k�4QKh7@9�0Q;�N�;#g�2j.T0:2@Kh>�t�0:,�;DN�;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>�43M�<QKhWc0Q,�;DW[;�.1>k4�2$' ;h'@t Ê � �1�Eà » �ÜÊ 6�.T<:;D>�Kb0�4B`b9J.T<:;�N�t(,�;#>J58;a0Q,�;D;���;�5O0K1MZKb9�0:7@2@;#<:4�2@4�4:KbWS;#��,J.T06<Q;�N�9J5O;_N�'�G�,�;#<:;S.T<:;�WSKb<:;D<QKhk�9�4Q0DWS;_.14:9(<:;#4�K1M�N�2@4:I/;#<:4Q2*Kb>!t�4Q9J5Q,�.14�0:,�;^ÿY"S�Tþ[��#��8'Oý?Q���Z8<>"�-"*��þ[�=<uþ Q�#�'3��K1�3;#gh;#<_t�0Q,�;a.hN�gh.1>�0B.TRh;6KTMz9�4Q2@>�R�0:,�;CWS;�.T>�.1k(4:Kh7@9�0Q;DN�;#g�2X.10:2@Kb>S2@4�0:,J.T0�0:,�;C~Oiu4O5OKh<Q;#4�K1M�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q46N�K�>�Kb0kJ;�58KhWS;�0QK�K�4:W^.17@7$th,(;#>J5O;D0Q,�;�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�<:;�W�.12@>^N�;#0:;_5O0B.Tk�7@;h'

Page 7: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I��iI-©UMAD�ªo«Æ§C���CBL©0B�O:¨¦AJCK�«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�!B�¨CBEJNM�«&O:« q

��0O.1>JN(.1<BN�2*~_.10:2@Kb>PW�._?[Kh<6W^._?S>�Kb0�kJ;�9�4Q;OM�9�7o2*>´.SI/.1<:0Q2X5O9�7X.1<�.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>!'�G�,�9�4�0Q,�; 5Q,�Kb2X5O;�K1MZ��,(;#0:,�;�<a.1>JN ,�K1��0QKI/;#<$M�Kb<:W 4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN�2@~�.T0:2@Kh>^4Q,�Kh9�7XN[k/;=7@;OM 0�0:K�9�4:;#<Q4�'}sM�0:;#<�4Q0B.T>JN�.1<ON�2@~�.10Q2@Kh>!t�Kb<���2*0Q,�Kh9(0�4:0B.T>JN�.T<BN�2@~�.T0:2@Kh>[2*>P5O;�<:0B.T2@> .TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2@Kh>�4_t��Z;D5OKbWSI�9�0Q;60Q,�;aN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?¬4�Kb<�4:2@WS2�i7X.1<Q2*0$?�6�k/;#0$�3;#;#>^0:,(;=Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'���2@gb;#>S2@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�i$4B5#.T7*;_N�gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�tb0:,�2@4�2@430$?�I�2X5#.17@7@?DkJ.T4:;�N[Kh>�0Q,�;DN�2@4:0O.1>J5O;LkJ;�0$�Z;#;�>�;_.h5Q,^IJ.12@<K1M!Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'�G�,�;�<:;D.1<Q;6.LM�;#�-.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,�;#430:KaN�;� J>�2@>�RD0Q,�;=N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;6k/;#0$�3;#;#>^Khkh�8;�5O0:4_'�G�,�;6W[Kh4Q0zI/KhI(9�7X.1<�N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;LWS;�.T4:9�<Q;2@4UÝ � � ":�!�����Þ��"u�����(� � � t1��,�2X5Q,�2@46N�;¦ J>�;�NP.T4

¨ 4:ª�©>«�6½­×ß 4 Ê ��� � à �-à�� Ê Å ØáÊ ��� Å Ã �-à Å Ê Å Ø �7�?� Ø�Ê �i��� à �8à�� Ê Å Æ 4u&('ex-6��,�;#<Q;cªN­â4 � � � © � � Å © Æ?Æ7Æ © � ��� 6#t�.T>JN¶«¥­â4 � à�� © � à Å © Æ7Æ7Æ © � à�� 6#t/.1<:;�0$�3K;��i:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7JN�.T0B.CKhkh�O;�580:4�'

}L>�Kh0Q,�;#<��3;#7@7Yi:��>�K1��>SW[;#0:<Q2X5�2@4Ul ����d������_����ã��/� � " �#� � [� � p�ä;��"u���_��� � � thN�;� />�;�N^k�?¨ 4§ª�©>«�6A­ Ê �i� � à �8à�� Ê*ØåÊ �i� Å Ã �-à Å Ê$Ø �?�7� ØáÊ �i��� à �8à�� Ê Æ 4u&�'@)_|-6

noKh0Q,�0:,�;6��9/5O7@2jN�;�.1>SN�[email protected]>/5O;6.1>JN�] .1>�,J.T0:0O.1>�N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;L4B.10Q2@4$M�?D0Q,�;�M Kh7@7@K1��2*>(R�W�.10Q,�;#W^.10:2X5�<:;_`h9(2*<Q;#WS;�>�0Q4�K1M!.�N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>�\)b' ¨ 4:ª�©>«-6væ |(\!G�,(2*4�4Q0B.T0:;#4L0:,J.T06N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;D2@4�.�>�Kh>(>�;#R�.T0:2@gh;�>�9�W�k/;#<?`F(' ¨ 4:ª�©�ª 6A­-|�\�G�,(2*4�4Q0B.T0:;#4L0:,J.T0�0:,�;DN�2@4:0O.1>J58;DK1M�.1>^Khkh�O;_5O060QKa2@0:4Q;#7�M�2*46|i`E(' ¨ 4:ª�©>«-6A­ ¨ 4«�©�ª 6#\�G�,�2@4�4:0B.T0:;#4L0:,J.T06N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;C2*46.C4:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5oM�9�>J580:2@Kh>N`�.T>JNU/' ¨ 4:ª�©>«-6vç ¨ 4§ª�©Sè\6 Ø ¨ 4§èo©>«�6�\�G�,�2@4�2@46.�<§��þ[��#&%�Z&�����=þ#0"�é$Z�����þ1<:)���,�2X5:,^4Q0B.10Q;#460Q,J.10�RbKh2@>�R�N�2@<:;�580:7@?[M�<:KbWcIJKb2@>�0Uªo0:K�I/Kh2@>�0«a2@4�>�K�WSKb<:;60Q,J.1>^W^.���2@>�RD.�N�;#0:Kb9�<�K1gh;�<6.1>�?�Kh0Q,�;#<6I/Kh2@>�0Cè!'l " ��p0��b��*p�"Ó��"u�����(� � � 2@4�.�Rh;#>(;#<B.T7*2@~�.T0:2@Kh>[K1M�k/Kh0:,P��9/5O7@2jN�;�.1>PN�2@4:0O.1>J58;�.T>JN^]P.1>(,J.10Q0B.1>PN�[email protected]>/5O;h'�f$0�2@46N�;� J>(;�NP.14

¨ 4§ª�©:«-6�­a4 Ê � � ��à � à��=Ê êØ�Ê � � Å Ã � à Å Ê ê�Ø �?�7� ØáÊ � ���Uà � à��0Ê ê 6 ��ë ê © 4u&�'@)b)?6��,�;#<Q;cì�[email protected]:2@0:2@gh;L2@>�0Q;#Rh;�<�'�f$0�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:4�0:,(;�] .1>�,J.T0:0O.1>�N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;���,�;#>+ìE­l)bt�.1>JN[��9J5O7@2XN�;�.T>�N�[email protected]>/5O;D��,�;#>+ì/­wF('

f M�;�.b5:, gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;[email protected]:2@Rh>�;_NP.��Z;�2*Rb,�06.h5#5OKb<BN�2@>�R[0:K�2@0:4�I/;#<O5O;#2@gh;�N 2@WSI/Kh<Q0B.1>/5O;ht�0Q,�;�ÖÓ"�þ1%7R-<�"��S��9/5O7@2jN�;�.1> N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;a5#.T>k/;a5OKhW[I�9�0Q;�NS.T43M�Kh7@7@K1��4�'¨ 4:ª�©>«�6½­ ß í ��Ê � �[��à � à��=Ê Å Ø í Å Ê � � Å Ã � à Å Ê Å Ø �7�7� Ø í �gÊ � ���Eà � à��\Ê Å Æ 4u&�'@)_F-6

+Æ;#2@Rh,�0Q2*>(Ra5#.1>´.17@4:K�kJ;D.TI�I�7@2@;�N[0:K�0:,�;a] .1>�,J.T0:0O.1>�.T>JN^]^2@>��hK1��4���2!N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;#4_'

é�ê>|Zê[î ïÆñ:úLïzø�ûeÏ�ï�ø�ñQïÑLõ:÷�óG�,�2@4�4:;�580:2@Kh>SN�;�4B5O<Q2*k/;#43,�K1�Æ0:KD5OKbWSI�9(0:;�0Q,�;6N�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?�k/;#0$�Z;�;#>�Khkh�O;_5O0:4ZN�;#4B5O<Q2@kJ;�Nvk�?=;�2*0Q,�;#<�ý$)1ÿ�ÿº"¦<:�#þ[P�Kh<U�_ý$)1ÿ�ÿº"¦<§��þ[P'�þ�#0���*)Y�=���#þ[�-'*��"8ý#'

} � " �z�(�1�9���(�1"�� � � ,J.14�Kb>�7@?S0$�3K�4:0O.10:;�4�\�|�Kb<D)ht���,(;#<:;a|vWS;�.T>�430:,J.T060:,(;Dgh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;[email protected](4:;#>�0�t�.T>JN´)�WS;�.T>�4�0:,J.T062@02@46I�<Q;#4:;�>�0_'���2@gh;#>^0:,(;agh.T<:2X.1k�7@;�ý#ÿºQ=Õ�"*��N�;#4B58<:2@k�2@>�R�.[IJ.T0:2@;#>�0�t(M�Kb<62@>�4Q0B.1>/5O;ht�)C2*>/N�2X5#.10Q;#4�0:,J.T060:,(;aIJ.T0:2@;#>�064QWSK8�h;#4_tJ��,(2*7@;|�2@>JN�2X5#.T0:;#4L0:,J.T0�0:,�;DI/.10:2@;#>�06N�K�;#4L>�Kh0_'�G�<:;�.T0:2@>�R�k�2@>J.T<:?�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#46.T4�2YM�0:,�;�? .T<:;D2@>�0:;�<:gh.17�i$4B5#.T7@;�NS5#.T>P7@;�.hN[0QK�WS2@4:7@;�.bN�2@>�R5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS<:;�4:9�7@0:4_'�G�,�;�<:;OM�Kb<:;ht/W[;#0:,�K�N�434:I/;�5O2� 5�0:K�k�2@>J.T<:?�N(.10B.�.1<Q;�>�;�5O;#4Q4B.T<:?^M�Kb<65OKhW[I�9�0Q2*>(RaN�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0:2@;#4_'�L>�;�.1I�I�<QK�.b5:,�2@4�0QKa5OKbWSI�9�0Q;6.DN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?LW�.10Q<:2�{DM�<QKhW�0:,�;LRh2@gh;#>�k(2*>/.1<:?�N�.T0B.�'�f Mz.17@7�k(2*>/.1<:?�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4Z.T<:;�0Q,�Kh9�Rb,�0K1M�.14�,/._g�2@>�RC0:,�;�4B.TWS;��3;#2@Rh,�0�tb�3;6,J._gb;=.DF iuk�?bi¢FC5OKh>�0:2@>�Rb;#>J5O?�0O.1k�7@;ht�G�.Tk�7@;6&�'@)htb��,�;#<Q;¥ðC2@4Z0Q,�;�>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1M!gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4o0:,J.T0;�`b9J.T7Z)LM�Kb<�kJKb0:,^Khkh�O;_5O0:4;ª�.T>JN¶«�tgñL2@4�0:,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#430:,J.T06;�`b9J.T7�)LM�Kh<�Kbkh�O;�5O0Eª�k(9�0�0:,J.T0=.T<:;D|CM�Kh<�Kbkh�O;�5O05«�t\ò2@460Q,�;a>�9�W�k/;#<LK1MZgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4�0Q,J.10�;�`b9J.T7�|�M�Kb<�Khkh�O;�580cª�k(9�0�;�`b9J.17�)�M Kh<6Kbkh�O;�5O0/«�t�.1>JN ¨ 2@460Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<LK1MZgh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4�0:,J.T0;�`b9J.T7z|�M�Kh<�k/Kh0Q,�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4Lª�.T>JN¶«�'�G�,(;D0:Kb0B.17�>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4Z2@4A��t���,�;#<:;/�+­×ð Ø ñ Ø ò Ø ¨ '}ck(2*>/.1<:? gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;a2@4 ���gm9mÆ�����1" �[2YM�k/Kh0:,ÆKTM62@0:4D4Q0B.10Q;#4�.1<:;[;�`b9J.17@7@?Pgh.T7*9/.1k�7@;�.1>JNÆ5#.T<:<Q?Æ0:,�;�4O.1WS;��3;#2@Rh,�0_t!0Q,J.10D2@4_t0:,(;#<:;D2@4�>�K�I(<:;OM�;�<:;#>J58;aKb>���,(2j5Q,[Kh9�0O5OKhW[;64:,(Kh9�7XN[kJ;D5OK�N�;_NP.146|CKh<D)b'��6>(;D4:9J5Q,^;O{J.1W[I�7@;=5OKb9�7XN�k/;SÿY����"�.T>JN¬V?"�ÿº����"�2@>%-"$#0�8"$��'a��2@[email protected]<Q2@0$?akJ.T4:;�N Kh>´4:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5Lk�2@>J.1<Q?�gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�462@4=5#.T7@7*;_N " �N�����1" ���!����"[mÆ" ��(�1"X�#� 2@> 0Q,J.10L0:,�;�<Q;#4:9�7@0DN�K�;#4�>�Kb0

Page 8: data mining  Chapter 08

& ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«Kbkh�O;�5O0v«) | 4:9�W) ð ñ ð Ø ñKhkh�O;�580Lª | ò ¨ ò Ø ¨

4:9�W ð Ø ò ñ Ø ¨ �G�.Tk�7@;=&�'@)b\!}l5OKb>�0:2@>�Rh;�>J5O?^0B.Tk�7@;�M�Kb<�k�2@>J.1<Q?�gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�'

5Q,J.1>(Rh;6��,(;#>S4QKhWS;�Kb<Z.17@7�KTM!0:,�;Lk�2@>J.1<Q?agh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4Z.1<Q;=5OK�N�;�N[N�2�� ;�<:;#>�0:7@?�'A��Kb<�2@>�gh.1<:2X.T>�0�4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0:2@;#4�t_0Q,�;6W[Kh4:0��3;#7@7�i§��>�K1��>5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0L2*4�0Q,�; �#" m9�� ���mÆ��� � dz" ��� � ���8ó � " ���!� t�N�;¦ J>�;�N^2@>k4u&�'@)_E-6#'¨ 4:ª�©>«-6ô­ ñ Ø òð Ø ñ Ø ò Ø ¨ 4u&�'@)_E-6

}k�2@>J.T<:?^gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;D2@4 �J���gm9mÆ�����1" ��2�MZ0Q,�;�Kh9�0O5OKhW[;#4�K1MZ0Q,�;a4Q0B.T0:;#4a.T<:;�>�Kb06;�`b9J.T7@7*?^2@WSI/Kh<Q0B.T>�0_t/4:9J5Q,Æ.14�0:,�;Y.�Q_ý#þ1<$þ���".1>/N+#0">%-�7<$þ��="�Kh9�0O5OKhW[;#4�KTM .�N�2@4:;�.T4:;¬<>"8ý�<u'�no?S5OKh>�gh;�>�0Q2@Kh>!t��3;64Q,J.17@7�5OK�N�;�0:,�;�WSKb4:0�2@W[IJKb<:0B.T>�0zKb9�0B58KhWS;bth��,�2X5Q,S2@439�4:9/.17@7@?0:,(;�<B.1<Q;#4:03Kh>(;hthk�?S)¥4�;h' RJ'@t&õCö�÷Y.�Q_ý#þ1<$þ���"�6�t�.T>JNC0:,�;�Kb0:,�;#<3k�?a|¿4�;h' R/'*tTõ°ö�÷�#0">%-�7<$þ��="�6#'�G�,�;6.TRh<:;�;#WS;#>�0�KTM 0$�3K�)-z 4v4u.�I/Kh4Q2@0:2@gh;W�.T0B5Q,06�2@4�0:,�;�> 58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<:;�NùW[Kh<:;�4Q2@Rh>�2� 5#.T>�0a0Q,J.1>ù0:,J.T0aKTM=0$�3KP~#;#<QKh4+4$.P>(;#R�.T0:2@gh;�W^.10B5Q,06�'Æ��9J5Q,ò.øÌ:k�2@>J.T<:?&ÍPgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;5#.T>ò.h580:9J.T7*7@?Pk/;�58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<:;�Nù.14a.xÌ:9�>J.T<:?´gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;$ÍJ'[G�,�;�4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?Sk/.14:;_NÆKh>Æ4Q9J5Q,�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4�2@4a5#.T7@7*;_N ��/��"��o�����1"��(�!���"[mÆ" ��(�1"��O� 'Y��Kb<D>�Kb>�2@>�gh.T<:2X.1>�0�4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0:2@;#4_tJ0Q,�;SW[Kh4Q0=�3;#7@7�i§��>�K1��>Æ5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0�2@4D0:,�;�ù � �-� ���-� � ���8ó � " ���!� t�N�;� J>�;_N�2@>4u&('@)#U36�th��,(;#<:;�0:,(;=>�9�W�k/;#<�KTMz>�;�R�.10Q2@gh;6W^.10O5:,(;#4�t ¨ t�2*4�5OKb>�4:2XN�;#<Q;�N[9�>�2@WSI/Kh<Q0B.T>�03.1>JNv0:,�9�432*432@Rh>�Kb<:;�Nv2@>S0:,(;=5OKbWSI�9�0O.10Q2*Kb>!'¨ 4§ª�©:«-6À­ ñ Ø òð Ø ñ Ø ò 4u&�'@)�U36

+-,(;#>�kJKb0:,�4Q?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5�.T>JN�.14Q?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5�k�2@>J.T<:?�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�K�5#5O9�<32@>�0:,�;L4B.1W[;�N(.10B.�4:;#0_t�0:,�;�W[2Y{�;�NCgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4�.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,N�;#4O5O<:2@k/;�N 2*>^��;�5O0Q2@Kh> &(' F('edD5#.1>^k/;D.1I�I�7@2@;�N�'Ý ���im9�z �P�gúû j "$�_�#" mÆ"� ×���1"X�#� � ���$bC����� � "������1�������1" � � �����ú ��9(I�IJKb4:;L0:,J.T0Z.LIJ.10Q2*;�>�0o<:;�5OKb<BNv0B.1k(7*;bthG�.1k(7*;�&�'eF(t 58Kh>�0B.T2*>(40:,(; .T0:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;�4c#0�Tÿº"¦¯Ó%-"*#0�-"*��¯gV?"$��"*��¯°P�Q�Z8%7R-¯v<>"8ý�<[X�ü�¯Ó<�"Oý�< X�ý�¯A<�"8ýS< X�þht/.1>JN2<>"8ý�<[X[ÿ(t���,�;#<Q;�#0�Tÿº"�[email protected]>PKhkh�O;_5O0$i$2XN�to%�"*#0�-"*��2@4=.4:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5�.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;ht/.1>JN[0:,(;D<:;#W^.12@>�2@>�RD.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;#4�.1<Q;�.T4:?�WSW[;#0:<Q2X51'

>J.TWS; Rh;#>JN�;#< M�;#gh;�< 58Kh9�Rb, 0:;#4Q0$i#) 0Q;#4:0¢i¢F 0:;�4:0$i:E 0Q;#4:0¢iuU��.h5�� ] � r � r r r]P.T<:? � � r � r � r�h2@W ] � � r r r r''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' '''

G�.1k�7@;=&('eF�\�}�<:;#7X.10Q2@Kh>J.T7J0O.1k�7@;D5OKh>�0O.12@>�2@>�R�WSKh4Q0:7@?�k�2@>J.1<Q?S.10:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�'

�(Kh<�.14:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5�.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;3gh.17@9�;#4_t17@;#0�0:,�;�gh.T7@9�;#4��l.1>JN�� k/;�4:;#0o0:K�)hth.T>JNC0:,�;�gh.T7*9(;��ck/;�4:;�0�0:KD|�'���9�I(IJKb4:;�0:,/.10�0Q,�;N�2@4:0O.1>J58;DkJ;�0$�Z;#;�> Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4;4�I/.10:2@;#>�0Q4S6�2@4�5OKhW[I�9�0:;_N�kJ.T4:;�N^Kb>�7@?SKb>�0Q,�;a.T4:?�WSW[;#0:<Q2j53gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4�'�}=5�5OKh<ON�2@>�RS0QK�0:,�;���.h5#5�.1<BN5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0sM�Kh<QW�9�7X.;4$&�'@)#U&6#t�0Q,�;DN�2@4:0B.T>J5O;Dk/;#0$�3;#;#>P;_.h5Q,PIJ.T2*<3K1M�0:,�;C0:,�<Q;#;DIJ.T0:2@;#>�0:4_t��.b5�� t�] .1<:?^.1>JN�b2*W´th4Q,�Kh9(7jNvkJ;bt¨ 4�«-ð3ò��g© » ð&È��-6À­ ñ Ø òð Ø ñ Ø ò ­ | Ø )

F Ø | Ø ) ­¤| Æ EbE 4u&�'@)_d-6¨ 4«�ð&ò#�g©>«-ª » 6 ­ ñ Ø òð Ø ñ Ø ò ­ ) Ø )

) Ø ) Ø ) ­¤| Æ mbq 4u&�'@)_m-6¨ 4«�ª » © » ð&È��86 ­ ñ Ø òð Ø ñ Ø ò ­ ) Ø F

) Ø ) Ø F ­¤| Æ qbd 4u&�'@)_q-6G�,�;#4Q;aW[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�0:4�4Q9�RhRb;#4:0�0Q,J.10 �h2@W .T>JN^]P.1<Q?P.1<:;C9�>�7@21�h;#7@?S0QK�,J._gh;�.�4:2@[email protected]<�N�2@4:;�.T4:;h'L��M30:,�;D0Q,�<:;�;aIJ.T0:2@;#>�0:4_t���.h5��.1>/N�] .1<:?^.1<Q;=0Q,�;DW[Kh4:0o7*21�b;#7@?�0:K�,J._gb;=.�4:2@W[2*7X.T< N�2*4Q;�.14Q;h' �

Page 9: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I��iI-©UMAD�ªo«Æ§C���CBL©0B�O:¨¦AJCK�«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�!B�¨CBEJNM�«&O:« x

é�ê>|Zê�� �á�½²cñ:úLïzõ��C��ø��6ñQú6ï�õ���ï�úU��ø�ï�ð�ñ�� Ð ó�ô�ï�õ:÷o�rÏ�ïzø(ñ:ï�Ñ6õQ÷!óG�,�2@4�4:;�580:2@Kh>�N�2@4O5O9�4:4Q;#4�,�K1�l0QK�5OKbWSI�9�0Q;a0Q,�;SN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?�k/;#0$�3;#;#>ÆKhkh�8;�5O0:4�N�;#4B58<:2@kJ;_NÆk�?P>�KbWS2@>J.17$t�Kb<BN�2@>J.T7ut�.T>JNP<O.10Q2*KTi4B5�.17@;�N^gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4_'� �0mÆ" ���� A�����1" � � ����} ���\mÆ"����� /���(�1"�� � � 2@4a.^Rb;#>�;#<O.17@2@~�.10Q2*Kb> KTM60:,�;[k�2@>J.1<Q?Pgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;�2*>Æ0Q,J.10C2*0�5#.1>Æ0O.��h;�Kb>ÆWSKb<:;�0:,J.T>Æ0$�ZKP4Q0B.T0:;#4_'s�(Kh<;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht/ÿº�¦. P�Q���Q��o2@46.�>�KhW[2*>/.17�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;L0:,J.T0�W�._?�,J._gh;ht�4O._?�t8 /gh;�4:0O.10:;�4�\U��"��7¯A)-"$���Q�Ö ¯%��S"�"*#&¯g.Jþ�#TÕ t/.1>JN9'*��Z�"#'

��;#0�0:,�;C>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�4Q0B.10Q;#46KTM .�>�KbWS2@>J.T7�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;6k/;��'�G�,�;D4Q0B.T0:;#4�5#.1>^k/;aN�;#>�Kb0:;�N k�?[7@;#0:0Q;#<:4_tJ4Q?�W�kJKb7*4_thKb<6.�4:;#0LK1M2@>�0:;#Rb;#<:4_t!4Q9J5Q, .T4 )bt�F�t�'#'_'#t��'DrsKh0Q2j58;a0Q,J.10�4:9/5:,Æ2@>�0:;�Rh;#<Q4�.T<:;�9�4:;_N��O9�4:0LM�Kb<=N�.T0B.[,J.T>JN�7@2@>�RS.1>JN´N�K[>�Kh0�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0 .T>�?4:I/;�5O2� 5CKh<ON�;#<Q2*>(RJ'G�,�;^N�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?^kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>ò0$�3K´Khkh�O;�580:4�ª�.1>JN2« 5#.1>ùkJ;P5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�N´9�4Q2*>(R 0Q,�; ��"[m9�� ��mÆ��� � d�"���� .TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,ò.T4a2@>4u&('@)�&-6�\

¨ 4§ª�©:«-6 ­ � à »� © 4u&�'@)_&-6��,�;#<Q; » 2@460Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTM=ÿY�7<�P�R�"Oý;4 2$' ;b'*t(0:,�;C>�9(W�kJ;#<LK1MZgh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�43M�Kh<L��,�2X5:,�ªZ.T>JN�«�.1<Q;a2@>^0:,(;a4O.1WS;�4Q0B.10Q;?6#t�.1>JNY� 2@40:,(;=0QKh0O.17/>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M!gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4�'�+Æ;#2@Rh,�0:4�5#.1>[kJ;D.T4:4:2@Rb>�;�N�0QKa2@>J58<:;�.T4:;D0Q,�;6;���;�5O0LK1M » t�Kh<30:K�.14Q4:2@Rh>[Rh<Q;�.10Q;#<��Z;�2*Rb,�0Z0QKa0Q,�;W�.T0B5Q,�;#4�2@>[gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4Z,/._g�2@>�R�.�7X.1<QRh;#<�>�9�W�k/;#<3K1Mz4Q0B.T0:;#4_'

rsKhWS2@>J.T7�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4=5�.1>´kJ;�;#>/5OK�N�;�N´k�? .�7X.T<:Rh;�>�9�W�k/;#<6KTM�.14Q?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5Lk�2@>J.1<Q?Pgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4Lk�?P5O<Q;�.10Q2@>�R .�>(;#�k�2@>J.1<Q?gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;LM�Kh<L;�.h5Q,PKTM�0:,�;���>�KhW[2@>J.17/4:0O.10:;�4�'E��Kb<=.1>^Kbkh�O;�5O0���2@0:, .�Rb2@gh;#>P4Q0B.T0:;�gh.17@9�;ht(0:,�;Dk(2*>/.1<:?^gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:2@>�R0:,/.1034:0B.T0:;�2@4Z4Q;#0�0:K^)ht���,(2*7@;�0Q,�;�<:;#W^.12@>�2@>�R�k�2@>J.1<Q?�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4Z.T<:;64Q;#0�0:K�|�'A�(Kh<3;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht10QKa;#>/5OK�N�;�0:,�;�>�KbWS2@>J.17�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;ÿY��. P�Q���Q��#t�.�k�2@>J.T<:?[gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;a5#.1> kJ;�5O<:;_.10:;_N M�Kh<L;�.h5Q,´K1M�0:,�;¿ Jgb; 5OKb7@Kh<:4L7@2*4Q0:;�N .1k/K1gh;h'E��Kb<=.T>PKhkh�O;_5O0�,J._g�2*>(RS0:,(; 5OKb7@Kh<)-"*����Q�Ö�th0Q,�;c)-"*���1Q�Ö^gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;32*434:;�0Z0QK�)bth��,�2@7@;�0:,(;6<:;�W�.12@>�2@>�RLM�Kb9�<�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#43.1<:;L4:;#030:K�|�'�G�,�;�N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?=5OK�;O��582*;�>�03M Kh<0:,(2*43M Kh<:W K1M�;#>J5OK�N�2@>�RS5�.1>^kJ;D5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;�N[9�4:2@>�R�0Q,�;�WS;#0Q,�K�N�46N�2@4B5O9(4:4:;_N^2@> ��;�5O0:2@Kb> &('eF�'eE�'� �-��" ���� ����(�1"�� � ���} ��"u� � �1���_�;�J�-��" ���� 0�����1" � � � <Q;#4:;�W�k�7@;#4�.6>(KhWS2@>J.T71gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;ht_;O{J5O;#I�030:,/.10�0:,�;�� 4:0O.10:;�4�K1MJ0Q,�;�Kh<ON�2@>J.17�gh.T7*9(;Z.1<Q;�Kh<BN�;#<:;�N2@> .vWS;�.T>�2@>�R1M 9�7!4Q;�`b9�;#>J5O;b'S�L<BN�2@>J.T7�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4=.T<:;�gh;#<Q?P9�4Q;OM�9�7�M Kh<�<:;#Rb2@4:0:;�<:2@>�R^4:9�kh�8;�5O0:2@gb;�.14Q4:;#4Q4:W[;#>�0:4DKTM�`b9J.17@2@0:2@;#4L0:,J.T05#.T>�>�Kh03k/;=W[;�.14Q9�<:;_N�Khkh�8;�5O0:2@gb;#7@?�'���Kb<Z;8{(.TWSI�7@;htTI�<:KTM�;#4:4Q2@Kh>J.T7�<B.1>i��4�.1<Q;�K1M�0Q;#>S;#>�9�W[;#<B.T0:;�Nv2@>S.D4Q;�`b9�;#>�0:2X.17�Kb<BN�;�<�t�4:9/5:,P.T4.14Q4:2@4:0O.1>�0�t�.14:4QK�5O2X.10:;btz.T>JN^M 9�7@7u'L}t� �/�!�_"������J���¿�J�-��" �z�( Ó�����1" � � �� 7@K�K8��4=7@21�h;�.�4:;�0DK1M�58Kh>�0:2@>�9�Kh9(4�N(.10B.[KTM�.1>´9�>���>�K1��>4B5�.17@;ht�0:,/.10�2@4�tT0:,�;L<:;#7X.10Q2@gh;3Kh<BN�;#<:2@>�RDKTM!0:,�;�gh.T7@9�;#4�2@4�;#4:4Q;#>�0:2X.17�k(9�0�>�Kb0z0Q,�;#2@<�.h5O0Q9J.17�W^.1Rb>�2@0:9JN�;b'N��Kb<�;O{J.1WSI(7*;bt10:,�;�<Q;#7X.10Q2*gb;<B.T>���2@>�R�2*>�.LIJ.1<Q0:2X5O9�7X.T<z4QIJKb<:0�2@4�K1M 0:;#>�WSKb<:;�;#4Q4:;#>�0Q2j.T7J0Q,J.1>�0:,(;6.h5O0Q9J.17�gh.T7@9�;#4�K1M!.LIJ.1<Q0:2X5O9�7X.1<�W[;�.14Q9�<:;h'¤�L<BN�2@>J.T7�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4W�._?^.17@4:K^k/;�Khk�0O.12@>�;�N M�<QKhW�0:,(;SN�2@4B5O<Q;#0:2@~�.T0:2@Kh>´K1M�2@>�0Q;#<:gh.T7�iu4O5#.17@;�NP`b9J.T>�0:2@0:2@;#4�k�?P4:I(7*2@0Q0:2@>�RS0Q,�;�gh.17@9�;C<B.1>(Rh;�2@>�0:K�.¶ J>(2*0Q;>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTM 5O7X.T4:4:;�4�'3G�,�;�gh.17@9�;#43K1M�.1>^Kh<ON�2@>J.17/gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;=5�.1>^kJ;�W^.1I�I/;�N�0QK]����#&Õ_ý#'A��Kb<Z;8{(.TWSI�7@;htb4:9(I�IJKb4:;D0Q,J.106.T>SKb<BN�2@>J.T7gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;L¸ ,J.T4�� � 4:0B.T0:;#4_'3G�,�;#4:;CKh<BN�;#<:;�N 4:0B.T0:;#4�N�;� J>(;D0:,�;�<O.1>���2@>�RP)-© Æ1Æ ©�� � '

G�,�;�0:<Q;�.10QWS;#>�0�K1M3Kh<BN�2*>/.17�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#462@4D`b9�2@0:;�4:2@[email protected]<�0QK^0:,J.T0=KTMZ2@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�iu4O5#.17@;�N gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4L��,�;#>Æ5OKhW[I�9�0:2@>�R[0:,�;�N�2@4$i4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?�kJ;#0$�3;#;#>^Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'Z��9�I�I/Kh4:;L0:,J.T0°¸ 2*4oKh>�;LK1Mz.�4Q;#0�K1M!Kb<BN�2@>J.T7Jgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#43N�;#4B58<:2@k�2@>�RY�SKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'oG�,�;=N�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?5OKbWSI�9�0O.10Q2*Kb>���2@0:,^<:;#4QIJ;_5O0�0:K�¸ 2*>�gbKh7@gh;#4o0:,�;�M Kh7@7@K1��2*>(R=4Q0:;#I(4�')b'3G�,�;�gh.17@9�;�KTMܸ�M Kh<�0:,�;Cª×0:,�Khkh�8;�5O0�2@4 � �1� th.1>JN¬¸�,J.T4�� � Kh<BN�;#<:;�Nv4:0O.10:;�4�tb<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q2@>�Ra0Q,�;3<B.1>i��2@>�R�)-© Æ1Æ ©�� � '���;#I�7X.b5O;;�.h5Q, � �1� k�?S2@0Q465OKh<Q<:;#4QIJKb>JN�2@>�RS<O.1>���t�È �1�� "! )-© Æ?Æ7Æ ©�� �# 'F('���2@>J5O;6;_.h5Q,SKb<BN�2@>J.T7Jgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;�5#.1>[,J._gh;6.CN�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0�>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1M�4:0O.10:;�4�t�2@0�2@43K1M�0Q;#>�>�;�58;#4:4O.1<:?^0QKDW�.TIa0Q,�;6<O.1>�Rb;6K1M!;_.h5Q,gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;DKh>�0:K%$e|_i#)�&z4QK^0:,J.T06;�.b5:,´gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;D,J.T4�;�`b9J.17��3;#2@Rh,�0�'�G�,�2@4�5#.1>´kJ;S.b5Q,�2@;#gh;�N k�?^<:;#I�7X.b5O2@>�RS0Q,�;�<B.T>��+È �1� K1M0:,�;cªji$0:,^Khkh�O;_5O0�2@>�0Q,�;;¸�i$0:, gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;6k�?

Ú*�1� ­ È �1� Ã )� �;Ã ) Æ 4u&�'@)_x-6

E('�V62@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?D5#.T>^0:,�;#> kJ;D5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�N�9(4:2@>�RS.1>�?�KTMz0:,(;�N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;DW[;�.14Q9�<:;#46N�;#4B5O<Q2@kJ;�N 2*>P��;_5O0:2@Kh>P&(' F('eFLM�Kh<32@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�i4B5#.T7*;_N^gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�tb9�4Q2*>(R Ú �1� 0:K�<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0�0:,(;c¸^gh.17@9�;LM�Kb<Z0Q,�;cª×0:,^Khkh�8;�5O0�'

Page 10: data mining  Chapter 08

)�| ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«' �(��" �0yO� � �� �T� �����1"�� � ���} �1���_"[�\yB� � �( ����������1" � � �� W�.��h;#4�.DI/Kh4Q2@0:2@gh;�WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0�Kh>P.C>�Kh>�7@2@>�;�.T<Z4O5#.17@;ht(4:9J5Q,P.146.T>^;O{�IJKb>�;#>�0:2X.17�4O5#.17@;ht/.1I�I(<:K_{�i2@W�.T0:;#7@?CM�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�R�0:,�;�M Kh<:W�9(7j.

(*)�+-,/. È (*)�0�+�, © 4u&�'eFb|-6��,�;#<Q; ( .1>/N21.T<:;�IJKb4:2@0:2@gb;=5OKb>�4:0O.1>�0:4_'GZ?�I�2X5#.T7J;O{J.TWSI�7@;#432@>J5O7@9JN�;�0:,(;=Rb<:K1��0Q,�KTM .�kJ.b5O0:;�<:2X.�IJKbI�9�7X.10Q2@Kh>!tbKh<30:,�;�N�;�5#._?K1MZ.C<B.bN�2@K1i:.h5O0Q2*gb;6;#7@;#W[;#>�0�'

G�,�;�<:;a.T<:;�0:,�<Q;#;DW[;#0:,�K�N�4�0QKa,/.1>JN�7@;�<B.T0:2@K1i$4B5�.17@;�N[gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4oM�Kh<�5OKhW[I�9�0Q2*>(Ra0Q,�;DN�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?Dk/;#0$�Z;�;#>PKhkh�8;�5O0:4_')b'3Gz<Q;�.103<B.T0:2@K1i$4B5�.17@;�N�gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;�4Z7@21�h;�2@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�i$4B5#.T7*;_N�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4_'!G�,�2@4_th,�K1�3;#gb;#<�t�2@43>�Kh039�4:9/.17@7@?S.�RhK�K�NS5Q,�Kb2j58;=4Q2@>J5O;�2@0�2@47*21�b;#7@?�0:,J.T0�0:,�;�4B5�.17@;�W�._?�kJ;aN�2*4Q0:Kb<:0:;_N�'F('3}6I�I�7@? �\�J���1" �7dmÆ" � �_�1�����¦h��J��mÆ���_" �J� 0QK .[<O.10:2@KTiu4O5#.17@;�N´gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;c¸ ,J._g�2@>�RSgh.T7*9(; �i�1� M Kh<�Khkh�O;_5O0ºª3k�?P9(4:2@>�RP0Q,�;M�Kh<QW�9�7X.�� �1� ­¤7@KhR&4 �i�1� 6�'�G�,�;�� �1� gh.17@9�;#465#.T>^kJ;D0Q<:;�.T0:;�N .1462@>�0:;�<:gh.17�i$gh.17@9�;�N�t�.T46N�;#4B58<:2@kJ;_NP2@>P��;�5O0Q2@Kh> &(' F('eF�'�r�Kh0Q2X5O;0:,J.T0�M�Kb<S4:KbWS;^<B.T0:2@K1i$4B5�.17@;�NÁgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�t3Kh>(; W^._?�.17@4:K�.TI�I�7@? 7*KbR1i$7@KhR´0:<B.T>�4$M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb>!t�Kb<SKb0:,�;#<^0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W�.T0:2@Kh>(4�tN�;#I/;#>JN�2@>�R[Kh>S0Q,�;aN�;¦ J>�2@0:2@Kh>^.1>JN^.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>!'E('3Gz<Q;�.10 �i�1� .1465OKb>�0:2@>�9�Kh9�4�Kb<BN�2@>J.T7 N(.10B.�.T>JN[0:<Q;�.10�0Q,�;#2@<6<O.1>���46.14�2@>�0:;�<:gh.17�i$gh.17@9�;�N�'

G�,�;D7X.T0:0:;�<60$�3K�WS;#0Q,�K�N�46.1<Q;=0Q,�;DW[Kh4:0�;¦� ;�580:2@gh;ht�.T7*0Q,�Kh9(Rh,S0Q,�;a5Q,�Kb2j58;DK1M�WS;�0:,�K�N[9�4:;_N^W�._?�kJ;�N�;#I/;#>JN�;#>�0DKb>^0:,�;DRb2@gh;#>.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>!'é�ê>|Zê43 5Pïzø(ñ:ï�Ñ6õQ÷!ó9����²cñ466÷o�lð1ûU~C÷!ó��;�580:2@Kh>�4�&�'eF(' FL0QKa&�'eF�' U�N�2@4B5O9�4Q4:;�N[,�K1� 0QKa5OKhW[I�9�0Q;�0:,�;6N�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?LkJ;�0$�Z;#;�>�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�N�;#4B5O<Q2@kJ;�N[k�?�gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�K1M�0:,(;64B.TWS;0$?�IJ;bt���,�;#<:;[0:,�;�4:;S0$?�I/;#4�W�._?^kJ;�;�2*0Q,�;#<^þ�#&<�"$�*�=����X$ý?P�����"��Tt�ý$)1ÿaÿY"�<:�#þ[P�'#þ#0���$)7¯;�_ý$)1ÿ�ÿº"¦<§��þ[P�'�þ�#0���$)1tÓ#\Q1ÿ�þ�#0��� ¯¥Q��S�1þ#0����t!Kb<�S�=<uþ Q7X$ý?P�����"��T' �sK1�Z;�gh;#<_t�2@>�W^.1>�?P<:;_.176N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�t�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4S.1<Q; N�;#4B5O<Q2@kJ;�N k�?Æ.ùÿaþ1,7<:Z3��"CK1M6gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;�0$?�IJ;�4�'Æf$>ùRh;#>�;�<B.17$t.^N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;S5#.T>�5OKh>�0O.12@> .T7@7zKTM�0Q,�;�4:2�{ gh.T<:2X.1k(7*;C0$?�I/;#4D7@2@4:0Q;�NÆ.1k/K1gh;b'a+Æ;�>�;#;_N�.[WS;#0Q,�K�N^0:KP5OKbWSI�9(0:;�0:,�;SN�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?k/;#0$�Z;�;#> Kbkh�O;�5O0Q46KTMzWS2�{�;�N�gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;L0$?�I/;#4_'

�L>�;�.1I�I�<QK�.b5:,[2@4�0:K�Rh<QKh9�I�;�.b5Q,���2@>JN�K1M!gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4o0:KhRb;#0:,(;#<�t(IJ;#<¢M�Kh<QWS2@>�RD.�4Q;#IJ.1<O.10Q;�587*9(4:0:;�<6.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4 M�Kh<�;_.h5Q,Sgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;0$?�IJ;b'aG�,(2*4�2@4LM�;�.T4:2@k�7@;a2�MZ0Q,�;#4Q;S.1>J.T7*?�4Q;#4DN�;#<:2@gb;S.1Rh<Q;#;�.Tk�7@;a<Q;#4:9�7@0Q4�'���K1�3;#gh;�<�t�2*> <:;�.T7Z.1I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4�t/2@0=2@4�9�>�7@21�h;�7*?[0:,J.T0a.4:;�IJ.1<O.10:;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<=.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�I/;#<�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;60$?�I/;D��2@7*7/Rh;�>�;#<B.T0:;a.TRh<Q;#;�.1k(7*;�<Q;#4:9�7@0Q4�'}WSKb<:;DI(<:;OM�;�<B.1k(7*;S.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,´2@460:K^I�<QK�5O;#4:4�.17@7�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;D0$?�I/;#4D0:KbRh;#0Q,�;#<_t!I/;#<$M Kh<:W[2@>�RS.[4:2@>�Rh7@;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<a.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�'D�L>�;4:9/5:,Æ0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;ht�I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N´k�?�4uVL9J5��b;#<D;#0D.17$'�)�xbmhd866.1>/NP;O{�0Q;#>JN�;�N´k�?9447�.19�M�W^.1>P.1>/N �sKh9�4Q4:;#;#9���)�xbxh|86#t�5OKhW�k(2*>(;#460Q,�;N�2���;#<:;#>�0�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4�2@>�0:KS.�4Q2*>(Rh7@;DN�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?aW^.10Q<:2�{v.T>JN^k�<Q2@>�Rh46.T7*7�0:,�;CWS;�.T>�2@>�R1M�9(7Jgh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4�Kb>�0:KS.�5OKbWSWSKb>�4B5#.T7@;DK1M0:,(;D2@>�0Q;#<:gh.T78$e|�t@)�&:'��9(I�IJKb4:;�0:,/.1030:,�;DN�.T0B.C4:;#0�5OKh>�0B.T2@>�4�[gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#43K1M�WS2�{�;�ND0$?�I/;h'�G�,(;�N�2*4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0$? ¨ 4:ª�©>«�6ok/;#0$�Z;�;#>PKhkh�8;�5O0:4Eª�.1>JN¶«D2@4N�;� />�;�NP.T4

¨ 4§ª�©:«-6À­ Á � �=Âo� ©�9�: �<;��à ¨ : ��;��àÁ � ��Âo� 9 : �<;��à 4u&�'eF()?6��,�;#<Q;D0:,(;D2@>JN�2X5#.10QKh<=9�: ��;��à ­¤|C2YM�;#2@0:,�;�<;4B)76 �i�1� Kh< �8à$� 2@4�WS2@4:4Q2*>(Rc4 2$' ;b'*t�0Q,�;#<Q;D2@4�>�KaW[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�03K1Mzgh.T<:2X.1k(7*;E¸[M�Kb<ZKbkh�O;�5O0ª3Kh<LKhkh�O;_5O0E«-6#t�Kb<;4uF86 �i�1� ­ �8à$� ­�|S.T>JNPgh.T<:2X.1k(7*;;¸´2@4=.T4:?�WSW[;#0:<Q2X56k(2*>/.1<:?g`/Kh0Q,�;#<Q��2*4Q;ht�9�: ��;��à ­c)b'�G�,�;�5OKh>�0:<Q2@k�9�0:2@Kb>PK1Mgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;L¸ 0:K�0:,(;aN�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?Dk/;#0$�3;#;#>sª�.T>JN¶«�t ¨ : �<;� à t�2@465OKbWSI�9(0:;�N[N�;#I/;#>JN�;#>�0�Kh>^2@0:430$?�IJ;b\

)b'3f M½¸ 2*4�k(2*>/.1<:?�Kb<�>�KhW[2@>J.17$\ ¨ : �<;� à ­¤|D2�M �i��� ­ �-à*� t�Kb0:,�;#<Q��2@4:; ¨ : ��;��à ­�)h'F('3f M½¸ 2*4�2@>�0:;�<:gh.17�i$kJ.14Q;�N�\ ¨ : ��;��à ­ > ?A@ B 0 ?DCEBF>GIH ?<JD?�J B 0 G �1� J�?<J B t���,�;#<:;¬è^<:9�>(46K1gh;�<6.17@7J>(Kh>�W[2*4Q4:2@>�RDKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�M�Kb<�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;L¸�'E('3f M½¸ 2*4�Kb<BN�2@>J.T7�Kh<�<O.10:2@KTiu4O5#.17@;�N�\�5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�0:,�;�<B.T>���4LÈ �1� .T>JN Ú �1� ­LK�@ B 0 �M B 0 � t�.1>/NS0Q<:;�.T0 Ú �1� .14�2@>�0:;#<Qgh.17�iu4O5#.17@;�N�'G�,�9�4_tJ0Q,�;SN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>ÆKhkh�O;�580:4a5#.T> k/;�5OKhW[I�9�0:;_N^;#gh;�> ��,�;�>Æ0:,�;�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4=N�;#4B5O<Q2@k�2@>�R^0:,�;�Khkh�O;_5O0:4a.T<:;�K1MN�2���;#<:;#>�0L0$?�I/;#4_'

Page 11: data mining  Chapter 08

G3ION&I9Bc¦�B6©�ªC�D§CF5OQP\B6©�O#§�¨§°�SR�BUT(§CF¦AJCKz«�©�ªAFCO:¨¿�VR ª�©A@D§C��« )h)

é�ê î WHô�ï!ð�÷o�A��ø�ñYX�ï!ð�ñ���út����²cï[Z&��ø�ô�õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU�a²c÷�ð�í/�C�6óG�,�;#<Q;S;O{�2@4:0�.^7X.1<:Rb;a>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M=587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4�2@>Æ0Q,�;�7@2*0Q;#<B.T0:9�<Q;h'[G�,�;�5Q,�Kb2j58;�K1M65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W�N�;#I/;#>JN�4k/Kh0:,ÆKb> 0Q,�;�0$?�IJ;�KTMsN(.10B. [email protected]�7@;D.1>JN Kh>´0:,(;SIJ.T<:0:2X5O9(7j.T<�I�9�<:I/Kh4Q;�.T>JN .TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2@Kh>!'Cf M=5O7@9�4:0Q;#<a.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�2*4�9�4Q;�N�.T4a.N�;#4O5O<:2@I�0Q2@gh;�Kh<L;O{�I�7@Kh<O.10:Kb<:?^0:K�Kb7ut/2@062@4�I/Kh4:4Q2@k�7@;D0:K^0:<Q?^4:;#gb;#<B.T7Z.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�Kh> 0:,�;�4B.TWS;DN�.10O.[0:KS4Q;#;���,J.T060:,(; N�.T0B.vW�._?N�2@4B587*Kb4:;h'

f$>[Rh;#>�;�<B.17$t(W�.#�OKb<Z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSWS;�0:,�K�N�4�5#.1>^k/;a5O7X.14Q4:2� J;�N[2@>�0:K�0:,�;�M�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�RD5#.10Q;#RhKb<:2@;#4�')b'C· �(�1��" ��" �/�!" �N��mÆ���?d��N��� '

��2@gh;#>^.aN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;6K1MA�^Khkh�8;�5O0:4LKh<�N�.10O.D0Q9�I�7@;#4_tJ.CIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(2*>(RDWS;#0Q,�K�N�5OKh>(4:0:<Q9J5O0Q4��vIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�4ZKTM!0:,�;DN�.T0B.(t���,�;#<:;;�.h5Q,�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>C<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4�.L5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t�.1>/Na�¶çx��'�G�,J.T0!2@4�t12@0�5O7X.14:4Q2� J;#4�0:,�;�N�.T0B.�2@>�0:K��DRb<:Kb9�I�4�tT��,�2X5:,C0:KhRb;#0:,(;#<�4B.T0:2@4$M ?0:,�;3M�Kb7@7*K1��2@>�R�<Q;�`b9�2@<:;#W[;#>�0:4_\A4O)?6�;�.b5Q,�Rh<:Kb9�I�W�9�4:0�5OKh>�0B.T2@>S.10�7@;�.14Q0�Kh>�;3Khkh�8;�5O0�t�.T>JN¶4uF-6�;�.b5Q,�Khkh�O;�580ZW�9�4Q0!k/;#7@Kh>�R�0QK;O{J.h5O0Q7*?[Kh>�;CRh<:Kb9�I!'�rsKh0:2X5O;�0Q,J.10L0:,�;�4:;_5OKh>JN <:;_`h9(2*<Q;#WS;�>�0�2@43<:;#7X. {�;_N^2@>�4QKhW[;�M�9�~�~#?SIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>�R�0:;�5Q,�>(2j`b9�;�46��,�2X5Q,��2*7@7/kJ;Ck�<:2@;�{J?^N�2@4B5O9(4:4:;_NP7X.10Q;#<�2@>S0Q,�2@465:,/.1I�0Q;#<�'��2@gh;#> ��t�0:,(;a>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M3IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(460:K^5OKh>(4:0:<Q9J5O0_t!.�IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>�R�W[;#0:,�K�N^5O<Q;�.10Q;#4a.1> 2*>(2*0Q2X.17�IJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�RJ'3f$0�0:,(;#>9�4:;#4D.T> þW<>"*�S�=<uþ���"¿�S"*��Q7PS�=<uþ Q�#�<�"�P�R&#�þ[é*ZT"s��,�2X5Q,P.10:0Q;#WSI(0:4�0:K[2@WSI�<QK1gh;60Q,�;DIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>�R�k�?SWSK1g�2@>�RDKbkh�O;�5O0Q4LM�<:KbW�Kb>�;Rh<:Kb9�I�0:K�.1>(Kh0:,(;#<�'�G�,�;LRh;#>(;#<B.T7 5O<Q2@0:;#<Q2*Kb>SKTMz.�RhK�K�N�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�R�2*4o0:,J.T0ZKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�2*>�0Q,�;64O.1W[;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<6.T<:;�ÌB5O7@Kh4Q;$ÍDKb<<:;#7X.10Q;�N^0QK�;�.h5Q,PKb0:,�;#<_t���,�;�<:;�.T4=Kbkh�O;�5O0Q46KTMoN�2���;#<Q;#>�0=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�.T<:;+Ì¢Mu.1<6.TIJ.1<Q0�Í�Kb<�gh;#<Q? N�2���;#<Q;#>�0�'3G�,�;#<Q;a.1<Q;Dgh.1<Q2*Kb9�4��2@>JN�4�K1MzKb0:,�;�<=5O<Q2*0Q;#<:2X.CM�Kb< �89JN�Rh2@>�R�0:,(;a`b9J.17@2@0$?aKTMzIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�4_'GzK^.h5Q,�2@;#gb;DRh7@Khk/.17!KbI�0:2@W^.17@2@0$?a2@>PIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>�RTiukJ.T4:;�N 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^�3Kh9�7XN[<:;�`b9�2@<Q;a0Q,�;�;O{�,J.19(4:0:2@gb;D;#>�9�WS;�<B.10Q2@Kh>PKTMo.T7@7K1M60:,(;�I/Kh4Q4:2@k�7@;SI/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�4_'´f$>�4:0Q;�.hN�t3W[Kh4:0D.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>�4a.bN�KhI�0�Kh>(;SK1M�0$�ZK IJKbI�9�7X.1<�,�;#9�<Q2@4:0:2X5[WS;�0:,�K�N�4_\�4B)76D0Q,�;�\X:ÿº"���#�ýa.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W t/��,�;#<Q;�;_.h5Q,ò5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�2@4D<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0Q;�N k�?Æ0:,�;[WS;�.T>�4�gh.17@9�;�KTM60:,�;[Khkh�O;�580:4�2@>Æ0:,�;^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<?`�.T>JN4uF-6L0Q,�;S�\X:ÿY"S�8Q1þ[� ý=.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W t(��,�;#<:;�;_.h5Q,�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<D2@4�<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�Nùk�?PKh>(;aKTM�0Q,�;�Khkh�O;_5O0:4D7@K�5#.T0:;�N >�;�.T<D0:,�;S58;#>�0:;#<K1MZ0Q,�;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'vG�,�;#4:;�,(;#9�<:2@4Q0:2X5�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^W[;#0:,�K�N�4��3Kh<��P�Z;�7*7�M�Kb</ J>JN�2@>�R[4:I�,�;�<:2X5#.17�i$4:,J.TIJ;_NÆ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�2@> 4QW�.17@7�0QKWS;�N�2@9�W�4Q2*~�;�N N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4_' �(Kh<¿ J>JN�2@>�RÆ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4S��2@0:, 5OKhW[I�7@;O{ 4Q,J.1I/;#4S.T>JN M�Kh<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RÆgb;#<:?Æ7X.T<:Rh;^N�.10O.P4Q;#0:4_tIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(2*>(R1i$kJ.14Q;�N[WS;#0Q,�K�N�46>�;�;�NP0QKSk/;D;O{�0:;�>JN�;�N�'D��.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�R1i$kJ.T4:;�NP587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RSW[;#0:,(K�N�4=.1<Q;D4:0Q9JN�2@;�N 2@> N�;#I�0Q,2*>^��;�5O0Q2@Kh> &(' U/'

F('Cw " ���1��� � d�" � �� �mÆ���?d��N��� '}�,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.173WS;#0Q,�K�NÆ5O<:;�.T0:;#4S. ,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.176N�;�5OKhW[IJKb4:2@0:2@Kb> KTM60:,�;[Rh2@gh;#>Æ4Q;#0�K1M=N�.T0B. Khkh�O;�580:4�'´}c,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17WS;#0Q,�K�Na5#.T>Sk/;65O7X.14Q4:2� J;�N[.14�k/;#2@>�RD;#2@0Q,�;#<;�7%7%=�1Q1ÿY"$���7<$þ��="�Kh<L�Tþ���þjý8þ�="�thk/.14:;_N�Kh>�,�K1� 0:,(;6,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7 N�;�5OKhW[IJKb4:2@0:2@Kb>2*43M Kh<:W[;�N�'�G�,�;��7%7%=�1Q1ÿY"$���7<$þ���"c�¦.-.0��Q?�8P�R�tJ.T7*4QK 5�.17@7@;�N[0:,�;+Ì�'�Q7< <>QTÿ;X�Z7.-Í�.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,!t�4Q0B.T<:0:4L��2@0:,S;_.h5Q,PKhkh�8;�5O0�M Kh<:W[2@>�R.^4:;#I/.1<B.T0:;^Rh<QKh9�I�'^f$0a4Q9J5#5O;#4Q4:2@gh;�7*?ùWS;#<QRh;#4C0:,�;[Khkh�O;�580:4�Kh<CRh<:Kb9�I�4�5O7@Kh4Q;�0:K´Kh>�;S.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<�to9�>�0:[email protected]*7oK1M60:,(;SRh<QKh9�I(4.1<:;CWS;#<QRh;�N[2@>�0:K�Kh>(;Y4�0Q,�;D0:KbI�WSKb4:0�7@;#gb;#7!KTM 0Q,�;D,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,�?�6#t/Kb<69�>�0:2@7!.v0:;#<QWS2@>J.10Q2@Kh>�58Kh>JN�2@0Q2*Kb>^,�Kh7XN�4_'ZG�,(;]�1þ��_þ@ý#þ���"��.-.\�SQ7�-P¦R�t�.17@4:K�5#.17@7@;�N�0Q,�;¬Ì$<�Q�.�XS�8Q�ÖA#�Í�.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,!tT4:0B.T<:0Q4z��2@0Q, .T7*7b0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�2@>D0:,(;Z4O.1WS;35O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'�f$>�;�.h5Q,�4:9J5�5O;#4:4Q2@gh;2*0Q;#<B.T0:2@Kh>�tz.P587*9(4:0:;�<�2*4C4:I�7@2@0D9�IÆ2@>�0:KP4QW�.T7*7@;#<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_t39�>�0:2@7�;#gb;#>�0:9J.T7*7@?´;�.h5Q,ùKhkh�O;�580a2@4D2@>ÆKh>(;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�toKh<D9�>�0Q2*7�.0:;#<QWS2@>J.10Q2@Kh>S5OKb>JN�2@0:2@Kh>[,�Kh7XN�4_'��2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�4:9&��;#<CM�<:KbW 0Q,�;�Mu.h580=0Q,J.10CKh>J5O;S.[4Q0:;#IÞ4 WS;#<QRh;�Kh<D4QI�7@2*0�6L2*4DN�Kb>�;ht�2@0�5�.1>Æ>�;#gb;#<Dk/;�9�>JN�Kb>�;h'G�,�2@4�<:2@Rh2XN�2@0$?�K1M�0:,�;C,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�WS;#0Q,�K�N[2*4�k/Kh0Q,^0:,�;;�b;#?S0QK�2@0:464Q9J5#5O;�4:4�kJ;_5#.19�4Q;a2@0�7@;�.bN�4�0:K�4QW�.17@7@;#<�5OKhW[I�9�0O.10:2@Kb>5OKh4Q0���2@0:,�Kb9�0��3Kh<:<Q?�2*>(R�.TkJKb9�0�.D5OKbW�k�2@>J.10QKh<:2X.T7h>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M!N�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0Z5Q,�Kh2X5O;�4�t�.14o�Z;#[email protected]�0:,(;C�h;#?�0:K�2@0:4�W^.12@>DI�<QKhk�7@;#WkJ;�5�.19�4Q;a2@0�5#.1>�>(Kh065OKb<:<:;_5O0�;#<:<QKh>�;#Kb9�4=N�;�5O2@4:2@Kh>(4�'f$0 5�.1>�kJ;6.bN�gh.1>�0B.TRh;#Kb9�4!0QKD5OKhW�k�2@>�;�2@0:;�<B.10Q2@gh;3<:;#7@K�5#.10Q2@Kh>�.1>JNC,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�.TRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*Kb>6k�?E J<Q4:0�9(4:2@>�R6,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17.1RhRb7@KhWS;�<B.10Q2@gh;6.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wc.1>JN[0:,(;#>P<:;¦ J>�2@>�RS0Q,�;D<Q;#4:9�7@0L9�4:2@>�R�2@0:;�<B.10Q2@gh;�<:;#7@K�5#.T0:2@Kh>!'3��KhW[;64O5#.17X.1k(7*;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�.T7*RbK1i<:2@0:,�W[4�t�4Q9J5Q, .T4=nof:������.1>JNP���L�6��t(,J._gh;�k/;#;#>ÆN�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N^kJ.T4:;�N Kh>^4:9/5:,´.1>P2@>�0:;#Rb<B.T0:;�NP.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,!'��s2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.175O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�.T<:;�4:0Q9JN�2@;�N^2@>^��;�5O0Q2*Kb>P&�'ed�'

E('Cj ������"��#�gy � �J�#���kmÆ���?d��N��� ']^Kh4Q0�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(2*>(R W[;#0:,�K�N�4�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<[Khkh�O;�580:4^kJ.14Q;�NùKh> 0:,(; N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;^k/;#0$�3;#;#>¤Khkh�O;�580:4�'¤��9J5Q, WS;#0Q,�K�N�4S5#.T>� />JNKh>�7@?^4:I�,(;#<:2X5#.T7Yi$4:,/.1I/;�N 587*9(4:0:;�<:4a.T>JNP;�>J5OKh9(>�0Q;#<aN�2���5O9(7*0$?^.10DN�2@4B58K1gh;#<Q2*>(R�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4DK1M�.T<:k�2@0Q<B.1<Q?^4:,J.TIJ;#4_'a�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RWS;#0Q,�K�N�4�,J._gb;Zk/;#;#>PN�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N�kJ.T4:;�NvKh>�0:,(;�>�Kh0Q2*Kb>�K1MÓ�-"*#�ý#þ1<:)1'�G�,�;�Rh;#>(;#<B.T7J2XN�;�.�2*4o0:Ka5OKb>�0:2@>�9�;�Rh<QK1��2*>(R=0Q,�;6Rb2@gh;#>5O7@9�4:0Q;#<Z4QK�7*Kb>�RD.14�0:,(;6N�;#>�4Q2*0$?�4�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�Khkh�O;�580:43Kh<�N�.10O.LIJKb2*>�0Q4S6�2@>D0Q,�;YÌ:>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N&Í�;O{J5O;#;�N�4�4:KhW[;�0:,(<:;#4Q,�Kh7XN�t2u' ;h'@t/M Kh<�;�.h5Q,�N�.T0B.[I/Kh2@>�0=��2@0Q,�2@> .[Rh2@gb;#> 587*9(4:0:;�<�t�0:,(;�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:,(K�K�N K1M6.[Rh2@gh;#>´<B.bN�2@9�4D,J.T4�0:KP5OKh>�0O.12@>�.10�7@;�.14Q0a.WS2@>�2@Wa9(Wl>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�I/Kh2@>�0:4�'L��9J5Q, .�WS;�0:,�K�N^5#.1> kJ;D9(4:;�N^0QKY J7@0Q;#<6Kb9�06>�Kb2@4:;¬4�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<:4�6#t�.1>/NPN�2@4B5OK1gb;#<=587*9(4:0:;�<:4�K1M.1<:k(2*0Q<B.T<:?S4Q,J.1I/;h'

Page 12: data mining  Chapter 08

)�F ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«V=n3���3}�rl2@4�.�0$?�I�2X5#.17�N�;�>�4:2@0$?biuk/.14:;_NPW[;#0:,�K�N^��,(2j5Q,PRb<:K1��4D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4a.h5#58Kh<BN�2*>(RS0:K^.^N�;#>�4Q2*0$?^0Q,�<:;#4Q,�Kh7XN�'�����G�f:���2*4�.´N�;#>�4Q2*0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�NùWS;#0Q,�K�N´��,�2X5Q,ò5OKbWSI�9�0Q;#4�.1>�.19(RhWS;�>�0Q;�NÆ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RÆKh<BN�;#<:2@>�R M�Kh<�.19(0:KhW^.10Q2j5�.1>/NÆ2@>�0:;#<O.h5O0Q2*gb;5O7@9�4:0Q;#<=.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�'�VL;#>�4Q2*0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�NP5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�46.1<Q;�4:0:9/N�2@;�N^2@>���;_5O0:2@Kh>P&(' m('

U/' \ �1"§�oy � �/�#����mÆ���?d��N��� '}±Rb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N^W[;#0:,�K�NP`b9J.T>�0:2@~#;#4�0:,(;aKbkh�O;�5O0D4QIJ.h58;a2@>�0:K^.¬ J>�2@0Q;a>�9�W�k/;#<6KTM�5O;#7@7@46��,(2j5Q, M�Kh<QW .�Rb<:2XN^4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;h'�f$00:,�;#>´I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[4�.T7@7!K1M�0:,(; 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R^KhI/;#<B.T0:2@Kh>�4�Kb> 0Q,�;aRb<:2XN 4:0:<Q9J5O0Q9�<:;�4 2u' ;h'@t/Kh>´0:,(; `b9J.T>�0Q2@~#;�N 4:IJ.b5O;?6#'�G�,�;�W�.T2@>.hN�gh.T>�0O.1Rb;aKTM60:,�[email protected]�I�<:K�.h5Q,Æ2@4D2@0:4CMu.14Q0DI�<QK�58;#4:4Q2*>(R 0Q2*W[;a��,(2j5Q,Æ2@4D0$?�I�2X5#.T7*7@?P2@>JN�;#IJ;�>JN�;#>�0�K1M60:,(;S>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M=N�.T0B.Khkh�O;�580:4�t�.T>JNSN�;�IJ;#>/N�;#>�0�Kh>�7@?�Kh>^0Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1MZ5O;�7*7@4�2@>S;_.h5Q, N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>�2@>[0:,�;a`b9J.T>�0:2@~#;�N[4:I/.h5O;h'��G�f:r6�¤2@4�.�0$?�I�2X5#.17/;O{J.1W[I�7@;ZKTMz.DRb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N�WS;#0Q,�K�N�'�����f:¡��6�ù.1>JNv+�._gh;Oi:�37@9�4:0Q;#<Z.1<Q;60$�3Ka5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4��,�2X5:,P.T<:;�kJKb0:,^Rh<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_N�.T>JN^N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N�'3��<:2XNbi$kJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�.T<:;D4Q0:9JN�2*;_NS2@>P��;�580:2@Kh>P&�'eq('

d('Cl �N�!�� y � �J�����9mÆ���?d��N��� '}�W[K�N�;#7�iukJ.T4:;�N´W[;#0:,(K�N ,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*~�;#4S.PW[K�N�;#7�M�Kb<a;_.h5Q, K1M60:,(; 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�t�.T>JN� J>/N�4a0Q,�;^kJ;�4:0¬ J0�KTM60:,�;PN�.T0B.^0QK0:,J.T0�WSK�N�;#7$'�}lW[K�N�;#7�iuk/.14:;_NS.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WcW�._?�7@K�5#.10Q;a5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�k�?�58Kh>�4Q0:<:9/5O0:2@>�R^.�N�;#>�4Q2*0$?[M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb>�0Q,J.10�<Q;�{J;�580:4D0Q,�;4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>PKTMZ0:,�;SN(.10B.vIJKb2@>�0Q4�' f$0D.17@4:K[7*;_.hN�4�0:K^.[��._?^K1M�.19�0QKhW�.T0:2X5#.T7*7@?SN�;�0:;#<QWS2@>�2@>�R�0:,(;�>�9(W�kJ;#<LK1M5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�kJ.T4:;�N�Kb>�4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN�4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5O4_t�0B.���2@>�R�ÌQ>�Kh2@4:;*ÍDKh<�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4�2@>�0QKD.h5#5OKb9�>�0Z.1>/N�0:,�9�4�?�2@;#7XN�2@>�R�<:Kbk�9�4:0�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RWS;#0Q,�K�N�4�'�]^K�N�;�7Yi$kJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�46.1<Q;=4Q0:9JN�2*;_N^2@>���;�580:2@Kh>P&�'e&('

��KbWS;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4=2@>�0:;�Rh<B.T0:;^0:,(;�2XN�;_.14�K1M=4Q;#gh;�<B.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R´WS;�0:,�K�N�4_t�4:K´0:,/.10�2*0�2@4a4QKhW[;#0:2@WS;�4aN�2���5O9�7@00:K�587j.T4:4Q2YM ?�.´Rh2@gh;#> .17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W .T4�9�>�2X`b9�;#7@?�k/;#7@Kh>(Rh2@>�R´0:K´Kh>�7@?ÆKh>(; 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�W[;#0:,(K�Nù5#.10Q;#RhKb<:?�'!��9(<:0:,(;#<:W[Kh<:;bt�4:KbWS;.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>�4ZW^._?a,/._gh;D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS58<:2@0:;#<Q2X.���,�2X5:,^<Q;�`b9�2@<:;D0Q,�;�2*>�0Q;#Rh<O.10:2@Kb>�KTMz4Q;#gh;#<O.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[0:;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4_'f$>ù0:,�;vM�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�R^4:;�5O0Q2@Kh>�4_tZ�3;S;8{(.TWS2@>�;�;�.b5Q,�K1M�0:,�;^.1k/K1gh;¶ Jgh;^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RÆW[;#0:,�K�N�4�2@>�N�;#0O.12@7$' +Æ;^.17@4:K´2@>�0:<:K�N�9/5O;.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4���,(2j5Q,^2@>�0:;#Rb<B.10Q;�0:,�;�2XN�;�.T4�K1M�4:;#gb;#<B.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RSW[;#0:,�K�N�4_'

é�ê]� ^[ïzø�ð�ñ¢ð�ñ���úLñ:úU�H²c÷�ð�í/�C�6ó��2@gh;�>�.�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;�K1M� Khkh�O;_5O0:4_tJ.1>/NS��t�0Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1Mz587*9(4:0:;�<:460QKDM Kh<:W´t�.CIJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�Ra.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WlKb<:R�.1>�2@~#;#4�0Q,�;�Khkh�O;_5O0:42@>�0:Ka��IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�4/4u�¶çx�g6�th��,(;#<:;�;�.b5:,[IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4=.D587*9(4:0:;�<�'�G�,(;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46.1<:;sM�Kh<QWS;�NC0:KCKhI�0Q2*W[2@~#;�.T>SKbkh�O;�5O0Q2*gb;IJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�RP5O<:2@0Q;#<:2@Kh>�t!KTM�0:;#>�5�.17@7@;�N . ý#þXÿ�þ������#þ1<:)UV$Z&#0P¦<$þ[Q�#�t�4Q9J5Q,�.14aN�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;ht�4QKP0:,J.T0�0:,�;[Khkh�O;�580:4D��2@0:,(2*>Æ.P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�.1<Q;Ì:4Q2@[email protected]<�Í/t1��,�;#<Q;�.14L0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q46K1MZN�2���;#<:;�>�0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�.1<Q;]ÌON�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<�Í�2@>^0:;#<QWS43K1M�0:,�;DN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;�.T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�'é�ê]��ê:ë _ õ:ï�ó�ó�ñ:ô�ï�õc~Lï�ø�ð�ñ$ð�ñ���úLñ:ú/�ײc÷�ð�í/�C�6ó\³a`gÐ�²c÷!ï�ú6ó´ï�úU�L`gÐ�²c÷N�/��ñ��LóG�,�;�WSKb4:06�3;#7@7�i§��>�K1��>P.T>JN 58KhWSW[Kh>�7@?�9�4:;_N´IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(2*>(R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4=.T<:;�� y�mÆ������� I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N´k�?�4u]P.b5#¡L9�;#;#>¤)�xbmhq-6�tJ.T>JN� y�mÆ�T�o�/"§��� I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N[k�?+447=.T9�M�W^.1>S.1>/N��sKh9�4Q4:;#;�9��c)_xh&bq-6#t�.1>/NS0Q,�;#2@<�gh.1<Q2X.10:2@Kb>�4�'�����������/":�Ny � �J�#��� ��� � d���"§n/����b�cEd�� � y�mÆ���(� �¿mÆ���?d��N�G�,�;S�bi$WS;_.1>�4�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W�0O.��b;#4�0:,�;�2@>�I�9(0=I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<�t���t!.1>/NPIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�4D.[4:;#0CK1M°� Khkh�O;�580:4�2*>�0QK��´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�4:K^0:,/.10D0Q,�;<:;�4:9�7@0:2@>�R[2@>�0Q<B. i¢5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?�2@4�,�2@Rh,S��,(;#<:;�.T4�0:,�;D2@>�0:;�<$i:5O7@9�4:0Q;#<64Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?D2@4�7@K1�D'��37@9�4:0Q;#<64Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?D2@46W[;�.14Q9�<:;_NS2@><:;�R�.1<ON^0:K�0:,(;Sÿº"���#^gh.17@9�;�K1M�0:,�;�Khkh�8;�5O0:4L2@>�0Q,�;D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t/��,�2X5Q,P5#.1>^k/;�g�2@;#�3;�N^.14�0Q,�;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<7z 4�Ì=P�"*#&<�"$�;Q:V¥%=�����_þ1<§)�Í/'

G�,�;6.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W�I�<QK�5O;#;�N�46.T4�M�Kb7*7@K1��4_\Ü��2@<:4Q0�t�2@0�<B.T>JN�KhW[7@?=4Q;#7@;�5O0Q46�DKTM!0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4Z��,�2X5Q,�;�.b5:,�<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0�.=587*9(4:0:;�<ZW[;�.1>Kh<�5O;#>�0:;#<_'s�(Kh<�;�.b5:,ùK1M�0:,�;�<Q;#W�.T2@>�2@>�RSKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�tZ.T> Kbkh�O;�5O0�[email protected]:2@Rh>(;�N´0:KP0Q,�;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�0:KP��,(2j5Q,Æ2@0�2@4D0:,�;�W[Kh4Q0=4Q2@[email protected]<�tkJ.T4:;�N´Kb> 0Q,�; N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;�k/;#0$�Z;�;#>Æ0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0D.T>JNP0Q,�;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<DW[;�.1>�'�f$0=0Q,�;#>Æ5OKhW[I�9�0Q;#4�0:,�;�>�;#�WS;_.1>[M�Kh<�;�.b5Q, 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'G�,�2@4�I�<QK�58;#4:4�2@0:;#<O.10Q;#469�>�0Q2*7/0:,(;a5O<:2@0Q;#<:2@Kh>[M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb> 58Kh>�gh;#<QRh;#4_'�G3?�I�2X5#.17@7@?�tT0:,�;D4O`b9J.1<Q;�Nbi$;#<:<QKh<=58<:2@0:;#<Q2@Kh>^2@4�9�4:;�N�tJN�;� />�;�NP.T4d ­ Á=e��Âo� Á ?AfFg[@ Ê � à » �?Ê Å © 4u&�'eFbF-6

��,�;#<Q; � 2@4=0Q,�;�I/Kh2@>�062@> 4QIJ.h58;�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q2@>�R 0Q,�;�Rh2@gh;#>´Khkh�8;�5O0�t�.1>/N »¶� 2*4�0Q,�;�WS;�.T>^K1M65O7@9�4:0Q;#<�h � 4�k/Kh0Q, � .T>JN »Y� .1<Q;W�9�7@0:2XN�2@W�;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7�6#'/G�,�2@4�58<:2@0:;#<Q2@Kh>^0:<Q2*;�4�0:K�W�.��b;�0:,�;�<Q;#4:9�7@0Q2*>(RS�S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=.14658KhWSI/.h5O0�.1>JN[.1434:;#I/.1<B.T0:;a.T4�IJKb4:4Q2*k(7*;b'�G�,�;�bi$WS;�.T>�43I�<:K�5O;�N�9�<:;�2@4�4:9�W[W�.1<Q2@~#;�N�2@>]��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'@)h'G�,�;D.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wc.10:0Q;#WSI(0:430:K�N�;#0:;�<:WS2@>�;D�vIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(4Z0Q,J.103WS2@>�2@WS2�~#;30:,�;�4B`b9J.T<:;�N�iu;#<Q<:Kb<�M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>�'�f$0��ZKb<���4Z�3;#7@7���,�;#>^0Q,�;5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�.T<:;a58KhWSI/.h5O0�5O7@Kh9JN�460:,/.106.1<Q;D<B.T0:,�;�<6�3;#7@7!4:;�IJ.1<O.10:;_N[M�<:KbW�Kb>�;D.1>�Kb0:,�;�<�'3G�,�;DW[;#0:,�K�Nv2*4L<:;#7X.T0:2@gh;#7@?�4O5#.17X.1k(7*;D.T>JN

Page 13: data mining  Chapter 08

G3IjiiI�D\BLF�©�O#©�O#§�¨5O:¨;�kR ª�©A@D§C��« )�E

Ó�lXãnm�Í�oXå�p�Êrq�Âjs/Â@æ"t4uDv:Ê^Ì1ÄhÅ�ä�waxzyF{�uD|]}U{�~��F�8~������D�]���4yF}��E�����n~��4�]���]���D�����A����~��4{����D���4yA{�}*{�~�����~����F{ ���[�4yF{=�D���4{����4�������4yA{��Y���F�4�4{����ÝQÅ[��â�åD�IxzyF{=���F} �n{��������Y���F�4�4{��4��u���~��A��~ ��~��Q~��n~��4{ ���D���Q~��������F����������{����4���Ø�â�å���â�åD�� ¡�4{��8���¢u£�Q���A�4�4{��4��¤8y����Qy�} ������} ��¥�{��=�4yF{=�4¦��n~��4{���|]{��4�4�D�=���]���4{��]�����§�ÈùÌ1å�p[m�Ç���x8yA{�uD|�}*{�~��A�I~����D���]���4yA}¨������}U����{�}U{����4{��2~��z�©���j����¤8���

ª�« ~��4�����4�Q~��]�j��¬��YyF���D�4{Uu£������{����4�=~��8�4yA{��������]�­~��¢�Y���F�4�4{�����{����4{��4��®¯�« �4{���{�~��°�« ± �4{ « ~��4�]�����{�~��Yy��D���4{����z�4�U�4yA{=�Y���F�4�4{����4�*¤8y����Qy��4yA{=�����4{����8���z�4yF{=}*���4���]��} �j�­~����

�n~��4{����D���4yA{=}*{�~�����~����F{ �����4yA{=�����4{����4�������4yF{=�Y���A�4�4{���®²<« �A�n��~��4{��4yF{=�Y���A�4�4{���}*{�~��A���n�E� {D���F��~��������­~��4{U�4yA{=}*{�~�����~����F{ �����4yA{=�����4{����4���E���z{�~��Qy��Y���F�4�4{���®³�« �F���]�j�[�F���Yy�~��F�D{D®

´

��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'@)h\��bi$WS;�.T>�4�.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W´'

+

++ +

+

+

a) b) c)

+

+

+

��2@Rh9(<:;D&�'eF�\��37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�KTM .C4:;#0LK1M�I/Kh2@>�0:43kJ.14Q;�N^Kh>[0:,�;��biuW[;�.1>(4ZW[;#0:,�K�N

;O��5O2@;#>�0�2@>^I�<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�RP7X.T<:Rh;DN�.T0B.v4:;#0Q4DkJ;_5#.19�4Q;a0Q,�;�5OKhW[I�9�0B.T0:2@Kh>/.17!5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?�K1M�0:,(; .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�Wc2@4Uµº4§���A¶S6�tJ��,(;#<:;Y�´2@40:,(;�0:Kh0O.17�>�9�W�k/;#<LK1M�Khkh�O;�580:4�t�� 2*4�0Q,�;�>�9�W�kJ;�<=KTM�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t�.1>/Na¶D2@4�0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<6KTM�2@0Q;#<B.T0:2@Kh>�4_'�r�Kh<QW�.T7*7@?�t��¸· ��.T>JN¶�· ��'�G�,�;�WS;�0:,�K�N�KTM�0:;�>�0Q;#<:W[2@>J.10Q;#46.10�.�7@K�5�.17�KhI(0:2@W�9�W '

G�,�;D�bi$WS;_.1>�43WS;#0Q,�K�N�t�,�K1�3;#gh;�<�tJ5�.1>Pk/;D.1I�I�7@2@;�N[Kh>(7*?���,(;#>P0:,(;DWS;�.T>SKTM .�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�2@46N�;� J>(;�N�'3G�,�2@4�W�._?�>�Kh0�k/;D0Q,�;5#.T4:;S2@>Æ4QKhWS;S.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2@Kh>�4_t�4:9J5Q, .14D��,�;�>òN�.T0B.^��2@0:,�5�.10:;�RhKh<Q2X5#.17�.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#4�.1<Q;S2@>�ghKh7@gb;�N�'�G�,�;[>�;�5O;�4:4:2@0$? M�Kh<D9(4:;#<Q4a0QK4:I/;�5O2�M�?^��t�0:,(;6>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMz5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_t�2@>�.bN�gh.1>/5O;=5#.T>Sk/;�4:;#;#>P.T4�.�N�[email protected]�gh.1>�0B.TRh;h'�G�,�;D�bi$WS;�.T>�4�W[;#0:,�K�N�2@43>�Kh034:9�[email protected]�7@;�M Kh<N�2@4B58K1gh;#<Q2*>(R�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=��2@0Q,�>(Kh>�i:5OKh>�gb;O{P4:,J.TIJ;#4_t�Kh<6587*9(4:0:;�<:4DKTM gb;#<:?PN�2���;#<:;�>�0�4Q2*~�;h'6]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�t/2@0�2@464:;�>�4:2@0:2@gb;D0:K[>�Kh2@4:;D.T>JNKh9(0:7@2@;#<6N�.10O.DI/Kh2@>�0:4�4Q2@>J5O;a.C4:W^.17@7J>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�4:9/5:,PN�.T0B.�5#.T>^4:9�k�4Q0B.T>�0Q2X.17@7@?�2*>T{J9�;#>J58;D0:,�;�W[;�.1>[gh.17@9�;h'Ý ���im9�z �P�gúº¹ ��9�I�I/Kh4Q;a0Q,�;#<:;�.1<Q;a.�4Q;#06KTM�Khkh�O;�580:4�7@K�5�.10:;_N^2@> .�<:;�580B.1>(Rh7@; .T464Q,�K1��>^2*>��!2@Rb9�<:;a&('eF�'Z��;#0D�Y­lE(t�0:,/.1062@4_t0:,(;D9�4:;�<6�3Kh9�7XN�7@21�h;L0:KS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<L0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>�0:K�0:,�<Q;#; 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'

}�5#5OKh<ON�2@>�RD0QK=}L7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W&�' UJ'@)ht_�3;6.1<Qk�2@0:<B.T<:2@7@?a5Q,�K�Kh4Q;6E�Khkh�O;_5O0:4/4�W^.1<��b;�N�k�?�Ì Ø Í36�.T4�0:,�;L2*>(2*0Q2X.17�0:,�<Q;#;=587*9(4:0:;�<�5O;�>�0Q;#<:4_'G�,�;#>´;�.b5:, Khkh�O;�580=2@4�N�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;_N^0:K[0:,�;�5Q,�Kh4Q;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<aN�KhW�.T2@>�4Zk/.14:;_N^Kh>P��,(2j5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<�58;#>�0:;#<�2@460Q,�;a>(;�.1<Q;#4:0_'=��9/5:,Æ.N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>[M�Kh<QWS4Z.�4Q2@7*,(Kh9�;#0Q0:;�;#>J582*<O5O7@;�N^k�?�N�Kh0:0Q;�N^5O9�<Qgh;ht�.14�4Q,�K1��>S2@>+��2@Rh9�<Q;�&('eFa.86#'G�,�2@4���2@>JNDKTMJRh<QKh9�I(2*>(R=��2@7@7�9�I�N�.10Q;�0:,�;65O7@9�4Q0:;#<35O;#>�0:;#<Q4�'3G�,J.T0z2@4_t10:,�;�W[;�.1>Cgh.17@9�;3K1M�;�.h5Q,S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�2@4�<:;_5#.17X5O9�7X.T0:;�NvkJ.14Q;�NKh>[0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>S0Q,�;D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'3��;#7X.10Q2@gh;�0:K�0Q,�;#4Q;=>(;#� 58;#>�0:;#<Q4�t/Khkh�O;_5O0:4�.1<:;�<Q;Oi¢N�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;�N[0QKa0Q,�;D5:,(Kh4:;�> 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<6N�KbW�.12@>�4kJ.T4:;�NvKh>���,�2X5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<65O;#>�0:;#<32@4�0:,(;�>�;�.1<Q;#4:0_'Z��9/5:,^.L<:;Oi:N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>�M�Kh<QWS4�.L>�;#�-4Q2@7*,(Kh9�;#0Q0:;�;#>/5O2@<B5O7@;�Nvk�?�N�.T4:,�;�N[5O9�<Qgh;ht.14�4Q,�K1��>^2@>(��2@Rh9(<:;D&�'eF�k06�'G�,�2@4�I�<QK�58;#4:4�<:;#I/;�.T0:4�t���,(2j5Q,Æ7@;�.bN�4�0:K+��2*Rb9�<:;S&('eFS5$6�'���gb;#>�0:9J.T7@7*?�t/>�K^<:;Oi:N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>ÆK1M30:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4a2@>Æ.1>�? 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<,J.TI�IJ;�>�4=.T>JN[0:,�;�I�<QK�58;#4:4�0:;�<:WS2@>J.T0:;#4_'�G�,�;/ J>J.T7!5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4D.1<Q;�0:,�;D<Q;#4:9(7*0�KTM�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�I�<:K�5O;#4Q4�' �G�,�;�<:;Z.T<:;�`h9(2*0Q;�.3M�;#�Ægh.T<:2X.1>�0Q4�K1M�0:,�;3�biuW[;�.1>(4�WS;#0Q,�K�N6��,(2j5Q,aN�2���;#<�2*>�0Q,�;Z4Q;#7@;�5O0Q2*Kb>DK1M�2@>�2@0:2X.T7h��WS;�.T>�4�t�0:,�;35#.17X5O9�7X.T0:2@Kh>K1MzN�2*4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0$?�t_.1>JN�0Q,�;64Q0:<B.T0:;#Rb2@;#4�0:Ka5�.17X5O9�7X.10Q;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<�WS;_.1>�4_'!}L>�2*>�0Q;#<:;#4Q0:2@>�R�4:0Q<B.10Q;#Rh?���,(2j5Q,�KTM�0:;#>[?�2*;�7jN�4�RhK�K�N�<:;#4Q9�7@0:42@4D0:K� J<Q4:0a.TI�I�7@? .^,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17Z.TRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*Kb>P.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W 0:K´N�;#0:;�<:WS2@>�;�0:,(;�>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTMs5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4 .T>JN´0:K� J>/NÆ.1>´2*>(2*0Q2X.175O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>�t�.1>JN[0:,(;#>P9�4Q;=2@0Q;#<B.T0:2@gh;�<:;�7*K�5#.T0:2@Kh>^0QK�2*W[I�<:K1gb;�0:,�;D5O7X.T4:4:2� 5�.10:2@Kb>!'

Page 14: data mining  Chapter 08

)#U ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«Ó�lXãnm�Í�oXå�p�Êrq�Âjs/ÂYÏ»xzyF{�uD|]}U{��A�����A�I~������D�]���4yF}��E�D�8��~��4�]���]���������F���n~��4{����D���4yA{=��{����4�Q~����D���4{����4���ÝQÅ[��â�åD�IxzyF{=���F} �n{��������Y���F�4�4{��4��u���~��A��~ ��~��Q~��n~��4{ ���D���Q~��������F����������{����4���Ø�â�å���â�åD�� ¡�4{��8���¢u£�Q���A�4�4{��4��¤8y����Qy�} ������} ��¥�{��=�4yF{=�4�A}¨�����4yA{������4�]��} �j�­~��]�­�]��{������¢~��j���4yA{��D���4{����4�8�4�*�4yA{Q�����F{�~��4{��4�8}*{��A�����§�ÈùÌ1å�p[m�Ç���x8yA{�uD|�}*{��F�����F��~������D�]���4yF}�������}*����{�}*{����4{��2~��8�E���j����¤8���

¼�½ ¾D¿DÀÁ�Â�¿F¾D¿nÁ�ÃDÄ2Å�Æ�Ç�Ç�È�É u Ç�À�Ê�É�ÅDÂFÈ2¾�ÈËÂDÆ�É%Á�ÌÁ�ÂnÁ�¾�Ã�Í�ÉDÎFÇAÁ�ÎFÈ[ÏÐn½ ¿FÉ�Ñ�É�¾DÂÒn½ ¾�È�ÈAÁ�ÓDÌËÉ�¾�Å�ÆÔÇ�À�Ê�É�ÅDÂ2ÂFÇËÂDÆ�É%Å�Ã�Õ�ÈDÂFÉD¿ÖÅ�ÇD¿�¿FÉ�È�Ñ�Ç�ÌFÎnÁYÌFÓ�ÂFÇËÂDÆ�ÉÌ�É�¾D¿FÉ�ÈDÂÍ�ÉDÎFÇAÁ�Î�Ï×½ Å�¾�Ã�Å�Õ�Ã�¾DÂFÉ�ÂDÆ�ɸÇ�À�Ê�É�ÅDÂnÁ�ØFÉ�ÙDÕ�Ì�ÅDÂnÁ�Ç�Ì¢Ú�ÛDÆÁ�Å�ÆÔÁ�ÈËÂDÆ�É"È�Õ�ÍÔÇDÙ"ÎnÁ�È�ÈAÁ�ÍÁ�Ã�¾�¿nÁ�ÂFÁ�ÉDÈ

ÇDÙܾ�Ã�ÃÖÂDÆ�É"Ç�À�Ê�É�ÅDÂFÈ�ÂFǸÂDÆ�ÉAÁ�¿aÌ�É�¾D¿FÉ�ÈDÂÍ�ÉDÎFÇAÁ�Î�ÏÝn½ ÈDÛF¾�Ñ"ÂDÆ�ÉÍ�ÉDÎFÇAÁ�Î"ÞÜÀFÄܾ�Ì¡Ç�À�Ê�É�ÅD¸ßSÁ�ÙÜÈ�Õ�Å�Æܾ%ÈDÛF¾�Ñ"¿FÉDÎDÕ�Å�É�ÈÂDÆ�ɸÇ�À�Ê�É�ÅDÂnÁ�ØFÉ�ÙDÕ�Ì�ÅDÂnÁ�Ç�Ì¢Ïàn½ Õ�ÌFÂnÁ�Ã�Ì�Ç%Å�Æ�¾�ÌFÓFÉ[Ï

´

��2@Rh9(<:;D&�'eE�\��bi$WS;�N�Kh2XN�4Z.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W '

}L>�Kh0Q,�;#<^gh.1<Q2j.T>�0�0:Kò��iuW[;�.1>�4�2@4^� y�m9�N����� W[;#0:,(K�Nùk�?�4u�s9J.1>�R¤)�xbxh&-6���,(2j5Q,¤;O{�0:;#>/N�4^0:,�;Æ�bi$WS;�.T>�4�IJ.1<O.hN�2@RbW 0QK5O7@9�4Q0:;#<S5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2j5�.176N�.T0B. k�?´<:;�I�7X.h5O2@>�R´0:,�;^W[;�.1>�4CK1M=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4���2*0Q,�W[K�N�;#4�t�9�4Q2@>�RP>�;#��N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?^WS;_.14:9(<:;#4�0:K N�;�.17��2@0:,Æ5#.10Q;#RhKb<:2X5#.T7ZKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�t�.1>JN 9�4:2@>�R´.�M <:;�`b9�;#>/5O?biukJ.T4:;�N WS;#0Q,�K�N^0:K 9�I N(.10:;�W[K�N�;#46KTMs587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'[G�,�;S�bi$WS;_.1>�4�.1>JN´0Q,�;�bi$WSK�N�;#4LWS;#0Q,�K�N�465#.T> k/;a2@>�0:;�Rh<B.T0:;�N 0:K�587*9(4:0:;�<aN�.10O.���2@0:, WS2�{�;�N�>�9�W[;#<:2X5D.T>JNP5#.T0:;#RbKh<:2X5#.T7�gh.17@9�;#4_tJ��,(2j5Q,P2@4�5#.17@7@;�N^0Q,�;� y��z���/�7�J�#�g�o��� W[;#0:,(K�N�'}L>�Kh0Q,�;#<Sgh.T<:2X.1>�0�0:K��bi$WS;_.1>�4�2@4S5#.17@7@;�N ��]�4$��{�IJ;�580B.10Q2@Kh>w]P. {�2*W[2@~�.10Q2*Kb>06�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W�k�?!4u��.19�<Q2@0:~#;#>�)�xhxbd-6�t���,�2X5Q,;O{�0:;�>JN�4D0Q,�;a�bi$WS;�.T>�46I/.1<B.bN�2@RhWc2@> .[N�2�� ;�<:;#>�0���._?�\3f$>�4Q0:;�.bN^K1M�.T4:4Q2*Rb>�2@>�R�;�.b5:,´I/Kh2@>�0�0:K�.[N�;�N�2X5#.T0:;�N´5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_t�2@0=.14Q4:2@Rh>(4;�.b5:,[IJKb2@>�030:K�.D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<6.h5�5OKh<ON�2@>�Ra0QKD4:KbWS;��3;#2@Rh,�0�<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0:2@>�R[0:,�;LI�<:KbkJ.1k(2*7@2@0$?DKTM!WS;#W�k/;#<:4Q,�2@I!'�f$>^.1>�Kb0:,�;#<3�3Kh<BN�th0Q,�;#<:;.1<Q;D>�K�4:0Q<:2X5O06k/Kh9(>JN�.1<Q2@;#4�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'oG�,�;#<:;8M�Kh<Q;ht/>�;#�¤WS;�.T>�4�.T<:;D0Q,�;#>P5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�N[kJ.14Q;�N[Kh>^�3;#2@Rh,�0:;�N[W[;�.14Q9�<:;#4_'}<:;_5O;#>�0�;���Kh<:0CKh>´4B5#.T7*2@>�RP�bi$WS;_.1>�4D.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W t(I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N k�? 4uno<B.hN�7*;�?�t��J._?�?�.hN�t!.T>JN´��;#2@>J.´)�xbxh&86#t�[email protected]:;�N´Kb> .T>2XN�;�.�KTMz2XN�;#>�0:2�M�?�2@>�RD<Q;#Rh2@Kb>�4�K1M�0:,�;DN�.T0B.�0:,/.106.1<Q;D5OKhW[I�<:;#4Q4:2@k�7@;ht�<Q;#Rh2@Kh>(4�0:,J.T0�W�9�4:0�k/;DW^.12@>�0B.12@>�;_ND2@>SW^.12@>�WS;�WSKh<Q?�t1.T>JN0:,(;6<:;�Rh2@Kh>�4o0:,J.T0�.T<:;6N�2@4B5�.1<BN(.1k�7@;h'�}-I/Kh2@>�0�2@4L�Tþ@ý?PS���S�8�-'*��"s2YM�2@0:4�W[;#W�k/;#<:4Q,�2@Ia2@>�.D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�[email protected];#<Q0B.12@>�;_N�t�.1>JN�4Q9J5Q,�.�I/Kh2@>�05#.T>ÆkJ;�N�2@4B5#.T<BN�;_NÆ.1>JN Kh>�7@?^0:,(;�4:9�W[W�.1<Q2@~#;�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R M�;�.10Q9�<:;�KTMZ4:9/5:,�N�2*4O5#.1<ON�;�N´I/Kh2@>�0:4�4:,(Kh9�7XN kJ;�<Q;#0B.T2*>(;�Ng`�.SI/Kh2@>�02@4ºP�Q1ÿ/.0��"OýOý#þ['*��"L2�M�2@0�2*4L>�Kh06N�2*4O5#.1<ON�.1k(7*;Ck�9�0�k/;#7@Kh>�Rb460:KS.v0:2@Rh,�034:9�k�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_t!.1>JN 4:9J5Q, .�4Q9�k 587*9(4:0:;�<D2@4�4:9�W[W�.1<Q2@~#;�N�9�4Q2*>(R2@0:4�4Q9�WSW^.1<:2@~#;_Na5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�M�;�.T0:9�<Q;-`�.1>JN[2�Mz.CIJKb2*>�032@4Z>�;�2*0Q,�;#<6N�2@4O5#.1<ON�.1k�7@;�>�Kb<�5OKbWSI�<Q;#4:4Q2@k�7@;ht�.1>JNv4:9J5Q,P.CIJKb2*>�034:,�Kb9�7XN�k/;�S"¦<��1þ�#0"���þ�#^ÿY�1þ�#^ÿY"#ÿYQ��*)1'�G�,�;62@0:;�<B.10Q2@gh;=587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RS.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wl��2@7@7�2@>J5O7@9JN�;LKh>�7@?�0Q,�;64Q9�WSW^.1<:2@~#;_Na5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�M�;�.T0:9�<Q;#4�K1M0:,(;�58KhWSI(<:;#4Q4:2@k�7@;6I/Kh2@>�0:4�.1>JNv0:,�;�I/Kh2@>�0:43��,�2X5Q,SW�9�4Q0�<:;#0O.12@>S2@>�W^.12@>aW[;#WSKb<:?D2@>[0:,�;L2*0Q;#<B.T0:2@gh;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<6.T>J.17@?�4:2@4_t�.T>JN�0Q,�9(40:9(<:>�4�.�4:;�5OKb>JN�.T<:?biuW[;#WSKb<:?�kJ.14Q;�N^.17@KhRb<:2@0:,(Wc2@>�0QK .CW�.T2@>�WS;#W[Kh<:?bi$kJ.14Q;�N�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W0:KS.h5Q,�2@;#gb;�0:,�;D4O5#.17X.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�'

' �&���1���#���������_" ���Y�A�/"����?y � �/�#���´�_� � d���":n/�z��b=cEd�� � y�mÆ���o�/"§���/mÆ���?d��N�G�,�;^�biuW[;�.1>(4�.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W�2@4D4Q;#>�4:2@0Q2*gb;�0:KPKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4D4:2@>J5O;^.1>ÆKbkh�O;�5O0���2@0:,´4:KhW[;a;8{�0Q<:;#W[;#7@? 7X.T<:Rh;�gh.T7@9�;aW^._?^4:9�k�4Q0B.T>�0Q2X.17@7@?N�2@4:0QKh<Q0D0:,�;SN�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh>´K1M�N�.10O.�'�f$>�4Q0:;�.bN´K1M�0B.���2@>�R[0:,�;�W[;�.1> gh.17@9�;�K1M�0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4D2@> .^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�.14D.[<:;OM ;#<:;#>/5O;^IJKb2*>�0_tKh>(;�W�._?^0B.��h;S.[<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;^Khkh�O;_5O0D2@> . 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t�5#.T7@7*;_N .ÆÿY"��-QTþ[�1t���,�2X5Q, 2@4D0Q,�;�WSKb4:0D5O;#>�0:<O.17@7@?P7@K�5#.10Q;�N´IJKb2@>�0�2@>�.5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'�G�,�9�4�0:,�;�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�RSW[;#0:,�K�NP5�.1>´4:0:2@7@7�kJ;�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[;�NPk/.14:;_NPKb> 0Q,�;aI(<:2@>J5O2@I�7@;�K1M�WS2@>�2@W�2Y~#2@>�R�0:,(;a4Q9�W KTM�0Q,�;N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0Q2*;�4�kJ;#0$�3;#;#>�;_.h5Q,�Khkh�O;_5O0Z.1>/ND��2@0:,C2*0Q4�5OKh<Q<:;#4QIJKb>JN�2@>�RD<Q;OM�;#<Q;#>J5O;�I/Kh2@>�0�t_��,�2X5Q,DM�Kb<:W[4!0:,(;�kJ.14Q2*4�KTMJ0:,�;6��iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�4WS;�0:,�K�N�'· � l 4 IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>Æ.1<QKh9�>/NPW[;�N�Kh2XN�4�632@4�.^�bi$WS;_N�Kh2XN�4�0$?�I/;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RP.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W '�f$0/ J>/N�4a�´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4D2@>9�´Khkh�O;_5O0:4Dk�? J<Q4:0½ J>JN�2@>�Ra.L<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0B.T0:2@gh;�Kbkh�O;�5O0/4BÿY"��-Q1þ �$6 M�Kh<�;�.b5:,^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'oG�,�;�2@>�2@0:2X.17�4Q;#0ZKTM!WS;�N�Kh2XN�4z58Kh9�7XN�k/;=.1<Qk�2@0:<O.1<:2@7@?D4Q;#7@;�5O0:;_N�'f$0�0Q,�;#>�2@0:;#<O.10Q2*gb;#7@?a<Q;#I�7X.h58;#4ZKb>�;�K1M�0:,(;�WS;�N�Kb2XN�4!k�?�Kh>�;�KTM 0Q,�;�>�Kh>�iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�4�.T4z7@Kb>�RD.14�0Q,�;�0:Kb0B.17/N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;LK1M�0:,�;�<Q;#4:9�7@0Q2*>(R5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS2@4Z2@W[I�<:K1gb;�N�'

G�,�;�N�;#0O.12@7@;�N^.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W�K1M��/}=]�2@43I�<:;�4:;#>�0:;_NP2@>]��2@Rh9(<:;=&('eE�'�G�,�;D.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W.10Q0:;#W[I�0:430:K�N�;#0Q;#<:W[2*>(;��vIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�4�M Kh<� Khkh�O;�580:4�'o}�M�0Q;#<�2@>�2@0:2X.17/4:;�7*;_5O0:2@Kh>^KTM � » )?¨n. ª ¨ Ëht(0:,�;D.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W<:;#I/;�.10Q;�N�7@?^0:<Q2*;�4�0:K�W�.��h;6.CkJ;�0:0:;�<=5Q,�Kh2X5O;�KTMzWS;_N�Kh2XN�4�k�?.1>/.17@?�~#2@>�R�.T7*7o0:,�;�I/Kh4Q4:2@k�7@;aI/.12@<:4DKTMZKhkh�8;�5O0:4�4:9/5:,Æ0Q,J.10CKh>�;�Khkh�O;_5O0D2@4a.[WS;�N�Kh2XNP.1>/NP0Q,�;�Kh0Q,�;#<D2@4�>�Kh0_'�G�,�;�W[;�.14Q9�<:;�K1M5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS`h9/.17@2@0$?a2@4Z5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;�NvM�Kh<�;_.h5Q,^4:9J5Q,P5OKhW�k(2*>/.10:2@Kb>!'/G�,�;6k/;#4:065Q,�Kb2X5O;�K1M!I/Kh2@>�0:432*>[Kh>�;L2@0:;#<O.10:2@Kb>S2@4�5Q,�Kb4:;#>P.T4Z0Q,�;

Page 15: data mining  Chapter 08

G3IjiiI�D\BLF�©�O#©�O#§�¨5O:¨;�kR ª�©A@D§C��« )�d

a)

+

+

+

a)

+

+

++

+

+

b)

+

+

c)

+

��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�' UJ\��37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�KTMo.C4:;�06K1M�IJKb2@>�0Q4�kJ.14Q;�N^Kb>S0:,(;a�bi$WS;�N�Kb2XN�4�WS;�0:,�K�N

WS;_N�Kh2XN�43M�Kb<�0:,�;C>�;O{�0�2*0Q;#<B.T0:2@Kh>�'ZG�,(;a5OKh4Q06KTMo.v4:2@>�Rb7*;�2@0:;�<B.10Q2@Kh>^2@4Uµ¬4$�\4§� à ��6 Å 6#'U�(Kh<�7X.T<:Rh;�gh.T7*9(;#46KTM½�´.1>/NP��t�0Q,�;�5OKh4Q0K1M�4Q9J5Q, 58KhWSI(9�0B.T0:2@Kh>S5OKb9�7XN[kJ;D,(2*Rb,!'Ý ���im9�z �P�gú@% ��9�I�I/Kh4Q;�0:,�;#<Q; .T<:;�.�4Q;#0DK1M�Kbkh�O;�5O0D7@K�5#.T0:;�N^2@> .v<:;�580B.1>(Rh7@;S.14L4:,�K1��>´2@>s��2*Rb9�<:;�&�' UJ'���;#0D��­lE(t/0:,J.T0=2@4_t0:,(;D9�4:;�<6�3Kh9�7XN�7@21�h;L0:KS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<L0:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>�0:K�0:,�<Q;#; 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'

}�5#5OKh<ON�2@>�RD0QK=}L7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W&�' UJ'eF�t_�3;6.1<Qk�2@0:<B.T<:2@7@?a5Q,�K�Kh4Q;6E�Khkh�O;_5O0:4/4�W^.1<��b;�N�k�?�Ì Ø Í36�.T4�0:,�;L2*>(2*0Q2X.17�0:,�<Q;#;=587*9(4:0:;�<�5O;�>�0Q;#<:4_'G�,�;#>´;�.b5:, Khkh�O;�580=2@4�N�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;_N^0:K[0:,�;�5Q,�Kh4Q;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<aN�KhW�.T2@>�4Zk/.14:;_N^Kh>P��,(2j5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<�58;#>�0:;#<�2@460Q,�;a>(;�.1<Q;#4:0_'=��9/5:,Æ.N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>[M�Kh<QWS4Z.�4Q2@7*,(Kh9�;#0Q0:;�;#>J582*<O5O7@;�N^k�?�N�Kh0:0Q;�N^5O9�<Qgh;ht�.14�4Q,�K1��>S2@>+��2@Rh9�<Q;�&('eFa.86#'G�,�2@4A��2@>JNCK1M!Rb<:Kh9(I�2@>�R���2*7@7�9(I N�.T0:;L0:,�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�58;#>�0:;#<Q4�'�G�,/.1032*4_t10:,(;6WS;_N�Kh2XNCK1M�;�.h5Q,�587*9(4:0:;�<�2*4o<:;�5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;�N�kJ.T4:;�N�Kb>0:,(;DKhkh�O;_5O0:4�2@>^0:,�;a587*9(4:0:;�<�'6�s;#R�.T<BN�2@>�R�0QK�0:,�;#4Q;a>(;#�l5O;#>�0:;�<:4�t�Khkh�O;�580:4D.1<Q;D<:;Oi:N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;�N 0:K�0:,(;a5Q,�Kh4Q;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<DN�KbW�.12@>�4kJ.T4:;�NvKh>���,�2X5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<65O;#>�0:;#<32@4�0:,(;�>�;�.1<Q;#4:0_'Z��9/5:,^.L<:;Oi:N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>�M�Kh<QWS4�.L>�;#�-4Q2@7*,(Kh9�;#0Q0:;�;#>/5O2@<B5O7@;�Nvk�?�N�.T4:,�;�N[5O9�<Qgh;ht.14�4Q,�K1��>^2@>(��2@Rh9(<:;D&�' UDk06�'G�,�2@4�I�<QK�58;#4:4�<:;#I/;�.T0:4�t���,(2j5Q,Æ7@;�.bN�4�0:K+��2*Rb9�<:;S&(' U�5$6�'���gb;#>�0:9J.T7@7*?�t/>�K^<:;Oi:N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>ÆK1M30:,�;�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4a2@>Æ.1>�? 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<,J.TI�IJ;�>�4=.T>JN[0:,�;�I�<QK�58;#4:4�0:;�<:WS2@>J.T0:;#4_'�G�,�;/ J>J.T7!5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4D.1<Q;�0:,�;D<Q;#4:9(7*0�KTM�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�I�<:K�5O;#4Q4�' �G�,�;6��iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�4�WS;#0Q,�K�ND2@4�W[Kh<Q;Z<QKhk�9�4Q0Z0Q,J.1>S��iuW[;�.1>�4�2@>�0:,�;LI�<:;#4Q;#>J5O;�KTM >�Kb2@4:;6.1>/N�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4�k/;�5#.19(4:;D.LWS;�N�Kb2XND2@4�7@;#4Q42@>&{J9�;�>J5O;�N k�?SKh9(0:7@2@;#<:4LKh<6Kb0:,�;�<6;O{�0:<Q;#WS;Cgh.17@9�;#4�0Q,J.1>PW[;�.1>�'Z��K1�3;#gb;#<�t(2*0Q46I�<QK�5O;#4:4Q2@>�R^2*4�W[Kh<Q;�58Kh4:0Q7@?�0Q,J.1>^0Q,�;a�bi$WS;�.T>�4WS;�0:,�K�N�'�]^Kh<Q;#K1gh;�<�t�[email protected]*4QKa>(;#;�N�4L9�4:;#<L0:K�4QIJ;�582YM ? ��t�0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'

é�ê]��ê:| ^Sï�ø�ð�ñ$ð�ñ���ú6ñQúU�ײ ÷�ð�íU�C�LóPñ:ú�õQïzøi��÷á�Lï�ð�ï�ÑLïzó�÷�ó0³k�#ø��A² `gÐ=² ÷N�U�oñ��6ó ð��á_"â�WäãåWä�çæ}¤0$?�I(2j5�.17!�bi$WS;�N�Kh2XN�4�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wl7@21�h;6�/}�]��3Kh<���43;���;�5O0:2@gb;#7@?�M�Kb<Z4QW�.17@7JN(.10B.C4:;�0:4�t(k�9�032@0�N�K�;#4�>(Kh034B5#.T7*;L�Z;�7*7/M Kh<7X.1<QRh;�N�.10O.�4:;�0:4�'�G�K�N�;�.17(��2*0Q,D7X.1<QRh;#<�N�.10O.64Q;#0:4_t�.�ý?�1ÿ/.0�Yþ#&%:i$kJ.T4:;�N�W[;#0:,�K�N�t15#.T7@7*;_ND����}���}!4$5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RC7j.T<:Rb;Z.1I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4S6��.146N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N^k�?�4�7�.T9�M�W�.T>S.1>JN^�sKh9�4Q4:;#;#9��c)_xhxh|86#'

G�,�;L2XN�;�.�KTMz����}=�s}-2@4�.T4�M�Kb7*7@K1��4_\�f$>�4:0Q;�.hN[KTM!0B.���2@>�R�0:,(;=��,(Kh7@;�4:;#03K1MzN(.10B.C2@>�0:Ka5OKb>�4:2XN�;�<B.10Q2@Kh>!tbKh>�7@?�.�4:W^.17@7�I/Kh<Q0:2@Kh>K1M30:,�;�<Q;�.17�N�.T0B.[2@4�5Q,�Kb4:;#>Æ.14D.[<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0B.T0:2@gh;�KTMZ0:,�;SN(.10B.(t�.1>JNùÿº"��8Q1þ[� ý=.1<Q; 5Q,�Kb4:;#>´M�<QKhW�0Q,�[email protected]�7@;D9(4:2@>�R��/}�]Æ'�f M0:,(;a4O.1WSI(7*;L2@4�4:;#7@;�5O0Q;�N´2@>P.CMu.12@<:7@?[<B.1>/N�KhW W�.T>�>�;#<_t�2*0658Kh<:<Q;�5O0Q7*? <:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4D0:,(;a��,�Kb7@;�N(.10B.�4Q;#0�t�.1>JN[0:,(;D<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;Khkh�8;�5O0:4¿4�W[;�N�Kh2XN�4�6Z5Q,�Kb4:;#> ��2*7@7�0Q,�;#<:;8M�Kh<Q;DkJ;�4Q2*W[[email protected]<�0:K�0Q,�Kh4Q;D5:,(Kh4:;�>^M�<:KbWc0:,(;D��,�Kh7@;�N�.10O.�4:;#0_'Z����}���}�N�<B._��4LW�9�7@0:2@I�7@;4B.TWSI�7@;#4�KTM60:,�;^N�.10O.S4Q;#0�t3.1I�I(7*2@;#4D�/}�] Kh>Æ;�.b5:,ù4B.TWSI�7@;ht!.T>JN´Rh2@gb;#4D0:,(;Sk/;#4:0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R´.14�0:,�;�Kb9�0:I�9(0�'^}64�;O{�I/;�5O0:;_N�t����}���}w5�.1>�N�;�.17/��2@0:,�7X.1<QRh;#<ZN(.10B.�4:;#0Q4�0:,J.T>S�/}=]Æ'bG�,�;65OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?DK1M�;�.b5:,[2@0:;#<O.10:2@Kb>�>�K1� kJ;�58KhWS;�4Iµ¬4$�è Å Ø �\4:� à ��6�6#t��,�;#<Q;�èù2@4�0:,�;�4:2@~#;CK1Mz0Q,�;D4O.1WSI(7*;bt��[2@4Z0Q,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�t�.T>JN��P2@430:,�;D0QKh0O.17�>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTM�IJKb2*>�0Q4�'G�,�;[;���;�5O0:2@gb;#>�;#4Q4PK1M=����}=��} N�;#IJ;�>JN�4SKb>�0Q,�;^4B.1W[I�7@;�4:2@~#;h'-rsKh0Q2j58;�0Q,J.10��/}=]p4Q;�.1<O5:,(;#4�M�Kb<a0Q,�;^kJ;�4:0�� WS;�N�Kh2XN�4.1W[Kh>�RD.�Rb2@gh;#>^N�.10O.�4:;#0_t���,�;#<Q;�.146����}=��}¤4:;_.1<B5Q,�;�43M�Kh<30:,�;LkJ;�4:06��WS;_N�Kh2XN�4Z.TWSKb>�R�0:,�;Cý*"*��"�P¦<>"���4O.1W[I�7@;ZKTM!0:,�;�N�.10O.D4Q;#0�'����}���}�5#.1>(>�Kh0v J>/N�0:,(;=k/;#4Q0=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�2YMz.T>�?�4B.1W[I�7@;�N�WS;_N�Kh2XN�2@4Z>(Kh06.1W[Kh>�R�0Q,�;�kJ;#4Q06�[WS;�N�Kb2XN�4�'N�(Kh<3;O{J.1W[I�7@;htb2YMz.T>Khkh�8;�5O0�µ � 2*43Kh>(;6K1M!0Q,�;�WS;�N�Kh2XN�4�2@>�0:,(;=k/;#4Q06��WS;_N�Kh2XN�4�k(9�0Z2@032@4Z>�Kb0Z4Q;#7@;�5O0Q;�NPN�9�<Q2@>�RD4B.TWSI�7@2@>�R/th����}���}¤��2*7@7�>(;#gh;#<v />JN0:,(;6k/;#4:0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/'!G�,(2*4o2*4o;O{J.h5O0Q7*?�0:,(;�0:<B.bN�;#K��SM�Kb<�;O��5O2@;#>J58?�'�}-RbK�K�N�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RDkJ.14Q;�N�Kb>a4O.1W[I�7@;#4���2*7@7�>�Kb0�>�;�5O;�4:4B.T<:2@7@?<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0D.�RhK�K�N�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�K1M�0:,�;C��,�Kh7@;=N(.10B.�4Q;#062�M�0:,�;�4B.TWSI�7@;L2*4�k(2j.T4:;�N�'G�K^2@WSI�<QK1gh;D0Q,�;�`b9J.T7*2@0$?P.1>/N´4B5#.T7j.Tk�2@7@2*0$?^KTM=����}=�s}at!.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<a587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RÆ.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W 5�.17@7@;�NÆ����}���}=rL� 4u�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�!.T<:Rb;Z}LI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>�4!k/.14:;_ND9�I/Kh>���}=rLN�KhW[2@~#;�N���;�.T<B5Q,06���.T4�I�<:KbIJKb4:;�NCk�?c4$r�RD.1>/ND�6.T>S)�xbx1U36�'�f$0�[email protected]@4QK=.6��iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�4�0$?�I/;.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W .T>JNP5OKbW�k�2@>�;#4�0Q,�;D4B.TWSI�7@2@>�R�0:;�5Q,�>(2j`b9�;���2@0:, �/}�]Æ'���K1�3;#gh;�<�t/9�>�7@21�h;D����}���}�t ����}=�s}=r6� N�K�;#46>�Kb0=5OKb>& J>�;2@0:4Q;#7�MZ0:K^.1>�?^4B.1W[I�7@;=.T0=.1>�?^Rh2@gb;#>^0:2@WS;h's+-,�2@7@;�����}=�s}l,J.T4=.¬ ({�;_N^4B.TWSI�7@;D.10L;#gh;#<Q?P4:0O.1Rb;DK1MZ0Q,�;D4Q;�.1<O5:,�t!����}���}=rL�

Page 16: data mining  Chapter 08

)�m ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«N�<O._��4�.Æ4O.1W[I�7@;S��2@0:, 4:KbWS;^<B.T>JN�KbWS>�;#4Q4S2@> ;�.h5Q,-4Q0:;#I¤K1MD0Q,�;P4:;_.1<B5Q,!'�G�,�; 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R I�<:K�5O;�4:4P5#.1>ÁkJ;PI(<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�N�.T44:;_.1<B5Q,�2@>�R´.SRb<B.TI�, ��,(;#<:;�;#gb;#<:?´>�K�N�;�2@4�.[I/Kh0Q;#>�0:2X.17�4:Kb7@9�0:2@Kh>�tJ2$' ;h'@t!.v4:;#0DKTMs� WS;_N�Kh2XN�4_'�G�,�;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^Kbk�0B.T2*>(;�N . M�0:;�<<:;�I�7X.h5O2@>�R^.�4:2@>�Rh7@;�WS;_N�Kh2XN�2@465#.T7@7*;_NS0Q,�;�#0"#þW%?R�'SQ��3K1M�0:,�;�5O9�<:<Q;#>�0D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/'�G�,�;�>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1M�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<Q460:K�k/;D<O.1>JN�KbWS7@?0:<Q2@;�NP2@4L<:;#4Q0:<:2X5O0Q;�N´k�?P.�IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<�'�f M�.vkJ;�0:0:;�<D>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<L2*4sM�Kh9(>JN�tJ����}=�s}=r6� WSK1gh;�4�0:KS0Q,�;�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<?z 4L>�K�N�; .T>JN^0Q,�;I�<QK�58;#4:4^4:0O.1<Q0:4S.1R�.12@>N`oKh0:,(;#<:��2@4:;^0Q,�;P5O9�<:<Q;#>�0�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RÆI�<:K�N�9/5O;#4�. 7@K�5#.17�KbI�0:2@W�9�W´'^f M=0:,(;�7@K�5#.T7�KhI�0Q2*W�9(W 2@4DM Kh9�>JN�t����}���}�r6� 4Q0B.1<Q0:4^��2@0:, >�;#� <B.T>JN�KhW[7@? 4Q;#7@;�5O0:;_N¤>�K�N�;#4^2@>ò4Q;�.1<O5Q,-M�Kb<S.Æ>�;���7*K�5#.T76KbI�0:2@W�9�W´'ò����}=��}�r6� ,/.14Sk/;#;#>;O{�I/;#<:2@WS;�>�0O.17@7@?P4:,(K1��>Æ0:KPk/;SW[Kh<:;�;���;�5O0Q2*gb;^0:,J.T>ÆkJKb0:,ò�/}�] .1>JNÆ����}=�s}a'�G�,�;^5OKhW[I�9�0O.10:2@Kb>J.17�5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?^K1M�;#gh;#<Q?2@0:;#<O.10Q2*Kb>�2@>ò����}=�s}=r6� [email protected]:2X5#.T7*7@?´7@2*>(;�.1<Q7*?´I�<QKhI/Kh<:0Q2@Kh>J.T7Z0QK 0Q,�;^>�9(W�kJ;#<CK1M=Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'ùf$0a4Q,�Kh9(7jN kJ;^W[;#>�0:2@Kh>�;_N´0:,J.T0����}���}�r6��5#.T>Sk/;69�4Q;�N�0QKE J>JN�0Q,�;6W[Kh4:0�>J.T0:9�<O.17/>�9�W�kJ;�<zKTMz5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�9(4:2@>�R�ý#þ�� RTQ�Z�"¦<[<�"EP�Q?"®!P#þ["*#&</��,�2X5:,�2@4Z.�I�<:KbIJ;#<Q0$?�K1M.1> Khkh�O;�58060:,/.1064QIJ;_5O2� J;#4D,�K1�¤W�9J5Q,^0:,�;CKhkh�O;�58060:<Q9�7@?^kJ;#7@Kb>�Rh4L0:K�0:,(; 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'=����}=�s}=r6�^.T7*4QK�;#>J.Tk�7@;#4�0:,�;aN�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>´K1MKh9(0:7@2@;#<:4_t�2$' ;h'@t�0:,�;DI/Kh2@>�0:4�0Q,J.106N�K�>�Kh0�k/;#7@Kh>�R�0QKS.1>�?S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'cG�,�;DI/;#<¢M�Kh<QW�.1>/5O;�K1M�0:,�;D����}=��}�r6�^.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W�5#.T>�k/;#;#>M�9�<Q0:,�;�<=2@W[I�<:K1gb;�N[k�?^;O{�I�7@Kb<:2@>�R�4:I/.10:2X.T7zN�.T0B.�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;#4_t!4Q9J5Q, .T4=��é iu0Q<:;#;�4�t!.T>JN^4:KbWS;LM�K�5O9�4Q2@>�RS0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4�t�.14�<:;#I/Kh<Q0:;�Nk�?+4$��4:0Q;#<�t[7L<:2@;#Rb;#7z.T>JNê69Æ)�xbxhd-6�'é�êë3 ì¤ñ:÷�ø�ï�ø�ô�í6ñQô�ï�õ;²c÷�ð�í/�C�6ó}�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RÆWS;#0Q,�K�NÆ�3Kh<���4�k�?ùRh<:Kb9�I�2@>�RÆN�.10O.PKbkh�O;�5O0Q4S2@>�0:K�. 0:<Q;#;PK1MD5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'���2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RWS;�0:,�K�N�465#.T>Pk/;�M�9�<Q0:,�;#<D5O7X.T4:4:2� J;_N^2@>�0QKS.1RbRh7@KhW[;#<B.T0:2@gh;6.T>JN^N�2@g�2@4Q2*gb;�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/t�N�;#I/;#>JN�2@>�R[Kh>P��,�;�0:,�;#<�0Q,�;,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�N�;�5OKbWSI/Kh4:2@0Q2*Kb>�2*4�M�Kh<QWS;�Ns2@>a.�k/Kh0Q0:KhWviu9(I6Kh<�0:KbI�i¢N�K1��>�Mu.14Q,�2@Kh>!'�G�,�;Z`b9J.17@2@0$?6KTMJ.�I�9�<Q;Z,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RWS;�0:,�K�N[4:9&��;#<Q46M <:KhW 2*0Q462@>J.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�0:K�I/;#<$M Kh<:W�.hN��O9�4:0QWS;#>�0�Kb>J5O;a.�W[;#<:Rb;=Kb<�4:I�7@2@06N�;�582*4Q2@Kh>^2@46N�Kh>�;b'��s;�5O;#>�0L4:0:9/N�2@;#46,J._gb;k/;#;#>P;#W[I�,J.T4:2@~#2@>�R�0:,�;�2@>�0:;#Rb<B.10Q2@Kh>SKTM�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17!.TRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*Kb>a��2@0Q,�2@0Q;#<B.T0:2@gh;�<:;�7*K�5#.T0:2@Kh>[WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�'é�êë3Zê:ë WÞ�A��õ��½²c÷!ø�ï�ð�ñ:Ï3÷�ï�úU���6ñ:Ï6ñQó�ñ:ÏZ÷ í6ñQ÷!ø�ï�ø�ô(í6ñ:ô�ï�õ�ô�õ:öLóhð�÷�ø�ñ:ú/�f$>^Rh;#>(;#<B.T7ut(0:,�;�<:;a.T<:;�0$�ZK�0$?�I/;#4�K1M�,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.17z587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�N�4_\

)b' �Y�\�J �0mÆ���1���_" �J�;d�" ���1��� � d�" � �� � ���#�_���1"���� \�f$034:0B.T<:0Q4Zk�?�I�7X.h5O2@>�RD;_.h5Q,SKbkh�O;�5O032@>�2*0Q4�K1��>S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<6.T>JN�0:,�;�>SWS;�<:Rh;�40:,�;#4Q;=.T0:KhW[2X5�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:432@>�0:K67X.T<:Rh;�<Z.1>JNC7X.1<QRh;#<Z587*9(4:0:;�<:439�>�0:2@7�.17@7�0:,�;LKhkh�O;�580:4Z.T<:;�2@> .L4Q2*>(Rh7@;�587*9(4:0:;�<ZKb<�9�>�0:2@7�[email protected]*4> J;#45O;#<:0O.12@>P0Q;#<:W[2*>/.10:2@Kb>�5OKb>JN�2@0:2@Kh>�'�] Kh4:0L,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSWS;�0:,�K�N�4�k/;#7@Kh>�R[0:K�0Q,�2@4=5#.T0:;#RbKh<:?�'3G�,�;#?PN�2���;#<6Kb>�7@?2*>[0:,�;�2*<�N�;� J>(2*0Q2@Kh>SKTM�kJ;#0$�3;#;#>�i¢5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?h'��Kb<�;O{J.1WSI(7*;bt�.3WS;�0:,�K�N�5#.17@7@;�N�}6�Cr6���¿4�}LRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*gb;zrs;#4:0Q2*>(R36�2@4�2*>�0Q<:K�N�9J5O;_N�2@>c447�.19�M�W^.1>�.1>JND�sKh9�4Q4:;#;�9��-)_xhxb|-6.1>JN[2@4=.T7*[email protected]�7@;�2@>P�bi:��7@9�4�'3G�,�;DW[;#0:,(K�N[9�4Q;#460Q,�;[ý8þ#&%=�1"�X���þ�#&Õ�WS;�0:,�K�N�t���,�;�<:;�;�.h5Q, 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�2@4�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�N´k�?.17@7�0:,�;�N�.10O.�IJKb2*>�0Q462@>^0:,�;a587*9(4:0:;�<�t�.1>JN[0Q,�;D4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?ak/;#0$�3;#;#>´0$�ZK�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4D2@4�WS;�.T4:9�<Q;�N[k�?[0:,�;C4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?�K1M�0Q,�;P$�1Q_ý?"Oý�<3IJ.12@<�KTMzN�.10O.DI/Kh2@>�0:43kJ;�7*Kb>�Rh2@>�RC0:KaN�2���;#<:;�>�06587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'3}6�DrL����W[;#<:Rb;#4�0Q,�;�>�K�N�;#4E4�2$' ;h'@t12@>JN�2@g�2XN�9J.T7�Khkh�O;_5O0:4�Kb<5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�660Q,J.10�,/._gh;60Q,�;D7@;�.T4:06N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?a.T>JN�RbK�;#46Kb>S2@>P.D>�Kb>JN�;#4O5O;#>JN�2*>(R�Mu.T4:,�2@Kh>�'F('Cj " ��"$�#" �J�¬d�"����1��� � d�" � �� � ���#�_���1"��o� \/f$0�N�K�;#4�0:,�;L<:;#gb;#<:4Q;Dk�?�4:0O.1<:0Q2@>�Ra��2@0Q,�.17@7�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�2@>SKh>(;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_t�4:9(k N�2@g�2XN�2@>�R2*0[2@>�0QKÆ4:W^.17@7@;#< .T>JN 4QW�.17@7@;#<�I�2@;�5O;#4^9�>�0Q2*7L;�.h5Q,-Kbkh�O;�5O0[M�Kb<:W[4 .ù5O7@9�4:0Q;#<^Kh> 2@0:4SK1��>ÁKh<�9�>�0:2@7L2*0[4B.T0:2@4: J;�4 58;#<:0O.12@>0:;#<QWS2@>J.10Q2@Kh>Æ5OKh>JN�2*0Q2@Kh>!t�4Q9J5Q,ò.T4 .PN�;#4:2@<:;_NÆ>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�2*4CKhk�0O.12@>�;�N´Kb<D0:,�;^N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;[kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>�0$�3K 5O7@Kh4Q;#4:05O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�[email protected];S.P5O;#<Q0B.12@>Æ0Q,�<:;#4Q,�Kh7XNùN�2@4:0B.T>J5O;h'´VL2*g�2@4:2@gb;aW[;#0:,�K�N�4�.1<:;�>(Kh0DRb;#>�;#<O.17@7@? ._gh.T2*7X.Tk�7@;a.1>JN´<O.1<Q;#7@? ,J._gb;kJ;#;�> .1I�I(7*2@;�N�N�9�;�0:K�0:,(;�N�2Y��589�7@0$?aKTMzW�.���2*>(R�.C<:2@Rb,�0�N�;�582*4Q2@Kh>SKTMz4QI�7@2*0Q0:2@>�R�.10�.D,(2*Rb,S7@;#gb;#7$'!}lN�2@g�2@4:2@gh;�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.175O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[WS;#0Q,�K�N�t�5#.17@7@;�N^VLf$}=rs}r4uVL2@g�[email protected]}6>/.17@?�4:2@4S6�t�2*4�2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�N 2*>�447=.T9�M�W^.1>S.1>/N��sKh9�4Q4:;#;�9��c)_xhxb|-6#t�.T>JN[[email protected]@4:K�[email protected]�7@;�2@>���i¢��7@9�4_']^;�<:Rh2@>�RÆKTM�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4^2*4�KTM�0:;�>-kJ.14Q;�N Kb>ò0Q,�; N�[email protected]>/5O;Pk/;#0$�Z;�;#>w5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'�G�,�; ��2jN�;#7@?�9�4Q;�N WS;_.14:9(<:;#4vM�Kh<�N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;k/;#0$�Z;�;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=.1<Q;D.143M�Kb7*7@K1��4_t1��,�;#<Q; » � 2@430:,�;�W[;�.1>vM�Kh<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<Uh � t�� � 2@4�0Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�IJKb2@>�0Q4Z2@>ah � t�.T>JN Ê � à �í Ê 2@40:,(;aN�2@4:0O.1>J5O;�k/;#0$�3;#;#>´0$�ZK�IJKb2@>�0Q4A�P.1>JN¿� í '

¨ G �1� 4�h � ©�h à 6 ­ » ª[� � fFg �]î ��ï fFg C Ê � à � í ʨ GIðYH � 4�h � ©�h à 6 ­ Ê »¶� à »¿à ʨ H�ñ ¼ 4�h � ©�h à 6 ­ )7É&4:� � � à 6 Á � fFgò@ Á � ï fFg§C Ê � à � í ʨ G=H ? 4�h � ©�h à 6 ­ » ð � � fFg �]î � ï fFg§C Ê � à � í Ê

Page 17: data mining  Chapter 08

G3IOó&I�@CO:ªAF5BLF�¦A@5O#¦�BLJÔRPª�©A@C§C�=« )�q

b) c)a)a)

��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'ed�\��37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�KTM .�4:;�06K1M�IJKb2@>�0Q4�kJ.14Q;�N[Kh>^0:,(;+Ì:}LRhRh7@KbWS;#<O.10:2@gb;�rs;#4:0Q2*>(R-Í�WS;�0:,�K�N

Ý ���im9�z �P�gúOô ��9�I�I/Kh4Q;�0:,�;#<Q; .T<:;�.�4Q;#0DK1M3Khkh�O;�580:4�7@K�5�.10:;_NP2@> .v<:;�5O0O.1>�Rb7@;S.1464Q,�K1��>´2*>��!2@Rb9�<:;a&('ed�'L}6>Æ.1RhRb7@KhWS;�<B.10Q2@gh;,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R´WS;#0Q,�K�N�t!5#.T7*7@;�N´}6�Cr6����t��3Kh<���4a.T4�M�Kb7*7@K1��4_'�f$>�2@0:2X.17@7@?�tJ;�gh;#<Q? Kbkh�O;�5O0�2@4DI�7X.h5O;_N´2*>�0QK .P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�K1M2@0:4�K1��>!'�G�,�;#>´0:,(;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�.1<Q;aW[;#<:Rb;�NP4Q0:;#I�iuk�?biu4Q0:;#I�.b5#5OKb<BN�2@>�RP0QKS4QKhWS;�I�<Q2*>/5O2@I�7@;a4Q9J5Q,�.14�WS;#<QRh2@>�R�0Q,�;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4���2@0:,0:,(;SWS2@>�2@W�9�W���9J5O7@2XN�;�.T>òN�2@4:0O.1>J58;Sk/;#0$�Z;�;#>�0Q,�;�5O7@Kb4:;#4Q0�Khkh�O;�580:4�2*>Æ0Q,�;�587*9(4:0:;�<�'s��2@Rh9(<:;�&('ed]ð&6�4Q,�K1��4�0:,J.T0D0:,�;^5O7@Kh4Q;#4:04�2$' ;h'@tb��2*0Q,^WS2@>�2@Wa9(Wl��9J5O7@2XN�;�.T>�N�2@4:0O.1>J58;?6�4Q2*>(Rh7@;6Kbkh�O;�5O065O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=.T<:;/ J<:4Q0�WS;#<QRh;�Nv2@>�0QKa0$�3K�Khkh�O;�58065O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'ZG�,(2*4�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<WS;�<:Rh2@>�R�I(<:K�5O;#4Q4=<Q;#I/;�.10Q4�t�.1>JN[0:,(; 5O7@Kb4:;#4Q0�587*9(4:0:;�<:4D.1<Q;DM�9(<:0:,(;#<�WS;#<QRh;�N�t/.14L4:,�K1��>P2@>+��2@Rh9�<Q;a&�'edYñ$6L.1>JN+ò*6#'6��gb;#>�0:9J.T7@7*?�t.17@7�0Q,�;�Khkh�O;�580:4=.T<:;DW[;#<:Rb;�N�2@>�0:K�Kh>(;=k(2*RS587*9(4:0:;�<�'}�N�2*g�2@4:2@gb;a,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.1765O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RPWS;#0Q,�K�N�t�5#.17@7@;�NÆVLf$}=rs} 4$V62@g�2@4:2X.�}L>J.17@?�4:2@4�6#t��3Kh<���4D2@>Æ0Q,�;S<Q;#gh;#<Q4:;^Kh<ON�;#<_'PG�,J.T02@4�to2*>(2*0Q2X.17@7@?�t�.17@730:,�;^Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4S.1<:;[I�7X.h5O;_NÆ2@>�Kb>�;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'�G�,(;#>�0Q,�;P5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�2@4a4QI�7@2*0�.h5#5OKb<BN�2@>�R´0:K´4:KbWS;�I�<Q2@>J5O2@I�7@;ht�4:9/5:,.14C4:I�7@2@0:0Q2*>(R�0Q,�;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4 .b5#5OKh<ON�2@>�R^0:KP0Q,�;�W�. {�2*W�9�W�� 9J5O7@2XN�;�.1>�N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;�k/;#0$�Z;�;#>�0Q,�;�5O7@Kb4:;#4Q0D>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<Q2*>(R�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4a2@>0:,(;S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'���2@Rh9(<:;�&�'ed�ò$6�5#.T> k/;�g�2@;#�Z;_N .T4=0Q,�;�<:;�4:9�7@0DKTMZ0:,�;¬ /<:4:0�4QI�7@2*0_'�G�,�2@4=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�4:I�7@2@0:0Q2@>�RSI�<QK�5O;#4:4�<:;�IJ;�.T0:4_tz.T>JN;�.b5:,´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�2*43M 9�<:0Q,�;#<64QI�7@[email protected]#5OKb<BN�2@>�R[0:K�0Q,�;D4B.TWS;�5O<:2@0:;�<:2X.�'C��2@Rh9�<Q;a&�'ed¬ñ$6�.1>JN�ð&665�.1>^kJ;Cg�2@;#�3;�NP.T4�4:>J.TI�4:,(Kh0:4�KTMz4:9/5:,4:I(7*2@0Q0:2@>�RJ'���gb;#>�0:9J.T7*7@?�t�;#gh;�<:?�587*9(4:0:;�<6��2@7@7!5OKh>�0B.T2@>SKh>(7*?S.�4Q2@>�Rh7@;6Kbkh�O;�5O0_'f$>Æ;#2@0Q,�;#<�.1RhRb7@KhWS;�<B.10Q2@gh;DKb<aN�2@g�2*4Q2@gh;�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RJt�Kb>�;�5�.1>Æ4:I/;�5O2�M�?Æ0Q,�;�N�;#4:2@<:;_N�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M=587*9(4:0:;�<:4S.14�.0:;�<:WS2@>J.T0:2@Kh>S58Kh>JN�2@0Q2*Kb>�4:K�0:,J.T0Z0Q,�;�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7!5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�I�<:K�5O;�4:46��2@7@7/0:;#<QWS2@>J.10Q;���,�;#>[0:,�;�I�<QK�58;#4:4L<:;�.b5:,(;#4�0:,�;DN�;�4:2@<:;�N>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMZ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_' �

G�,�;�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7Z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�W[;#0:,(K�N�tJ0Q,�Kh9(Rh,´4:2@WSI�7@;ht(K1M�0Q;#>´;#>J5OKb9�>�0:;#<Q4 N�2���5O9(7*0Q2@;#4D.106W^.���2@>�RS5O<Q2*0Q2X5#.17�N�;�582*4Q2@Kh>�4�M Kh<4:;�7*;_5O0:2@Kh>ÆKTMs58Kh<:<Q;�5O0�WS;#<QRh;�Kh<�4:I(7*2@0�I/Kh2@>�0:4�'���9/5:,�.^N�;_5O2@4:2@Kh>´2@4�58<:2@0:2X5#.T7�kJ;_5#.19�4Q;SKb>J5O;S.[Rh<QKh9�I´K1M�Khkh�O;_5O0:4D2@4�WS;�<:Rh;_NPKb<4:I(7*2@0_tJ0Q,�;�I�<:K�5O;#4Q4a.10L0:,�;�>�;O{�0L4:0:;�IÆ��2*7@7��3Kh<���Kb>P0:,(;a>�;���7*?^Rb;#>�;#<O.10:;_NÆ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'�G�,J.10L2*4_t/2*0L��2@7*7�>�;#gb;#<�9�>JN�K[��,J.10L��.T4N�Kb>�;�I�<:;#g�2@Kh9(4:7@?S>�Kb<�IJ;�<$M�Kb<:W Khkh�O;�58064:��.1I(I�2@>�Rak/;#0$�3;#;#> 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'3G�,�9�4�W[;#<:Rb;6Kh<�4QI�7@2@06N�;�5O2@4:2@Kb>�4�t�2�Mz>(Kh0���2@4:;�;#>�Kb9�Rh,P.T04:KbWS;�4Q0:;#I!t(W�._?D7@;�.bN�0QKa7@K1�-`b9J.17@2@0$?a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'�]^Kh<Q;#K1gh;�<�t�0:,(;6WS;�0:,�K�NSN�K�;�4Z>�Kb0Z4O5#.17@;��3;#7@7J4Q2*>/5O;�0:,�;�N�;�5O2@4:2@Kb>SK1M�WS;#<QRh;�Kb<4:I(7*2@0�>�;�;�N�460QK�;O{J.1W[2*>(;6.1>JN[;#gh.T7*9/.10:;D.CRhK�K�N[>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�Khkh�O;_5O0:4LKh<65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'�L>�;PI(<:KhW[2@4:2@>�R N�2@<Q;�5O0:2@Kb>-0:KÆ2@WSI(<:K1gh;[0:,�;´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R `h9/.17@2@0$?�K1MD,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.176W[;#0:,(K�Nù2@4�0:KÆ2@>�0:;�Rh<B.T0:;P,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.175O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RÆ��2*0Q,�Kb0:,�;#<S587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RÆ0:;_5:,(>�2X`h9(;#4�M�Kh<�W�9�7@0:2@I�7@;�I�,J.T4:;P5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/'�} M ;#�c4:9/5:, W[;#0:,�K�N�4�.1<Q;^2*>�0Q<:K�N�9J5O;_N�2@>0:,(;�M�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�Ra4Q9�k�4Q;�5O0:2@Kb>�4�'�G�,(;; J<Q4:0_tz5#.T7@7*;_NPn�f:�����Ct\ J<Q4:0�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�4�Khkh�O;�580:4D,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.17@7@?�9(4:2@>�R^0:<Q;#;�4:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;�4 .T>JN0:,(;#> .1I(I�7@2*;�4�Kh0:,(;#<=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4o0:K�M Kh<:W <:;� J>(;�N 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'sG�,�;D4:;_5OKh>JN�t 5�.17@7@;�N^���6�6�st�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:4D;_.h5Q, 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<k�?ò.´5O;#<Q0B.12@> �{�;�Nù>�9�W�k/;#<aKTM=<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0B.T0:2@gh;´I/Kh2@>�0:4�.1>JNù0:,(;#> 4:,�<Q2*>i��4�0Q,�;#W 0:K1��.1<ONÆ0:,(; 5O;#>�0:;�<SK1M�0:,�;P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<[k�?ò.4:I/;�5O2� J;_NÆM <B.h580:2@Kh>!'^G�,(;�0:,�2@<BN�t�5#.17@7@;�NÆ�����=7�t!W[;#<:Rb;#4a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�kJ.14Q;�NÆKb>Æ0:,�;#2@<D2@>�0:;�<$i:5OKh>�>(;�5O0:2@g�2@0$?�'^G�,(;�M�Kb9�<:0Q,!t�5#.17@7@;�N����}�]P��������rDt/;O{�I�7@Kh<Q;#46N�?�>J.1W[2X5�WSK�N�;�7*2@>�R�2@>^,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJ'

é�êë3Zê:| ï�Î�ãS_"ìH³LïÆï�õQïzúLô�÷N�qÎhð�÷!ø(ï!ð�ñ>ÏZ÷»ã ÷N�Lö6ô�ñ:ú/�lï�úU�L_ õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU��ö6ó�ñ:ú/�õì¤ñ:÷�ø�ï�ø�ô�íLñ:÷!ó}6>�2@>�0:;�<:;#4Q0:2@>�R�2*>�0Q;#Rh<O.10:;_N�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RDWS;#0Q,�K�N�th5#.T7@7*;_Nanof:������4un3.17X.T>J5O;�Nvf$0:;#<O.10:2@gb;6��;�N�9/5O2@>�RD.1>JN��37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R9�4Q2*>(R��s2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2@;#4S6 ��.T4 N�;#gh;#7@KbIJ;�N�k�?Y44ö/,J.1>(RJth�L.1W�.���<:2@4:,�>/.1>D.1>JN���2@g�>�?�)�xhxbm-6�'!f$0�2@>�0:<:K�N�9/5O;#4�0$�3KD5OKh>J58;#I�0:4_t�� ���#�_���1"��o�h:�����_�z�1� .1>JN �ø÷ù�_�1��� 4 �� ����������1" ����÷������_���1�=�_�1��� 6#t1.1>JN�9�4:;#4*ù�ú�<§��"�"�.14�.�4:9(WSW�.T<:2@~#;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0B.T0:2@Kh>�0QK=.h5Q,�2@;#gb;RhK�K�N[4:I/;#;�NP.T>JN^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�4O5#.17X.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�2@>�7X.T<:Rh;�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4_'�f$0�2@4�.17@4:K�RbK�K�N M�Kh<32@>J5O<:;�WS;#>�0B.T7!.1>JN^N�?�>J.TWS2X5#.T7J5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[K1M2@>J5OKbWS2@>�RaN�.T0B.CIJKb2@>�0Q4�'

} � ���#�_���1"����âh:���(�����1�¤�ø÷ 2@4P. 0:<Q2@I�7@;#0^4:9�W[W�.1<Q2@~#2@>�RÆ2@>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>-.1k/Kh9(0�4Q9�k�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4ÆKTM I/Kh2@>�0:4_' ��2@gh;#>û� ¨ i

Page 18: data mining  Chapter 08

)�& ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17/IJKb2*>�0Q4 !�ü � # 2@> .C4:9(k 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_t��C�Æ2@46N�;� J>(;�NP.14

h�ý!­â4���©Ëþÿ8èC©�è�è6 4u&�'eFbE-6��,�;#<Q;�� 2*4L0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1MZI/Kh2@>�0:4L2@>P0:,�;C4:9�k�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t þÿ8è 2@4L0:,�;�7@2*>(;�.1<�4Q9�W Kb> r�I/Kh2@>�0:4_t�2$' ;h'@t�����WÂo� þüc� t�.1>JNËè¢èÁ2@460Q,�;4B`b9J.T<:;D4Q9�W K1M N(.10B.�I/Kh2@>�0:4_t�2$' ;b'*t � ��WÂo� þüc� Å '

ùA��Zhý�<�"$��þ�#&%ÓV?"��=<§Z&�S"o2@4�;#4Q4:;#>�0:2X.T7*7@?[4:9�W[W�.1<Q?a4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j584�M�Kb<�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_\Z0Q,�;D~#;�<:K1i$0:,�t& J<Q4:0�t�.T>JN[4:;�5OKb>JN^W[KhWS;�>�0Q4�K1M�0Q,�;4:9(k 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<3M <:KhW�4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j5�.17�I/Kh2@>�0�K1M�g�2@;#�D'�f$0�<:;#Rb2@4:0:;�<:4�5O<:9J582j.T7JW[;�.14Q9�<:;�WS;#>�0:4�M�Kh<�5OKbWSI�9(0:2@>�R=587*9(4:0:;�<:4�.1>JNC9�0:2@7@2@~#;#4�4Q0:Kb<B.1Rb;;O��5O2@;#>�0Q7*?[4:2@>J5O;C2*034:9(WSW�.T<:2@~#;#430:,(;=2@>�M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb> .TkJKb9�0�0:,(;=4Q9�k�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�K1M�I/Kh2@>�0:432@>�4:0Q;�.hN^KTMz4Q0:Kh<Q2@>�RS.17@7/IJKb2*>�0Q4�'} ��÷-�_�1��� [email protected],�;�2*Rb,�0$i$kJ.17X.1>/5O;�NC0:<:;�;6��,�2X5Q,a4Q0:Kb<:;#430:,�;6587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�M�;_.10:9(<:;#4_'�f$0�,J.14o0$�ZK�IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<:4�\�k�<O.1>J5Q,�2@>�RLMu.b5O0:Kb<

1�.1>JN 0:,�<Q;#4:,(Kh7XN��D'ÆG�,�;Sk(<B.1>/5:,(2*>(RPMu.b5O0:Kb<a4QIJ;_5O2� J;#4S0Q,�;^W�. {�2@W�9�W�>�9�W�k/;#<aKTM=5Q,�2@7jN�<:;#>!' G�,�;^0:,�<Q;#4:,�Kb7XN�I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<4:I/;�5O2� J;�4 0Q,�; W^._{�2@Wa9(W N�2j.TWS;#0Q;#<SKTMa4:9(k 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4 4Q0:Kb<:;�N¤.10[0:,�;Æ7@;�. Ma>�K�N�;#4_'cn�?w5Q,J.T>�Rh2@>�Rù0:,�;´0:,(<:;#4Q,�Kh7XNÁgh.17@9�;PKb>�;5#.T>�5:,/.1>�Rb;S0:,(;�4:2@~#;SKTM�0Q,�;�0:<Q;#;h' G�,�;�>�Kh>�iu7@;�. M�>�K�N�;�4D4:0QKh<:;[4:9�W[4�K1M60:,(;#2@<a5Q,�2@7jN�<:;#>Nz 4�h£ý�4�t!.T>JN´0:,�9�4_t�4:9�W[W�.T<:2@~#;D0Q,�;2@>�M�Kb<:W�.T0:2@Kh>�.1k/Kh9(0�0:,�;#2@<65Q,�2@7XN�<:;�>!'G�,�;Dnof:������.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W±,/.14�0:,(;6M Kh7@7@K1��2*>(RD0$�ZK�I�,J.T4:;#4_\� · d��J�#�¬û \!��5#.T>aN�.T0B.1k/.14:;o0:K�k�9�2@7XN�.1>�2@>�2@0:2X.1712@>�i$WS;�WSKh<Q?��C�v0:<Q;#;ht1��,�2X5Q,a5#.T>Dk/;�g�2*;��Z;�NC.14!.�W�9(7*0Q2�iu7@;#gb;#7 58KhWSI(<:;#4Q4:2@Kh>K1Mz0Q,�;aN�.T0B.C0:,J.T0�0:<Q2*;�460:K�I(<:;#4Q;#<:gb;a0Q,�;�2*>(,�;#<:;�>�0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;�K1Mz0Q,�;aN�.T0B.('� · d��J�#�¸¹ \�}6I�I(7*?S.�4 4:;#7@;�580:;�N�6�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RS.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(Wc0:K�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�0:,�;�7@;�. Mz>�K�N�;#4LK1M�0:,�;a�C��i$0:<Q;#;h'�(Kh<���,J.14Q;�)bt�0:,(;"ù�ú!<:�S"�"s2@46k�9�2@7@0=N�?�>/.1WS2X5#.T7@7*?S.T4DN�.10O.�I/Kh2@>�0:4D.1<Q;a2@>�4Q;#<:0Q;�N�'DG�,�9�4_t�0:,(;aW[;#0:,�K�N^[email protected]> 2*>/5O<:;#W[;#>�0B.T7Kh>(;h'�}IJKb2@>�0�2@4�2@>�4:;#<Q0:;�N 0:K^0:,(;S5O7@Kh4:;�4:0D7@;�. M�;#>�0Q<:? 4�4:9(k 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�6#'[f M�0Q,�;SN�2X.1W[;#0:;�<=KTM�0Q,�;�4:9(k 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�4:0QKh<Q;�N´2@> 0Q,�;�7@;�._M>�K�N�;�._M�0Q;#<62@>�4Q;#<:0Q2@Kh>^[email protected]<QRh;#<L0:,J.T>P0:,�;C0:,�<Q;#4:,�Kb7XNPgh.T7*9(;ht�0Q,�;#>P0Q,�;D7@;�._M3>�K�N�;a.1>/NSI/Kh4Q4:2@k�7@?^Kh0Q,�;#<6>(K�N�;#4D.1<:;C4:I�7@2@0�'�}sM�0:;�<0:,(;D2@>�4:;#<Q0:2@Kh> K1Mz0Q,�;D>�;���IJKb2*>�0_t�0:,(;D2@>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>�.1k/Kh9�0�2@0�2@46I/.14:4Q;�N^0QK1��.T<BN�4�0Q,�;D<:K�Kb06K1M�0Q,�;D0:<Q;#;h'��L>�;a5#.T> 5Q,J.1>(Rh;D0Q,�;4:2@~#;�KTM�0Q,�;Ôù�ú!<:�S"�"Lk�? 5Q,J.1>(Rh2@>�RS0Q,�;�0:,(<:;#4Q,�Kh7XN�'�f M�0:,�;�4Q2*~�;�K1MZ0Q,�;�WS;#W[Kh<Q?S0:,/.10�2@4=>(;#;�N�;�N M�Kh<L4:0QKh<:2@>�R^0Q,�;Ôù�úá<:�S"�"[email protected]<QRh;#<�0:,/.1>Æ0:,(;a4Q2*~�;�K1M�0:,�;�W^.12@>^WS;#W[Kh<:?�t�0:,(;#>�.[4:W�.T7@7*;�<6gh.17@9�;CK1M�0:,�<Q;#4:,�Kb7XN´2*4�4QIJ;�582� /;�N�.T>JNP0Q,�;%ù�úá<:�S"�"L2@4�<:;#k�9(2*7@0_'G�,�;�<Q;#k�9�2@7XNPI(<:K�5O;#4Q4a2@46I/;#<¢M�Kh<QWS;�N k�?Pk�9�2@7XN�2@>�RS.[>�;#�0:<Q;#;�M�<QKhW�0:,(;�7*;_._MZ>�K�N�;�4DK1MZ0Q,�;�Kh7XN^0Q<:;#;b'�G�,�9�4�t�0Q,�;�I�<QK�58;#4:4�K1M<:;�k�9�2@7XN�2@>�R�0:,�;C0:<:;�;D2@4=N�Kb>�;���2*0Q,�Kh9(0�0:,�;D>(;�5O;#4Q4:2@0$?PK1M�<Q;�.hN�2@>�RS.T7@7�0:,�;DI/Kh2@>�0:4_'3G�,�2@4�2*4�4Q2@[email protected]<�0QK�0:,�;D2@>�4Q;#<:0Q2@Kh> .T>JN[>�K�N�;4:I(7*2@0�2@>[0:,�;�5OKh>�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:2@Kb>SK1Mzn Ø iu0Q<:;#;�4�'3G�,�;#<Q;OM�Kh<Q;ht�M Kh<�k�9(2*7XN�2@>�R�0Q,�;60Q<:;#;ht/N�.10O.�,J.T4Z0QKDkJ;�<Q;�.hNL�O9�4:0oKh>J5O;b'Z��KbWS;3,�;#9�<Q2*4Q0:2X5O4.1>/N�WS;�0:,�K�N�4Z.T<:;�.17@4:KD2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�N[0QKaN�;�.T7���2*0Q,�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�.1>JN�2@WSI(<:K1gh;30:,(;=`b9J.17@2@0$?�K1Mz�C� 0:<:;�;#46k�?�.hN�N�2@0Q2*Kb>J.17(4B5#.T>�4�K1M!0Q,�;N�.T0B.�'}sM�0:;#<D�C�ù0:<Q;#;�2@46k�9(2*7@0_t .T>�? 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RP.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W t�4:9/5:,Æ.14D.v0$?�I(2j5�.17!I/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�2@>�R^.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W t�5#.1>´kJ;�9�4Q;�NP��2@0Q, 0Q,�;�C�Æ0Q<:;#;C2*>P��,/.14:;DF('nof:������0:<:2@;#4�0QK�I(<:K�N�9J5O;[0:,�;�k/;#4Q0a5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4���2@0:,P0Q,�;[email protected](7*;�<Q;#4:Kb9�<B5O;�4�'[+-2@0:,´7*2@W[2*0Q;�N^.1W[Kh9�>�0�K1M�W�.T2@>�W[;#WSKb<:?�t.1> 2*W[IJKb<:0O.1>�0�58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<B.T0:2@Kh>´2@460:K[WS2@>�2@W�2Y~�;60:,(;a0Q2*W[;�<:;�`b9�2@<:;_N^M�Kb<6f��b�a'(f$0=.TI�I�7@2@;#4=.vW�9�7@0:2�iuI(,J.14Q;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;h\}4:2@>�Rb7*;�4O5#.1>´K1M�N(.10B.�4Q;#0�?�2*;�7jN�4=.�k/.14:2X5CRhK�K�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/t!.1>JN Kh>�;DKb<6W[Kh<:;D.bN�N�2@0:2@Kh>/.17!4O5#.1>(4�5�.1>94 KhI�0Q2*Kb>J.17@7@?�63kJ;C9�4:;�N0:K�M 9�<:0Q,�;#<62@W[I�<:K1gb;Z0Q,�;a`b9J.17@2@0$?�'!��K�0:,(;�58KhWSI(9�0B.T0:2@Kh>S5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?�K1Mz0Q,�;D.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W±2@4�µ¬44�+6#t���,(;#<:;�� 2@430:,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1MKhkh�8;�5O0:4L0:K�k/;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q;�N�'��{�I/;#<:2@W[;#>�0:46,/._gh;�4:,�K1��>´0:,�;�7@2@>�;�.1<�4O5#.17X.1k(2*7@2@0$?SKTMZ0:,(; .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W ��2*0Q, <Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0:K^0Q,�;a>�9�W�k/;#<LK1MZI/Kh2@>�0:4D.1>/NPRbK�K�N`b9J.17@2@0$?�K1M 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�K1Mz0Q,�;DN�.10O.�'���K1�3;#gh;�<�t�4Q2@>J5O;�;�.h5Q,[>�K�N�;�2*>^�C��iu0Q<:;#;D5#.T>�Kb>�7@?a,(Kh7XN�.D7@2@WS2@0Q;�ND>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M!;#>�0Q<:2@;#4=N�9�;0:KC2*0Q4�4:2@~#;bt�.=�C��i$0:<Q;#;6>�K�N�;�N�K�;#4�>�Kb0Z.17@��._?�4 58Kh<:<Q;#4:I/Kh>/NS0QKD.�>J.10Q9�<B.T7J5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'Z]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�tb2�M!0:,�;65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46.1<Q;�>�Kh0�4QI�,�;#<Q2X5#.172@>^4:,J.TIJ;ht/n�f:������N�K�;�46>�Kb0�IJ;#<¢M�Kh<QW��3;#7@7!k/;�5#.T9�4:;C2*0�9(4:;#4L0:,�;D>(Kh0:2@Kb>SK1M�<O.hN�2@9�4�Kb<6N�2X.1WS;�0:;#<30:KS5OKb>�0:<:Kb7!0Q,�;Dk/Kh9�>JN(.1<:?[K1M.�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'

é�êë3Zê[î _»ã���³�_ õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU� Áó�ñQúU��ã���~Lø�÷!ó�÷!úoð�ï�ð�ñ>ÏZ÷!ó]^Kb4:0a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4�;#2@0:,�;#<CMu._gbKh<:4D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4a��2@0Q, 4QI�,�;#<Q2j5�.17�4:,/.1I/;S.1>JN´4Q2*W[[email protected]<�4:2@~#;#4_t�Kh<a.T<:;�M�<O.1Rb2*7@;�2@> 0Q,�;�I�<:;�4$i;#>J58;�K1MZKb9�0:7@2@;#<:4_'6}L> 2@>�0:;�<:;#4Q0:2@>�R^WS;#0Q,�K�N�tJ5�.17@7@;�NP���6�L�a4$�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^��4:2@>�R^�6��I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;#4�6#t�k�?�4$��9�,J.(t �L.14Q0:KhRb2z.T>JN��,�2@W )_xhxb&-6#tb2@>�0:;#Rb<B.10Q;#4�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7!.1>JNvIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�Ra.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�.1>/N�K1gh;�<B5OKbWS;#430:,�;�I�<QKhk�7@;#W K1M!M$._ghKh<Q2@>�Ra5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46��2@0:,4:I(,�;#<:2X5#.T7�4:,J.TIJ;D.1>/NS4Q2@[email protected]<�4:2@~#;#4_'

���L�6� ;#WSI�7@K1?�4�.L>�K1gh;#7/,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7J5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W�0:,/.10Z.bN�KhI�0Q4Z.�W[2jN(N�7@;�Rh<QKh9�>JNCk/;#0$�Z;�;#>^0:,�;65O;�>�0Q<:Kb2jN�iukJ.T4:;�N.1>/N�0:,(;=.17@7�i$IJKb2*>�0�;O{�0:<Q;#WS;�4�'�f$>(4:0:;_.hN�KTM!9�4:2@>�R�.�4Q2*>(Rh7@;=5O;�>�0Q<:Kb2jNv0:K�<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0=.D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<_tJ.¥ �{�;�N�>�9�W�k/;#<�KTM!<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;I/Kh2@>�0:4D.1<Q; 5Q,�Kb4:;#>´0:K[<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0�.^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'CG�,�;#4Q;�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0O.10Q2*gb;�IJKb2@>�0Q4=.T<:;�Rh;#>�;�<B.10Q;�N´k�?� J<:4Q0D4:;#7@;�580:2@>�R^�Z;�7*7�i$4B5#.T0:0Q;#<:;�N

Page 19: data mining  Chapter 08

G3IOó&I�@CO:ªAF5BLF�¦A@5O#¦�BLJÔRPª�©A@C§C�=« )�x

d)

b)

+

+

+

++

+

+

+

+

++

+++

c)

+

+

++

+

+ ++

+

++

+

++

a)a)

��2@Rh9�<Q;�&('em�\��37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�K1M�.�4:;#0�KTM�IJKb2*>�0Q4Zk�?����L�6�I/Kh2@>�0:4�M <:KhW�0Q,�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<D.1>JN 0:,�;�> 4Q,�<:2@>���2@>�R�0:,(;#W 0QK1��.T<BN^0Q,�; 58;#>�0:;#<DKTM�0:,�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<Dk�?P.�4QIJ;�582� /;�N M�<B.b5O0:2@Kb>94�4Q,�<:2@>���2@>�RMu.b5O0:Kb<S6#'�G�,(;a5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4C��2*0Q,P0:,(; 5O7@Kb4:;#4Q0=I/.12@<6KTMZ<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;�I/Kh2@>�0:4=.T<:;�0:,�;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4D0:,J.T0=.T<:;�WS;#<QRh;�NP.T06;�.b5Q, 4Q0:;#I´K1M0:,(;a.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W '

�L._g�2@>�R´WSKb<:;[0:,J.T>òKb>�;^<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;´IJKb2*>�0�IJ;�<�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<^.17@7@K1��4 ���L�6��0:K�.bN#�O9�4Q0��Z;#7@7�0QKÆ0:,�;PRb;#KhW[;#0:<Q?ÆK1MD>�Kb>�i4:I(,�;#<:2X5#.T7�4:,/.1I/;#4D.1>JNP._gbKh2XN�4Q2@>�Rh7@;Oi$7@2*>i�S;���;�5O0_'�G�,�;D4:,(<:2@>���2@>�RS,�;�7*I(4=N�.TWSI/;#>^0:,�;�;���;�5O0:4CK1M�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�'sG�,�;#<:;8M�Kh<Q;ht!���6�L�2@4�WSKb<:;6<QKhk�9(4:0�0:K�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<Q46.1>JN[2XN�;#>�0:2� J;�465O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�,J._g�2@>�RD>�Kb>�i$4:I�,�;�<:2X5#.17�4:,J.TIJ;�4=.1>/NS��2XN�;�gh.T<:2X.1>J58;=2@>[4:2@~#;h'G�K�,J.T>JN�7@;Z7X.T<:Rh;3N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4_t����L�6�^;#W[I�7@K1?�4!.=58KhW�k�2@>J.T0:2@Kh>LK1MJ<O.1>JN�KbW�4B.TWSI�7@2@>�R�.1>JNCIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�2@>�RJ\/}�<O.1>JN�KhWl4O.1W[I�7@;2@4v J<:4Q06IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�;�N^.T>JN[;�.h5Q,PIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>^2@4�IJ.1<Q0:2X.17@7@? 587*9(4:0:;�<:;�N�'sG�,�;DIJ.T<:0:2X.T7!5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4D.1<Q;D0:,(;#> 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q;�NP2@>^.�4:;�5OKb>JN IJ.14Q40:K�?�2@;#7XN�0Q,�;aN�;�4:2@<:;�N 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'G�,�;´W�.��OKh<�4Q0:;#I�4 K1Ma0Q,�; ���L�6�c.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W .1<Q; k�<Q2@;�{J?-Kb9�0:7@2@>�;�N-.T4[M�Kh7@7@K1��4�\ 4B)76^N�<B._� .ù<B.T>JN�KbW 4B.1W[I�7@;+Ëht¿4uF86IJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>S4O.1WSI(7*;UËL0QK;�SIJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�4_th;�.b5Q,�KTMz4Q2*~�;¥Ë7É$��t\4uE86�IJ.T<:0Q2j.T7@7*?�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�432@>�0QKcË7É$�0ì�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t�M Kh<34:KhW[;Lì�� )bt4�U&6�;#7@2@WS2@>J.T0:;�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4Dk�?P<O.1>JN�KbW 4O.1WSI(7*2@>�R/\62�M�. 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<DRh<QK1��4D0:K�K^4:7@K1�Dt�;�7*2@W[2*>/.10:;C2*07`A4$d-6D587*9(4:0:;�<aIJ.T<:0Q2j.T7�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_tZ.I�<QK�58;#4:4�K1M!4Q,�<:2@>���2@>�R�W�9�7@0:2@I�7@;3<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0O.10Q2*gb;aI/Kh2@>�0:430:K1��.1<ON�430:,�;�Rh<O._g�2*0$?S58;#>�0:;#<Lk�?S.�M�<O.h5O0Q2*Kb>SKTM��3th4QIJ;_5O2� J;�N^k�?S.�9�4Q;#<�t��,�;#<Q;60Q,�;�W�9�7@0:2@I�7@;�<:;#I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;#4�5#.1I(0:9�<Q;60:,(;�4:,J.TIJ;�KTM 0Q,�;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<?`�.T>JN¶4um-6�W^.1<��DN�.T0B.L��2@0:,�0:,�;658Kh<:<Q;#4:I/Kh>/N�2@>�Ra5O7@9�4Q0:;#<7X.1k/;#7@4�'�s;#<:;D�3;�I�<:;�4:;#>�0=.T>^;O{J.1WSI(7*;L0:K�4:,�K1�¤,�K1�����6�L�Æ�3Kh<���4_'

Ý ���im9�z �P�gú�� ��9�I�I/Kh4Q;�0:,�;#<Q;S.1<Q; .v4:;#0DKTMZKhkh�8;�5O0:4�7@K�5#.10Q;�N 2*>Æ.�<Q;�5O0O.1>�Rb7*;�<:;�Rh2@Kh>!'D��;#0U�+­F�t/0Q,J.10�2@4�t/0:,(;a9�4Q;#<D�3Kh9�7XN7@21�h;60QKS5O7@9�4:0Q;#<60Q,�;DKbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>�0:K�0$�ZK�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_'��2@<:4Q0�t�dh|^Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4 .T<:;�4B.TWSI�7@;�N´.14C4:,�K1��>Æ2@>9�!2@Rb9�<:;^&�'em�ð36�'SG�,(;#>Æ0:,�;�4:;^Khkh�O;_5O0:4�.1<Q;�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(;�N´2@>�2@0:2X.17@7@?S2@>�0:KP0$�3K5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�tL;�.h5Q,-5OKh>�0O.12@>�2@>�RÆFhd IJKb2*>�0Q4�' +Æ;SI/.1<:0Q2X.17@7@?�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<S0Q,�;^IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(4�2*>�0QKò)_| 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4^kJ.14Q;�NùKh> WS2@>�[email protected]�W[;�.1>N�2@4:0O.1>J58;h'���.h5Q,^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<Z<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0O.10:2@gb;=2@4�W^.1<��h;�N�k�?�.�4:W^.17@7�58<:Kh4Q4�t�.T4Z4Q,�K1��>�2@>º��2@Rh9�<Q;6&�'emEñ$6#'�G�,�;#4Q;�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0O.10Q2*gb;#46.1<Q;4:,(2YM 0:;�N�0QK1��.T<BN�4�0Q,�;=58;#>�0:;#<3K1M�Rh<O._g�2@0$?Dk�?�.sM�<B.b5O0:2@Kh>��3th.T4�4:,(K1��>�2*>���2@Rh9(<:;6&�'em/ò$6#'�G�,�;�? 5#.TI�0:9(<:;60Q,�;64Q,J.1I/;�K1M!0Q,�;65O7@9�4Q0:;#<.1>/N^M�Kb<:W�0$�3K�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'CG�,�9(4�t�0Q,�;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4a.1<Q;aI/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�;_N^2@>�0QKS0$�3K�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t���2@0:, 0:,�;�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�<:;#W[K1gh;�N�tJ.14�4Q,�K1��> 2@>��2@Rh9�<Q;�&('em ¨ 6#' ����L�6�ùI�<:K�N�9/5O;#4D,�2@Rb, `b9J.T7@2*0$?S587*9(4:0:;�<:4D2@>^0:,�;�;O{�2@4:0Q;#>J5O;�K1MZKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4�tJ58KhWSI(7*;8{�4:,/.1I/;#4�K1MZ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4C��2*0Q,PN�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0�4:2@~#;h'f$034B5#.T7*;�4��Z;#7@7(M�Kh<37X.1<QRh;6N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4���2*0Q,�Kh9(0�4B.b5O<:2� 5O2@>�R�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS`h9/.17@2@0$?�'!���L�6�´>�;�;�N�4=.=M�;#�-9�4Q;#<$i$4:I/;�5O2� J;_NPIJ.T<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4_t4:9/5:,Æ.14�0Q,�;D4:2@~#;�K1M30:,�;�<B.T>JN�KhW 4B.TWSI�7@;ht(0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�N�;#4:2@<:;_N 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t�.1>JN 0:,�;�4:,�<Q2@>���2*>(R�M�<O.h5O0Q2*Kb>��Z'��L>�;�`h9(;#4:0Q2*Kb>2@4D0:,(;�4:;#>�4Q2@0:2@g�2*0$?´K1M�0:,(;#4:;[IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4D0:K^0:,(;S<:;�4:9�7@0:4CK1M=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJ'[}±4Q;#>�4Q2*0Q2@g�2@0$?Æ.1>J.T7@?�4Q2@4=,/.14Dk/;#;#>ùI�<:K1g�2XN�;�N Kh>Æ0Q,�;;���;�5O0�K1M�5Q,J.T>�Rh2@>�R[IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4�'�f$0�4:,(K1��4�.T7@0:,�Kb9�Rh,P4QKhW[;DIJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4D5#.1>´kJ;�gh.1<Q2@;�N^��2@0:,�Kb9�0�[email protected]:2@>�R�0:,�;�`b9J.17@2@0$?^K1M5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJt�0Q,�;DIJ.T<B.TWS;#0Q;#<Z4Q;#0:0Q2@>�RS2@>SRb;#>�;#<O.17�N�K�;#46,J._gb;=.�4Q2*Rb>�2� 5#.T>�032@>&{J9�;�>J5O;DKb>�0Q,�;D<Q;#4:9�7@0Q4�'

Page 20: data mining  Chapter 08

Fh| ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«

Data Set

the Graph

Partition

Partitions

Merge

K-nearest Neighbor Graph Final Clusters

a Sparse Graph

Construct

��2@Rh9(<:;D&�'eq�\�����}�]P��������rD\���2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�kJ.14Q;�N^Kb>��biu>(;�.1<Q;#4:0L>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:4�.1>JN[N�?�>J.1W[2X53WSK�N�;#7@2@>�R

}L>�Kh0Q,�;#<z.TRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*gb;�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R=.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WwN�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N�k�?;4$��9�,J.(t��L.14:0QKhRb2h.1>JND��,�2@Wl)�xbxhx-6�t�5#.T7@7������=7�t2@4�4:9�2@0Q;�N[M�Kb<65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^5#.10Q;#RhKb<:2X5#.17�.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#4_'Zf$0�W[;�.14Q9�<:;�460:,(;D4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0$?DK1M�0$�ZKS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�k�?^5OKhW[IJ.1<Q2@>�RD0:,(;a.1RbRh<:;�R�.10Q;2@>�0:;#<¢i¢5OKb>�>�;�580:2@g�2*0$?�K1M/0$�ZKD5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�.TR�.12@>�4Q0z.L9�4Q;#<$i$4:I/;�5O2� J;�N[4Q0B.10Q2X532*>�0Q;#<$i:5OKh>(>�;�5O0Q2*g�2@0$?DW[K�N�;#7$t���,(;#<:;�0Q,�;�2@>�0Q;#<$i:5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q2@g�2@0$?K1M�0$�ZK�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�h � .T>JN�h Å .1<Q;�N�;� J>�;�N[k�?�0:,(;=>�9�W�k/;#<3K1Mz5O<QKh4Q4�7*2@>���43kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>P0:,�;L0$�ZK�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t�.1>JN���ª ���\4�� � © � à 63.1<:;�0Q,�;>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMZ5OKhW[WSKh>�>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<Q4�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>P0$�ZK�I/Kh2@>�0:4�� � .1>JN¬� à '�����=7â J<:4Q0a5OKb>�4:0Q<:9J5O0Q4 .v4:IJ.T<:4Q;�Rh<B.TI�, M�<:KbW .SRb2@gh;#> N(.10B.[4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?�W�.10Q<:2�{�9(4:2@>�RP.[4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?�0:,(<:;#4Q,�Kh7XNÆ.1>/NP0Q,�;5OKb>J5O;#I�0LK1M�4:,/.1<:;_N^>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<Q4�t�.1>/NS0Q,�;#>PI/;#<¢M�Kh<QW .C,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W Kh>S0Q,�;D4QIJ.1<Q4:;DRb<B.1I(,!'

é�êë3Zê�� _"ìkWÞ´��aâ���� �H³*W£í6ñQ÷!ø�ï�ø�ô(í6ñ:ô�ï�õDô�õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU��ïzõ��A��ø�ñ¢ð�íU² ö6ó�ñ:ú/�e�sû6ú6ï�²cñQô ²q�C�6÷!õQñ:ú/�}6>(Kh0:,(;#<�2@>�0Q;#<:;�4:0:2@>�RÆ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W t�5#.T7@7*;_NÆ����}=] ���!����rCt���,�2X5:,ù;O{�I�7@Kh<Q;#4 N�?�>/.1WS2X5CWSK�N�;#7@2@>�R[2*>Æ,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.175O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJt�,J.T4�kJ;�;#>�N�;�gh;#7@KhI/;�N�k�?�7=.T<:?�I�2@4�t��6.T>S.1>JN�7L9�W�.T<v4B)�xbxhx86#'�f$>�2*0Q4�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�I�<:K�5O;�4:4�t(0$�ZKD5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�.T<:;LWS;#<QRh;�N2�MD0:,�;P2@>�0:;�<$i:5OKh>�>(;�5O0:2@g�2@0$?-.1>JN-587*Kb4:;#>(;#4:4�4�I(<:K_{�2@WS2@0$?�6�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>w0$�3K�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4´.1<:; ,�2@Rh,�7@?Æ<:;�7j.T0:;�N 0:K�0Q,�;P2@>�0:;#<Q>J.17L2@>�0Q;#<$i5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q2@g�2@0$?^.1>JN[5O7@Kh4:;�>�;#4:4LK1M�Khkh�O;�580:46��2@0Q,�2@>�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'3G�,�;�WS;#<QRh;LI�<:K�5O;#4Q46kJ.T4:;�N[Kb>S0:,(;�N�?�>/.1WS2X53W[K�N�;#7�M$.h5O2@7@[email protected];#40:,(;�N�2*4O5OK1gh;�<:?�K1M!>/.10:9(<B.17�.1>/N�,�KbWSKhRb;#>�;#Kb9�4Z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�t/.1>JN�2@0�.1I�I�7@2@;#4�0QK .T7@7�0$?�IJ;#4�KTMzN�.10O.a.T4Z7@Kb>�RD.14�.D4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?LM�9�>J580:2@Kh>2@4�4:I/;�5O2� J;�N�'

���s}=]P��������r 2@4aN�;#<Q2*gb;�NùkJ.14Q;�NùKh>Æ0Q,�;^Khk�4Q;#<:gh.T0:2@Kh>ùK1M60:,(;��3;�.���>(;#4:4�KTM60$�ZK´,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�\���6�L�l.T>JN������=7�'����6�L�l.1>/NÆ<:;�7j.T0:;�Nù4O5:,(;#WS;#4�2@Rb>�Kh<Q;S0:,(;�2@>�M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb> .1k/Kh9(0a0Q,�;P.1RhRb<:;#R�.10Q;S2@>�0:;#<¢i¢5OKb>�>�;�580:2@g�2*0$?ùK1MKhkh�8;�5O0:4�2@> 0$�3KP5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:47`���,�;�<:;�.T4a�����=7at�0:,�;�Rb<:Kh9(I�._gh;#<O.1Rh2@>�R[WS;#0Q,�K�N�t!.T>JNP<Q;#7X.10Q;�N´4B5Q,�;#W[;#4D2@Rh>(Kh<:;�0:,(;�2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>.1k/Kh9(0�0:,�;a587*Kb4:;#>(;#4:4LK1Mz0$�3KS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46��,�2@7@;�;#WSI�,/.14:2@~#2@>�RCKh>^0:,�;�2*<�2@>�0:;�<$i:5OKh>�>(;�5O0:2@g�2@0$?�'���s}=]P��������r J<Q4:0�9�4Q;#4�.6Rb<B.TI�,aI/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�2@>�R�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(Ww0QK�587*9(4:0:;�<Z0Q,�;6N�.10O.L2*0Q;#WS4�2@>�0QKD.67X.T<:Rh;3>�9�W�k/;#<!KTM <Q;#7X.10:2@gb;#7@?4:W^.17@7�4:9�k�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'^G�,�;#>ù2@0=9(4:;#4�.1>Æ.1RbRh7@KhW[;#<B.T0:2@gh;D,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17Z587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W 0QK� J>JN´0:,(;�Rh;#>�9�2@>�;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4ak�?<:;�IJ;�.T0:;�N�7*?�5OKbW�k�2@>�2@>�RZ0QKhRb;#0:,�;�<�0:,�;�4:;65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'�G�K=N�;�0:;#<QWS2@>�;30:,�;3IJ.12@<Q4!K1M/WSKh4Q0!4Q2*W[[email protected]<J4Q9�k�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4_t�2*0�0B.��h;#4�2@>�0:K=.b5#5OKb9�>�0

k/Kh0:,�0:,(;Z2@>�0:;#<¢i¢58Kh>�>�;_5O0:2@g�2@0$? .T4!�3;#7@7�.T4�0:,�;65O7@Kb4:;#>�;�4:4�KTMJ0:,�;6587*9(4:0:;�<:4�tb;#4QIJ;�582j.T7@7*?C0:,�;32@>�0Q;#<:>/.17J5Q,J.T<B.h580:;#<Q2*4Q0:2X5O4�KTMJ0:,(;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:40:,(;#WS4Q;#7@gh;#4_'�G�,�9�462@06N�K�;#4�>�Kb06N�;#I/;#>JN Kh> .�4Q0B.10Q2X51t/9�4:;#<¢iu4Q9�I�I�7@2@;�N^W[K�N�;#7$t�.1>JN 5#.1> .T9�0:KbW�.T0:2X5#.17@7@?a.bN�.1I�0L0:K�0Q,�;a2@>�0:;�<:>J.T75Q,J.1<O.h5O0Q;#<:2@4Q0:2X5O4�K1M�0:,�;a587*9(4:0:;�<:46k/;#2@>�R�W[;#<:Rb;�N�'}L4=4Q,�K1��>´2*>��!2@Rb9�<:;�&�'eq�t����s}=]P��������r<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:4�2@0:4�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4DkJ.14Q;�N´Kh> 0:,�;S5OKbWSW[Kh>�7@?�9�4:;�NÆ��iu>�;_.1<:;�4:0D>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<Rh<O.1I�, .1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,!'P��.h5Q,ùgh;#<Q0:;O{ K1M�0:,�;^�biu>(;�.1<Q;#4:0�>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<aRb<B.1I(,Æ<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4�.PN(.10B. Khkh�O;�580�tZ.T>JN´0:,(;#<:;^;O{�2@4:0Q4 .T>�;�N�Rb;k/;#0$�Z;�;#>�0$�ZKùgh;#<Q0:2X5O;#4 4�Khkh�8;�5O0:4�6#t�2�MaKb>�;PKhkh�8;�5O0P2@4�.TWSKb>�R 0Q,�;Æ�biuW[Kh4Q0�4:2@[email protected]<�Khkh�O;_5O0:4PKTMa0:,(; Kb0:,�;#<_'G�,�;Æ�biu>(;�.1<Q;#4:0>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<LRh<O.1I�,��

e5#.TI�0:9(<:;#4�0:,(; 5OKb>J5O;#I(0=KTM�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:,(K�K�N^N�?�>J.TWS2X5#.17@7@?�\!G�,(;D>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�N <B.hN�2*9(4�K1MZ.SN�.T0B.�I/Kh2@>�0�2@4N�;#0Q;#<:W[2@>�;�N[k�?S0:,(;aN�;#>�4Q2@0$?SK1M�0Q,�;�<:;#Rb2*Kb>^2*>^��,�2X5Q,^0:,�2@4�Kbkh�O;�5O0L<:;#4Q2jN�;#4�'3f$>P.�N�;#>�4Q;D<:;�Rh2@Kh>!t(0:,�;�>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N[2*46N�;� J>�;�N>J.T<:<:K1��7@? .T>JN 2*>Æ.[4:IJ.T<:4Q;S<:;�Rh2@Kh>!t�0:,�;�>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�NP2@4DN�;� />�;�NÆW[Kh<Q;D��2XN�;#7@?�'��3KhW[IJ.1<Q2*>(R���2*0Q, 0Q,�;�WSK�N�;�7 N�;� J>�;�N´k�?N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N WS;#0Q,�K�N�7@21�h;=V�n3���3}=rCt���,�2X5Q,S��2@7@7�k/;=2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�N 2*>^��;�5O0Q2@Kh>P&�'em�.1>JN[��,�2X5Q,^9�4:;#4�[email protected]>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�NN�;#>(4:2@0$?�t��

e5#.TI�0:9(<:;#4DW[Kh<Q;D>J.10Q9�<B.T7�>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�N�'a]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�t�0:,�;SN�;�>�4:2@0$?PKTMZ0:,�;�<Q;#Rh2@Kb>P2@4=<Q;�5OKb<BN�;�Nù.14�0:,(;a�3;#2@Rh,�0�K1M0:,(;D;�N�Rb;#4�'oG�,J.10�2@4�t�0Q,�;�;�N�Rb;DK1M�.�N�;#>�4Q;D<:;#Rb2@Kh>^0:;#>/N�460QKa�3;#2@Rh,�0�WSKb<:;L0:,J.T>�0Q,J.103K1MZ.C4:IJ.T<:4Q;D<:;#Rb2@Kh>!'

���s}=]P��������r N�;�0:;#<QWS2@>�;#4�0Q,�;^4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$? kJ;#0$�3;#;#>Á;�.h5Q,-IJ.T2@<aKTM�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4Öh � .T>JNäh à .h5�5OKh<ON�2@>�R 0QKÆ0:,�;�2*<�<Q;#7X.10Q2*gb;2@>�0:;#<¢i¢5OKb>�>�;�580:2@g�2*0$?�¾ �&4�h � ©�h à 6�.T>JN[0:,�;�2*<�<Q;#7X.10Q2*gb;D5O7@Kh4:;�>�;#4:4E¾*h¬4�h � ©�h à 6#'G�,�;´<:;�7j.T0:2@gh;´2@>�0:;#<¢i¢5OKb>�>�;�580:2@g�2*0$?�¾!�T4�h � ©�h à 6[k/;#0$�Z;�;#>�0$�ZK-5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4"h � .1>/N»h à 2@4^N�;� J>�;_N�.14P0Q,�; .Tk�4:Kb7@9�0:;´2@>�0Q;#<$i5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q2@g�2@0$?Æk/;#0$�3;#;#>»h � .T>JNÔh à >�Kh<QW�.T7*2@~#;_NP��2@0:,Æ<Q;#4:I/;�5O0[0:KP0Q,�;^2@>�0Q;#<:>/.1732*>�0Q;#<$i:5OKh>(>�;�5O0Q2*g�2@0$?ÆK1M�0:,(;�0$�3K 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�h �

Page 21: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�"8I���ª�¨6«&O#©UM�#%$½B=«(ªA� ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAFCO:¨¿�kRPª�©A@C§C�=« F�)

.1>/N2h à '�G�,J.T0�2@4�t¾ �&44h � ©�h à 6À­ Ê d�h'& gò@ î g§C�( Ê�Å 4 Ê d�h g @ Ê$ØaÊ d�h g C Ê 6 4u&�'eFTU36

��,�;#<Q; d£h'& gò@ î g§C�( 2@4L0:,�;]"��=%�"¦XSP$Z8<6KTM�0:,�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<D5OKh>�0O.12@>�2@>�R�kJKb0:,"h � .1>JNah à 4:K[0:,J.T060Q,�;a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�2@46k�<QK-�b;#>P2@>�0:K�h � .T>JNh à tJ.T>JN[4:2@[email protected]<Q7*?�tFd�h g @ 4 Kh<Ud£h g C 632@4�0:,�;vý8þ*)*"¬Q:VCþ1<�ýDÿ�þ�#&XSP*Z8<5'�þ@ý?"�P�<�Q��¶4�2$' ;h'@t�0:,�;D�3;#2@Rh,�0Q;�N[4:9�W K1M�;�N�Rb;#460Q,J.10�I/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>0:,(;DRh<O.1I�,^2@>�0:K�0$�ZK�<:Kb9�Rh,�7@?�;�`b9J.T7!IJ.T<:0Q4S6#'

G�,�;[<:;#7X.T0:2@gh;P5O7@Kh4Q;#>�;#4Q4Sk/;#0$�3;#;#>w. IJ.12@<�K1MD5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4ah � .T>JN¡h à tv¾Uhº4�h � ©�h à 6#t�2@4SN�;¦ J>�;�N .14�0Q,�;P.1k�4QKh7@9�0Q;�5O7@Kh4Q;#>�;#4Q4k/;#0$�Z;�;#>Üh � .T>JNah à >�Kb<:W�.T7@2*~�;�N���2@0:,S<Q;#4:I/;�5O0C0:K�0:,�;D2@>�0:;�<:>J.T7!5O7@Kh4:;�>�;#4:4�KTMz0:,(;D0$�ZK�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4øh � .T>JNah à '�G�,/.10�2@4�t

¾Uhº4�h � ©�h à 6À­ è,+ g�-/. @10 . C�2> gò@E>> g @ > 3-> g C > è,+ g . @ Ø > g C >> g @ > 3-> g C > è�+ g . C 4u&�'eFbd-6

��,�;#<Q; è + g -/. @ 0 . C 2 2*4C0:,�;^._gh;#<O.1Rh;��3;#2@Rh,�0�K1M60Q,�;�;�N�Rb;#4�0:,/.10a5OKb>�>�;�580agb;#<:0Q2j58;#4a2@>¡h � 0QKPgh;#<Q0:2X5O;#4�2@>Ôh à t�.1>JN è + g . @ 4�Kb<è + g . C 632@4�0:,�;D._gb;#<B.TRh;��Z;�2*Rb,�0�K1Mz0Q,�;D;�N�Rh;#4�0Q,J.10�k/;#7@Kh>�R�0QK�0:,�;�W[2*>�i¢5O9(0Zk�2@4Q;�5O0:Kb<6KTM 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<*h � 4 Kh<�h à 6#'

f$0L,J.14LkJ;#;�> 4Q,�K1��>P0:,/.10=���s}=]P�o�!����r�,J.14LWSKb<:;�IJK1�3;#<D.10�N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:2@>�RS.T<:k�2@0Q<B.1<Q?^4:,J.TIJ;�N´5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4D2@>�,(2*Rb, `b9J.17@2@0$?0:,/.1>�V=n3���3}�rò.T>JN����6�6�s' �sK1�Z;�gh;#<_t10:,�;�I(<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�Ra5OKb4:0�M�Kb<z,(2*Rb,aN�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17hN�.T0B.LW�._?�0O.��h;=µ¬4:� Å 6�0:2@W[;!M Kh<�vKhkh�O;_5O0:42@>^0:,�;��3Kh<:4Q065#.14Q;h'é�ê54 ±-÷�ú6ó�ñ$ð1ûCÐ�Ñ6ï�ó�÷N� ô�õ:öLóbð�÷�ø�ñ:ú/�a²c÷�ð�í/�C�6óG�KSN�2@4B5OK1gb;#<65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=��2@0Q, .T<:k�2@0Q<B.1<Q?S4Q,J.1I/;ht�N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�NP587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�,J._gb;�kJ;#;�> N�;�gh;#7@KhI/;�N�t(��,�2X5Q,�;�2*0Q,�;#<�5OKh>�i>�;�580:4�<:;#Rb2@Kh>�4���2@0:,[4:9���582*;�>�0Q7@?S,�2@Rh,^N�;#>�4Q2@0$?S2@>�0:KS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46Kh<6587*9(4:0:;�<:46Kbkh�O;�5O0Q46kJ.T4:;�N Kh>PN�;#>�4Q2@0$?�M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>^N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>!'é�ê54�ê:ë ±!ïSæ�_"Wä�H³=W��6÷!úLó�ñ$ð1ûCÐ�Ñ6ï�ó�÷N�ô�õ:öLóhð�÷�ø�ñ:ú/�!²c÷�ð�í/�C�×Ñ6ï�ó�÷N�q��úcôg��úLú6÷!ô/ð�÷o�±ø(÷N��ñ���ú6ó76�ñ¢ð�í

ó�ö'8cô�ñ:÷�ú�ð�õ$ûcíLñ���í �6÷�ú6ó�ñ$ð1ûV�nZ�(�3}=r�4uVL;#>(4:2@0$?bi¢n3.14Q;�N-��IJ.T0:2X.17��37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RÆKTM6}6I�I(7*2X5#.T0:2@Kh>(4a��2@0:, r�Kb2*4Q;?6�2@4S. N�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W tN�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N^k�?�� 4:0:;�<�t[7L<:2@;#Rh;�7ut��(.1>JN�;�<=.1>/N�êL9�4B)�xbxhm86#'�G�,�;a.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WRh<:K1��4�<Q;#Rh2@Kb>�4���2@0:,S4Q9���5O2@;#>�0:7@?[,�2@Rh,PN�;#>�4Q2@0$?S2@>�0:K5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4a.1>JN N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:4D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4DK1M�.T<:k�2@0Q<B.1<Q?^4:,J.TIJ;�2@>P4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;���2@0:,P>�Kb2@4:;h'L}±5O7@9�4Q0:;#<C2*4�N�;� J>(;�N .T4D.�W�. {�2*WS.T74:;�06K1M�N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi:5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q;�N IJKb2*>�0Q4�'

G�,�;LkJ.14Q2X562XN�;_.DKTM N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�2@4�.T43M�Kh7@7@K1��4�\N�(Kh<3;�.b5:,^Kbkh�O;�5O0�KTMz.�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t(0:,�;�>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�N�K1M�.DRb2@gh;#><B.bN�2@9�4E4%9�6/4$5#.17@7@;�N79*X�#0"#þW%?R�'SQ���RTQ7Q7�$63,J.T4�0:KS5OKb>�0O.12@>P.1037@;�.14Q06.�WS2@>�2@Wa9(Wl>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMzKbkh�O;�5O0Q4;4��aª �[� ¶SË76#'}L>=Kbkh�O;�5O0_t1��2@0:,�2@>�.3Rh2@gh;#>�<O.hN�2@9�4�4:9S6�5OKh>�0O.12@>�2@>�R3>�K�7@;#4:4�0:,J.T>�.3W[2@>�2@W�9�W�>�9�W�k/;#</K1M�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�NLKbkh�O;�5O0Q4Ó44�aª[�[�U¶SË?6�t2@465#.17@7@;�N^.¬� �/�1�+� �<; � � � 4���2@0Q,�<Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0QK .�<O.hN�2@9�4=9L.1>JN[.�WS2@>�2@Wa9(Wl>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMzI/Kh2@>�0:4��aª �[� ¶SË76#'}L> Kbkh�O;�5O0U�´2@4 ��"��1� � �_ � ����� ��" �#�gy:�1��� � d�� � X� M�<QKhW Khkh�O;�580cì���2@0:,´<:;�4:I/;�5O0�0:K .[<B.bN�2@9�4>9D.1>/N .[WS2@>�2@W�9�Wc>�9�W�k/;#<K1M�I/Kh2@>�0:4��aª[�[�U¶SË�2*>Æ.[4:;#0CK1M�Khkh�O;�580:4@?�2�M �´2@4���2@0:,�2@>´0:,�;�9¢i$>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:,(K�K�N^KTM5ìv��,�2X5Q,�5OKh>�0B.T2@>�4D.10�7@;�.14Q0�.[W[2*>(2*W�9(W>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTM�IJKb2*>�0Q4�t�aª �[� ¶SËh'}L>SKhkh�8;�5O0��S2@4 �!������"��#�gyQ�1��� � d!� � X� M�<QKhWKhkh�8;�5O0Uì���2@0:,�<Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0QKA9�.1>JN�aª[�[�U¶SË62@>S.C4:;#0�KTM!Khkh�O;_5O0:4=?2�M�0:,�;#<Q;�2*4�.5Q,J.12@>[K1MzKbkh�O;�5O0Q4A� � t�'#'#'_t�� � t�� � ­�ìD.T>JN;� � ­ �S4Q9J5Q,^0:,J.T0�M�Kb<=)¥ç ª�ç!��t�� � ?�.T>JN;� � 3 � 2@4�N�2@<:;�580:7@?SN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(7*;M�<QKhW×� � ��2@0:,^<:;#4QIJ;_5O0�0:[email protected]>/N2�aª �[� ¶SËb'}L>SKhkh�8;�5O0A�^2@4 �������#" �#�gy � �/�z��� � �_�T� 0QKaKbkh�O;�5O0UìC��2@0:,S<Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0QKB9�.T>JNa�aª[�[� ¶SËL2@>�.C4:;�0�K1MzKbkh�O;�5O0Q4!? 2�M!0:,�;#<Q;D2@4�.T>Khkh�8;�5O0 . ?c4Q9J5Q,P0:,/.10�k/Kh0:,Y�^.1>JN�ì�.1<Q;�N�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$<:;�.b5:,/.1k�7@;�M�<QKhW . ��2@0:,^<:;�4:I/;�5O0�0:K�9�.T>JNa�aª[�[� ¶SËb'

Ý ���im9�z �P�gú�C f$>2��2@Rh9�<Q; &('e&�t/kJ.14Q;�N´Kh>´.SRb2@gh;#>9�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q;�Nùk�?P0:,�;�<B.bN�2@9�4�K1MZ0Q,�;S5O2@<B587*;�4�t�.1>JN 7@;#0��aª[�[� ¶Sˬ­E�t[�2@4 N�2*<Q;�5O0Q7*?ÆN�;#>(4:2@0$?biu<Q;�.h5Q,J.Tk�7@;SM <:KhWr��t�.1>/NED 2*4¶4�2@>JN�2@<:;_5O0:7@?�6aN�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$<:;�.b5:,/.1k�7@;�M <:KhW ��'P�sK1�Z;�gh;#<_t�� 2*4�>�Kb0aN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(7*;[M�<QKhW�D�'´��2@[email protected]<:7@?hto¾�.T>JN¡è�.1<:;^N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(7*;vM�<:KbW µY`Z.T>JN¡µ�tA¾�.T>JNÔèl.T<:;^.17@7�N�;#>�4:2@0$?bi:5OKh>�>(;�5O0:;_N�'

rsKh0:2X5O;�0Q,J.10�N�;#>(4:2@0$?Æ<:;�.b5Q,J.1k�2@7@2@0$?P2@4a0Q,�;S0Q<B.T>�4:2@0:2@gb;S5O7@Kh4:9(<:;^K1M=N�2@<Q;�5O0�N�;#>�4Q2*0$?Æ<Q;�.h5Q,J.Tk�2@7@2*0$?�t!.T>JNÆ0Q,�2@4D<:;#7X.T0:2@Kh>�4Q,�2@IÆ[email protected]?�WSWS;�0:<:2X51'��L>�7@?-5OKh<Q;ÆKhkh�O;_5O0:4P.1<Q; W�9(0:9J.T7*7@?ÆN�;#>�4Q2@0$?-<:;�.b5Q,J.1k�7@;h'cVL;#>(4:2@0$?-5OKh>�>(;�5O0:2@g�2@0$?�ts,�K1�Z;�gh;#<_t62@4�. 4:?�WSW[;#0:<Q2X5<:;�7j.T0:2@Kh>�'

Page 22: data mining  Chapter 08

FhF ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«

P

Q

S R

O

M

�!2@Rb9�<:;D&�'e&(\zVL;#>�4Q2@0$?S<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(2*7@2@0$?S.1>/N�N�;#>�4:2@0$?^5OKh>�>(;�5O0:2@g�2@0$?S2@>PN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R

} ����� ��" �#�gy � �J����� � ���#�_��� 2@4P.ù4:;#0PKTMvN�;#>�4:2@0$?bi:5OKh>�>(;�5O0:;_N�Khkh�8;�5O0:4´��,�2X5Q,w2@4^W�. {�2*W^._7���2@0:,¤<:;#4QIJ;�580Æ0:K-N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(2*7@2@0$?�t�.T>JN[;#gh;#<Q?^Khkh�O;�580�>�Kh065OKb>�0B.12@>�;_NS2@>P.1>�?S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<L2@4;#0Q1þ@ý?"�'n3.14Q;�NùKh> 0:,�;^>�Kb0:2@Kh>ùK1MDN�;#>�4Q2*0$?bi$<:;�.b5Q,J.1k�2@7@2@0$?�t�.ÆN�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W t�V�nZ�(�3}=rDto2@4 N�;�gh;#7@KhI/;�NùM Kh<5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�N�.T0B.�2@>P.�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;h'3f$0=5Q,�;_5���4L0:,�;@9¢iu>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N�KTM ;_.h5Q,PI/Kh2@>�0�2*>^0Q,�;aN�.T0B.1k/.14:;b'Zf M�0Q,�;A9¢iu>(;#2@Rh,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N[K1M.�I/Kh2@>�0Ó�´5OKh>�0O.12@>�46W[Kh<Q;=0Q,J.1>%�aª[�[� ¶SËbt�.�>�;#�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<���2*0Q,�� .T4=.[5OKh<Q;aKbkh�O;�5O0�2@4=5O<Q;�.10Q;�N�'�f$0L0:,�;#>´2@0:;#<O.10Q2*gb;#7@?P5OKh7@7@;�5O0Q4N�2@<:;_5O0:7@? N�;�>�4:2@0$?biu<Q;�.h5Q,J.Tk�7@;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�M�<QKhW 0:,�;#4Q;S5OKh<Q;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�t���,�2X5Q,PW�._?�2@>�ghKb7*gb;�0:,�;�WS;#<QRh;DKTM�.�M ;#�lN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(7*;5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'3G�,�;�I�<:K�5O;�4:4�0:;#<QWS2@>J.T0:;#4���,�;�>�>(K�>�;#�¤IJKb2*>�0�5#.1>^k/;a.hN(N�;�N[0:KS.T>�?S587*9(4:0:;�<�'

é�ê54�ê:| �¡^+}+Χ_ÔæL³���ø��L÷!ø�ñQúU�¨^���ñ:úoð�ó�}¬�HÎ3�6÷�ú�ð�ñ>�Bû ð�íL÷û_ õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU� æZð�ø�ö6ô/ð�öLø�÷}67@0Q,�Kh9�Rb,^0:,�;�N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�NP587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RP.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W thV�n3���3}=rCt 5�.1> N�2@4O5OK1gh;#<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�Khkh�O;_5O0:4���2@0:,^0:,(;a4Q;#7@;�5O0:2@Kb>PK1M�4:KbWS;2@>�I�9�0CIJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4�t�4:9/5:, .14A9�.1>/NÔ�aª[�[� ¶SËbt�2*0C4:0:2@7@7�I�9(0:4�0:,�;�<Q;#4:I/Kh>�4Q2@k�2@7*2@0$?´0:KP9(4:;#<Q4�0:KP4Q;#7@;�5O0�RhK�K�N´IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Dgh.T7@9�;#42@>ÆKh<ON�;#<�0:Kk J>JNÆ5OKb<:<:;_5O0�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'´}=580:9J.T7*7@?�t!0Q,�2@4D2@4a0Q,�;SI(<:Khk(7*;�W .T4:4QK�582j.T0:;�N ��2@0:,ÆW�.T>�?PKh0Q,�;#<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RÆ.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�'��9J5Q,PI/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<�4:;�0:0:2@>�Rb4=.T<:;D9�4Q9J.17@7@?SI(<:;#0Q0$?�,/.1<BN[0QK�N�;#0Q;#<:W[2@>�;ht�;�4:I/;�5O2X.17@7@?�M�Kb<�<:;�.T7�iu�3Kh<Q7jN�t�,�2@Rh,^N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7 N(.10B.�4Q;#0:4_']^Kb4:0a.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4�.1<Q;�gh;#<Q? 4Q;#>�4:2@0Q2*gb;�0:KP4Q9J5Q,ÆIJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Cgh.17@9�;#4_\�4:7@2@Rh,�0:7@?PN�2�� ;�<:;#>�0�4:;#0Q0:2@>�Rh4CW�._?^7@;�.hN´0QK�gb;#<:?ÆN�2���;#<:;#>�0IJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�43K1M!0:,(;�N(.10B.�4:;#0Q4�'Z] Kh<:;�K1gh;#<_t�,�2@Rh,�i¢N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17b<:;�.T7!N�.10O.D4Q;#0:4�KTM�0:;#>[,J._gh;Lgh;#<Q?�4��b;#�Z;_N�N�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh>�t�.T>JN�0Q,�;#<:;N�K�;#4�>(Kh0�;#gh;�>�;O{�2*4Q0Z.LRh7@Khk/.17hI/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<�4:;#0Q0:2@>�R�M Kh<���,�2X5Q,a0Q,�;�<:;#4Q9�7@0�K1M�.=587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�Ra.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W¤W�._?DN�;#4O5O<:2@k/;60:,(;Z2@>�0:<Q2*>(4:2X55O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q; .b5#5O9�<O.10:;�7*?�'

G�K6K1gb;#<B58KhWS;o0:,�2@4zN�2Y��589�7@0$?�t1.6587*9(4:0:;�<�Kh<ON�;#<:2@>�R�W[;#0:,�K�N�t15#.T7@7*;_Na����G�f:���¶4u�L<BN�;#<:2@>�Ra��Kb2*>�0Q4!G�K6f:N�;�>�0Q2�M�?D0:,(;��37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R��0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;76�,J.14�kJ;�;#>SN�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N�k�?¬4�}6>i�h;#<Q4:0�t�no<:;#9�>(2*R/t�76<Q2@;#Rh;#7/.1>JN���.T>JN�;#<�)�xbxhx86#'�f$0�5OKhW[I�9�0:;�4z.1>�.19�RbWS;#>�0:;_N=587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R1iKh<ON�;#<Q2*>(R6M Kh<�.19�0QKhW^.10:2X5�.1>/ND2@>�0:;#<O.h5O0Q2@gh;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<Z.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�'�G�,(2*4�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<oKh<BN�;#<:2@>�RD5OKb>�0O.12@>�4�2@>�M�Kb<:W�.T0:2@Kh>L��,�2X5Q,a2@4�;�`b9�[email protected]@;#>�00:KSN�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�NP5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS5OKh<Q<:;#4QIJKb>JN�2@>�RS0QKS.Dk(<:K�.bN[<B.1>(Rh;�K1M�IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<�4Q;#0:0Q2*>(Rh4�'no?D;O{J.1W[2@>�2@>�R6N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�Ra.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W t#V�n3���3}=rCthKb>�;�5�.1>�;�.T4:2@7@?=4Q;#;60Q,J.10�M�Kb<�.=58Kh>�4Q0B.1>�0��aª �[� ¶SË8iugh.T7@9�;htN�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46��2@0:,[<:;#4QIJ;_5O060QK .C,�2@Rh,�;�<�N�;�>�4:2@0$?�4�2$' ;h'@t�.D7@K1�3;#<Zgh.T7@9�;3M�Kh<'9�6Z.T<:;�5OKhW[I�7@;#0:;#7@?�5OKh>�0O.12@>�;�Nv2*>^N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q;�Nù4:;#0Q4���2@0:,Æ<:;�4:I/;�5O0:4[0:KÆ.^7@K1�Z;�<aN�;#>�4Q2@0$?�'^G�,�;�<:;OM�Kb<:;hto2@>ÆKh<BN�;#<a0QKPI�<QK�N�9J5O;PN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�Nù5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4���2@0:,�. 4:;#0K1M�N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;�IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4�t/Kh>(;a>�;�;�NP0QK^4:;#7@;�5O0�0Q,�;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�M�Kb<6I�<QK�58;#4:4Q2*>(R�2@> .v4:I/;�5O2� 5�Kb<BN�;#<�4QK�0Q,J.10L0:,�;�Khkh�8;�5O0���,�2X5Q,P2@4N�;#>(4:2@0$?biu<Q;�.h5Q,J.Tk�7@;D��2@0:,^<:;#4QIJ;_5O0�0:K�0:,�;D7@K1�3;#4:0=93gh.T7@9�;�2*4½ J>�2@4Q,�;�N� J<Q4:0_'n3.14Q;�N[Kh>^0:,�2@4�2XN�;�.(t�0$�ZK�gh.T7@9�;6>�;�;�N^0:K�k/;D4:0QKh<:;_N[M�Kh<3;�.b5:, Khkh�O;�580�\LP�Q��S"¦XS�1þ@ý�<���#0P�"3.1>JN���"S�8P�R��-'�þ��YþW<§)7XS�Tþ@ý�<>��#0P�"#'G�,�;E� �/�1�&yS��"u���_��� � � KTM .1>[Khkh�O;_5O0A�S2@430:,�;L4:W^.17@7@;#4:0ZN�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;>9 í kJ;#0$�3;#;#>���.T>JNS.T>SKhkh�8;�5O0�2@>S2@0:4'9¢iu>(;#2@Rh,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N�4:9/5:,0:,/.10A�^�3Kh9�7XN�k/;D.a58Kh<:;CKhkh�O;�580���2*0Q,^<:;#4QIJ;�580=0QK�9Yí�2YM�0:,�2@43>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<�2@465OKb>�0O.12@>�;�Nv2@>�0Q,�;>9¢iu>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�N�KTMÜ�!'��L0Q,�;#<:��2@4Q;ht0:,(;a5OKh<Q;Oi:N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;D2@46�Lr6V��A��f:r6��V�'G�,�; �1��� � d�� � " �" �O�gyS��"����#��� � � KTMZ.1>^Khkh�O;_5O0Ó�^��2@0:,^<Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0:KS.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<LKhkh�O;�580 . 2*4�0Q,�;D4QW�.17@7@;#4Q0�N�[email protected]>/5O;D4:9/5:, 0:,J.T0A�2@46N�2@<:;�580:7@?PN�;#>�4Q2*0$?bi$<:;�.b5Q,J.1k�7@;�M <:KhW . 2YM . 2@46.�5OKh<Q;DKhkh�O;_5O0�'3f M . 2@4�>�Kb0=.�5OKb<:;DKbkh�O;�5O0_t�;#gb;#> .T060:,(;=Rb;#>�;#<O.10Q2*>(R�N�2@4:0O.1>J58;A9_t0:,(;D<:;�.b5Q,J.1k�2@7@2@0$?bi¢N�[email protected]>/5O;6KTMo.T>SKbkh�O;�5O0v�^��2*0Q,S<Q;#4:I/;�5O0�0:K . 2@46�6rLV=�½�!f:rL��V�'G�,�;��=� G�f:��� .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W�5O<Q;�.10Q;#4a.T>PKh<ON�;#<:2@>�R[K1M�.�N(.10B.TkJ.14Q;ht!.bN�N�2@0:2@Kh>/.17@7@?a4Q0:Kh<Q2@>�RS0Q,�; 58Kh<:;8i¢N�[email protected]>/5O;S.1>JN .�4:9�[email protected]�7@;<:;_.h5Q,J.1k(2*7@2@0$?bi¢N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;�M Kh<D;�.b5Q,�Khkh�8;�5O0�'Æ��9/5:,ù2@>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>P2@4�4:9���582*;�>�0CM�Kb<D;O{�0:<O.h5O0Q2*Kb>�KTM=.17@7�N�;#>�4:2@0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�Rh4��2@0:,^<:;�4:I/;�5O0�0:KS.T>�?SN�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;A9Yí�4:W^.17@7@;#<�0Q,J.1>^0:,(;DRh;#>(;#<B.T0:2@>�RSN�2@4:0O.1>J58;A9oM�<:KbWc0:,(2*4�Kb<BN�;�<�'G�,�;P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<¢iuKb<BN�;�<:2@>�R�KTMa.ÆN�.10O.´4:;#0^5#.1> k/;PI�<:;�4:;#>�0:;_Nw.T>JNù9�>JN�;#<Q4:0QK�K�NÁRh<O.1I�,�2X5#.T7@7*?�'Þ��Kb<a;O{J.TWSI�7@;htv�!2@Rb9�<:;P&�'ex 2@40:,(;a<Q;�.h5Q,J.Tk�2@7*2@0$?bi$I�7@Kh03M�Kb<�.v4:2@WSI(7*;DF i¢N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17!N�.T0B.v4:;#0_t!��,�2X5Q,PI�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4 .vRh;#>(;#<B.T7�K1gh;#<Qg�2*;��l.1k/Kh9�0�,�K1��0Q,�; N(.10B.v2@44:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;�N .T>JN^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:;_N�'�]^;#0:,(K�N�4=.1<Q;D.17@4:K�N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N[M�Kb<Zg�2@;#��2@>�R�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[4:0:<Q9J5O0Q9�<:;#4LM�Kb<�,�2@Rh,^N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7 N�.T0B.('

Page 23: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�"8I���ª�¨6«&O#©UM�#%$½B=«(ªA� ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAFCO:¨¿�kRPª�©A@C§C�=« FhE

��2@Rh9�<Q;�&('ex�\��37*9(4:0:;�<6Kh<ON�;#<Q2*>(R�2*>^����G�f:���

no;�5#.T9�4:;�KTMJ0:,�;34:0Q<:9J580:9�<O.17/;�`b9�[email protected]@;#>J5O;3K1M/0:,�;�����G�f:���a.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W¤0:K�V=n3���3}�rDt10Q,�;�����G�f:����.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Ww,/.14�0:,�;34B.TWS;<:9(>�iu0Q2@WS;Z5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?D.14�0:,/.10�K1M V�n3���3}=rC'h��IJ.T0:2X.17�2@>JN�;8{�2@>�R�4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;#4�5#.1>�k/;Z9(4:;�N�0QK6M 9�<:0Q,�;#<�;#>(,J.1>J58;62@0:4�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W^.1>J5O;b'

é�ê54�ê[î ±F�a�û_"â�F��³*_ õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU�×ÑLï�ó�÷o�¡��ú¡�6÷�ú6ó�ñ$ð1û �6ñ:óbð�ø�ñ�Ñ6ö�ð�ñ���úr�#ö6úLô/ð�ñ���ú6óV���r6�����6��4$.1>P.1k(k�<:;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>[M�Kh<6V���rs4:2@0$?biuk/.14:;_NP���!�s4:0B� <:2@>�R36�t�.�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R[WS;#0Q,�K�N�kJ.T4:;�N^Kb> .�4:;�06K1MZN�;�>�4:2@0$?PN�2@4:0Q<:2�ik�9�0Q2@Kh>[M�9�>J580:2@Kh>�4_t�,J.14�k/;#;#>´N�;#gh;�7*KbIJ;_N^k�?�4u��2@>�>(;#k�9�<QR�.1>/N27L;#2@W )_xhxb&-6#'

G�,�;�W[;#0:,�K�N[2@4�kJ.14Q;�N^Kb>�0Q,�;�M�Kb7@7*K1��2@>�RC2jN�;�.14_\C4B)7630:,�;C2*>T{J9�;#>J58;DK1M�;�.b5:,´N�.10O.�IJKb2*>�0�5#.1> kJ;DW[K�N�;#7@;�N�M Kh<:W^.17@7@?D9�4Q2*>(R.ÆW^.10Q,�;#W�.T0:2X5#.T7�M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb>!t�5#.17@7@;�N�þ�#HGÓZ�"*#0P�"YV$Z&#0P¦<uþ Q�#�t6.T>JN 0Q,�;P2@>&{J9�;�>J5O; M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>w5#.T>-k/; 4Q;#;#>�.14�. M�9�>J580:2@Kh> ��,�2X5Q,N�;#4O5O<:2@k/;#4P0Q,�;[email protected]�K1Ma.�N�.T0B.´I/Kh2@>�0���2@0:,�2@> 2@0:4S>(;#2@Rh,�kJKb<:,�K�K�Ng`E4$F-6v0:,�;PK1gb;#<B.T7@7=N�;#>(4:2@0$? K1MD0:,�;´N�.10O.´4:IJ.b5O; 5�.1>-k/;WSK�N�;�7*;_NP.1>J.T7@?�0Q2X5#.17@7@?�.T4=0Q,�;�4:9(W�K1M�2*>T{J9�;#>J58;�M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>�4�K1M�.17@7�N�.10O.�I/Kh2@>�0:4?`�.1>/N�4uE86=587*9(4:0:;�<:4�5#.1>´0:,�;�>ÆkJ;�N�;#0Q;#<:W[2*>(;�NW�.T0:,�;�W�.10Q2X5#.17@7@?�k�?P2XN�;#>�0:2�M�?�2@>�R�N�;#>�4:2@0$? .T0:0Q<B.h580:Kh<Q4�t���,�;�<:;SN�;#>(4:2@0$? .T0:0Q<B.h580:Kh<Q4a.1<Q;a7@K�5#.T7�W�. {�[email protected]�0:,�;�K1gb;#<B.T7@7 N�;#>�4:2@0$?M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>�'

G�,�; "���I������ � �Yh:��� � �_"[�/� K1MZ.[N�.10O.�IJKb2*>�0�� ý>Jbt���,(;#<:;�ý>J�2@46. ¨ i:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7�M�;�.T0:9�<Q;a4QIJ.h58;ht/2*4�.�kJ.14Q2X5LM�9�>J580:2@Kh>¸LK+ \Aý>J'M ¾ 3N t���,�2X5Q,^2*4�N�;� />�;�N^2@>^0:;#<QWS43K1MZ.CkJ.14Q2j5L2@>&{J9(;#>J5O;�M 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>+¸ + t¸LK+ ­á¸ + 4 � ©��-6 Æ 4u&�'eFbm-6

f$>SI(<:2@>J5O2@I�7@;ht�0Q,�;�2*>T{J9�;#>J58;6M 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>�5#.T>Sk/;D.1>�.T<:k�2@0Q<B.1<Q?�M�9�>J580:2@Kh>!tbk�9�0�2@0�4Q,�Kh9(7jNvkJ;�<Q;�{J;O{�2@gh;D.1>/N�4:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X51'�f$0�5#.1>^k/;.�ÒÓZ�P*�Yþ[�8"S��#s�1þjýS<���#\PS"vV*Z3#\P�<$þ[Q�#(t�.[ý*é*Z�����";ÖÓ���="Cþ�#OGvZ�"$#\PS"vV*Z3#\P�<$þ[Q�#(t¸QP ê:R H K ð 4 � ©��-6�­TS | ª ¸ ¨ 4 � ©��-6U� Û) . ¶Sè ) È í ª[Ë ) 4u&�'eFbq-6

Kh<6.WVU��ZhýOý#þ[��#Pþ�#OGvZ�"$#0P�"5V$Z&#0P�<$þ[Q�#�t¸QX H RZY�Y 4 � ©��-6A­ ) 0'[]\ ^ 0`_%acbb5d b 4u&�'eFb&-6

Page 24: data mining  Chapter 08

F1U ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«

��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'@)�|(\zVL;#>�4Q2@0$?�M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>^.1>JN^N�;�>�4:2@0$?bi¢.T0:0Q<B.h580:Kh<

G�,�; �������#" �#�Þh:��� � �_" �J� 2@4aN�;� />�;�N�.T4a0Q,�;S4Q9�W�KTM62*>T{J9�;#>J58;�M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>(4aKTM=.17@7ZN�.T0B.^I/Kh2@>�0:4_' ��2@gh;�>¡� N�.10O.^Khkh�O;_5O0:4N�;#4O5O<:2@k/;�N k�?^.D4Q;#06KTM!M�;_.10:9(<:;Dgb;�5O0:Kb<:4 ?e­ ! � � © Æ?Æ7Æ © � � #>e ýfJht(0:,�;DN�;#>(4:2@0$?�M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb>�2@46N�;¦ J>�;�NP.T4�t¸Lg+ ­ Á ���Âo� ¸ ? @+ 4 � 6 Æ 4u&�'eFbx-6

�(Kh<�;O{J.1W[I�7@;htb0:,�;DN�;#>(4:2@0$?[M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>S��,(2j5Q,^<:;�4:9�7@0:4sM�<:KbWc0:,(;a�D.19(4:4:2X.T>S2@>&{J9�;�>J5O;�M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb>+4u&('eFh&-6o2@4�t¸LgX H RZY�Y � H � 4 � 6A­ Á ��WÂo� ) 0h[]\ ^ 0`_%aibb/d b 4u&�'eEb|-6

�(<:KbW 0Q,�; N�;#>(4:2@0$?ùM�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>!t�Kb>�; 5#.T>wN�;� />�; 0Q,�;9%��S�8�1þ["*#&<�K1Ma.´M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb>w.1>JNù0Q,�;x�8"$#�ý8þW<§)��=<[<:�S�8P�<�Q�����,�2X5Q,-2@4S0Q,�;7@K�5#.17�W�._{�2@W�.LKTM 0Q,�;�K1gh;#<O.17@7!N�;#>�4Q2@0$?^M�9�>J580:2@Kh>!'C�(Kh<�.�5OKh>�0:2@>�9�Kb9�4=.T>JNPN�2���;#<:;#>�0Q2j.Tk�7@;D2@>&{J9�;�>J5O;CM�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>!t/.�,�2@7*7�5O7@2@W�k�2@>�R.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W t1Rb9�2XN�;�N[k�?�0:,�;CRh<B.bN�2@;#>�0�t�5#.T>^kJ;D9(4:;�N^0QK N�;#0:;#<QWS2@>�;�0:,(;aN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi:.10Q0:<O.h5O0QKh<�K1MZ.C4:;#0LK1M�N�.10O.�IJKb2*>�0Q4�'n3.14Q;�N�Kb>�0:,�;#4Q;�>�Kh0Q2*Kb>�4�tTkJKb0:,2P�"*#&<�"$��XS�8"1j½#0"��YP$��Zhý�<�"$��.1>/Ns���7'#þ1<:�S���$)7X$ý�RT�¦.T"/P$��Zhý�<�"$��5�.1>�k/;=N�;� />�;�N�M Kh<:W^.17@7@?�'(} P�"*#&<�"$��X�-"kjA#0"���P*��Zbý�<>"*�32*46.�4Q9�k�4Q;#0Uh�k/;#2@>�RSN�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$;O{�0:<O.h5O0Q;�N�t/��2@0:,^2@0:46N�;�>�4:2@0$?[M�9�>J580:2@Kh>[>�K�7@;#4:4L0:,J.T> .�0Q,�<:;�4:,�Kb7jNml0`�Kh0:,(;#<:��2@4:;4�2$' ;h'@tb2YM�N�;#>�4Q2@0$?�M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>S2@437@;#4:4�0Q,J.1>nl36#t�2@0Z2@4�.1>[Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<_'�}6>9���?'�þ1<:�S���*)7X$ýSR���.�"EP$��Zhý�<�"$�o2@4�.C4:;#0�KTM�hYz 4_th;�.b5Q,�k/;#2@>�R�N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi;O{�0:<O.h5O0Q;�N�t(��2*0Q,a0Q,�;6N�;#>(4:2@0$?DM 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>�>�K�7@;#4:4�0Q,J.1>S.�0:,�<Q;#4:,�Kb7XNflJt�.T>JND0Q,�;#<Q;6;O{�2@4:0Q4�.LIJ.T0:,�� M�<:KbWl;�.b5:,�<Q;#Rh2@Kb>a0QKa.1>�Kb0:,�;�<.1>/NS0Q,�;DN�;#>�4Q2@0$?SM 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb>�M�Kb<�;�.h5Q,^I/Kh2@>�06.17@Kh>�RC0:,�;DI/.10:,^2@43>�K�7@;#4:4L0:,J.T>@lJ'V���rL���!�6� ,J.14�0Q,�;[M�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�R^W�.#�8Kh<a.bN�gh.1>�0B.TRh;#4�2@>ò5OKbWSIJ.T<:2@4:Kb>Æ��2@0:,�W^.1>�? 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�\�4O)?6�2@0a,/.14S.4:Kb7@2jNùW^.10:,(;#W�.T0:2X5#.17�M�Kb9�>JN�.T0:2@Kh>�tZ.1>/N�Rb;#>�;#<O.17@2@~#;#4[Kh0:,(;#<�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�W[;#0:,�K�N�4_t�2@>J5O7@9JN�2*>(R IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�i$kJ.14Q;�N�t3,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7$t.1>/N´7*K�5#.T7@2*0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N^W[;#0:,�K�N�4_tA4$F-6L2@0�,J.14DRbK�K�N´5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RPI�<:KbIJ;�<:0:2@;#4CM�Kb<aN�.10O.[4:;#0Q4a��2@0:,´7X.1<QRh;�.1WSKb9�>�0:4LK1M�>�Kh2@4:;btA4$E-6�[email protected]@7@K1��4=.^5OKbWSIJ.b5O06W^.10Q,�;#W�.T0:2X5#.T7 N�;�4B5O<Q2*I(0:2@Kh>ÆKTM�.1<Qk�2@0:<B.T<:2@7@?^4:,J.TIJ;�NÆ587*9(4:0:;�<:4�2*> ,�2@Rh, N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17�N�.10O.S4Q;#0:4_tz.T>JN 4�U36L2@09�4Q;#4DRh<Q2XNP5O;#7@7@46k�9(0=Kb>�7@?��b;#;#I�4D2@>�M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb>S.1k/Kh9�0LRh<Q2jN 5O;#7@7@4=0Q,J.10�N�K�.b5O0:9/.17@7@? 58Kh>�0B.T2*>PN�.T0B.vIJKb2*>�0Q4�.T>JN^W^.1>J.TRh;#4�0Q,�;#4:;5O;#7@7@4�2@>�.C0:<Q;#;Oi$kJ.14Q;�NP.h5�5O;#4:4L4:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;bt .T>JN�0Q,�9�4�2@0�2@4�4:2@Rh>�2� 5�.1>�0:7@?CMu.14Q0:;#<�0Q,J.1>[4:KhW[;�2@>&{J9�;#>�0Q2j.T7!.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�t_4Q9J5Q, .T4Z2@[email protected]:0:;�<Z0Q,J.1>SV�n3���3}=r k�?�.sMu.h5O0QKh<�KTM!9�I�0:K�U�d�'���K1�3;#gh;#<_t�0:,�;�W[;#0:,(K�NC>�;#;_N�4�5�.1<:;8M�9�7�4:;�7*;_5O0:2@Kh>�KTM 0Q,�;6I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4_t�N�;#>�4:2@0$?IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<¥Ûù.1>JN >�Kb2*4Q;a0Q,�<:;�4:,�Kb7jNolJt!.T>JNP0Q,�;�4:;#7@;�5O0Q2@Kh>ÆK1M34:9J5Q,ÆIJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<:4�W�._?[4:2@Rh>�2� 5�.1>�0:7@?^2@>&{J9�;#>/5O;�0:,�;�`b9J.17@2@0$?^K1M5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS<:;�4:9�7@0:4_'

é�êqp r-ø�ñ��5Ð=ÑLï�ó�÷o��ô�õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU�a²c÷�ð�íU�C�6ó}lRb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N^.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,�9(4:;#4�W�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0Q2*Kb>aRb<:2XN^N�.10O.�4:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;b'�f$0v J<:4Q0D`h9/.1>�0:2@~#;#4�0Q,�;D4QIJ.h5O;C2*>�0QKS.¿ J>�2@0:;�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M5O;#7@7@4���,�2X5Q,�M�Kb<:Wc.CRh<:2XNv4:0:<Q9J5O0Q9�<:;a.T>JN�0Q,�;#>^I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[4�.T7*7/0:,(;=KbIJ;�<B.10Q2@Kh>�432@>S4:9/5:,P.CRh<Q2jN�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;h'3G�,�;�W�.T2@> .bN�gh.1>�0B.TRh;K1M�0:,(;�.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,�2*4�2@0:4�Mu.T4:0�I�<QK�58;#4:4Q2*>(Ra0Q2*W[;���,�2X5:,�2@4�0$?�I(2j5�.17@7@?=2@>JN�;#IJ;�>JN�;#>�0�KTM 0Q,�;Z>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�N�.10O.6Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�k�9�0�N�;�IJ;#>/N�;#>�0Kh>(7*?�Kb>^0:,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�5O;#7@7@4�2*>^;�.b5Q, N�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>�2@>�0Q,�;D`b9J.1>�0:2@~#;_NS4QIJ.h58;h'

Page 25: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I1s�I!�UFCO��t#:$AB�«�ªA�¦AJ5Kz«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�ûRPª�©A@C§C�=« Fhd

�!2@Rb9�<:;D&�'@)b)h\���{J.1WSI(7*;�4ZKTM 5O;#>�0Q;#<$i:N�;� J>(;�NÆ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�.1>JN^.T<:k�2@0:<O.1<Q?hi$4:,/.1I/;�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4

��KbWS;30$?�I�2X5#.17�;8{(.TWSI�7@;3K1M�0:,�;LRh<Q2jN�iukJ.T4:;�N�.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,[2*>/5O7@9JN�;6��G�f:rL��t1��,�2X5Q,�;O{�I�7@Kh<Q;#4Z4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j5�.17/2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>D4Q0:Kh<Q;�N�2@>0:,(;�Rh<:2XN�5O;#7@7@4?`b+�._gh;��37@9�4Q0:;#<_t1��,�2X5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4Z9�4Q2@>�RD.6��._gh;�7*;�0!0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QWlW[;#0:,�K�Ng`b.1>JN�����f:¡��6�sth��,�2X5Q,�<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q4.�Rh<Q2XNbiZ.1>JN^N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N .1I�I�<QK�.b5:,vM�Kh<6587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�2@>^,�2@Rh,�i:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7JN�.T0B.C4:IJ.b5O;h'

é�êqpZê:ë æ°}kÎ��urå³*W æ3ð�ï!ð�ñQóhð�ñQô�ïzõ¥Î�úC�$��øi²cï�ð�ñ���úvr-ø�ñ�� WÞ~U~Lø���ï�ô�í��G�f:rL��4u��G .T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.173f:r3M�Kb<:W^.10:2@Kb> ��<Q2XN�6�2@4 . Rh<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_NÆW�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0Q2*Kb> .TI�I�<QK�.h5Q, N�;#gh;�7*KbIJ;_N�k�?Þ4 +�.1>�R/t[��.T>�R .T>JN]^9�>�0Q~P)�xhxbq-6�'�f$> 0Q,�[email protected](I�<:K�.h5Q,!t�0:,�;�4QIJ.10Q2j.T7Z.1<Q;�.[2@4aN�2@g�2jN�;�NP2@>�0:K^<Q;�5O0B.T>�Rh9(7j.T<a5O;#7@7@4�'[G�,�;#<Q;S.1<Q;�9�4:9J.T7@7*? 4:;#gb;#<B.T7Z7@;#gb;#7@4K1M�4Q9J5Q,P<:;�580B.1>(Rh9�7X.1<�5O;#7@7@4=5OKb<:<Q;#4:I/Kh>JN�2*>(R�0QKSN�2�� ;�<:;#>�067@;#gb;#7@46KTM <Q;#4:Kb7@9�0:2@Kh>P.T>JN^0:,(;#4:;a58;#7@7*4sM�Kh<QW .�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17�4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;h\;�.b5:,S58;#7@7 .T0Z.L,�2@Rh,�7*;�gh;#7�2@4�I/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�;_ND0QK�M�Kh<QW±.L>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M!5O;#7@[email protected]�0Q,�;�>�;O{�0�7@K1�3;#<�7@;#gb;#7$'z]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�tb2@WSI/Kh<Q0B.1>�0�I�2@;�5O;#43K1M4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7�2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>!t_4:9/5:,P.T4ZW[;�.1>!tbW�. {!t1WS2@>!th58Kh9�>�0�t(4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN[N�;#g�2X.10:2@Kb>!th;�0B51'/.14:4QK�5O2X.10:;_NS��2@0Q,S0:,(;�.T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;=gh.T7@9�;#42@>^;�.h5Q,^Rh<Q2jN^5O;�7*7!.T<:;DI(<:;�5OKbWSI�9(0:;�N^.1>/NS4Q0:Kb<:;�N[k/;OM�Kh<Q;a.�`b9�;#<Q?S2@4�4:9�k(WS2@0:0Q;�N�0QKS.D4Q?�4Q0:;#W´'��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'@)�F�4Q,�K1��46.�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7!4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;DM Kh<���G�f:r6�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJ'

G�,�;�4Q;#0�K1M�4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5O4$i$kJ.14Q;�NùIJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4D2@>J5O7@9JN�;�4D0:,�;vM�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�RJ\L0:,(;S.10:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;Oi$2*>/N�;#I/;#>JN�;#>�0�IJ.T<B.TWS;#0Q;#<�t��ø4¦P�Q�Z&#&<�6#t.1>/NS.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;Oi:N�;#I/;#>JN�;#>�0=I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4_t » 4Oÿº"���#-6#t�ˬ4 4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN^N�;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>06�t » ª[� 4�W[2*>(2*W�9�W�6�t » ð � 4 W�. {�2@W�9�W�6#t1.T>JN�0Q,�;<:)�.T"¬Q:V;�1þjýS<:�#þ['*Z8<uþ Q�#[0:,J.T0�0:,�;D.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;�gh.17@9�;L2@>S0:,(;�58;#7@7�M�Kb7*7@K1��4_t14:9J5Q,P.14;#\Q��#ÿY��� ¯ Z&#�þ V?Q��#ÿ�tN"¦,S.�Q�#0"*#&<$þ[����t�Kb<L#0Q�#0"¥4�2�Mz0Q,�;N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>P2@4�9�>���>�K1��>\6#'�+-,(;#>P0:,(; N�.T0B.v2*4�7@K�.hN�;�N 2*>�0QK�0:,�;aN(.10B.TkJ.14Q;ht/0:,�;�4:;�0=KTM�IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4�tg��t » tÜËbt » ª[��t » ð � K1M0:,(;�kJKb0:0:KbW 7@;#gb;#7�5O;#7@[email protected]<Q; 5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;�N N�2*<Q;�5O0Q7*? M�<QKhW N�.T0B.�'CG�,�;�gh.17@9�;CK1M¥�Tþ@ý�<§�#þ '$Z8<$þ[Q�#Æ5OKb9�7XNPk/;�;#2@0:,�;�<�.T4:4Q2*Rb>�;�N´k�?P0Q,�;9�4Q;#<a2�M60Q,�;SN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>Æ0$?�IJ;[2*4¿��>(K1��> k/;OM�Kb<:;#,J.T>JNÆKb<DKhk(0B.12@>�;_N´k�?´,�?�IJKb0:,�;#4Q2@4a0Q;#4:0Q4a4Q9J5Q,ò.14fw Å iu0Q;#4:0_' ��.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4DK1M,�2@Rh,(;#<D7@;#gh;�7Z5O;#7@7@4D5#.1>Æk/;�;�.14Q2@7*?´5OKhW[I�9�0:;_N^M�<QKhW�0Q,�;�IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4�K1M�0:,�;�7@K1�3;#<�7*;�gh;#7Z58;#7@7*4_'�G�,�;�0$?�IJ;�KTMsN�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>´K1M.[,�2@Rh,�;�<D7@;#gh;#735O;#7@7Z5#.T>ÆkJ;S5OKbWSI�9(0:;�N^k/.14:;_N´Kh>Æ0:,(;aW^.#�OKh<Q2@0$? N�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh> 0$?�I/;#4�K1MZ2@0Q4a5OKh<Q<:;#4QIJKb>JN�2@>�RP7@K1�3;#<�7@;#gh;#735O;#7@7@4I�7@9�4D.[0:,�<Q;#4:,(Kh7XNk J7@0:;#<Q2@>�R^I�<:K�5O;#4Q4�'�f M�0:,(;SN�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:2@Kb>�4�K1MZ0Q,�;�7@K1�Z;#<�7@;#gb;#7Z5O;#7@7ZN�2*4O.1Rb<:;#;���2@0:, ;�.h5Q,ÆKh0Q,�;#<a.T>JN Mu.12@7@460Q,�;0:,(<:;#4Q,�Kh7XN^0Q;#4:0_t�0:,(;aN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>S0$?�I/;DK1M�0:,�;�,�2@Rh,^7@;#gb;#7!5O;#7@7!2@4�4Q;#0�0:K9Ì7#0Q�#0">ÍJ'G�,�;�4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7�2@>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>�5OKh7@7@;�5O0Q;�N[��2@7*7�k/;�gh;#<Q?S9�4Q;OM�9�7�.10�.1>�4Q�Z;�<:2@>�RS`b9�;#<Q2*;�4�'�}�0QKhI�i:N�K1��>!t�4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j584�2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>Rh<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_N�`b9�;�<:?S.1>(4:�3;#<:2@>�R�WS;#0Q,�K�NS5#.T>Sk/;�Kh9�0Q7*2@>�;_N�.143M�Kb7*7@K1��4_'N��2*<Q4:0_t�Kh>�;�5#.1>PN�;#0Q;#<:W[2@>�;=.�7X._?b;#<Z0QKa4Q0B.T<:0���2@0:,!tb��,�2X5Q,9�4Q9J.17@7@?�5OKb>�0B.12@>�4�.�4QW�.17@7/>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1MZ5O;#7@7@4�'E��Kb<�;�.h5Q, 58;#7@7z2@>^0:,(; 5O9(<:<:;�>�0�7X._?h;�<�t��3;a5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;D0:,�;�5OKb>& N�;#>/5O;a2@>�0:;�<:gh.17½4�Kb<;#4Q0:2@W�.T0:;�N <B.1>(Rh;?6CK1M�I�<:KbkJ.1k�2@7@2@0$?P0:,/.10�0:,�2@4�5O;#7@7�2@4a<Q;#7@;#gh.1>�0�0:K´0:,�;P`b9�;#<Q?�'ÆG�,(;S2@<:<Q;#7@;#gh.1>�0�5O;#7@7@4���2*7@7�k/;^<:;#W[K1gh;�N M <:KhWM�9�<Q0:,�;�<65OKh>�4Q2XN�;#<B.T0:2@Kh>�t�.T>JN�0:,�;�N�;#;#I/;#<�7X._?h;�<�I�<:K�5O;�4:4:2@>�R���2@7@7�;O{J.TWS2@>�;30:,�;L<:;#7@;#gh.T>�0�5O;#7@7@4�Kb>�7@?�'�G�,�2@4�I�<QK�58;#4:4�<Q;#IJ;_.10:4�9(>�0Q2@72@06<Q;�.h5Q,�;#4�0Q,�;ak/Kh0Q0:KbW�7j._?b;#<�'3}�0L0:,�2@4�0:2@WS;bt�2YM�0Q,�; `b9�;�<:?^4:I/;�5O2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>´2@46W[;#0�t(<:;#0Q9�<:>´0:,�;C<:;#Rb2*Kb>�4�K1M�<:;�7*;�gh.1>�0=5O;�7*7@4L0:,J.T0WS;�;#0�0:,(;6<:;_`h9(2*<Q;#WS;�>�0oK1M�0:,�;�`h9(;#<:?g`bKh0:,(;#<:��2@4:;bt�<:;#0Q<:2@;#gh;�0Q,�;6N�.10O.�0:,/.10�Mu.T7@7�2@>�0QK�0:,�;�<Q;#7@;#gh.1>�0�5O;#7@7@4�t�N�K�M�9�<Q0:,�;�<ZI�<QK�5O;#4:4Q2@>�R0`.1>/NS<Q;#0:9(<:>P0Q,�;D<:;�4:9�7@0:4L0:,J.T0�WS;#;�0Z0Q,�;�<:;�`b9�2@<:;�WS;#>�0�K1M�0Q,�;D`h9(;#<:?�'G�,�;�.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q, K�� ;�<:4D4Q;#gh;#<O.17Z.bN�gh.1>�0O.1Rh;�4=K1gb;#<�4:KbWS;DKb0:,�;#<D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RPWS;�0:,�K�N�4_\;4O)?6L0:,�;�Rh<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_N 5OKbWSI�9(0B.10Q2@Kh>^2@4

Page 26: data mining  Chapter 08

Fhm ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«1st layer

(i-1)-st layer

i-th layer

��2@Rh9�<Q;D&�'@)�F(\�}�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7!4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;DM�Kb<6��G�f:r6��5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R

é*ZT"*�$)7X:þ�#\�-">.T"*#0�-"*#&<�4Q2*>/5O;�0:,�;34:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7�2@>�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>�4Q0:Kh<Q;�N�2@>D;�.b5:,S58;#7@7�<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0Q4�0:,�;34:9�W[W�.T<:?�2@>�M�Kb<:W�.T0:2@Kh>LK1MJ0Q,�;6N�.T0B.2@>S0Q,�;6Rb<:2XN�5O;#7@7$t�2@>JN�;#I/;#>JN�;�>�0�KTMz`b9�;#<:?g`\4$F-6o0:,�;LRh<:2XN�4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;�Mu.b5O2@7*[email protected]:;�4�IJ.1<O.17@7@;#7/I�<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�RS.T>JN�2@>J5O<:;�WS;#>�0B.T7J9(I N�.T0:2@>�R\`.1>/N�4uE86Z.CW�.��OKh<�.hN�gh.1>�0B.TRh;�K1M�0:,�;LWS;#0Q,�K�N�2@4Z0Q,�;�;O��5O2@;#>J5O?[K1M!0Q,�;�WS;#0Q,�K�N�\z��G�f:r6�¤RhK�;#4�0Q,�<:Kb9�Rh,[0:,�;�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;�Kh>/5O;60QK5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�0:,�;�4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7JI/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4oK1M!0:,(;�58;#7@7*4_t�.T>JN�,(;#>J5O;�0:,(;60:2@W[;�5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?DKTM!Rh;#>�;�<B.10Q2@>�Ra5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q462@>�µ¬4��k6#tb��,�;#<:;� 2@4�0:,�;�0QKh0B.T7�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�Khkh�O;�580:4�'[}�M 0:;#<DRb;#>�;#<O.10Q2*>(RP0:,�;�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.1734:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;bt�0:,�;^`h9(;#<:?´I�<:K�5O;�4:4:2@>�R 0:2@WS;�2@4øµº4%�;6�t��,�;#<Q;>�¤2*4o0:,�;L0:Kh0O.17/>�9�W�kJ;�<�K1M!Rb<:2XN�5O;#7@[email protected]:,(;67@K1�Z;�4:0�7@;#gb;#7$th��,�2X5Q,�2@4Z9(4:9J.T7*7@?DW�9/5:,�4QW�.T7*7@;#<�0Q,J.1>��Ætb0:,(;60:Kb0B.T7J>�9�W�k/;#<K1M�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'

�sK1�Z;#gb;#<�tT4:2@>J5O;���G�f:r6� 9�4:;#4oW�9�7@0:2�iu<Q;#4:Kb7@9�0:2@Kh>�.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,D0:K�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4_t_0:,�;�`b9J.17@2@0$?�K1MJ��G�f:r6�¤5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R��2@7@7Jk/;DN�;#I/;#>JN�;#>�0�Kh>[0:,�;�Rb<B.1>�9�7X.T<:2@0$?aKTMz0Q,�;�7*K1�3;#4Q0�7*;�gh;#7�KTMz0:,(;=Rb<:2XN�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;h'3f Mz0Q,�;�Rh<O.1>�9�7X.1<Q2*0$?�2@43gh;#<Q?Y J>(;ht�0:,�;�5OKh4Q0K1M�I�<QK�5O;#4:4C��2*7@7�2@>J5O<Q;�.14Q;D4:9(k�4:0O.1>�0:2X.17@7@?g`�,�K1�3;#gb;#<�t(2YM�0Q,�;Dk/Kh0:0QKhW 7@;#gh;#7�K1M�0:,(;DRh<Q2jN[4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;�2@4�0:K�K�5OK�.1<Q4:;ht/2@0�W�._?�<Q;�N�9J5O;0:,(;C J>�;D`b9J.T7*2@0$?DKTMz5O7@9�4:0Q;#<6.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�'!] Kh<:;�K1gh;#<_t���G�f:r6��N�K�;#4Z>(Kh0Z5OKb>�4:2XN�;�<�0:,�;L4:IJ.T0:2X.17/<:;#7X.T0:2@Kh>�4Q,�2@I�kJ;�0$�Z;#;�>�0Q,�;=5Q,�2@7XN�<Q;#>.1>/N�0:,(;#2@<Z>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:2@>�Ra5O;�7*7@430:Ka58Kh>�4Q0:<:9/5O0�0:,�;�IJ.T<:;#>�0�5O;#7@7$'!}L4�.C<:;�4:9�7@0�t�0Q,�;64Q,J.1I/;#4�KTM!0:,�;L<:;#4Q9�7@0:2@>�R�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:46.T<:;62@4QKh0:,(;#0:2X51t0:,/.10�2@4�t/.17@7�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�k/Kh9�>/N�.1<Q2*;�46.1<:;C;#2@0:,�;#<L,�Kh<Q2@~#Kh>�0B.T7�Kh<�gb;#<:0Q2j5�.17$t�.1>JN[>�KSN�2j.TRhKb>J.17/kJKb9�>JN�.T<:?^2@4�N�;#0:;�580:;�N�'sG�,�2@4�W�._?7@K1�Z;�<�0:,�;D`b9J.17@2@0$?S.1>/N�.b5#5O9�<O.h5O?[K1M�0:,(;�587*9(4:0:;�<:4DN�;#4QI�2@0:;D0Q,�;LMu.14Q0�I�<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�R[0:2@WS;�KTM 0Q,�;D.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,!'

é�êqpZê:| ì ï\ÏZ÷�_ õ:ö6óbð�÷!ø_³%_ õ:ö6óbð�÷!ø(ñ:úU��ö6ó�ñ:ú/�x6 ï\ÏZ÷!õQ÷�ðÆð�ø�ï�ú6ó8�$��ø�² ï!ð�ñ���ú+�._gh;_�37*9(4:0:;�<�t�N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�NPk�?�4u��,�;#21��,�Kh7@;#4Q7j.TWS2$t��3,J.T0:0:;�<*�O;#;S.T>JN¸ö/,J.T>�R )_xhxb&-6#t/2@4=.vW�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0:2@Kb>S5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RP.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,��,�2X5Q,; /<:4:0o4:9�W[W�.1<Q2@~#;�0:,�;�N�.10O.Lk�?C2*W[IJKb4:2@>�R�.LW�9�7@0:2XN�2@W�;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17_Rh<Q2XND4Q0:<:9/5O0:9�<Q;6Kb>D0:,�;6N(.10B.L4QIJ.h5O;bt�.T>JN�0:,(;#>�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QWS40:,(;DKh<Q2*Rb2@>J.17(M�;�.T0:9�<Q;=4QIJ.h58;Dk�?S��._gh;#7@;#0�0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W�.T>JN¶ J>JN^N�;#>�4Q;D<:;�Rh2@Kh>�4�2@>^0:,(;=0Q<B.T>�4:4¢M�Kh<QWS;�N[4:I/.h5O;h'

f$>´0:,�[email protected]�I�<QK�.h5Q,!t�;�.h5Q,ÆRh<Q2XN 5O;�7*734:9(WSW�.T<:2@~#;#4�0Q,�;S2�M�>(<:KhW^.10Q2*Kb>SKTMs.[Rh<QKh9�IÆKTMZI/Kh2@>�0:4D��,�2X5Q,´W�.1I 2*>�0QK�0Q,�;S5O;#7@7$t!.T>JN0:,(2*4o4:9�W[W�.1<Q?�2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>60$?�I�2X5#.T7@7*?¥ J0:4�2@>�0:K�W^.12@>DWS;�WSKh<Q?�M�Kb<�W�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0Q2*Kb>���._gb;#7@;#0�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QW±.T>JN�0:,�;�4Q9�k�4Q;�`b9�;#>�05O7@9�4Q0:;#<a.T>J.17@?�4:2@4_'6f$>´0:,�;�Rh<Q2XN^4:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;bt�0:,�;�>�9�WS;#<Q2X5#.17�.10:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�K1M�.v4:IJ.T0:2X.17�Kbkh�O;�5O0D5#.T> k/;a<Q;#I�<Q;#4:;#>�0Q;�NÆk�? .¿V?"��7<:Z3��"��"SP¦<�Q��[��,�;#<:;�;_.h5Q,Æ;#7@;#WS;�>�0�KTM�0Q,�;�gh;�580:Kh<�5OKb<:<:;�4:I/Kh>JN�4�0:K^Kb>�;�>�9�WS;#<Q2X5#.17�.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;ht�Kh<CV?"��=<§Z&�S"�'��(Kh<D.1>´Khkh�8;�5O0D��2@0:,9�>�9�WS;�<:2X5#.17!.T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�t(0:,�;LM�;�.T0:9�<Q;Dgh;_5O0:Kb<6��2@7@7Jk/;DKh>(;=I/Kh2@>�032*>^0Q,�;;�(i¢N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17�M ;�.10Q9�<:;D4QIJ.h58;h'+�._gb;#7@;#0�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QW 2@4=.v4:2@Rh>J.T7�I�<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�RP0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;�0:,J.T0�N�;�5OKhW[IJKb4:;#4D.v4:2@Rh>J.T7�2*>�0QK�N�2���;#<:;#>�0LM�<Q;�`b9�;#>J5O?´4:9(k�kJ.1>/N�4�'G�,�;D��._gh;�7*;�0ZW[K�N�;#7!.17@4:K��3Kh<���4�Kb>]�(i:N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7J4Q2*Rb>J.17@43k�?�.1I(I�7@?�2@>�RCKh>�;Oi:N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17/0:<B.T>�4$M Kh<:W �P0Q2*W[;#4�'f$>´��._gb;#7@;#0D0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W t�4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.T0B.P.T<:;S5OKb>�gb;#<:0Q;�NÆ2@>�0:K^0Q,�;�M�<:;_`h9(;#>J5O?�N�KbW�.T2*>�'a�3Kh>�gbKh7@9�0:2@Kb>P��2@0:,�.1>Æ.1I(I�<:KbI�<:2X.10Q;�h;�<:>�;#7 M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>P<Q;#4:9�7@0Q4=2@> .v0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QWS;�N[4:I/.h5O;���,�;#<Q;�0:,�;D>/.10:9(<B.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4D2@>P0:,(;aN�.10O.�k/;�5OKbWS;DW[Kh<:;DN�2@4Q0:2@>�Rh9(2*4Q,J.1k(7*;b'�37@9�4:0Q;#<:4�5#.1>^0Q,�;#>Pk/;�2jN�;#>�0:2� J;�N[k�?Y J>/N�2@>�R�0:,�;DN�;�>�4:;D<Q;#Rh2@Kb>�4�2@>�0Q,�;�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QWS;�N[N�KhW^.12@>!'+�._gb;#7@;#0�0:<B.T>�4$M Kh<:W�I�<QK1g�2jN�;#4a0Q,�;�M Kh7@7@K1��2*>(R�2*>�0Q;#<:;#4Q0:2@>�R M�;�.T0:9�<Q;#4�'9��2@<:4:0_t�2@0DI�<:K1g�2XN�;#4�9�>�4Q9�I/;#<:g�2@4:;�N 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RJ' G�,�;,J.T0$i$4:,J.TIJ;5 J7@0:;#<Q4Z;#W[I�,J.T4:2@~#;3<:;#Rb2*Kb>�4���,�;�<:;�0:,�;�I/Kh2@>�0:435O7@9�4:0Q;#<�t�k�9(0�4:2@W�9�[email protected]>�;#Kb9�4:7@?�0:;#>/N�0:KC4:9�I�I(<:;#4Q4��Z;�.��h;#<o2*>�M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>

Page 27: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I1s�I!�UFCO��t#:$AB�«�ªA�¦AJ5Kz«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�ûRPª�©A@C§C�=« Fhq

��2*Rb9�<:;D&('*)_E�\�}�4B.TWSI�7@;�K1M�F_i:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7�M ;�.10Q9�<:;�4:I/.h5O;h'v��2*Rb9�<:;�2@43M�<QKhW���,(;#21��,(Kh7@;#4:7X.TWS2$th�3,J.T0:0:;�<*�O;#;�.1>JNaö/,J.T>�R�4B)_xhxh&86#'2@> 0:,�;#2@<[kJKb9�>JN�.T<:?�' G�,�9(4�t�N�;#>�4Q; <Q;#Rh2@Kb>�4�2@>ò0Q,�;PKb<:2@Rh2@>J.T7�M�;_.10:9(<:;P4QIJ.h5O;´.h5O0S.T4�.10Q0:<O.h5O0QKh<:4vM�Kh<�>(;�.1<Qk�?ùIJKb2@>�0Q4S.1>JN .T42@>�,�2@k�2@0:Kb<:4oM�Kh<30:,(;6I/Kh2@>�0:430:,J.T06.1<:;L>�Kh0�5O7@Kh4Q;�;#>�Kh9(Rh,!'�G�,�2@43WS;�.T>�430:,�;�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4L2*>[0:,�;DN�.T0B.�.19�0QKhW^.10:2X5#.T7@7*?�4Q0B.1>/N�Kh9(0�.T>JN5O7@;�.T<60:,(;=<Q;#Rh2@Kb>�46.1<QKh9�>JN[0Q,�;#W '���;�58Kh>JN�t(0:,�;�7@K1�3i$IJ.14Q4v J7@0:;#<Q4�9�4:;�N 2*>[0:,�;C��._gb;#7@;#0Z0Q<B.T>�4$M�Kb<:W ��2@7*7�.19(0:KhW^.10Q2j5�.17@7@?D<:;#W[K1gh;Kh9(0:7@2@;#<:4_'�]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�t�0:,(;�W�9�7@0:2�iu<Q;#4:Kb7@9�0:2@Kh>^I�<QKhI/;#<:0$?ÆKTM���._gh;�7*;�0=0Q<B.T>�4$M�Kb<:W�5#.T>Æ,�;#7@I�N�;#0Q;�5O0:2@>�R 0:,�;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4S.10DN�2���;#<:;#>�07@;#gh;�7*4�KTMs.b5#5O9�<O.h5O?�'Y�!2@>J.T7@7*?�t�2@0L2*4�gb;#<:? Mu.14Q0�0:KP.1I�I(7*?^��._gh;#7@;#0�0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:W .1>/NP4Q9J5Q,�.SI(<:K�5O;#4Q4 5#.T> .T7@4:KSk/;�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[;�NP2@>IJ.T<B.17@7@;#7$'

G�,�;���._gh;#7@;#0¢iuk/.14:;_N�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RS.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W�5#.T>�k/;�Kh9�0Q7@2*>(;�N^.143M�Kb7*7@K1��4_\�� �\�J�1" �?d�m �_ú1y\ú�û G�,�;���._gh;#7@;#0¢iukJ.T4:;�N^5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W�M�Kh<�W�9(7*0Q2�iu<Q;#4:Kb7*9(0:2@Kh>�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�k�?[��._gb;#7@;#0�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QW 'u �������Fb G�,(;6M ;�.10Q9�<:;�gh;_5O0:Kb<:4�K1M�W�9�7@0:2XN�2@W�;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17�N�.T0B.�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'� ���7���z�Ab �37@9�4:0Q;#<:;�N Khkh�O;�580:4�'l ���?d��N�zb G�,�;C��._gb;#7@;#0$i$kJ.14Q;�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W2@4�2@WSI�7@;#W[;#>�0:;�N�.T43M�Kh7@7@K1��4�'

z|{~} ���L���~���Q���E���Z���Z�~�������L�L�������~�F���������~�����Q�������L�L���Q�����~�������������Q���<�z���}  �����¡�¢F£~��¤���¡L�Q�����¥�����Q�~�Z��¦§���§�����¨���������~���F���L�L���<�z�©�} ª����~�F�����F�Z�����«���Q���Q�§�Z��¦����Q�����~����z��Z¡����|���Q����}W���������F�������L���~���¨�Z����¥�����Q�~�Z��¦��Q�¨���Z���Z�~���F�����L���<¬7���§���Q�����|�����~�F¡~�Q¤��Z¡L�­�z¯®<}  ������Q���§¡������Z¡L�¨�~�����«�°�����Q���<�z�±�} ²~�Q³��¨������¡�����³F���§�~�Q��¡L�������~��¦��Q�´�Z���������L���|���¨�~�������F�Z¡����|���Q���,µG�,�;a58KhWSI(9�0B.T0:2@Kh>J.T7J5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?aKTMz0Q,�;a.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W2*4�µº4��+6�t���,�;#<:;�� 2@4�0Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>S0Q,�;aN�.T0B.1k/.14:;b'�(Kh<3;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht���2*R/'�&�'@)�E�4:,�K1��4�.�4B.1W[I�7@;�K1MZF_i:N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17�M�;_.10:9(<:;D4QIJ.h5O;btJ��,(;#<:;D;_.h5Q,PI/Kh2@>�0Z2@>^0:,�;�2@W�.TRh;L<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q40:,(;6M ;�.10Q9�<:;�gh.17@9�;�4ZKTM!Kh>�;LKhkh�O;�580�2*>[0:,�;L4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.T0B.C4:;#0Q4�'Ó��2@RJ'�&�'@)�UD4:,�K1��430:,(;=<Q;#4:9(7*0�KTM!��._gb;#7@;#030:<B.T>�4$M Kh<:W[4Z.10�N�2���;#<:;#>�04B5�.17@;#4�M�<QKhW� J>(;U4 4B5#.T7*;D)76�0QK�58K�.1<Q4:;E4 4B5#.T7*;�E-6�'!}�0�;�.b5Q,a7@;#gb;#7$t14:9�k�iukJ.T>JN��!��4$._gh;#<O.1Rb;?6�2*4�4Q,�K1��> .T0!0Q,�;Z9(I�IJ;�<$i$7*;8M�0Z`b9J.hN�<B.1>�0_t4:9(k�iuk/.1>JN^�!�H4 ,�Kh<Q2@~#Kh>�0B.T7J;_N�Rh;#4�6�2@4�4:,(K1��>�.10�0Q,�;�9�I�I/;#<$i$<:2@Rb,�06`b9J.bN�<B.T>�0�t�4:9(k�iuk/.1>JN[�6� 4�gb;#<:0Q2X5#.17�;�N�Rh;�4S632@4�4:,�K1��>^.10�0Q,�;7@K1�Z;�<$i$7*;8M�0�`b9J.bN�<B.T>�0�tJ.T>JN�4Q9�k�i$kJ.1>/N��L�r4$5OKh<Q>�;#<:4�6�2@4�4:,(K1��> .T0�0:,�;�7@K1�3;#<$i$<:2@Rh,�0�`b9J.hN�<O.1>�0�'

+�._gb;��37@9�4:0Q;#<�2*4�.^Rh<Q2jN�iukJ.T4:;�NÆ.T>JNÆN�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�Nù.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W '�+�._gh;��37@9�4Q0:;#<D5OKb>�M�Kb<:WS4���2@0:,�.T7@7�0:,�;�<Q;�`b9�2@<:;#W[;#>�0:4�K1MRhK�K�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4�\�f$0�,J.T>JN�7@;#4�7X.1<QRh;DN�.T0B.14Q;#0:4L;O��5O2@;#>�0:7@?�t�N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:4�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4L��2@0:,P.1<Qk�2@0:<B.T<:?[4:,J.TIJ;ht(4:9J5�5O;#4:4¢M�9�7@7@?,J.T>JN�7@;#4^Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�tL.1>JNù2@4S2@>�4Q;#>�4:2@0Q2*gb; 0QKÆ0:,�;´Kh<ON�;#<^K1MD2@>�I�9(0�'�G�,�;´4:0Q9JN�?-.17@4QKò5OKbWSIJ.T<:;#4�+�._gb;��37@9�4:0Q;#<S��2@0:,¤n�f:�����Ct����}���}�r6�S.T>JN�V�nZ�(�3}=rDt�.1>/N�4:,�K1��430:,J.T0�+�._gh;_�37*9(4:0:;�<�Kh9�0QIJ;�<$M�Kb<:WS4o0:,�;#4Q;�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�2@>�kJKb0:,�;O��582*;�>J5O?S.1>/NS5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R`b9J.17@2@0$?�'

Page 28: data mining  Chapter 08

Fh& ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«

��2@Rh9�<Q;a&�'@)#U/\Z]^9(7*0Q2�iu<Q;#4:Kb7*9(0:2@Kh>[K1M�0:,�;CM�;�.T0:9�<Q;D4:I/.h5O;�2@>(��2@Rh9(<:;a&('*)_E�.106.86�4B5�.17@;S)-`(k06�4O5#.17@;aFi`�5$6�4O5#.17@;aE('U��2*Rb9�<:;�2@4�M <:KhW��,�;�2���,�Kb7@;#4:7X.1W[2$th�3,J.10Q0:;#<@�O;#;a.T>JNaö/,J.1>(R�4B)�xbxh&86#'

é�êqpZê[î _"â;ÎL¶¨F��³�_ õQö6óbð�÷!ø�ñQúU�líLñ���í5Ð=�Lñ�²c÷�ú6ó�ñ��oú6ï�õ�ó3~Lï�ô�÷

}6>(Kh0:,(;#< 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W t�����f:¡=�L��t�N�;#gh;�7*KbIJ;_N´k�? 4�}LRh<O._��.T7�;#0a.T7u'´)�xbxh&86#t�[email protected]>�Kb0:,�;�<a2@>�0:;#Rb<B.T0:;�N�t�N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N.1>/NSRb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�W[;#0:,(K�N�'�f$0�2*43RhK�K�NvM�Kh<�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RS,�2@Rh,^N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7 N(.10B.C2@>^7j.T<:Rb;=N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�'��2@gb;#>�.�7X.1<QRh;�4:;�0=KTMzW�9�7@0Q2jN�2*W�;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17JN�.T0B.�I/Kh2@>�0:4_t�0:,(;aN�.10O.�4:IJ.b5O;D2@469(4:9J.T7*7@?�>�Kb0�9�>�2�M�Kb<:WS7@?�K�5#5O9�I�2@;�N k�?^0Q,�;aN�.T0B.I/Kh2@>�0:4�'PV�.T0B.P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R 2XN�;�>�0Q2� J;#4�0:,�;[4:IJ.T<:4:;^.1>JN´0Q,�;�58<:K1�6N�;�N I�7X.h5O;�4�tZ.T>JN´,�;#>/5O;PN�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:4�0:,�;[K1gh;#<O.17@7ZN�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>IJ.T0:0:;�<:>�4LK1M�0:,�;DN�.T0B.�4Q;#0�'}�9�>�2@0�2@4 ����� ��� 2�M�0:,(;�M�<B.b5O0:2@Kb>PK1M�0:Kb0B.T7zN�.T0B.�I/Kh2@>�0:4�5OKh>�0O.12@>�;�N^2@>^0:,(;a9�>(2*0�;8{(58;#;�N�4a.T>P2@>�I�9�0LWSK�N�;#7�I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<�'s}5O7@9�4Q0:;#<L2*46.�W^._{�[email protected]�4:;�06K1M�5OKh>(>�;�5O0Q;�N N�;#>�4:;C9�>�2@0:4_'����f:¡=�L�ùIJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(4�0:,�; » i¢N�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17�N�.T0B.�4:I/.h5O;D2@>�0:K�>(Kh>�i$K1gh;#<Q7X.1I�I�2@>�R�<:;_5O0B.T>�Rh9�7X.T<�9�>�2@0:4_t�2XN�;#>�0:2� J;�4=N�;#>(4:;�9�>�2@0:4_t.1>/Nk J>JN�4�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�2@>�.17@7�4:9�k(4:IJ.b5O;#4�K1M60Q,�;�Kh<Q2@Rh2@>J.17�N�.T0B.^4QIJ.h58;ht�9�4:2@>�R´.P5#.1>/N�2XN�.10Q;�Rh;#>�;�<B.10Q2@Kh>ÆWS;�0:,�K�N 4:2@[email protected]<L0:KP0Q,�;}6I(<:2@Kh<Q2z.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W�M�Kh<3WS2@>�2@>�Ra.T4:4QK�582j.T0:2@Kh>[<:9�7@;#4_'����f:¡=�L�ùIJ;#<¢M�Kh<QWS43W�9�7@0:2XN�2@W�;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7J5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�2@>^0$�3Ka4Q0:;#I�4_\��2@<:4Q0�th����f:¡=�L�P2XN�;�>�0Q2� J;#4z587*9(4:0:;�<:43k�?DN�;�0:;#<QWS2@>�2@>�R6N�;#>(4:;�9�>�2@0Q4!2@>a.17@7�0:,(;Z4Q9�k�4:I/.h5O;#4oK1MJ2@>�0:;#<Q;#4:0Q4Z.1>/N�0:,�;�> N�;�0:;#<QWS2@>�2@>�R5OKb>�>�;�5O0Q;�N´N�;#>�4Q;D9�>�2@0:4�2@>P.17@7/4:9�k(4:IJ.b5O;#4�K1M�2*>�0Q;#<:;#4Q0:4_'}L>ò2@W[IJKb<:0B.T>�0D,�;#9�<Q2@4:0:2X5[0:,/.10S����f:¡��L�c.hN�KbI�0:4�2@4�0:,�; }6I�<Q2*Kb<:2�I�<Q2@>J5O2@I�7@;^2*>ù,�2@Rh,-N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17Z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RJ\�ö�V+�P�\X�1þ×ÿº"*#�ý#þ[Q�#\���gZ&#�þ1<ZþjýL�-"*#�ý?"�¯�< RT"*#Sý?Q¬����"6þW<�ýA.\�SQ:�7"SP¦< ý6þ�#Y4$� à )?6¦XS�1þXÿY"$#�ý8þ Q�#0���/ý§.��-P�"�'!G�,/.1032*4_th2�M!.1>�?�K1M!0:,(;E4u� à )76 i$0:,�9�>�2@0Q42@4Z>(Kh06N�;#>(4:;ht(2*0Q4�58Kh<:<Q;#4:I/Kh>/N�2@>�R��bi$0:,^N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7�9�>�2@0�5#.1>(>�Kh0�k/;D.a5#.T>JN�2XN�.T0:;=N�;#>�4:;C9�>�2@0�'�G�,�;�<:;OM�Kb<:;ht/.17@7/0:,�;D5#.T>JN�2XN�.10Q;�bi:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7 N�;#>�4:;C9�>�2@0:465#.T>^kJ;�Rh;�>�;#<B.T0:;�N M�<QKhW¡4$� à )76 i:N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7JN�;#>�4Q;DKh>(;#4�'��;_5OKh>JN�th����f:¡��6� Rh;�>�;#<B.T0:;#43WS2@>�[email protected] N�;�4B5O<Q2*I(0:2@Kh>CM�Kh<�0Q,�;�587*9(4:0:;�<:4Z.T4!M Kh7@7@K1��4�'/f$0o J<:4Q0ZN�;#0Q;#<:W[2*>(;#4�0:,�;3W�. {�[email protected]�<Q;#Rh2@Kh>(40:,/.1065OK1gb;#<=.�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<6KTMZ5OKh>�>(;�5O0:;_NPN�;#>�4Q;D9�>�2@0Q4�M�Kb<Z;�.b5Q, 587*9(4:0:;�<�.T>JN�0Q,�;#> N�;#0:;#<QWS2@>�;#4�W[2@>�[email protected]�5OK1gh;�<�M�Kb<Z;�.b5Q, 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<�'����f:¡=�L� .T9�0:KbW�.T0:2X5#.17@7@?v J>JN�4�4:9�k(4:IJ.b5O;#43K1M�0:,�;�,�2@Rb,�;#4:0�N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17@2@0$?64Q9J5Q,�0:,J.T0z,(2*Rb, N�;#>�4:2@0$?a587*9(4:0:;�<:43;O{�2*4Q0�2@>D0:,(Kh4:;4:9(k�4:IJ.b5O;#4_'6f$0�2@4�2@>�4:;�>�4:2@0:2@gb;D0:K�0Q,�;DKh<ON�;#<LK1Mz<Q;�5OKb<BN�4�2@>^2*>(I�9�06.1>/N�N�K�;�46>�Kb06I�<Q;#4:9�W[;�4:KhW[;D5#.1>�Kb>�2X5#.17!N(.10B.�N�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh>�'f$034B5#.T7*;�4Z7@2@>�;�.T<:7@?D��2@0:,�0Q,�;64Q2*~�;6K1M!2@>�I(9�0Z.1>/N�,J.143RhK�K�N�4B5#.T7X.1k�2@7@2@0$?�.T4Z0Q,�;6>�9�W�k/;#<�K1MzN�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>�4�2@>�0:,�;�N�.10O.�2@4�2@>J5O<:;_.14:;_N�'��K1�3;#gb;#<�t(0:,�;a.b5#5O9�<O.h5O?^KTMz0:,(;�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RS<Q;#4:9(7*0�W^._?ak/;aN�;�Rh<B.bN�;�NP.T0Z0Q,�;D;O{�I/;#>�4Q;aKTMz4:2@W[I�7@2j582*0$?CK1Mz0Q,�;DW[;#0:,�K�N�'

Page 29: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�G&I¡RƧC��ªAJ�#:$AB�«�ªA� ¦AJCK�«�©�ªAF5O:¨;�kR ª�©A@D§C��« Fhx

é�ê é ´ �C�L÷!õ>Ð=ÑLïzó�÷o�cô�õ:öLóhð�÷�ø�ñ:ú/�ײc÷�ð�í/�C�6ó]^K�N�;#7�i$kJ.14Q;�NS587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�W^.��b;Z9�4Q;�K1Mz5O;#<Q0B.T2*>[WSK�N�;#7@4�M Kh<�0Q,�;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4=.T>JN�.10Q0:;#W[I�0�0:K�KhI(0:2@WS2@~#;30:,�;5 J03kJ;#0$�3;#;#>0:,(;�N(.10B.�.1>/N�0:,(;6WSK�N�;�7u'�f$032*43K1M 0:;#>[kJ.14Q;�N[Kh>�0:,(;�.T4:4Q9�WSI�0Q2@Kh>�0:,/.1030:,�;DN�.T0B.�.1<:;LRh;#>(;#<B.T0:;�N[k�?S.DW[2�{�0Q9�<:;�KTMz9�>/N�;#<:7@?�2@>�RI�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7*2@0$?SN�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>�4_'

G�,�;[WSK�N�;#7�i$kJ.14Q;�N´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R´WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�,J._gh;�0$�3KPW�.��OKh<D.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,�;#4_\^ý�<>�=<uþ@ý�<$þ[P����Ó�¦.-.\�SQ7�-P¦R .T>JN!#0"*Z&�S���Ó#0"¦<:ÖÓQ���Õs�¦.�X.0��Q?�8P�R�'^ ���(��"$�#�_" � �� ����������J� � d�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R´2@>ÆW�.b5:,(2*>(;�7*;_.1<:>(2*>(RP2@4a9�4Q9J.17@7@?P<Q;OM�;#<Q<:;�N 0QK .T4D9�>�4Q9�I/;#<:g�2@4:2@>�RÆ7@;�.T<:>�2@>�RPKb< 58Kh>J5O;�I�0�4u5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R36�M�Kh<QW�.T0:2@Kh>!']^Kb4:0�K1M��ZKb<���Kb> 58Kh>J5O;�I�0�M�Kb<:W^.10:2@Kb> .bN�KhI�0�.CI�<:KbkJ.1k�2@7@2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N[.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,!t���,�2X5Q,S9�4Q;#46I�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7@2*0$?�WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0:4�tb4:9/5:,.14^5#.10Q;#RhKb<:?ù9�0:2@7@2@0$?Æ9�4:;�N 2*>�4:�!2@4Q,�;#< )_xh&bq-6�.1>JNø4u��;#>�>J.T<:2$t��!.1>(Rh7@;#?�.1>/N ��2@4:,(;#< )_xh&hx86#t M�Kh<S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�Rò.T>JNù<:;#I�<Q;#4:;�>�0Q45OKb>J5O;#I�0Q4�Kh<65O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q46��2@0:,^I�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�N�;#4O5O<:2@I�0Q2*Kb>�4�'�(Kh<3;O{J.1W[I�7@;hth����n�+¤��n�4§��2@4:,(;#<a)_xh&hq86�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[4�.C0:KbI�i¢N�K1��>!t�9�>�4Q9�IJ;�<:g�2@4:;�N�t(2@>J5O<:;�WS;#>�0B.T7!5O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>[K1M 58Kh>J5O;�I�0:4Kh>Æ5#.T0:;#RbKh<:2X5#.T7ZN�.T0B.�'�f$0�9�4Q;#4aKb>�;�WS;�.T4:9�<Q;ht!5#.T7*7@;�NÞP��7<�">%�Q��$)�Z-<$þ���þ1<§)1t�0:K^4B5OKb<:;�;�.b5Q,Æ>�;#��7@?P2@>�4:;�<:0:;_NÆ>�K�N�;�.1>JN´N�;#0Q;#<:W[2@>�;��,�;#<Q; 0QK�I�9(0S2@> 0:,�;´,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�?�' G�,�;PWS;�0:,�K�Nù,J.14[4:;#gb;#<B.T7�7*2@W[2*0O.10Q2*Kb>�4�'!��2@<:4Q0�t�2@0[2*4�k/.14:;_N-Kb>ò0Q,�;Æ.14:4Q9�WSI(0:2@Kh>ù0:,J.T0I�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>�4[Kh> 4:;�IJ.1<O.10:;Æ.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;#4^.1<Q;P4:0O.10:2@4Q0:2X5#.17@7@?�2@>JN�;#IJ;�>JN�;#>�0^K1MD;�.b5:,ÁKh0:,(;#<�'¤G�,�2@4�.T4:4Q9�WSI�0Q2@Kh>�2@4_t,�K1�3;#gh;�<�t�>�Kb0a.17@��._?�4�0Q<:9�;�4Q2*>/5O;�5OKb<:<Q;#7X.10:2@Kb>ÆkJ;#0$�3;#;#> .10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#4�K1M�0Q;#>Æ;O{�2@4:0Q4�'P]^Kb<:;#K1gb;#<�t�0Q,�;�I�<:KbkJ.1k(2*7@2@0$? N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh><:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0B.T0:2@Kh>ÆKTMo587*9(4:0:;�<:4DW^.��h;�4Z2@0=`b9�2@0Q;D;O{�IJ;�>�4:2@gh;�0:K[9�I�N�.10Q;a.1>JN 4:0:Kb<:;�0:,�;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'LG�,�2@462@46;#4QIJ;_5O2X.17@7@?�4QKS��,�;�> 0Q,�;.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;#4L,J._gh;�.�7j.T<:Rb;=>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�gh.17@9�;�4�4:2@>J5O;D0Q,�;#2@<60Q2@WS;=.T>JN[4:IJ.b5O;a5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0:2@;#4�N�;#I/;#>JN >�Kb0�Kh>�7@?�Kh>^0Q,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;#4_t�k�9�0a.T7@4:KPKb> 0Q,�;S>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�gh.17@9�;#4�M�Kh<D;_.h5Q,�.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;h'+�(9�<:0Q,�;#<QWSKh<Q;ht�0:,�;�I�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7@2*0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N 0:<:;�;+4�4Q9J5Q,ò.T44§��2@4:,(;#<S)�xb&hq86�6�0Q,J.10�2@46k(9�2@7*0L0:K^2XN�;#>�0:2�M�?P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4D2@4�>�Kh0L,�;#2@Rh,�0$i$kJ.T7j.T>J5O;�N M�Kb<64��b;#�3;�N´2@>�I�9�0�N�.10O.�t/��,�2X5Q, W^._?�5#.T9�4:;�0Q,�;0:2@W[;=.1>/NS4QIJ.h58;�58KhWSI(7*;8{�2@0$?�0:KSN�;�Rh<B.bN�;aN�<O.1W^.10:2X5#.T7@7*?�'

}L>�Kh0Q,�;#<34:?�4:0Q;#W�5#.T7*7@;�N�����}=����f$Gá4$��;#>�>/.1<:2$t��!.T>�Rh7@;#?�.1>JNY��2@4:,(;#<=)_xh&bx-6�M�Kh<o2*>/5O<:;#W[;#>�0B.T7J5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�K1Mz58Kh>�0:2@>�9�Kh9(4C4�Kb<<:;_.17!gh.T7@9�;�N�63N�.10O.�'�f$0�4:0QKh<:;�4=.�5OKh>�0:2@>�9�Kb9�4�>�Kh<QW�.T7JN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>+4 2u' ;h'@tbWS;�.T>�.T>JN�4Q0B.1>/N�.1<ON�N�;#g�2j.T0:2@Kh>\6�M�Kb<Z;_.h5Q,^2*>/N�2@g�2XN�9/.17.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;D2@>P;_.h5Q,P>�K�N�;a.T>JN[9�4:;�4�.�W[K�N�2� J;�NS5�.10:;�RhKh<Q?^9�0:2@7@2@0$?SWS;_.14:9(<:;���,�2X5Q,[email protected]>^2@>�0Q;#Rh<O.17�K1gh;#<�5OKh>�0:2@>�9�Kb9�46.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#42@>�4:0Q;�.hN K1M34:9�W K1gh;#<�N�2@4B5O<Q;#0:;^.10:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4D.14�2@> ����n�+¤��n6'���K1�3;#gh;#<_t�2@064Q9&� ;�<:4�0:,�;�4:2@[email protected]<3I�<QKhk�7@;#W .T4�����no+w��n�.T>JN0:,�9�4L2@0Z2@4�>�Kb0�4:9�[email protected]�7@;�M�Kb<65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�7X.T<:Rh;DN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;�N(.10B.('}L9�0:K��37j.T4:4E4$�3,�;#;#4Q;#W�.T> .T>JN^��0:9�0Q~�)_xhxbm-632@WSI�7@;#W�;�>�0Q4�.[nZ._?b;#4:2X.T> 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R^WS;#0Q,�K�N[kJ.14Q;�N^Kh> WS2�{�0:9�<Q;6WSK�N�;�7*4_'3f$09�4Q;#460Q,�;an3._?h;#4Q2j.T>^4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.17!.T>J.17@?�4:2@430:K�;#4Q0:2@W�.T0:;60Q,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M 587*9(4:0:;�<:4�'

� ���z�1�( Z�����$b;�/��pÆ���������J� � dG�,�;Dk/;#4Q0L��>�K1��>^>�;�9�<B.T7z>(;#0$�ZKb<��^.1I�I�<QK�.b5:, 2*>P5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RS2@46����]�4 4:;#7�MXi$Kh<QR�.1>(2*~�2*>(R�M�;�.10Q9�<:;CW�.1I\6�I�<QKhI/Kh4Q;�NPk�?a76Kb,�Kh>(;#>2@> )_xh&�)b'!f$0�5#.T>Sk/;=g�2@;#�3;�NS.T4�.C>�Kb>�7@2*>(;�.1<3I�<:K_�O;�5O0Q2*Kb>�M�<QKhW�.T> » i¢N�2@W[;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17�2@>�I(9�0Z4QIJ.h58;=Kb>�0:Ka.C7@K1�Z;#<¢iuKb<BN�;�<U4 0$?�I(2j5�.17@7@?F_i:N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17�6�<:;#Rb9�7X.1<37j.T0:0Q2j58;6K1Mz58;#7@7*4_'���9J5Q,P.�W�.TI�I�2@>�R�2@4Z9(4:;�N[0:K�2XN�;#>�0:2�M�?�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�K1Mz;�7*;�WS;#>�0:430:,/.10�.1<:;L4:2@[email protected]<v4 2*>S.T>��9J587*2XN�;_.1>^4:;#>(4:;?6L2@>S0Q,�;DKh<Q2@Rh2@>J.17/4:I/.h5O;h'

é�ê5· ��ö�ð�õQñ:÷!øÆï�úLïzõ¢û6ó�ñ:óy�;#<Q?SKTM�0:;#>�th0Q,�;#<:;C;O{�2*4Q0�N(.10B.CKhkh�8;�5O0:4���,(2j5Q,^N�Ka>(Kh0�5OKhW[I�7@?D��2@0:,S0Q,�;6Rb;#>�;#<O.17�k/;#,J._g�2@Kh<3Kh<3WSK�N�;#7@4�KTM!0:,�;DN�.T0B.('z��9/5:,^4Q;#0:4K1M�N�.10O.DKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�t(��,�2X5:,P.T<:;�Rh<QKh4:4Q7@?SN�2�� ;#<Q;#>�03M�<:KbWcKh<�2@>J58Kh>�4Q2*4Q0:;#>�0���2@0:,[0:,�;�<Q;#W�.T2*>(2*>(R=4Q;#06KTMzN�.10O.�t�.T<:;D5#.17@7@;�N�Q�Z8<§��þ["*�Oý�K1M0:,(;aN�.10O.D4Q;#0�'

�L9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4a5OKb9�7XNPk/;S5#.19(4:;�N´k�?´WS;�.T4:9�<Q;#WS;#>�0LKh<�;O{�;�5O9�0Q2@Kh>Æ;#<Q<:Kh<�Kh<�k�?P2@>�,�;�<:;#>�0�N�.10O.Sgh.T<:2X.1k(2*7@2@0$?�'L�(Kh<�;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht�0Q,�;N�2@4:I(7j._?�KTMZ.DI/;#<:4QKh>Nz 4�.1Rh;D.T4 à xbxhx�5OKb9�7XN�k/;a5#.T9�4:;�N k�?^.DI(<:KhRb<B.TW N�;8Mu.19�7@034:;#0Q0:2@>�R[K1M .T>^9�>�<:;_5OKh<ON�;�N´.1Rh;b'���K1�3;#gh;#<_t�0Q,�;4B.T7X.1<:? K1M�0:,�;S5Q,�2@;OM�;O{�;�5O9�0Q2@gh;�K1�S;�<DK1M�.^5OKbWSIJ.T>�? 58Kh9�7XN >J.10Q9�<B.T7*7@?^4:0O.1>JN´Kb9�0D.14a.T> Kb9�0:7@2@;#<D.1W[Kh>�R�0Q,�;�4B.T7X.1<:2@;#4�KTM�0Q,�;;#W[I�7@K1?h;#;#432@>P.a5OKbWSIJ.T>�?�']P.T>�?�N�.T0B.[WS2@>�2@>�Ra.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4�.T<:;�0:<:?�2@>�R[0:KS;�7*2@W[2*>/.10:;�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<:4LKh<�WS2@>�2@W�2�~#2@>�Ra0Q,�;�2*>T{J9�;#>J58;aKTMZKh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�'���K1�3;#gb;#<�tÌ:Kb>�;�IJ;�<:4:Kb>Nz 4�>�Kh2@4Q;�58Kh9�7XN�k/;a.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<�I/;#<:4QKh>Nz 4�4:2@Rb>J.171ÍJ'�f$>SW^.1>�?�5#.14Q;#4�t(0:,�;DKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4Z0Q,�;#WS4Q;#7@gh;#4�W[2@Rh,�0�kJ;DKTM!IJ.1<Q0:2X5O9�7X.T<2@>�0:;#<Q;#4:0L0:KS.�9�4Q;#<�'oG�,�9(4�t�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<�N�;#0Q;�5O0:2@Kb> .1>JN^.T>J.17@?�4:2@432*46.T>S2@>�0:;#<Q;#4:0Q2@>�R�N�.T0B.CWS2@>�2@>�RD0O.14�� '�L9�0Q7*2@;#<�W[2@>�2@>�R�,J.14���2XN�;D.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>�4�'�f$065#.1>^k/;�9�4:;�N 2*>vM�<B.T9JN^N�;#0Q;�5O0:2@Kb>^M�Kh<½ J>JN�2*>(R�9�>�9�4:9J.T7�9�4B.TRh;�K1MZ5O<Q;�N�2@065#.T<BN�4Kh<�0:;�7*;8i¢5OKbWSW�9�>(2j5�.10:2@Kb>P4:;#<Qg�2j58;#4�t32@>ò5O9(4:0:KbWS2@~#;�N W�.T<��h;�0:2@>�R[M�Kh<¿ J>JN�2*>(RP4:I/;#>JN�2@>�R´k/;#,J._g�2@Kh<�K1M=;8{�0Q<:;#W[;#7@? <Q2X5:,ùKh<�IJK�Kb<

Page 30: data mining  Chapter 08

Eh| ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«I/;#KhI�7@;ht(Kh<�2@>SW[;�N�2X5#.T7!.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*4oM�Kb<A J>/N�2@>�R�9�>�9�4:9/.17�<:;�4:I/Kh>�4Q;a0QKS5O;#<:0O.12@>^WS;�N�2j582*>(;6Kh<�0Q<:;�.T0:W[;#>�0�t�;#0O51'

�L9�0Q7*2@;#<3WS2@>�2@>�RD5#.T>^kJ;DN�;#4O5O<:2@k/;�NP.T4�\���2@gh;�>S.�4:;#0�KTM N�.T0B.CIJKb2*>�0Q4°�P.T>JN[0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<�KTMzKh9(0:7@2@;#<:46��t� J>JN[0QKhI��[Kb9�0:7@2@;#<I/Kh2@>�0:43��,�2X5:,^.1<Q;=5OKb>�4:2XN�;#<O.1k�7@?^N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<�M�<QKhW0:,�;�<Q;#W�.T2*>(2*>(R�N(.10B.('!G�,(;=Kb9�0:7@2@;#<�W[2@>�2@>�R�I�<:Kbk�7@;#W�5#.T>Sk/;6g�2@;#�Z;_N�.T4Z0$�3K4:9(k�I�<:Kbk�7@;#WS4_\v4B)76ZN�;¦ J>�;D��,J.T06N�.10O.a5�.1>^kJ;D5OKb>�4:2XN�;�<:;�NP.T4�2@>J5OKh>(4:2@4:0Q;#>�0�Kh<�;O{J5O;#I(0:2@Kh>J.T7!2@>�.CRh2@gb;#>�N�.T0B.�4Q;#0?`/.1>JN(4uF-6½ />JN.1>^;O��582*;�>�0�W[;#0:,(K�Nv0:K�W[2*>(;60:,(;=Kb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4�4:KSN�;� />�;�N�'G�,�;�I(<:Khk(7*;�W±KTMzN�;� J>(2*>(RDKh9�0Q7@2*;�<�2@4�>�Kh>�0Q<:2@g�2j.T7$'Jf Mz.�<:;#Rb<:;#4Q4:2@Kh>^WSK�N�;�7�2@4�9(4:;�N M�Kh<ZN(.10B.�WSK�N�;#7@2@>�RJt1.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�K1M!<Q;#4:2XN�9J.T7@45#.T>�Rh2@gb;aRbK�K�N´;#4Q0:2@W�.T0:2@Kh> M�Kh<aN(.10B.xÌ:;O{�0:<Q;#WS;�>�;#4:4�ÍJ' G�,�;�0B.T4��Æk/;�5OKhW[;�0:<Q2j5���?´��,�;#>� J>JN�2*>(RPKh9�0Q7@2*;�<D2@> 0Q2*W[;a4Q;#<:2@;#4_tZ.T40:,(;#?SW[2*Rb,�0zk/;�,�2XN�N�;#>^2@>�0:<Q;#>JN�t(4:;�.T4:Kb>J.17$t�Kh<�Kb0:,�;�<�5O?�5O7@2X5�5Q,J.1>�Rb;#4�'o+-,�;#>[W�9�7@0:2�i:N�2@W�;#>�4:2@Kb>J.17�N�.T0B.�[email protected]>/.17@?�~#;�N�t�>�Kb0�.T>�?IJ.T<:0:2X5O9(7j.T<6Kb>�;Dk�9�0D.�5OKbW�k�2@>J.10Q2@Kh>SKTM�N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>[gh.17@9�;#4LWS2@Rh,�03kJ;C;O{�0:<:;�WS;h'L}67@4:K/t�N�;� J>�2@>�R[Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:462@> 5�.10:;�RhKh<Q2X5#.17�N�.T0B.<:;_`h9(2*<Q;#464Q;#IJ.T<B.10Q;a5OKb>�4:2XN�;#<O.10Q2*Kb>!'+Æ;L��2*7@7/;O{J.1W[2*>(;62@>�N�;�0B.12@7�0:,�;�2@4:4Q9�;#4�M Kh<6N�;� />�2@>�RS.1>JNvWS2@>�2@>�RDKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4�'G�,�;�W[Kh4Q0�Khk�g�2@Kh9�4�.1>/N�K1M�0Q;#>�`b9�2@0:;�;¦� ;�580:2@gh;���._?�4 M�Kh<�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<ZN�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>^.1<:;Y�-�=<>�¬�_þ@ý$Z����Yþ*)*�=<uþ Q�#^ÿº"¦< RTQ7�_ý#'z�s9�W�.T>a;�?h;#4.1<Q;agb;#<:? Mu.14Q0�.T>JN^;���;�5O0Q2@gh;S.10L>�Kh0Q2X5O2@>�R�N�.T0B.v2*>/5OKh>�4Q2@4:0:;�>J5O2@;#4�'��sK1�Z;#gb;#<�t�0:,�2@4=N�K�;�4D>�Kh0�.1I�I(7*?^0QK�N�.T0B.^5OKh>�0O.12@>�2@>�RS5O?�5O7@2X5I�7@Kh0Q4���,�;#<Q;a.1I�I/.1<:;�>�0Q7@?�Kh9�0Q7*?�2@>�R�gh.17@9�;#4�5OKb9�7XNSk/;�IJ;�<$M�;�580:7@?^gh.17@2XN�gh.17@9�;�4Z2@>S<Q;�.17@2@0$?�'!f$0���2@7@7 .T7@4:K�;#>J58Kh9�>�0:;�<=N�2���5O9�7@0Q2*;�4Z0QKN�;#0Q;�5O0�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4���2@0:,PW^.1>�?�5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2j5�.17Z.T0:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;�4=Kb<DN�.10O.SKTMZ,�2@Rh,´N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7*2@0$?�4Q2*>/5O;�,�9�W�.T>�;�?h;#4a.T<:;�Kh>�7@?^RhK�K�NP.T0g�2@4:9J.T7*2@~#2@>�R�>�9�WS;�<:2X5#.17�N�.T0B.�K1M�0$�ZK�0:K�0Q,�<:;�;aN�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>�4_'G�,�;^5OKhW[I�9�0Q;#<$i$kJ.14Q;�N´Kh9(0:7@2@;#<aN�;#0Q;�5O0Q2*Kb> WS;#0Q,�K�N�4a5#.T>�k/;�5#.T0:;#RbKh<:2@~#;_NÆ2@>�0:KP0Q,�<:;#;P.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,�;#4_\^ý�<>�=<uþjýS<$þ[P����v��.-.\�SQ7�-P¦R�t�1þjýS<���#\PS"¦XS'��_ý?"��;��.8.0��Q?�8P�R�t .T>JN��8"$�_þ[�7<$þ[Q�#º��#0����)_ý8þjý°��.8.0�SQ7�-P¦R�'�rsKh0Q2j58;Z.17@4:K�0Q,J.10�W�.T>�?;P*��Zbý�<>"*�#þ�#&%L����%-Q��#þW<[R�ÿDý�N�2@4B5#.T<BN�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4.14�>(Kh2@4:;ht(,�K1�3;#gh;#<_t�0Q,�;#?�5�.1>^kJ;CWSK�N�2� J;�N�0QK�,J._gh;�Kh9(0:7@2@;#<�N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh> .T46.�k�?�I(<:K�N�9J5O0�KTMz0Q,�;#2@<6;O{�;�589�0:2@Kh>�'

é�ê5·�ê:ë æZð�ï�ð�ñ:óbð�ñ:ô�ï�õDï�~U~Lø���ï�ô�í¡�$��ø ��ö�ð�õQñ:÷!ø �6÷�ð�÷�ô/ð�ñ���úG�,�;34:0O.10:2@4Q0:2X5#.17�.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,�.14:4Q9�WS;�4!0:,(;�WSK�N�;#7b9�>JN�;#<Q7@?�2@>�R�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>D0:,/.10!Rb;#>�;#<O.10Q;#4ZN�.T0B.L4:;#0v4 ;h' RJ'@t_>�Kh<QW�.17�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>06.1>/N�0Q,�;#> 2XN�;#>�0:2� J;�4�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4a9(4:2@>�RÆ.P0Q;#4:0^5#.17@7@;�Ná�Tþ@ý?P�Q��S�8��#0P*)k<>"8ý�<u'ùG�,�;^0:;#4Q0S5OKh>(4:0:<Q9J5O0Q2*Kb>-<:;_`h9(2*<Q;#4Y��>�K1��7@;�N�Rb;�.1k/Kh9(0IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<:4SKTMD0:,�; N(.10B. 4:;#0_t�4:9/5:,�.14SN(.10B.ùN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>-.1>JN ��>�K1��7@;�N�Rb;PK1MaN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh> IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4�t�4Q9J5Q,w.14[WS;�.T>!tgh.1<Q2X.1>J5O;btJ.1>/N�0:,(;D>�9�W�kJ;�<ZKTMz;O{�I/;�5O0:;_NPKb9�0:7@2@;#<:4_'

}�4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7!N�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>J5O?^0:;�4:06;8{(.TWS2@>�;#4o0$�ZK�,�?�IJKb0:,�;�4:;#4_\�.�ÖÓQ���Õ þ#&%cR&)�.TQ=<[R�"Oý#þ@ýD.1>/N�.T>�����<�"*�$#0�7<$þ���"/R3)�.�Q7< RT"8ý#þ@ý#'G�,�;[�ZKb<���2@>�RP,�?�IJKb0:,�;�4:2@4�2@4a<Q;#0B.T2*>(;�Nù2YM60Q,�;#<Q;�2@4�>�K´4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.17@7@? 4Q2@Rh>�2� 5#.T>�0a;#g�2XN�;#>/5O;^4:9�I�I/Kh<Q0:4�2@0:4�<:; �O;�5O0Q2*Kb>!'ùG�,�;�3Kh<���2@>�R�,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*4 ¸�2@46.�4:0O.10Q;#WS;#>�0�0Q,J.10�0Q,�;���,�Kh7@;DN�.10O.D4Q;#0=58KhWS;�4�M�<QKhW�.1>[2*>(2*0Q2X.17/I�<:KbkJ.1k�2@7@2@0$?aW[K�N�;#7�ý�t�2$' ;h'@t¸�\ . à ýC© í è ) È ) «;­�)-©OF�© Æ7Æ?Æ ©S� Æ��0O.10:2@4Q0:2X5#.17/0:;�4:0�2@4�I/;#<$M�Kb<:W[;�N�0:KD4Q;#;���,�;#0Q,�;#<6.1>�Kbkh�O;�5O0 . � 2@4�4:2@Rh>(2� �5#.1>�0:7@?D7X.T<:Rh;¿4�Kb<�4:W^.17@7�6!2@>�<Q;#7X.10:2@Kb>a0QKa0Q,�;=N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>5OKbWSI�7@?�2@>�RD��2@0:,[0:,�;�WSK�N�;�7�ý�'!f M . � 2@4�4:,�K1��>[0:K�k/;DN�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>�06.T0�0:,�;�7@;#gb;#7!KTMz0:;�4:0�t(0:,�;�>P2@0Z2@4�>�Kb0Z<Q;�.14QKh>J.Tk�7@;=0QK�kJ;�7*2@;#gb;0:,/.10 . � 5OKhW[;#43M�<:KbW ý.1>JN^.T> .T7@0:;#<Q>J.10Q2*gb;�WSK�N�;#7�0Q,J.10 . � 58KhWS;�43M�<:KbW�.1>�Kb0:,�;�<6WSK�N�;�7<�[email protected]�KhI�0Q;�N�'oG�,�;D<:;�4:9�7@062@4�gb;#<:?W�9J5Q,PN�;#I/;#>JN�;�>�0�Kb>���,(2j5Q,¸ý�WSK�N�;#7�2@465Q,�Kb4:;#>´kJ;_5#.19�4Q; . � WS2@Rh,�03kJ;a.T>^Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<�9(>JN�;#<LKh>�;DW[K�N�;#7!.1>/N�.�I/;#<¢M�;�5O0Q7*? [email protected]@9�;�9�>/N�;#<�0:,(;DKh0Q,�;#<�'G�,�; M�Kh<QW�K1MJ.17@0:;�<:>J.T0:2@gh;ZN�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh>C2*4�.17@4:K�gb;#<:?C2*W[IJKb<:0O.1>�0J2@>aN�;#0:;#<QWS2@>�2@>�R�0Q,�;ZI/K1�3;#<!KTMJ0:,�;o0:;#4Q0�tb2u' ;h'�0:,�;3I�<:KbkJ.1k(2*7@2@0$?

0:,/.10��3Kh<���2@>�R�,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*4L2@4Z<Q;��O;�5O0Q;�N ��,�;#> . � 2@4�<:;�.T7@7*?S.T>^Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<_'�G�,�;#<Q;a.1<Q;=4Q;#gh;�<B.17�M�Kb<:W[4�K1M�.17@0:;#<Q>J.10Q2@gh;�,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q;#4�'� u ��dz���1���!�[�� �����1�����_"[�/� '�f$>Æ0:,�2@4a5�.14:;bt�0:,(;S�3Kh<���2@>�RP,�?�I/Kh0:,(;#4:2@4�0:,J.T0a.17@7�;#7@;#W[;#>�0:4�5OKhW[;DM <:KhW�N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>¡ý 2@4<:;��O;_5O0:;�N 2@>�Mu._gbKh<3K1M�.1>P.17@0:;�<:>J.T0:2@gh;�,�?�IJKb0:,�;#4Q2@4�0:,J.T06.17@7�0:,�;�Kbk�4:;#<Qgh.10Q2*Kb>�46.1<Q2@4:;�M�<QKhW�.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<6N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>7��\¸ \ . ࣠�¶© í è ) È ) «¥­ )-© Æ?Æ7Æ ©S� Æý�.T>JN� W�._?[kJ;SN�2���;#<Q;#>�0aN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>�4�Kh<DN�2���;#<DKh>(7*? 2*>´IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<:4�K1MZ0Q,�;�4B.TWS;�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>!'ano9�0D0Q,�;#<Q;�.1<Q;5OKh>�4Q0:<O.12@>�0:46Kb>P0:,(;�M�Kh<QW�KTM¹�cN�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>^2*>^0Q,J.10L2*0�W�9(4:0�,J._gb;=I/Kh0Q;#>�0:2X.17�0:K[Rh2@gh;�Kh9(0:7@2@;#<:4_'°�(Kh<L;O{J.1W[I�7@;ht�2@0�W�._?,J._gh;DN�2���;#<:;#>�0LWS;�.T>!thKb<6N�2@4:I/;#<:4Q2@Kh>!t(Kh<6.C7*Kb>�Rh;�<�0B.12@7$'

� l "[���_���1�S�� �����1�����_"[�/� '�G�,�;�W[2Y{�0Q9�<:;6.T7*0Q;#<:>/.10:2@gb;=4Q0B.T0:;#4�0Q,J.106N�2@4O5OKh<ON�.1>�03gh.17@9�;#4�.1<Q;=>(Kh03Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4�2@>2ý¤I/KhI�9�7X.T0:2@Kh>k�9�065OKb>�0O.1W[2*>/.1>�0:4�M <:KhW 4:KbWS;LKh0:,(;#<�IJKbI�9�7X.10Q2@Kh>!'�f$>^0:,�2@465#.T4:;D0Q,�;D.17@0:;#<Q>J.10Q2@gh;�,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*4�2@4_\¸ \ . ࣠4B) Ã�º 6Qý Ø�º �Y© í è ) È ) «¥­�)-© Æ?Æ7Æ ©S� Æ� ^ " ������/�Æ�� �����1�����_"[�/� '^G�,�2@4 .T7@0:;#<Q>J.10Q2*gb;^4:0B.T0:;#4�0Q,J.10�.17@7�0Q,�;SKbk�4:;#<Qgh.10Q2*Kb>�4S.1I/.1<:0CM�<QKhW�4QKhWS;�I(<:;#4O5O<:2@k/;�N 4:W^.17@7>�9(W�kJ;#<�.1<Q2@4:;D2@>JN�;�IJ;#>/N�;#>�0:7@?[M�<:KbWc0:,(;D2@>�2@0:2X.17/WSK�N�;#7�ý ��2@0:,^IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4'» .T>JN�Û Å ��,�2@7@;�0:,�;�<:;�W�.12@>�2@>�RC;#7@;#WS;#>�0Q4.1<:;�2@>JN�;�IJ;#>/N�;#>�0�Khk�4Q;#<:gh.T0:2@Kh>�43M <:KhW .DW[K�N�2� /;�N�gb;#<:4Q2*Kb>^K1M�ý 2@>���,(2j5Q,^0:,(;=I/.1<B.TWS;#0Q;#<:4�,/._gh;�kJ;�;#>P4:,(2YM 0:;�N�'

Page 31: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�¼8I-§¬KZ©AJgO:ª½F�B=¨CBEJNM�«TO:« E�)

VL2�� ;�<:;#>�0�0:;#4Q0D4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5O4D,/._gh;�kJ;#;�>ÆI�<:KbIJKb4:;�N´��,�2X5Q,Æ.17@7@K1��0:KP.h5#58;#I�0DKb<=<Q;��O;�580 .[�3Kh<���2@>�R[,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4:2@4_' �3,(Kh2X5O;�2*4�0QKk/;=W^.hN�;L2@>S<:;�R�.1<ON[0:K���,�2X5:,^0Q;#4:0L0:K�I�<:;OM ;#<62@>�.CIJ.T<:0:2X5O9(7j.T<Z4Q2@0:9J.T0:2@Kh>!'�}L4:4Q9�WS2@>�RD0Q,J.10�4QKhW[;�4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5=�¤,J.T4�kJ;#;�> 5Q,�Kb4:;#>M�Kb<6N�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>J5O?^0:;#4Q0:2@>�R^.1>JN[gh.17@9�;�KTM 0Q,�;D4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5LM Kh<�;#7@;#W[;#>�0 . � 2@4=½�t�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>SKTM���2@4�k�9(2*7@030:K¶ J>JN[��,�;#0Q,�;#<�gh.17@9�;½[2@46N�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>�0_'6��2@Rh>(2� �5#.1>�0�I�<QKhkJ.Tk�2@7*2@0$?�è��¬4:½-6C­¨�¿È . ñ74/�´�§½-6L2@4�;#gh.T7*9/.10:;_N�'�f M�è��¬4%½8662@4�4Q9���5O2@;#>�0:7@?^4:W^.17@7$th0Q,�;#> . � 2@4N�2@4B58Kh<BN(.1>�06.1>JN[0Q,�;D�3Kh<���2@>�R�,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*4�2@4�<Q;��O;�5O0Q;�N�'f$>^5#.14Q;DK1M�W�9�7@0:2@I�7@;3Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�0:,(;#<:;a.T<:;D0$�3K�kJ.14Q2j5L0$?�I/;#46KTMzI�<QK�58;�N�9�<Q;#4LM�Kh<6N�;�0:;�5O0Q2@>�RSKb9�0:7@2@;#<:4_\�¿¾ �1Q?P¦ÕL.\�SQ7P�"S��Z&�S"8ý8'�f$>[0:,�2@465#.T4:;D;�2*0Q,�;#<�.17@7�4:9�4QIJ;_5O0�;#7@;#WS;#>�0Q4Z0Q<:;�.T0:;�NP.T4�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�Kh<6.T7@7!.h5#5O;�I�0:;�N .1465OKb>�4:2@4:0Q;#>�0�'� ùÓQ�#�ý?"�P$Z8<$þ���"AÀ�Q���ý*"�é*Z�"$#&<$þ[��� Á;.0��Q?P�"���Z&�S"8ý#'!}�I(<:K�5O;�N�9(<:;ht!5�.17@7@;�NPþ�#�ý8þ �-"¦XSQ�Z8<ut(2@4�WSKh<Q;=.b5#5O;#I�0Q;�N�'3f$0:4�W^.12@>�2XN�;�.C2@4�0:,J.T00:,�;^7@;�.14Q0�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<a2@4�0:;#4Q0:;�N /<:4:0_' f M=2@0�2*4�M Kh9�>JN 0:K´kJ;^Kb9�0:7@2@;#<�to0:,�;�> .T7@7ZW[Kh<:;[;O{�0:<Q;#WS;^gh.17@9�;�4 .T<:;P.17@4:K´Kh9(0:7@2@;#<:47`Kh0:,(;#<:��2@4:;bt�0:,(;D>�;O{�0�WSKb<:;L;O{�0:<:;�WS;�;#7@;#WS;�>�0�2@430:;#4Q0:;�N�t .T>JN[4:K�Kb>!'}�W^.#�OKh<�N�<O._��kJ.h5��SKTM�0:,�;�4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7z.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,P2@4�0:,J.T0�WSKb4:030:;#4Q0:4D.1<Q;�M�Kh<�4Q2@>�Rh7@;D.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#4_tJk(9�0�W�.T>�?SN(.10B.�W[2@>�2@>�RI�<QKhk�7@;#W[4�<:;�`b9�2@<:;30:K5 J>JNCKh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4z.T0!W�9�7@0Q2jN�2*W�;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17#4QIJ.h5O;b'�]^Kh<Q;#K1gh;#<_t10:,(;Z4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7�.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,D<Q;�`b9�2@<:;#4�0Q,�;A��>�K1��7@;�N�Rb;.1k/Kh9(0�IJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q4�K1Mz0Q,�;DN�.10O.D4Q;#0�t(4:9J5Q, .T4�0:,�;DN�.T0B.�N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2*Kb>!'���K1�3;#gb;#<�t�2@>^W�.T>�?�5#.14Q;#4�t�N�.T0B.�N�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:2@Kb>�W^._?D>�Kb0k/;c��>�K1��>!'D��0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4=N�K[>�Kh0�Rb9J.1<O.1>�0:;#;�0:,/.10D.17@7!Kb9�0:7@2@;#<Q46��2@7@7zk/;CM�Kh9�>/N[M�Kh<L0:,�;�5#.T4:;#4D��,(;#<:;�>�K[4:I/;�5O2� 5�0Q;#4:0��.146N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N^Kb<ZKbk�4:;#<Qgh;�N N�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:2@Kb> 5�.1>�>�Kb0�kJ;D.bN�;�`b9J.10Q;#7@?SW[K�N�;#7@;�N���2@0:,P.T>�?�4Q0B.T>JN�.1<ON^N�2@4:0:<Q2@k�9�0:2@Kb>!'

é�ê5·�ê:| ±-ñ:óbð�ï�ú6ô�÷_Ð=ÑLïzó�÷o�t��ö�ð�õQñ:÷!ø �6÷�ð�÷�ô/ð�ñ���úG�K 58Kh9�>�0:;�<�W�.12@>�7@2*W[[email protected]@Kh>�4�2*W[IJKb4:;�N�k�?�4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�t�0Q,�;6>(Kh0:2@Kb>SK1MzN�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;Oi$kJ.14Q;�N�4$V=nv6oKh9�0Q7*2@;#<32@4Z2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�N2@>�4�7L>�Kh<Q<6.1>JN^rsRP)�xhxbq-6�'

}lN�[email protected]>/5O;Oi$kJ.14Q;�N�4uV�nv63Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<�2*4�N�;� />�;�NP.T43M�Kh7@7@K1��4�'}6>ÆKhkh�8;�5O0 . 2@>Æ.PN�.T0B.14Q;#0��±[email protected][email protected]>/5O;Oi$kJ.14Q;�NÆKb9�0:7@2@;#<D��2@0:,´IJ.T<B.1W[;#0:;�<:4U��.T>JN ¨ t!2$' ;h'@t<?�1¬41�N© ¨ 6#t�2YM=.T0�7*;_.14:0�.M�<B.b5O0:2@Kh>Y�[K1M�0:,(;=Kbkh�O;�5O0Q462@>7�-7@2@;�.T0�.�N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;DRb<:;�.T0:;#<L0:,J.T> ¨ M <:KhW . '

VL2@4:0B.T>J5O;Oi$kJ.T4:;�N[Kh9(0:7@2@;#<ZRb;#>�;#<O.17@2@~#;#4�Kb0:,�;#<�>(Kh0:2@Kb>�4ZI(<:K1g�2XN�;�N�k�?�>�9�WS;#<QKh9�4�N�2@4B58Kh<BN(.1>J5O?�0Q;#4:0Q4=.T>JN�<Q;#I�7X.h5O;�4�W�.1>�?DKTMz0Q,�;#4:;0:;�4:0:4L��2@0:,�.C4:2@>�Rb7@;6.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�WcN�;�0:;�5O0Q2@>�R�Kh>�7@?�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:4�K1M!0Q,�;�I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N[0$?�I/;#4�'of$0�._gbKh2XN�4Z.C7@Kh03K1Mz5OKbWSI�9�0O.10Q2*Kb> .T4:4QK�582j.T0:;�N��2@0:,� /0:0:2@>�R�0Q,�;DKbk�4:;#<Qgh;�N´N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>^2@>�0QK�4:KbWS;�4:0O.1>JN�.T<BNPN�2*4Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:2@Kh>´.1>JN^5Q,�K�Kh4Q2*>(RSN�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>J5O?P0Q;#4:0Q4�'LG�,�;#<:;8M�Kh<Q;ht!.N�2@4:0O.1>J58;Oiuk/.14:;_N^Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<�2*46.T7@4:K�5#.17@7@;�N^.�Z&#�þ jÓ"��]Q�Z8<§��þ["$��t�Kh<7ÂÄÃvXSQ�Z8<:�Yþ["*�#'n3.14Q;�N�Kh>�0:,�2@4�>(Kh0:2@Kb>aKTM Kb9�0:7@2@;#<�tTKh>�;65#.T>�4:,�K1�ù0:,J.T0�M�Kb<zW^.1>�?DN�2@4B5OKb<BN�.T>J5O?�0:;#4Q0:432�M�.T>aKbkh�O;�5O0 . [email protected]>aKb9�0:7@2@;#<�.h5#58Kh<BN�2*>(R0:K´.^4:I/;�5O2� 5^N�2@4B58Kh<BN(.1>J5O?Æ0Q;#4:0_t . 2*4�.17@4:K .�?�1¬4��o© ¨ 6�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<�M�Kb<D4:KbWS;�4:9�[email protected]�7@?ÆN�;� J>�;_N+��.T>JN ¨ ']�(Kh<D;8{(.TWSI�7@;ht�2YM�M Kh<.�>(Kh<:W^.17!N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>^Khk(4:;#<Qgh.10:2@Kb>�4�0:,J.T067@2@;�EvKh<LWSKh<Q;�4:0B.T>JN�.T<BNPN�;�g�2X.T0:2@Kh>�4sM�<:KbW�0Q,�;�WS;�.T> 58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<:;�N 0:K[kJ;�Kh9(0:7@2@;#<:4_t0:,(;#>P0:,(2*46N�;� J>�2@0:2@Kb>�5#.T>�k/;D9�>(2� /;�N[k�?^.A?�1º4u| Æ xbxh&h&i©B| Æ )�E-Ûg6uiuKb9�0:7@2@;#<_'��;�gh;#<O.17/;O��5O2@;#>�0�.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W[4!M Kh<�W[2*>(2*>(R=N�2@4:0O.1>J58;Oiuk/.14:;_NSKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4Z,J._gb;�kJ;�;#>PN�;#gh;�7*KbIJ;_N�'�G�,�;#?S.T<:;6Kb9�0:7@2@>�;�N[.14�M Kh7@7@K1��4�'� þ�#0�-"¦,7XS'S� ý?"S�k����%-Q���þ1<[R�ÿa'3G�,�;�2@>JN�;O{�i$kJ.14Q;�NP.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�Wc9�4Q;#4DW�9�7@0Q2jN�2*W�;#>�4Q2@Kh>J.T7J2@>JN�;8{�2@>�R�4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;#4_t!4Q9J5Q, .T4=�3i$0:<Q;#;#4Kh<C�bi¢N[0Q<:;#;#4_t/0:K�4:;�.T<B5Q,^M�Kb<�>�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:4�KTMz;�.b5Q,PKhkh�O;_5O0 . 2@>P.�N�.10O.14:;�06��2@0:,�2@>[<B.hN�2*9(4 ¨ .1<:Kb9�>JN[0:,/.10�Khkh�8;�5O0�'o}64�4QK�Kb>.14 » Ø )�>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:4D.1<Q;DM�Kb9�>JN�t/��,�;�<:; » 2@4=0Q,�;�W�._{�2@W�9�W>�9(W�kJ;#<LK1MZKbkh�O;�5O0Q4D��2@0:,�2@>P0Q,�; ¨ i$>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�N^K1M�.T>Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<_t�2@0�2@4=5O7@;�.T<60Q,J.10LKhkh�O;�580 . 2@4�>�Kh0�.1>^Kh9(0:7@2@;#<�'3G�,�2@4=.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�Wc,/.14�0:,(;a�3Kh<Q4:0=5�.14:;�5OKhW[I�7@;O{�2*0$?�KTM�µ¬4u�>Å=� Å 6�t��,�;#<:;��S2@4�0Q,�;aN�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17@2@0$?a.1>JNa� 2@4�0:,�;C>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�2@0:;�WS432*>^0Q,�;DN�.10O.14:;�0�t�.1>JN[2@034B5#.T7*;�46�3;#[email protected]�[Rb<:K1��4�'3n�9(00:,�2@4a5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?^;#[email protected]:2@Kh>´0B.��h;#4C2*>�0QK .b5#5OKb9�>�0a4Q;�.1<O5:,ù0:2@WS;CKh>�7@?�t���,�2@7@;�k�9�2@7XN�2@>�R�.T>Æ2*>/N�;O{Æ2*0Q4:;#7�M=5#.T>ÆW�.��h;D0Q,�[email protected]�I�<QK�.b5:,^9�>/5OKhW[IJ;#0Q2@0:2@gh;h'� #0"Oý�<�"��7X���Q7Q�.�����%-Q��#þ1< R�ÿ�'�G�,�;C>�;#4:0Q;�Nbi$7@K�KbI .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�Wc,/.14�0:,�;C4B.1W[;D5OKhW[I�9�0B.T0:2@Kh>/.17!5OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?S.14L0:,�;�2@>JN�;O{�i$kJ.14Q;�N.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�Wk�9(0�2*0�._ghKb2XN�4Z2@>JN�;O{S4:0Q<:9J5O0Q9�<:;�5OKb>�4:0Q<:9J5O0Q2@Kh> .T>JN�0Q<:2@;#460QKaW[2@>�2@W�2*~�;Z0Q,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTMzf��b�cz 4_'!f$06N�2@g�2XN�;#4�0Q,�;WS;#W[Kh<:?Lk�9&��;#<34:IJ.b5O;�2@>�0QK�0$�ZK�,J.T7*gb;#4�.1>JNC0:,(;=N�.T0B.14Q;#0�2@>�0:KL4:;#gb;#<B.T7J7@KhRb2X5#.17�k�7@K�5���4_'zno?�5#.1<Q;OM�9�7@7@?a5Q,�K�Kh4Q2*>(R=0Q,�;�Kh<ON�;#<K1Mz7@K�.hN�2@>�R�0:,�;�k�7@K�5���4�2*>�0QK N�2���;#<:;�>�0L,J.17@gb;#4�t�f��b��;O��5O2@;#>/5O?P5#.1>^k/;a.h5Q,�2@;#gb;�N�'� PS"*��� XS'S� ý?"S����� %�Q��#þ1< R�ÿ�'�G�K ._gbKh2XN�� Å 5OKhW[I�9�0O.10:2@Kb>J.17�5OKhW[I�7@;O{�2@0$?�th.�58;#7@7Yi$kJ.T4:;�NP.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�Wc2@46N�;�gh;#7@KhI/;�N[M Kh<�WS;�WSKh<Q?bi<:;#4Q2jN�;#>�06N�.10O.14:;�0:4�t(��2@0:,�58KhWSI(7*;8{�2@0$?�µº4§ò e Ø �+6�t���,�;#<:;;òs2*434:KbWS;65OKb>�4:0O.1>�06N�;#I/;#>JN�2*>(RaKb>S0:,(;=>�9�W�k/;#<�KTMz5O;#7@7@4�t�.T>JN�P2@4=N�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17@2@0$?�'�f$> 0Q,�2@4�WS;#0Q,�K�N�t/0:,�;�N�.10O.[4:IJ.b5O;�[email protected]<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>�;�N 2@>�0QK�5O;�7*7@4���2@0:,Æ.�4Q2jN�;�7*;�>�Rh0Q,P;�`b9J.17o0:K JÅ]Æ e '

��gh;#<Q?S5O;#7@7�,J.T4Z0$�3KD7X._?h;#<Q4Z4Q9�<:<QKh9�>/N�2@>�Ra2@0_th0Q,�;C J<Q4:032@4ZKb>�;=5O;�7*7�0Q,�2X5�� .T>JN�0Q,�;64Q;�5OKh>/NS2@4ZF�Ç ��5O;#7@7@4Z0Q,�2X5���<:Kh9(>JN�;�Nv9�I0:KS0Q,�;a5O7@Kb4:;#4Q0=2@>�0:;�Rh;#<_'�G�,�;�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W 5OKh9�>�0Q46Kh9(0:7@2@;#<:4LKh> .�5O;�7*7�i$k�?hi:5O;#7@7�<B.10Q,�;#<�0:,/.1>PKbkh�O;�5O0¢iuk�?biuKbkh�O;�5O0�kJ.T4:2@4�'sG�,�;

Page 32: data mining  Chapter 08

EhF ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W 5OKh9�>�0Q4=>�9�W�k/;#<�KTMZ2@0:;#W[4�2*>^0Q,�; 589�<:<Q;#>�0�58;#7@7z2@0Q4:;#7�MBt/2@>^0:,�;�5O;#7@7�.1>JN 0:,�;E /<:4:0�7X._?h;�<�0:KhRb;#0:,(;#<�t!.T>JN^2@>P0Q,�;5O;#[email protected]>JN^k/Kh0:,^7X._?h;�<:4�0:KbRh;#0Q,�;#<_'6��KhW[;62@0:;�WS4�2@>^0:,�;a589�<:<Q;#>�0=5O;#7@7�5#.T>�k/;DKb9�0:7@2@;#<:4LKh>�7@?�2�M�0:,�;C0:Kh0O.17�>�9(W�kJ;#<3K1M�2@0:;�WS42*> 0:,�;�5O;#[email protected]>JN^0:,(;; J<Q4:0D7X._?b;#<62@467@;#4Q4D0:,/.1>PKb<=;_`h9/.17�0:K[0:,�;�W^._{�2@Wa9�W>�9�W�k/;#<U��KTMZKh9(0:7@2@;#<:4�0:,/.10D5#.1> kJ;�2@> 0Q,�;¨ i$>�;#2@Rb,�k/Kh<Q,�K�K�NDKTM�.T>�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<_'!f M!0Q,�2@4Z5OKb>JN�2@0:2@Kh>�N�K�;#4�>(Kh0�,�Kb7XN�t10:,(;#>�.T7*7�0Q,�;62@0:;�WS4�2@>a0Q,�;=5O;�7*7/5#.1>[kJ;�<Q;#WSK1gb;�N�M <:KhWM�9�<:0Q,�;#<L2*>�gb;#4:0Q2*R�.10Q2*Kb>�.T4�0:,�;#?^5#.1>(>�Kh0�k/;DKh9(0:7@2@;#<:4_'�f M 0Q,�;�0:Kb0B.17�>�9�W�k/;#<�KTMz0:,(;D2@0:;#W[4Z2@>S0Q,�;a5O;�7*7�.1>JNvkJKb0:,^7X._?h;#<Q4�2@47*;�4:4�0:,J.T>^Kh<6;_`h9/.17�0:K��t/0:,(;#> .17@7�2*0Q;#WS4�2@>P.S58;#7@7 .T<:;DKb9�0:7@2@;#<Q4?`�.1>JN 2YM�2@0�2@46W[Kh<:;�0Q,J.1>¸�t/0:,�;�>PKh>�7@?[4:KhW[;�K1MZ0Q,�;2*0Q;#WS4�2@>P0Q,�;a5O;�7*7�.T<:;�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4�'�G�K^N�;#0:;_5O0�0:,�;#4Q;�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<:46Kbkh�O;�5O0¢iuk�?bi$Khkh�O;�580=I(<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�R^2@469�4Q;�N .TR�.T2*>P.T>JN[M�Kb<�;#gh;#<Q?Khkh�O;�580D2@>P0:,�;�5O;#7@7�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4LM�<:KbW�0:,�;�4Q;�5OKh>/NP7X._?h;�<�.T<:;�5Q,�;�5��h;�N M Kh<6k/;#2@>�R ¨ iu>(;#2@Rh,�kJKb<:4_'D�6>(7*?^0Q,�Kh4Q;�Khkh�O;�580:4�2@> 0Q,�;5O;#7@7!,J._g�2@>�R�7@;#4:4�0Q,J.1>¸� >�;#2@Rh,�k/Kh<:4�2@>[kJKb0:,� J<:4Q0=.T>JN[4:;�5OKb>JN^7X._?h;�<:4�.1<:;�5OKh>�4Q2XN�;#<:;_N^0:K�k/;�Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4�'}lgh.1<Q2X.10:2@Kb>�0QKS0Q,�; .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�Wc2@4�7@2@>�;�.1<���2@0Q,P<:;#4QIJ;_5O0a0QK2��.T>JN^Rb9J.1<O.1>�0:;#;�4=0Q,J.10L>�KSW[Kh<Q;D0:,J.T> E�I/.14:4Q;#4�K1gh;#<�0Q,�;N�.10O.14:;�0a.1<Q;a<Q;�`b9�2@<:;�N�'�f$0D�3Kh<���46M Kh<67X.T<:Rh;bt!N�2@4��bi$<:;#4Q2jN�;#>�0aN�.10O.14Q;#0:4_'aG�,(;S5O;#7@7�iukJ.T4:;�N´.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W N�K�;#4�>�Kh0�4O5#.17@;��3;#7@7M�Kh<�,�2@Rb,�N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>(4�'

VL2@4:0O.1>J5O;8iukJ.T4:;�N Kh9(0:7@2@;#<�<:;�`b9�2@<:;�4D9�4:;�<D0:K[4:;#0Dk/Kh0Q,]�´.1>JN ¨ IJ.1<O.1W[;#0:;#<Q4LM�Kh<L0:;#4Q0:2@>�R .T>JNP5Q,�;�5���2@>�R^0:,J.T0=;�gh;#<Q? Kb9�0:7@2@;#<N�2@4B58K1gh;#<Q;�N^k�?S0Q,�;D.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W2@46.�Ì:<Q;�.171Í�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<�'���K�K8��2@>�RCM�Kb<Z0Q,�;D4:9(2*0O.1k�7@;LIJ.1<O.1WS;�0:;#<Q465#.1>^2@>�ghKh7@gb;6W�.T>�?a2@0:;�<B.10Q2@Kh>�4_'

é�ê5·�ê[î ±-÷gÏ6ñQï�ð�ñ���úCÐ�Ñ6ï�ó�÷N�r��ösð�õ:ñ:÷�ø��L÷�ð�÷!ô/ð�ñ��oú4�}L<:>�2@>�R/t�}LRh<B._��.17�.1>/N��6.TRh,J._gh.T>ò)_xhxbm-6�2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�N . >�Kh0Q2*Kb>�KTM6Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4a0Q,J.10�2@4�N�2�� ;�<:;#>�0�M�<QKhW�kJKb0:, 4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7�.T>JNN�2@4:0O.1>J58;Oiuk/.14:;_N�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�.14�2@0zN�K�;#4�>(Kh0!<Q;�`b9�2@<:;6N�;¦ J>�2@>�RDN�2@4:0O.1>J5O;3WS;_.14:9(<:;3kJ;#0$�3;#;#>SN(.10B.L;#7@;#W[;#>�0:4_'�f$0�2*>�0Q<:K�N�9J5O;�4Z.L7*2@>�;_.1<.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WM�Kb<6N�;#g�2X.10:2@Kb>s4 Kh9�0Q7@2*;�<S6�N�;#0Q;�5O0Q2*Kb> 9(4:2@>�R�2@WSI�7@2X5O2@0�<:;�N�9�>JN�.T>J5O?PKTM 0Q,�;aN�.T0B.('�f$0=N�;� J>�;#4L4:;�`b9�;�>�0Q2X.17�;O{J5O;#I�0Q2@Kh> .T4.1>^;#7@;#W[;#>�0ZKbk�4:;�<:gh;_N^2@> .C4:;�<:2@;#4�K1M�4:2@[email protected]<�N�.T0B.�.1>/N�N�2*4Q0:9�<Qk�2@>�R�0:,�2@4�4:;�<:2@;#4�'

G�,�;�I(<:K�5O;#4Q4�K1MzN�;#g�2X.10Q2@Kh>�N�;#0:;_5O0:2@Kh>PN�;�4B5O<Q2*k/;�N[4:2@W�9�7X.T0:;#4�0:,(;6��._?DIJ;�KhI�7@;=5�.1>SN�2@4:0Q2@>�Rh9�2@4Q,�9�>�9�4:9J.T7JKbkh�O;�5O0�._M 0:;#<34:;#;�2*>(R.[4:;#<Q2@;#4aKTM�4Q2@[email protected]<�Khkh�8;�5O0:4�.1>JN´7@;�.T<:>�2@>�R[0:,�;#2@<DW^.12@> 5Q,J.T<B.h580:;#<Q2*4Q0:2X5O4_'SG�,�;S.T9�0:,(Kh<:4C2*>�0Q<:K�N�9J5O;�4Q9J5Q,Æ0:;#<QWS4D.14�;O{J5O;�I�0:2@Kh>4:;�0�tJN�2*4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2@0$?�M�9�>J580:2@Kh>!t�5�.1<BN�2*>/.17@2@0$?�M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>!t�4QWSK�Kh0Q,�2@>�RLMu.h5O0QKh<_'�}6>^;O{J5O;#I�0Q2@Kh>P4Q;#0�2@46N�;� J>�;_NP.14�0Q,�;�4:9�k�4Q;#06KTMz2@0:;�WS4��,�Kb4:;S<Q;#WSK1gh.T7�<:;#4Q9�7@0:4�2*>Æ0Q,�;�Rh<Q;�.10Q;#4:0�<Q;�N�9J580:2@Kh>ùK1M�0:,�;^N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?SKTM�0Q,�;S<Q;#4:2XN�9J.T7Z4Q;#0�t���,(2j5Q,Æ2@4D;�`b9�[email protected]*;�>�0C0:KP0Q,�;Rh<Q;�.10Q;#4:0C<:;�N�9/5O0:2@Kh>Æ2@>"7LKb7*W[KhRbKh<:K1gS58KhWSI(7*;8{�2@0$?vM�Kh<�0:,(; .TWSKh9(>�0�KTM�N�.T0B.^N�2@4B5#.T<BN�;_N�'aVL2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?�M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>´5#.1>´kJ;S.T>�?M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>�0Q,J.10o<:;#0Q9�<:>�4�.L7@K1��gh.17@9�;32�M 0Q,�;6;�7*;�WS;#>�0:4�KTM 0Q,�;64Q;#0Z.1<Q;64Q2*W[[email protected]<�0:K�;�.b5:,[Kh0Q,�;#<Z.T>JN�.L,�2@Rh,�;#<ogh.17@9�;32YM�0:,(;�;#7@;#WS;#>�0Q4.1<Q;DN�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<Z.1>JN[N�K�;#46>(Kh03<:;�`b9�2@<:;�.DW[;#0:<Q2j5�.17!N�2@4:0O.1>J58;=k/;#0$�3;#;#>P0Q,�;D2@0:;�WS4�'���.1<ON�2@>J.17@2@0$?CM�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>�5�.1>^kJ;D.T>�?vM�9�>J580:2@Kh>��,�Kb4:;6gh.T7@9�;�2@4ZRb<:;�.T0:;#<3M�Kb<Z.�4Q9�k�4:;�0�K1M!0:,(;=Rb2@gh;#>�4Q;#0Z��2@0Q,�.�,�2@Rb,�;#<�5#.1<ON�2@>J.17@2@0$?�'�G�,�;64QWSK�Kh0Q,�2@>�RLMu.h5O0QKh<�2@4�N�;� J>(;�N�M�Kb<�.T>�?4:9(k�4:;#0�K1M30:,�;�Rb2*gb;#>´4:;#0a.T>JN 2*>/N�2X5#.10Q;#4�,�K1�lW�9J5Q,P0Q,�;SN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?S5#.T> k/;�<:;_N�9J5O;�N k�?P<:;#W[K1g�2*>(R�0:,�;�4Q9�k�4:;�0�M�<:KbW 0Q,�;4:;�0�'Ó��2@>JN�2@>�R�.1>S;8{(58;#I�0:2@Kb>S4:;�065#.1>[kJ;Dr6�ziu,J.T<BN[.1>JNv0:,�2@[email protected]:;_ND0Q,�;=N�;¦ J>�2@0:2@Kh>[K1M!0Q,�;64Q;�`b9�;#>�0:2X.17�;8{(58;#I�0:2@Kb>�I(<:Khk(7*;�W 'f$>�4Q0:;�.bNÆK1MC />JN�2@>�RPN�2@4:4Q2*W[[email protected]<:2@0$?SKTM60:,�;S589�<:<Q;#>�0�4:9�k�4Q;#0�.1>JN´0Q,�;�5OKbWSI�7@;#W[;#>�0B.T<:?^4:;#0�0:,(;S.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W 4:;#7@;�580:4�.^4:;�`b9�;�>J5O;K1M34:9�k�4Q;#0:4CM�<QKhW 0:,�;�4Q;#0D.1>JN M�Kh<L;#gh;�<:?P4Q9�k�4:;�0D2@0C J>JN�4=0Q,�;SN�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?�N�2�� ;�<:;#>J58;���2*0Q, 0Q,�;�I�<:;�58;�N�2@>�RP4Q9�k�4:;�0�'a��;#gh;#<O.172@0:;#<O.10Q2*Kb>�4D��2@0:,´<B.T>JN�KbW Kh<ON�;#<DKTM�0Q,�;S4Q9�k�4Q;#0:4�2@> .[4:;_`h9(;#>J5O;P.1<Q;�IJ;�<$M�Kb<:WS;_NP0QK .17@7@;#g�2X.10:;CIJKb4:4:2@k�7@;�2@WSI/.h5O0LK1M�0:,�;�2@>�I�9(0Kh<ON�;#<�Kh>´0:,�;[<:;#4Q9�7@0:4_']�(Kh<D;�gh;#<Q? 2@0:;�<B.10Q2@Kh>´0:,�;[;#7@;#WS;#>�0���2@0:,´0:,�;[W�. {�[email protected]�gh.17@9�;�K1M6N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?�M�9(>J5O0:2@Kb> 2@4D4Q;#7@;�5O0:;_N�'G�,�;[W�._{�2@W�9�W�N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?^.1WSKb>�R�.T7@7�2@0:;#<O.10:2@Kb>�4D4B5�.17@;�N´k�? 0Q,�;S5#.T<BN�2@>J.T7*2@0$?^M 9�>J5O0Q2*Kb> Rb2@gh;#4D;8{(58;#I�0:2@Kb>!4�Kb9�0:7@?�2@>�R36L4Q;#0�'G�,�;�IJ.TIJ;�<DRh2@gh;�4�.T> ;8{(.TWSI�7@;�4:,�K1��2@>�R[0:,J.T0D0:,(;�;�� ;_5O0:2@gh;�>�;#4:4�KTMZ0:,(;S.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W N�;#IJ;�>JN�4�Kh>´0:,�;SN�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?vM�9�>J580:2@Kh>9�4Q;�N�tJ.T>JN[0:,�;�0O.14��[K1M�0:,�;LM�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>PN�;¦ J>�2@0:2@Kh>[2@465OKhW[I�7@2j5�.10:;_N�k�?�0Q,�;�Mu.b5O030:,J.T0�0:,�;�>J.T0:9�<Q;DK1M�;O{J5O;#I�0Q2*Kb>^2*4�>(Kh0v��>(K1��>�2@>.hN�gh.1>J5O;b'�G�,�;�KhI�0Q2*Kb>SKTMz7@K�K-��2@>�R�M�Kb<6.D9�>(2*gb;#<:4O.17!N�2@4Q4:2@[email protected]<Q2*0$?�M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>S��.14�<Q;��O;�580:;�N^k�?[0:,�;D.19(0:,�Kb<:46._M 0:;#<��3Kh<���2@>�R���2@0:,4:KbWS;�<:;_.17�7@2YM ;=N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�'�G�,�;�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W ,J.14L7*2@>�;_.1<65OKbWSI�7@;O{�2@0$?�µ¬4��k6#t���,(;#<:;�� 2*4L0:,�;C>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTM�2*0Q;#WS4�2@>^0:,(;D2@>�I�9�0_tI�<QK1g�2XN�;_N^0:,J.T0�0:,�;�>�9�W�k/;#<ZKTM�2*0Q;#<B.T0:2@Kh>(462@4�>�Kh0Lgh;#<Q?^k�[email protected]>JN^N�2@4:4Q2@[email protected]<:2@0$?CM�9�>J580:2@Kh>^2@4�4:9J5Q,´0:,J.T03M�Kh<�0Q,�;�>�;O{�064Q9�k�4:;�0=2@>0:,(;D4:;�`b9�;�>J5O;�2*0�5#.T>�k/;a5OKbWSI�9(0:;�Nv2*>/5O<:;#W[;#>�0B.T7*7@?�M�<QKhWc0Q,�;LM�9�>J580:2@Kh>^9�4Q;�N[M�Kb<Z0Q,�;DI�<Q;#g�2*Kb9�4�4:9(k�4:;#0_'4$��.1<O._��.TRh2$t/}6Rh<O._��.T7�.1>JN´]^;#Rb2jN(N�KÆ)�xhxb&-6s9�4:;#4�����}��wN�.T0B.^5O9�k/;#4�0:K^2XN�;#>�0:2�M�? <:;#Rb2*Kb>�4�K1M6.1>�KbW�.T7*2@;#4�2@>´7X.1<:Rb;aW�9(7*0Q2�iN�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17�N�.10O.�'�G�K^W�.��h;�0:,�;�I(<:K�5O;#4Q4�WSKh<Q;a;8��5O2@;#>�0DKh9�0Q7@2*;�<�N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>ù2*4CK1gh;#<Q7j.TI�I/;�N´��2@0:,Æ5O9�k/;�5OKbWSI�9�0O.10Q2*Kb>!t�0Q,�;.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W�<:;#I(7j.b5O;#4D,�?�I/Kh0:,(;#4:2@4$i:N�<Q2*gb;#>Æ;O{�I�7@Kh<O.10Q2*Kb>!t/��,�;#>�.T> .T>J.17@?�4:0L2*4�4Q2*W[I�7@?S7@K�K-��2@>�R�.T0�0:,�;�N�.10O.^.10DN�2�� ;�<:;#>�0D7@;#gb;#7@4K1M=.TRhRb<:;#R�.10:2@Kb>Æ0:K N�2@4O5OK1gh;#<�.1> .1>�KbW�.T7*?btJ��2@0Q,òN�2@4B58K1gh;#<Q?hi:N�<Q2*gb;#>�;8{�I(7*Kb<B.T0:2@Kh>!t���,�;#<Q;^2*>/N�2X5#.10QKh<:4CK1M6;O{J5O;#I(0:2@Kh>�4S.T<:;[I�<:;Oi5OKbWSI�9�0Q;�N^5OKhW[IJ.1<Q2@>�Ra<Q;�.17�N�.T0B.�2@> .�5O9(kJ;�5O;#7@7!��2@0Q,P0:,�;�.1>�0:[email protected]:;�N[gh.17@9�;b'ZG�,(;a5OKhW[I�9�0O.10:2@Kb>SK1M�0Q,�;a.1>�0Q2j582*I/.10:;_N^gh.17@9�;0B.��h;#4�2@>�0:K�.h5#5OKb9�>�0�0:,�;�5O;#7@7:z 4ZI/Kh4Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>S0Q,�;DN�.10O.D5O9�k/;a.1>/N�0:<:;�>JN�4=.T7@Kh>�RaN�2���;#<Q;#>�06N�2@WS;#>�4Q2@Kh>�4�0:,(;�58;#7@7�kJ;#7@Kb>�Rh430:K/'�G�,�;WS;�0:,�K�N^.17@7@K1��4Z0QK¬ J>JN^.1>(KhW�.T7@2*;�4Z.106N�2���;#<:;�>�0L7@;#gh;#7@4�KTMo.TRhRb<:;#R�.10:2@Kb>S��,J.T0�2*4�gb;#<:?PN�2���5O9(7*030:KSN�K�W�.1>�9J.T7@7*?C��,�;#>P4Q;�.1<O5:,4:I/.h5O;�2@46gb;#<:? 7j.T<:Rb;DkJ;_5#.19�4Q;�K1MZ0Q,�;�>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTM�N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>P.T>JN^4:;�gh;#<O.17�7@;#gb;#7�N�;#;#I´,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2@;#4D2@>P;�gh;#<Q? N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>!'sG�,�;.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W 58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<:4D.�gh.T7@9�;D2@> .S58;#[email protected]�.T0B.S589�kJ;�0QKSk/; .T>P;O{J5O;#I(0:2@Kh>´2�M 2@0L2*4L4:2@Rh>(2� �5#.1>�0:7@?^N�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0�M�<QKhW 0:,�;�gh.17@9�;.1>�0Q2j582*I/.10:;_NSk/.14:;_NSKb>P.�4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.17�W[K�N�;#7$'}L>�[email protected];�N�gh.T7*9(;62@>�.�5O;#7@7�2@4�58Kh>�4Q2jN�;#<:;�N 0:K�kJ;D.�M�9�>J5O0Q2@Kh>SKTM .T7*7�.1RbRh<Q;#R�.T0:;#465OKbWSI�9(0:;�Nv9�4:2@>�R�0:,�;D5O;�7*7�gh.T7@9�;h'�f Mz4:KbWS;

Page 33: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�È�É-I�«�K�R¸R�BEFUM EhE

N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>[,J.14L,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�?PN�;� J>�;_NPKb>P2@0�t�0Q,�;a5O;�7*7�gh.T7*9(;�.T7@4:KSN�;#I/;#>JN�4DKh>^2@0:4LIJ.1<Q;#>�0:4D.17@Kh>(Ra0Q,�;a,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2@;#4�'�}5O;#7@7�gh.17@9�;2@4D5OKh>�4Q2XN�;#<:;_NÆ0:K^k/;S.1>´;O{J5O;#I�0Q2@Kh>!t�2�MZ2@0:4�4:0O.1>JN�.T<BN�2@~#;_N´<:;#4Q2jN�9J.17$t!5#.T7X5O9�7X.10Q;�NÆ.14D.1k(4:Kh7@9�0Q; N�2���;#<Q;#>J5O;[kJ;#0$�3;#;#> .h5O0Q9J.17�.T>JN.1>�0Q2j582*I/.10:;_NSgh.T7@9�;#4�K1M�0:,�;D5O;�7*7�>�Kh<QW�.T7*2@~#;_N�k�?[0:,�;C>�Kh<QW�.17/N�;#g�2X.10:2@Kb>!t�2@4�WSKh<Q;60Q,J.1>[4:KhW[;60Q,�<:;#4Q,�Kh7XN�'é�êQë<Ê æ�öU²t² ïzø�û� } � � ���_��� 2@4S.´5OKh7@7@;�5O0Q2*Kb> K1M�N(.10B.´Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4S0Q,J.10S.T<:;´ý#þXÿaþ�����^0QKÆKh>�;P.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<���2@0:,�2@>ù0:,�;P4O.1W[;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<^.1>JN .1<Q;�1þ@ýOý#þXÿ�þ������a0QKS0Q,�;aKbkh�O;�5O0Q4D2@>PKh0Q,�;#<D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'DG�,(;aI�<QK�5O;#4:4CK1MZRb<:Kh9(I�2@>�R�.v4:;#0DKTM�I�,�?�4Q2X5#.17�Kh<D.Tk�4:0Q<B.h580=Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4D2@>�0:K5O7X.14:4Q;#46KTMZý#þXÿ�þ�������Khkh�O;_5O0:4�2@4�5�.17@7@;�N�� � ���_���1" ��� '� �37*9(4:0:;�<=.1>/.17@?�4:2@4�,J.14���2XN�; ������ " � ����" �/� � 2@>J587*9/N�2@>�RaW^.1<��h;#03Kh<65O9(4:0:KbWS;#<L4:;#RbWS;#>�0O.10:2@Kb>!thI/.10:0Q;#<:> <:;�5OKbRh>�2@0Q2*Kb>!t�k(2*KTi7*KbRh2X5#.T7!4:0Q9JN�2@;#4_t�4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.10O.S.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�t/+Æ;#k´N�K�5O9�WS;�>�0�5O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh>!t�.T>JN^W�.T>�?SKh0Q,�;#<Q4�'D�37@9�4:0Q;#<D.1>J.T7@?�4Q2@4=5#.T> k/;9�4:;�N´.14D.v4:0B.T>JNbi:.17@Kh>(;aN�.10O.�W[2*>(2*>(Ra0QK�Kb7�0:KSR�.12@>P2@>�4Q2*Rb,�062@>�0:K�0:,(; N�.T0B.^N�2@4:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q2@Kh>!t(Kh<�4:;#<Qgh;S.T4=.�I(<:;#I�<QK�5O;#4:4Q2@>�R4:0:;�I^M�Kh<3Kh0Q,�;#<�N�.10O.�WS2@>�2@>�RD.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�KhI/;#<B.T0:2@>�R�Kb>�0Q,�;DN�;#0Q;�5O0:;_N 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4�'� G�,�; `b9J.T7@2*0$? KTM 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R-5#.T>wk/;Æ.14:4Q;#4:4Q;�N�k/.14:;_N-Kb> . WS;�.T4:9�<Q; KTM ��"u�_�#" mÆ" X���1"X�O� KTMaKhkh�O;_5O0:4_t���,�2X5:,�5#.T>wk/;5OKhW[I�9�0:;_N�M Kh< �����1" �/� �C�#�g�����¬�ihc�!�(��� t(2@>J5O7@9JN�2@>�R^þ�#&<�"$�*�=����X$ý?P�����"��Tt�gh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;#4_t'�þ�#0���*)6gh.T<:2X.1k�7@;#4_tN#0QTÿaþ#0��� ¯5Q��S�1þ#0����t.1>JN��S�=<uþ Q7X$ý?P�����"��sgh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;#4�tbKh<658KhW�k�2@>J.T0:2@Kh>�4oK1Mz0Q,�;#4Q;agh.T<:2X.1k�7@;�0$?�I/;#4�'� �37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�2@4z.�N�?�>J.1W[2X5g /;#7XNDKTMJ<:;#4Q;�.1<O5Q,�2*>�N�.10O.6W[2@>�2@>�RJtO��2@0:,�.67X.T<:Rh;o>�9(W�kJ;#<�K1M 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�Ra.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4�N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�N�'G�,�;#4:;�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�5#.T>PkJ;¬� ���_�&�0�/�1"[Ùb��� 2@>�0:K¬.T����<$þ1<uþ Q�#�þ�#T% ÿY"�< RTQ7�_ý�¯AR�þ["*�S����P�R�þ[P�����ÿY"�< RTQ7�_ý�¯U�-"*#�ý#þ1<:)7XS'S� ý?"S�vÿº"¦< RTQ7�_ý�¯%=�#þ �7XS'��_ý?"���ÿY"�< RTQ7�_ý#t�.T>JN´ÿºQ7�-"*��XS'��_ý?"���ÿY"¦<[R�Q?� ý8'� } �z�(�1��" ��" �/�z"×�N��mÆ���?d��N� J<Q4:0=58<:;�.T0:;#4D.1>^2@>�2@0:2X.T7 �[IJ.T<:0:2@0Q2*Kb>!t���,�;#<Q;a�[2@4�0:,�;D>�9�W�k/;#<3K1M�IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kh>(4�0:KS5OKb>�4:0Q<:9J5O0_t0:,�;#>ù2@0D9�4:;�4 .T>-þ1<>"*�S�=<uþ�="¶�S"*��Q7PS�=<uþ Q�#�<�"SP¦R3#(þ[é$Z�"C��,�2X5Q,�.10Q0:;#W[I�0:4D0QKP2@WSI�<QK1gh;D0Q,�;SI/.1<:0Q2@0:2@Kh>�2@>�R^k�?PW[K1g�2@>�R[Khkh�O;_5O0:4M�<:KbW�Kh>�;^Rb<:Kh9(I�0:KÆ.1>(Kh0:,(;#<�' G3?�I�2X5#.173IJ.1<Q0:2@0:2@Kb>�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�2@>J5O7@9JN�;P�bi$WS;�.T>�4�t���iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�4_t�����}���}=rL��t�.1>JNù0:,(;#2@<2*W[I�<:K1gb;#WS;�>�0Q4�'� } d�"����1��� � d�" � �� 0mÆ���7d��N� 58<:;�.T0:;#4�.L,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17/N�;�5OKbWSI/Kh4:2@0Q2*Kb>DK1M�0:,(;�Rh2@gh;#>�4:;�0�K1M!N�.10O.LKhkh�O;�580:4�'oG�,�;3WS;#0Q,�K�Na5#.T>kJ;S5O7X.T4:4:2� J;_NÆ.14�kJ;�2*>(R�;�2*0Q,�;#<+�7%7%=�1Q1ÿY"$���7<$þ���"Y4$'�Q7< <>QTÿ;X�Z7.36�Kh<��1þ��_þ@ý#þ���"�4�<>Q¦.�XS�8Q�ÖA#-6�t!k/.14:;_N´Kh>´,�K1��0:,�;�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17N�;�5OKbWSI/Kh4:2@0Q2*Kb>^2*4sM�Kh<QWS;�N�'ZG�KS5OKbWSI/;#>�4O.10:;C0:,�;�<:2@Rh2XN�2@0$?�KTMZWS;#<QRh;�Kh<L4:I�7@2@0�t(,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.T7 .TRhRb7*KbWS;#<O.10Q2*Kb>�K1M�0Q;#>P2@>�0:;OiRh<B.T0:;#4�Kb0:,�;�<=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�0:;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4_t/4:9J5Q,P.14�2@0:;�<B.10Q2@gh;�<:;#7@K�5#.T0:2@Kh>!'�G3?�I(2j5�.17�4:9/5:, WS;#0Q,�K�N�4Z2@>J587*9/N�;Dn�f:�����Ct����6�6�st.1>JN^�3,J.TWS;#7@;#Kb>!'� } ����� ��" �#�gy � �J�����9mÆ���?d��N� 5O7@9�4:0Q;#<DKhkh�8;�5O0:4�kJ.T4:;�N Kh> 0:,�;�>�Kh0Q2@Kh>PKTMoN�;#>�4:2@0$?�'�f$06;#2@0Q,�;#<�Rh<QK1��4=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4a.h5#58Kh<BN�2*>(R0:KPN�;#>�4Q2@0$? KTM�>�;�2*Rb,�kJKb<:,�K�K�NPKbkh�O;�5O0Q4�4 4:9J5Q,�.T4D2@> V�nZ���3}�rU6�Kb<a.h5�5OKh<ON�2@>�R^0:K^4:KbWS;�N�;#>�4Q2*0$? M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh> 4�4Q9J5Q,�.14D2@>V=�or6���!�L�A6#'(GZ?�I�2X5#.T7!N�;#>�4Q2@0$?hi$kJ.T4:;�N^W[;#0:,(K�Nv2@>J5O7@9JN�;DV�nZ�(�3}=rDt�����G�f:����tJ.1>/N�V���rL���!�L��'� } �/�1":�Ny � �J�#����mÆ���?d��N� J<:4Q0 `b9J.T>�0:2@~#;#4�0Q,�;3Khkh�O;�580�4:IJ.b5O;�2@>�0:K=.° J>�2@0:;3>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M 5O;�7*7@4���,�2X5Q,DM Kh<:Wl.sRh<Q2jNC4:0Q<:9J580:9�<Q;ht.1>JNv0:,�;#>^I/;#<$M Kh<:W[4�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RSKb>S0Q,�;�Rh<:2XNv4:0:<Q9J5O0Q9�<:;h'���G�f:rL��2@4�.�0$?�I(2j5�.17/;O{J.1WSI(7*;�KTM .CRh<Q2jN�iukJ.T4:;�N[W[;#0:,�K�NvkJ.14Q;�NKh>S4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j5�.17!2@>�M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb>D4:0QKh<Q;�N^2@>SRb<:2XNS5O;�7*7@4_'Z����f:¡��L�ò.T>JN�+�._gb;Oi:�37*9(4:0:;�<6.1<:;�0$�3K 587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RS.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4���,�2X5Q,.1<:;�k/Kh0Q,�Rb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N^.1>JN^N�;�>�4:2@0$?biuk/.14:;_N�'� } m9�N���� y � �J���T� mÆ���7d�N� ,�?�I/Kh0Q,�;#4Q2*~�;#4 .vWSK�N�;#7�M�Kh<L;�.h5Q,ÆKTMZ0:,�;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q4a.1>JN( J>JN�4=0Q,�;�kJ;#4Q0E J0�K1M30:,�;�N�.10O.�0QK0:,J.T0aW[K�N�;#7$'PG3?�I(2j5�.173WSK�N�;#7�i$kJ.14Q;�N´WS;#0Q,�K�N�4D2@>J5O7@9JN�;S4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T76.1I�I�<QK�.b5:,�t�4:9J5Q,-.14�}69�0QK��37X.14Q4�t3���=no+w��n.T>JN����}=�(��f$GDtJ.T>JN�>�;�9�<B.T7!>�;#0$�3Kh<���.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,!t(4:9J5Q,P.146����]Æ'� �6>(;6I/;#<:4QKh>Nz 4�>�Kb2*4Q;65OKh9(7jN�k/;=.T>�Kh0Q,�;#<3IJ;�<:4:Kb>Nz 4�4:2@Rh>/.17$'�� ���_ �" ���L������� � ��" �J�´���A�´������ �!�#"$� 2@4�gh;�<:?�9�4Q;OM�9�7(M�Kh< M�<B.T9JNN�;#0:;_5O0:2@Kh>�t65O9�4Q0:KhW[2@~#;�NùW�.T<��h;�0:2@>�RJt�W[;�N�2X5#.T7�.T>J.17@?�4:2@4�t3.1>JNùW^.1>�? Kb0:,�;�<S0B.T4���4�'ÁGZ?�I�2X5#.T765OKhW[I�9�0Q;#<$i$kJ.14Q;�N Kb9�0:7@2@;#<.1>J.T7*?�4Q2*43WS;�0:,�K�N�4�2@>J5O7@9JN�;aý�<��7<$þ@ý�<uþ PS���Ü�¦.-.\�SQ7�-P¦R-¯°�Tþ@ý�<>��#0P�"�XS'��_ý?"�����.8.0�SQ7�-P¦R�t/.1>JN9�8"$�_þ[�7<$þ[Q�#s��#0����)_ý#þ@ýc��.8.0��Q?�8P�R�'

�66÷!ø�ô�ñQó�÷!ó)b'3+-,J.10�2@4�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�A �sK1�-2@4�2@06N�2�� ;#<Q;#>�0�M�<QKhW�587j.T4:4Q2� �5#.10Q2*Kb>JAF('���2@gh;#>^.1<:;C0:,�;LM�Kb7*7@K1��2@>�R�WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0:43M�Kb<Z0Q,�;Dgh.1<Q2X.1k�7@;c�7%-"�\

)�&�t�FbF�t�Fbd�t�U�F(t�Fh&(thU�E�t�EhE(t�Ehd(t�dhm�t�Fb&�'��0B.T>JN�.1<ON�2@~#;�0:,�;Cgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;6k�?�0:,�;�M�Kh7@7@K1��2@>�RJ\

Page 34: data mining  Chapter 08

E1U ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«4u.86S�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;DWS;�.T>S.1k�4QKh7@9�0Q;�N�;#g�2j.T0:2@Kh>[K1ML�7%-"�'4�k06^�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;D~Oi$4B5OKb<:;�M�Kb<�0:,�;/ J<Q4:0sM�Kh9�<3WS;_.14:9(<:;#W[;#>�0:4�'

E('���2@gh;#>[0$�ZK�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q46<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�N k�?S0Q,�;�M�Kb7*7@K1��2@>�R�0:9(I�7@;#4�\4uFhFi©�)8©:U�F�©_)�|86#t1.1>JNk4$Fh|�©O|�©OEhmi©B&86#t4u.86S�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;a��9J5O7@2XN�;�.T>PN�2@4:0B.T>J5O;�k/;#0$�Z;�;#> 0Q,�;�0$�ZK�Kbkh�O;�5O0Q4�'4�k06^�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;a]P.1>(,J.10Q0B.1>^N�2@4:0O.1>J5O;CkJ;#0$�3;#;#> 0:,�;D0$�3K�Khkh�O;�580:4�'4u5$6^�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;a]^2@>��hK1��4���2 N�[email protected]>/5O;Dk/;#0$�Z;�;#>P0:,(;D0$�ZK�Khkh�8;�5O0:4_t/9�4:2@>�RYìE­wE('

U/'3G .Tk�7@;�&('eE=58Kh>�0B.T2*>(4�0:,�;�.10Q0:<:2@k�9(0:;#4E#0�1ÿY"¦¯%-"*#0�-"*��¯N<:�S�Tþ1< X�ü�¯g<:�S�1þW<[X�ý�¯g<§���1þ1< X�þhth.T>JN�<:�S�1þW<[X[ÿ(t1��,�;#<Q;c#0�Tÿº"[email protected]>aKbkh�O;�5O0¢iu2XN�t%�"*#0�-"*��[email protected]?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X56.T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;htJ.T>JN[0:,�;�<:;�W�.12@>�2@>�R¶<§���1þ1<!.10Q0:<Q2*k(9�0:;#4�.1<Q;a.14Q?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X51thN�;#4B5O<Q2@k�2@>�RSI/;#<:4QKh>J.T7!0Q<B.12@0Q4K1MZ2@>JN�2@g�2XN�9J.T7*4���,(K N�;#4:2@<:;�.[IJ;�>�IJ.17$'D��9(I�IJKb4:;�0Q,J.10�.S4Q;#<:g�2X5O;�;O{�2@4:0Q4���,�2X5:,Æ.10Q0:;#W[I�0:4L0:K¶ J>JN IJ.12@<:4�KTM�5OKhW[IJ.10Q2@k�7@;IJ;#>(IJ.17@4�'

>/.1WS; Rb;#>JN�;�< 0Q<B.T2*0¢i8) 0Q<B.T2*0¢i¢F 0Q<B.T2*0¢i¢E 0Q<B.T2*0¢iuU7L;#gh.T> ] r � � r��.1<:Kb7@2*>(; � r � � r� <:21� ] � r r �''' ''' ''' ''' ''' '''

G�.1k�7@;�&�'eE�\�}�<:;#7X.T0:2@Kh>J.T7�0B.Tk�7@;�58Kh>�0B.T2*>(2*>(RDk�2@>J.1<Q?�.T0:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;�4�M�Kb<�.�I/;#>�IJ.T7!4Q;#<:g�2X5O;h'

��Kb<6.14:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5Z.T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;Dgh.17@9�;#4_t�7@;#0�0:,�;�gh.T7*9(;#4=�c.1>JNa��k/;D4Q;#0�0:KP)bt�.1>JN[0:,(;Dgh.17@9�;*��k/;D4:;#0L0:KS|('��9�I�I/Kh4Q;P0:,J.T0�0:,�;´N�2@4:0B.T>J5O;^k/;#0$�Z;�;#>wKbkh�O;�5O0Q4+4 IJKb0:;#>�0:2X.T7�IJ;#>(IJ.17@4S6v2@4S5OKhW[I�9�0:;_NÆkJ.T4:;�N Kb>�7@?ÆKh> 0:,(; .T4:?�WSW[;#0:<Q2X5gh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4�'4u.86S��,�K1�¤0:,(;�58Kh>�0:2@>�Rb;#>J5O?^W�.T0:<Q2Y{�M�Kb<Z;�.b5Q,PIJ.12@<3Rh2@gh;�>Ö7L;#gh.T>!t���.1<QKh7@2@>�;ht�.T>JNS��<Q21� '4�k06^�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;�ý#þXÿU.\��"�ÿY�7<�P¦R�þ�#&%�P�Q?"®!P#þ "$#&<�M�Kh<�;�.b5Q,�I/.12@<�'4u5$6^�3KhW[I�9�0Q;60:,(;mË&�-P�P����S�YP�Q7"�®!P�þ["*#&<�M�Kb<�;�.h5Q,^IJ.12@<_'4uN�6[+-,�K^N�K�?hKb9^4:9�RbRh;#4Q0=�3Kh9(7jN[W^.��h;L0:,�;CkJ;#4Q0�IJ.12@<6KTM�IJ;#>(IJ.17@4BA +-,�2X5Q,^IJ.12@<�K1M�2@>JN�2@g�2XN�9J.T7*43�3Kh9�7XN[kJ;�0:,(;D7@;�.14Q05OKbWSIJ.T0:2@k�7@;�A4�;?6^��9�I(IJKb4:;P0Q,J.10��Z;P.T<:;S0QKÆ2@>J5O7@9JN�;[0:,�;^4:?�W[WS;#0Q<:2X5�gh.1<Q2j.Tk�7@;�%�"*#0�8"$��2@>�Kb9�< .T>J.17@?�4:2@4_'�nZ.T4:;�NùKb>�0:,(;2��.h5#5�.1<BN5OK�;O��5O2@;#>�0_tJ��,(Ka�3Kh9�7XNvkJ;D0Q,�;�WSKb4:0�5OKhW[IJ.10O.1k�7@;�IJ.T2*<_t�.1>JN[��,�?�A

d('��37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�,J.143kJ;�;#>PI/KhI�9�7X.T<:7@?a<Q;�5OKbRh>�2@~#;�N^.T4�.T>S2@WSI/Kh<Q0B.1>�0�N�.T0B.CWS2@>�2@>�R60O.14�����2*0Q,Sk�<QK�.bNS.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>�4�'���2@gh;�Kb>�;.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>[;O{J.1WSI(7*;�KTMz0Q,�;�M�Kb7*7@K1��2@>�RD5#.T4:;#4_\4u.86�}6>P.TI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>S��,�2X5Q,^0B.��h;#465O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RS.146.�W^.#�OKh<3N�.10O.�WS2@>�2@>�RLM�9�>J580:2@Kh>!'4�k06[}6>´.1I�I�7@2X5#.T0:2@Kh>[��,�2X5:,^0O.��h;�4=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�.146.�I(<:;#I�<QK�5O;#4:4Q2@>�RP0:K�Kb7/M�Kh<6N�.T0B.�I�<Q;#IJ.T<B.10Q2@Kh>^M�Kb<�Kh0Q,�;#<=N(.10B.�W[2@>�2@>�R0B.T4���4�'

m('�n�<Q2*;¦{J?�N�;#4O5O<:2@k/;S0:,(;�M�Kb7*7@K1��2@>�RS.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,�;#4�0:K´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RPW[;#0:,(K�N�4�\DI/.1<:2@0Q2*Kb>�2@>�RSW[;#0:,(K�N�4�t�,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.173WS;�0:,�K�N�4_tN�;#>�4Q2*0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�N^W[;#0:,�K�N�4_t�Rh<Q2jN�iukJ.T4:;�N[W[;#0:,�K�N�4_t�.1>JNvWSK�N�;#7�i$kJ.14Q;�N�W[;#0:,(K�N�4�'���2@gh;L;O{J.1W[I�7@;#4Z2@>[;�.h5Q, 5#.T4:;h'q('���9�W^.1>S;�?h;#4�.1<:;LMu.T4:06.T>JN[;�� ;_5O0:2@gh;�.10!�O9JN�Rh2@>�R�0:,�;a`b9J.T7@2*0$?�K1MZ5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�43M�Kb<Z0$�3K1i:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7JN�.T0B.�'���.T>?hKh9�N�;#4Q2@Rh>S.DN�.T0B.Lg�2@4:9J.T7*2@~�.T0:2@Kh>CWS;#0Q,�K�ND��,�2X5Q,�W�._?�,�;#7@I�,�9�W�.T>�4!g�2@4:9/.17@2@~#;6N�.10O.�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�.1>JN��89JN�Rh;30:,(;=5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R`h9/.17@2@0$?�M�Kh<30:,�<Q;#;Oi:N�2@WS;#>(4:2@Kh>J.T7!N�.10O.hA^+Á,J.10�.1k/Kh9�03M Kh<3;#gh;#> ,�2@Rh,�;#<6N�2*W[;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17/N�.10O.hA&('���2@gh;=.T>^;O{J.1WSI(7*;�KTMz,�K1�¤4:I/;�5O2� 5C5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�W[;#0:,�K�N�4�W^._?Dk/;D2@>�0Q;#Rh<O.10Q;�N�t�;h' RJ'@t���,�;�<:;DKb>�;D5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W2@49�4:;�N .146.CI�<:;#I(<:K�5O;#4Q4:2@>�R^4:0Q;#I^M�Kb<6.1>�Kb0:,�;#<_'

Page 35: data mining  Chapter 08

G3I�È�É-I�«�K�R¸R�BEFUM Ehd

x('�V=.T0B.D589�kJ;�4=.1>/N�W�9�7@0:2�i:N�2@W�;#>�4Q2*Kb>J.17�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4658Kh>�0B.T2*>^5#.10Q;#RhKb<:2X5#.T7utbKh<ON�2@>J.17�.1>/N�>�9�WS;�<:2X5#.17�N�.T0B.C2*>�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17�Kb<.1RhRb<:;#R�.10Q;DM�Kb<:W[4�'6n3.14Q;�N´Kh>P��,/.10�?hKb9P,J._gh;C7*;_.1<:>(;�N .TkJKb9�0�0:,�;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�W[;#0:,(K�N�4�t�N�;#4Q2*Rb> .[5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^W[;#0:,�K�N��,�2X5:,� J>/N�465O7@9�4:0Q;#<:4�2@>S7X.T<:Rh;DN�.T0B.�5O9�k/;#4�;���;�5O0:2@gb;#7@?�.1>/NS;8��5O2@;#>�0:7@?�')�|('���9�I�I/Kh4Q;�0:,J.T0=?bKh9Æ.1<Q;a0QK .T7@7*K�5#.T0:;a.[>�9�W�k/;#<6KTM�}L9�0:KbW�.T0:2X5LGz;�7*7@;#<D]P.b5Q,�2@>�;#4¬4�}�G6] 4S6�2@> .[Rh2@gb;#>P<:;�Rh2@Kh>´4:KP.14�0QK4B.10Q2@4$M�?P.�>�9�W�k/;#<�K1M�58Kh>�4Q0:<B.T2@>�0Q4�'6�sKh9�4Q;#,�Kb7jN�4=Kb<�I�7X.h5O;�4=KTM��ZKb<��^W�._?�kJ;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q;�N´4:K�0Q,J.10L0$?�I(2j5�.17@7@?SKh>(;D}�G6] [email protected]:4Q2@Rh>�;�N[I/;#<65O7@9�4Q0:;#<_'ZG�,(;�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RJt�,(K1�Z;#gb;#<�t(W�._?Dk/;a5OKb>�4:0Q<B.T2*>(;�N[k�?�M$.h5O0QKh<:4�2@>�ghKb7@g�2@>�R�0Q,�;D7@K�5#.10Q2*Kb>�K1M�k�<:2XN�Rb;#4�t<:2@gh;#<Q4�t�.T>JN�,�2@Rb,���._?�4���,�2X5:,^5#.1>^.7��;�5O03}�G6] .b5#5O;#4Q4:2@k�2@7@2@0$?�'�}=N�N�2*0Q2@Kh>J.T7J5OKh>(4:0:<O.12@>�0:43W�._?D2@>�ghKb7@gh;�7@2@[email protected]:2YKb>�4!Kb>S0Q,�;>�9(W�kJ;#<�KTMZ}�G6]9z 4�IJ;�<aN�2@4:0Q<:2X5O0�M�Kb<:W[2*>(R�0:,�;�<Q;#Rh2@Kh>�' ��2*gb;#>P4Q9J5Q,�5OKh>�4Q0:<O.12@>�0:4�t�,�K1�5#.1>�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R .17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�k/;WSK�N�2� J;�Nv0:K�.17@7@K1� M�Kh<�5OKb>�4:0Q<B.12@>�0$i$kJ.T4:;�NP587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R�A

ïÆñ�ÑLõ:ñ��A��ø�ï�~6íLñ:ô-ú/��ð�÷!ó�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�,/._gh;�k/;#;#>^2@>�0Q<:K�N�9J58;�N�2@>�4:;�gh;#<O.17�0:;8{�0QkJK�K8��4_t�4:9J5Q,P.14z��.12@>S.T>JNSVL9�k/;#4/4B)�xb&h&86=$ ��V�&h&�&:tn7=.T9�M�W^.1>a.T>JN��Kb9�4:4Q;#;#9��r4B)_xhxb|-6=$j7��6xb|�&¢'�G�,(;=W[;#0:,(K�N�4�M�Kb<�58KhW�k�2@>�2@>�RDN�2���;#<:;#>�0Lgh.1<:2X.Tk�7@;#4Z2@>�0:K�.�4:2@>�Rh7@;�N�2@4:4:2@W[2*7X.T<:2@0$?�W�.10Q<:2�{���.T4A J<Q4:0I�<QKhI/Kh4:;_N^k�?�VL9J5��h;#<�;�0=.17$'i4B)_xhmhdbA�6�$iÌD&z.1>/NS7X.T0:;#<�;O{�0Q;#>JN�;�N k�?a7�.19�M�W^.1>S.T>JNS�sKh9�4Q4:;#;#9��r4O)�xhxb|-6 $j7=�Lxh|�&:'�(Kh<�IJ.T<:0Q2*0Q2@Kh>�2@>�RÆW[;#0:,�K�N�4_t30:,�;Æ�bi$WS;�.T>�4S.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W ��.14¶ J<:4Q0S2@>�0:<:K�N�9/5O;�NÁk�?-]P.b5#¡L9�;#;#>r4O)�xbmhq-6a$e]P.b5#mhq�&:t�0Q,�;Æ�biWS;_N�Kh2XN�4�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WS4�4:9J5Q, .T4��/}�]�.1>JN^����}���}¤�Z;�<:;DI�<QKhI/Kh4Q;�N[k�?a7�.19�M�W^.1>�.1>JN^�sKh9�4Q4:;#;#9��r4O)�xhxb|-6 $j7=�Lxh|�&:'�G�,�;D��]4u�z{�I/;�5O0O.10Q2*Kb>�]P. {�2*W[2@~�.10Q2*Kb>06�.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wl��.14�2@>�0:<:K�N�9/5O;�N�k�?��!.T9�<:2@0:~�;#>+4O)�xhxbd-6�th.1>JN�0Q,�;6�bi$WSK�N�;�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W���.T4�I�<:KbIJKb4:;�Nk�?��s9J.1>�R�4B)_xhxb&-6 $ �s9J.hxb&�&:'�r�R�.1>JN^�6.T>+4O)�xhxTU36 $er6�6xTUD&zI�<QKhI/Kh4Q;�N^.1>P.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(W 5�.17@7@;�NS����}=��}�r6�[��,�2X5Q,S2@WSI(<:K1gh;�4Z0Q,�;`b9J.17@2@0$?a.T>JN�;O��582*;�>J5O?�K1M!0Q,�;64O.1W[I�7@2*>(R1i$kJ.14Q;�Na��iuW[;�N�Kh2XN�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�WS;�0:,�K�NCkJ.14Q;�N[9�IJKb>�<B.T>JN�KhW[2@~#;�N�4:;_.1<B5Q,!'�� 4:0:;�<c"�<°���cÍ4B)_xhxbd-6�$e�87 ê�xhd�&�I�<:KbIJKb4:;D0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4�M Kh<3M�9�<Q0:,�;�<=2@W[I�<:K1gb;#WS;#>�03K1M�0:,(;DIJ;�<$M�Kb<:W�.T>J5O;DKTMZ0:,(;a����}���}=rL�P.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�Wc9�4Q2*>(R;O��5O2@;#>�0L4:IJ.T0:2X.17!.b5#5O;#4Q46WS;�0:,�K�N�4_t�4:9J5Q, .T46��é_i$0:<Q;#;D.1>JNvM�K�5O9(4:2@>�R�0:;_5:,(>�2X`h9(;#4�'�(Kh<�,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.17/WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�t�.1RbRh7@KhW[;#<B.T0:2@gh;o,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJt�<:;�I�<:;#4Q;#>�0:;�N k�?�}6�Cr6����tb.1>JN[N�2@g�2@4Q2*gb;Z,(2*;�<B.1<O5Q,�2X5#.175O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RJt�<Q;#I�<:;�4:;#>�0:;_N-k�?òVLf$}�r�}ato�Z;�<:;P2@>�0:<QK�N�9J5O;�Nùk�?å7�.19�M�W�.T>�.1>JN ��Kb9�4:4Q;#;#9���4B)_xhxb|-6$ 7��Lxh|�&:' }6> 2@>�0:;#<Q;#4:0Q2*>(RN�2@<:;_5O0:2@Kh>vM�Kh<�2@WSI(<:K1g�2@>�R60Q,�;65O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�`b9J.17@2@0$?DKTM ,�2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2j5�.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�2@4�0:KD2@>�0:;�Rh<B.T0:;L,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R��2@0:, N�2*4Q0B.T>J5O;Oi$kJ.14Q;�N´5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R/tJ2@0Q;#<B.T0:2@gh;D<Q;#7@K�5#.10Q2*Kb>!t�Kb<6Kb0:,�;#<�>�Kb>�,�2@;#<O.1<B5Q,�2X5#.T7z5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R^WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�'3G3?�I(2j5�.17!4Q0:9JN�2*;�4=2@>0:,(2*4�N�2@<:;�580:2@Kh>´2@>J5O7@9JN�;anof:�����r4$nZ.T7X.1>J5O;_NPf$0Q;#<B.T0:2@gh;a�s;�N�9J582*>(R�.1>/NP�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^9�4Q2*>(R���2@;#<O.1<O5:,(2*;�4S6#t�I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N k�?Öö/,/.1>�R/t�6.TW�.���<Q2@4:,�>J.T>!t�.1>JN^��2@g�>�?�4B)_xhxhm86�$jö��L�!xhm�&:t����L�6�ø4u�37@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R���4Q2@>�RS�6��I(<:;#4Q;#>�0B.10Q2@gh;#4�6#t/I�<:KbIJKb4:;�N k�?^��9�,J.(t��6.T4:0:KbRh2$t.1>/NS��,�2@W 4B)_xhxb&-6=$e�D�L��xh&�&:t������=7 M�Kh<�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�5#.T0:;#RbKh<:2X5#.T7 .T0:0Q<:2@k�9�0Q;#4�t(I�<:KbIJKb4:;�Nvk�?S��9�,J.�tb�6.14Q0:KbRh2$t�.T>JN���,�2@W 4B)_xhxbx-6.1>/N����s}=]P�o�!����r�k�?a7=.T<:?�I�2@4�t��L.1>!t/.1>JN7L9�W�.T<U4O)�xhxbx-6 $j7=� 7�xhxD&:'�(Kh<�N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N�587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RDW[;#0:,�K�N�4_th��4Q0:;#<3;#0Z.T7u'T4B)�xbxhm868$e�87��nê=xbmD&JI(<:KhI/Kh4Q;�NS.�N�;�>�4:2@0$?biuk/.14:;_N�V=n3���3}�r�4uVL;#>�4Q2@0$?hin3.14:;_N���IJ.T0:2X.173�37*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�RPKTM�}LI�I�7@2X5#.10Q2*Kb>�4���2@0:,�r�Kb2@4:;?6D.T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W´tJ.1>/N´}6>��b;#<:4Q0a;#0�.17$'�4B)_xhxbx-6�$ }=n�7=�(xhxD&�N�;#gh;�7*KbIJ;_N�.5O7@9�4Q0:;#<�Kb<BN�;#<Q2@>�RaW[;#0:,(K�N�th5#.17@7@;�N[�6I(0:2X5O4/4u�L<BN�;�<:2@>�RS��Kh2@>�0:4�G�KDf:N�;#>�0:2�M�?�0:,�;D�37@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R���0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;?6�'��s2@>�>�;#k�9(<:R�.1>JN�7L;#2@W4B)_xhxb&-6�$e��7�xh&<&ZI�<:KbIJKb4:;�NùV���r6�����6��t!. V=�or�4:2@0$?bi$kJ.14Q;�NÆ���!�s4:0B� <:2@>�RPW[;#0:,�K�N kJ.14Q;�NÆKb> . 4:;#0DKTM=N�;#>�4Q2@0$? N�2@4Q0:<:2@k�9(0:2@Kh>M�9�>/5O0:2@Kh>(4�'

��<Q2XNbiuk/.14:;_NP5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^W[;#0:,�K�N�4L,J._gh;CkJ;#;�>Æ4:0:9/N�2@;�NP<Q;�5O;#>�0Q7*?�t���2@0:,Æ.�M ;#��2@>�0Q;#<:;�4:0:2@>�RP.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WS4�I(<:KhI/Kh4Q;�N�'���G�f:r6�4u��G .T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.17�f:r3M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb>ò��<Q2XN�6�2@4�.ùRb<:2XNbi$kJ.14Q;�N W�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0Q2*Kb>ò.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,¤I�<:KbIJKb4:;�NÁk�?-+�.1>�R/tz��.1>�R/t6.1>/Nw]^9(>�0Q~4B)_xhxbq-6 $ + ��]Pxbq�&¢'�+�._gh;_�37*9(4:0:;�<Z2@4�.DW�9�7@0Q2Yi$<:;�4:Kh7@9�0Q2@Kh>a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RS.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,S��,�2X5Q,S0Q<B.1>(4$M�Kb<:WS4o0:,�;�Kh<Q2@Rh2@>J.17�M�;�.10Q9�<:;�4QIJ.h5O;k�?���._gh;#7@;#0�0:<O.1>�4¢M�Kh<QW t�N�;�gh;#7@KhI/;�N k�?���,(;#21��,(Kh7@;#4:7X.TWS2$tz�3,/.10:0Q;#<*�8;#; .1>/Nåö/,/.1>�R 4B)_xhxh&86�$e���=ö�xb&D&:' ����f:¡��6��t3N�;#gb;#7@KhI/;�Nk�?�4�}6Rb<B._��.17L;#0P.17$')�xhxb&-6�t�2@4�.1> 2@>�0:;#Rb<B.T0:;�N�t�N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N¤.1>/N Rh<Q2jN�iukJ.T4:;�NÁ5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RùWS;#0Q,�K�NùM�Kh<S587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�R ,�2@Rh,N�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17�N�.10O.�'G3?�I�2X5#.17bWSK�N�;#7�i$kJ.14Q;�N�WS;�0:,�K�N�4�2@>J5O7@9JN�;30:,(;Z4Q0B.10Q2@4:0:2X5#.T7J5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R�.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,�.1>JN�0:,�;�>�;�9�<B.T7�>�;#0$�3Kh<��a.1I�I(<:K�.b5Q,!'!+ÆKb<���4K1M�0:,(;�4:0B.T0:2@4:0Q2X5#.17�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R�.1I�I�<QK�.b5:,�2@>J5O7@9JN�;�}L9�0:K��37X.14:4ok�?��3,�;#;#4Q;#W�.T>S.1>JN���0:9(0:~;4O)�xbxhm-6z$e����xhm<&¢tb���=no+w��n k�?º��2@4:,�;�<4B)_xh&bq-6Lt�����}=�(��f$Gwk�?S��;�>�>J.1<Q2$t��!.1>(Rh7@;#?S.1>/N���2@4:,�;#<E4O)�xb&hx-6 $e�D�N��&bx�&¢'���0Q9JN�2@;#4�K1M�0:,�;�>�;�9�<B.T7!>�;#0$�3Kh<���.TI�I�<:K�.h5Q,S2@>J587*9/N�;����]�4 4:;#7�MXi$Kh<QR�.1>(2*~�2*>(R�M�;�.T0:9�<Q;DW�.TI06�k�?27LKh,(Kh>�;#>�4O)�xh&bF-6 $j76Kb,J&hF<&:'�L9�0Q7*2@;#<6N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>Æ.1>JN .1>J.T7*?�4Q2*465�.1>Pk/;a5#.T0:;#RbKh<:2@~#;_NP2@>�0:K�0Q,�<:;#;�.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,�;#4_\6ý�<��7<$þ@ý�<uþ PS����¦.-.0��Q?�8P�R�tA�1þ@ý�<���#0P�"¦XS'S� ý?"S���¦.�X.0��Q?�8P�R�tJ.T>JN��-"*�_þ[�7<$þ[Q�#���#0����)_ý#þ@ýº�¦.-.0��Q?�8P�R�'3G�,�;D4:0O.10Q2*4Q0:2X5#.T7z.1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,^,J.14LkJ;#;�>P4:0Q9JN�2@;�N^2@>PVL2*4Q0B.T>J5O;Oi$kJ.14Q;�N�4$V=nv6�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<_t.14C2*>�0Q<:K�N�9J5O;_N´k�?%76>(Kh<:<D.T>JN rsR�4B)�xbxhq86�$j7�r6xbq�t�7�r6xb&D&:'Y��Kb<60:,(;SN�;#g�2X.10:2@Kb> .T>J.17@?�4:2@4=.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,!t�}6<:>(2*>(RJt�}LRh<B._��.17�.T>JN�6.TRh,J._gh.T>Y4B)_xhxbm-6�2@>�0Q<:K�N�9J58;�NS.L7@2@>�;�.1<�.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W¤M�Kb<�Kh9�0Q7@2*;�< N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>[9�4:2@>�R�2@WSI�7@2X5O2@0�<:;_N�9�>JN�.T>J5O?�KTM 0Q,�;6N�.10O.�'���.1<O._��.TRh2$t}6Rb<B._��.17$t�.1>/N�] ;#Rh2XN�N�K�4O)�xbxh&-6o2@>�0:<:K�N�9/5O;�NP.�N�2@4O5OK1gh;#<Q?bi¢N�<Q2@gh;#>PW[;#0:,(K�Nv0:K�2XN�;#>�0Q2YM ?�<:;#Rb2*Kb>�46KTM .T>�KhW^.17@2@;#4�2@>^7j.T<:Rb;=W�9(7*0Q2�iN�2@WS;�>�4:2@Kh>/.17�N�.10O.D2@>P����}=� N�.T0B.�5O9(kJ;#4_'

Page 36: data mining  Chapter 08

Ehm ¦A@CBED�©�ªAFHG3IÁ¦AJCKz«�©�ªAF�B=¨5BLJNMo«&O:«

Page 37: data mining  Chapter 08

Î ½ Ï ·�½L�ÑÐ�¹c»ÓÒ Ô�¼

$ }6}��6xhm<& }�'�}6<Q>�2@>�RJt��D'/}6Rb<B._��.17$t�.1>JN´��'!�6.TRh,J._gh.T>!'L}±7@2@>�;�.T<�WS;#0Q,�K�N[M�Kh<DN�;�g�2X.T0:2@Kh> N�;#0:;�580:2@Kh>ù2*> 7j.T<:Rb; N�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;#4�'f$>�ÕÓ�SQ7PHÍCü�ÖZÖ�×�ö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍÙØ¥�7<��kÔPþ�#�þ�#T%k��#0��Ú;#0Q�ÖC�1"��7%-"�Ø=þ@ý?P�Q���"*�$)ÀqÚ Ø=ØmÛ ÖZ×]Áht�IJ.TRh;#4^)�mTUQÜ�)�mhx(t!��Kh<Q0:7X.1>JN�t�L<Q;#RhKb>!t�}L9�Rh9�4Q0a)_xhxhm('$ }=n�7���xhx<&Á] '�}6>��b;#<:4Q0�tJ] '�no<:;#9(>�2@RJt��D' i:��'�7L<Q2*;�Rh;#7$t�.1>/N��J'���.T>JN�;#<_'z�LI�0Q2j584�\Z�L<ON�;#<:2@>�R�I/Kh2@>�0:430:K�2jN�;#>�0:2�M�?�0:,�;D5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(R4Q0:<Q9J5O0:9(<:;h'3f$>WÕÓ�SQ7PHÍAü�Ö�ÖZÖ>Ý�ù�Ô�X:Ç3ö�VvÔ�ÃUØ×ö$#T<%Í�ùÓQ�#*VOÍ�Ôs��#0�=%�"�ÿY"$#&<LQ>V Ø¥�=<>�TtJ��,(2*7X.bN�;#7@I�,�2X.�t��/}atn�b9�>�;S)_xhxbx�'$ }6�D�D�Lxh&D&=�C'�}LRh<B._��.17$tn�/'J��;#,(<��h;btJV�'J��9(>�KhI�9(7*Kb4�t�.T>JN^��'J�6.TRh,J._gh.T>!'�}69�0QKhW�.T0:2X5�4Q9�k�4QIJ.h5O;�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RSK1M�,�2@Rb, N�2*W[;#>�i4Q2@Kh>J.T7 N�.T0B.�M�Kh<3N�.10O.�WS2@>�2@>�RD.1I(I�7@2j5�.10:2@Kb>�4�'/f$>�Õv�SQ7POÍoü�ÖZÖ�ÞAÝ�ù�Ô�X:Ç3ö�VÓÔEÃUØáö$#T<%Í�ùÓQ�#*VOÍgÔs��#\�7%-"#ÿY"$#T<5Q>V=Ø;�7<��1tI/.1Rh;�4=x1U�Ü )_|hd�tb��;�.10Q0:7@;ht(+�.14:,(2*>(Rh0:Kb>!tA�h9�>�;[)�xhxb&�'$enÓ���Lxh&D& ��'�no<B.bN�7@;#?�tJ�D'��/._?�?�.bN�t�.T>JN^��'���;#2@>J.('z�(5#.17@2@>�R�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^.17@RhKb<:2@0:,�W[4�0:K�7X.1<QRh;DN�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4_'�f$>WÕÓ�SQ7POÍgÿT<[RYö$#&<:Í

ùÓQ�#$VOÍ,Ú;#0Q�ÖC��"��7%-"�Ø=þ@ý?P�Q���"$�*)���#0�BØ¥�7<��¶ÔPþ�#�þ�#&%�ÀqÚ Ø=ØmÛ ÖQÞßÁht(IJ.1Rb;#46x�Ü�)�d�t�rs;#� �ZKh<�� t�rI� t(}69�Rb9�4:0D)_xhxh&('$en�7����(xh|D& rC'�n�;�5���W�.T>�>!t��D' i:��'[76<Q2@;#Rh;#7$t��D'���5Q,�>(;#2XN�;#<�t�.1>/NPn6'���;�;#Rh;#<_'�G�,�; � é�iu0Q<:;#;b\6}L> ;O��582*;�>�0D.T>JN^<:Kbk�9�4Q0�.b5#5O;#4Q4W[;#0:,(K�N M�Kh<3I/Kh2@>�0:46.1>/N�<:;_5O0B.T>�Rh7@;#4_'�f$>WÕÓ�SQ7PHÍü�ÖZÖ�àAÝ�ù�Ô�X:Ç3ö�VvÔ�ÃUØaö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍ Ôk��#0�7%-"�ÿº"*#&<LQ:VtØ;�7<��1t�I/.1Rh;�4EbFhF|Ü�EhE()htb}�0:7X.1>�0Q2j5L�32@0$?�t�r �Jtn�h9(>�;S)�xbxh|('$e����xhm<& ��'��3,�;�;#4:;#W^.1>Æ.1>JNÖ�J'!��0Q9�0:~b'an3._?h;#4Q2j.T> 5O7X.14Q4:2� 5#.T0:2@Kh> 4�}69(0:K��37X.T4:4$6#\�G�,(;#Kh<Q? .1>JN <:;#4Q9�7@0:4�'�f$> �C'e]Æ'g�J._?�?�.bN�t�v'���2X.10:;�0:4���?bi:��,J.1I(2*<QKJt3��'���W�?�0:,!t3.1>JNù�D'���0Q,�9�<:9�4O.1W�?�t�;�N�2@0:Kb<:4_thÝE������#\PS"8ýPþ�#�Ú;#0Q�ÖC��"��7%-"�Ø=þjý*P�Q��="*�$)���#\�Ø;�7<��¶Ô þ#�þ�#&%1t�IJ.TRh;#4D)_dhE|Ü )�&b|�'1}L}6}Lf��h]^f$G���<:;�4:4�t�)_xhxhm('$e�87��nê=xbmD& ] '���4:0Q;#<�t3�D' i¢��'�7L<:2@;#Rb;#7$t8�J'���.T>JN�;#<_tZ.1>/NÔêa'-ê69�' }�N�;#>(4:2@0$?biukJ.T4:;�N .T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W�M Kh<�N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:2@>�R 587*9(4:0:;�<:4S2@>7X.T<:Rh;�4QIJ.10Q2X.17�N�.10O.1kJ.T4:;#4_'�f$>7ÕÓ�SQ7PHÍNý-#\�Eö$#&<:Í8ùÓQ�#$VOÍ�Ú;#0Q�ÖC��"��7%-"tØ�þ@ý?PSQ��="*�$)c��#0�fØ¥�=<>�¿ÔPþ�#(þ�#&%BÀqÚ Ø=Ø7Û ÖZׯÁTt�I/.1Rh;�4FbFhm|Ü�FhE()ht���Kh<:0Q7X.1>JN�t��L<Q;#RhKb>!t�}L9�Rh9�4Q0D)�xbxhm�'$e�87 ê=xbdD& ] '���4Q0:;#<_tJ�C' i:��'F7L<:2@;#Rb;#7$t�.T>JN�ê�'FêL9!'[7L>�K1��7@;�N�Rh;�N�2@4B5OK1gb;#<:?�2@>�7X.1<:Rb;�4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.T0B.1k/.14:;�4�\A�(K�589�4:2@>�RD0Q;�5Q,�>�2X`b9�;#4M Kh<�;O��5O2@;#>�0�5O7X.14:4�2XN�;�>�0Q2� 5#.10Q2@Kh>!'�f$>EÕv�SQ7POÍgÿ&< Rºö*#&<:Í�Ç0)1ÿ/.�Íâá_���:%-"EÇ-.��7<$þ[����Ø¥�=<>�8'��_ý?"Oý@À:ÇiÇ~ØmÛ Ö�ãßÁht�I/.1Rh;�4=mhq|Ü�&bF�t��Kb<:0:7X.T>JN�t�]P.T2*>(;ht�}L9�Rh9�4Q0D)�xbxhd�'$���2*4O&hq<& V�'-��2@4:,(;#<�'/f$WSI(<:K1g�2@>�R�2@>�M�;#<Q;#>J5O;�0Q,�<:Kb9�Rh,S5OKb>J5O;#I(0:9J.T7 5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RJ'/f$>�ÕÓ�SQ7POÍgü�ÖQÞ�ä¹ÝtÝ=ÝUö£ùÓQ�#*VOÍXt1IJ.TRh;#4�U�m�)ßÜ�U�mbd�t��;�.10Q0:7@;ht�+�.T4:,�2@>�Rb0:Kb>!tF�b9�7@? )_xh&hq('$���2*4Oxhd<& V�'���2@4:,�;�<�'��6I(0:2@WS2@~�.T0:2@Kh>�.1>JNv4:2@WSI(7*2� 5�.10:2@Kb>aKTM!,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17!587*9(4:0:;�<:2@>�Rh4_'�f$>�ÕÓ��Q?PHÍ�ü1ý�<ö*#&<%Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍ�Ú;#0Q�ÖC�1"S�=%�"Ø�þ@ý?P�Q���"$�$)���#0�nØ¥�=<>�ºÔ þ#�þ�#&%mÀqÚ Ø=Ø7Û ÖQã�ÁTt(IJ.1Rb;#4D)h)_&�Ü�)�FhE(t�] Kh>�0:<Q;�.17$t���.1>/.hN�.(th}L9�RJ'�)�xhxbd�'$e�D�N��&bxD& �/'J��;�>�>J.1<Q2$tJ��'J��.1>�Rb7@;#?�t�.T>JN^V�'��!2@4Q,�;#<�'�]^K�N�;�7*4LK1M�2@>J5O<Q;#WS;#>(<B.17!58Kh>J5O;�I�0LM�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>!',ÝE��<$þ jÓP�þ[����ö*#&<>"*����þ1%�"*#0P�"�tU�|�\@)h)�Ü�m()ht�)_xh&hx('$e�D�6�(xh&D& ��'J��9�,/.�t��D'��L.14Q0:KhRb2$t�.T>JNa7a'/��,�2@W '��39�<:;h\o}6>^;O��5O2@;#>�0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�RS.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�WM�Kb<Z7X.T<:Rh;DN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;#4�'of$>Õv�SQ7POÍü�ÖZÖ�ÞBÝ�ù�Ô�X:Ç3ö�VvÔ�ÃUØaö$#&<:Í=ùÓQ�#*VOÍ�Ôs��#0�=%�"�ÿY"$#&<LQ>V Ø¥�=<>�Tt�IJ.1Rb;#4=qbE�Ü�&1UJt���;�.T0:0Q7*;bt�+�.14Q,�2@>�Rh0QKh>!tA�h9(>�;S)�xbxh&('$e�D�6�(xhxD& ��'!��9�,J.(t!�D'��L.14:0QKhRb2ut�.T>JN"7�'���,�2@W´'D��K�5�� \L}<:Kbk�9�4:0�5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R .T7@RhKh<Q2@0:,�W M�Kh<D5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2j5�.17Z.T0:0:<Q2@k�9�0:;�4�'�f$>Õv�SQ7POÍAü�ÖZÖ�Ö;ö$#T<%Í=ùÓQ�#$VOÍ,Ø;�7<��¬ÒÓ#T% þ�#\"S"*�#þ�#T% t(IJ.1Rb;#46d�)_F�Ü�dbF�)bt���?�N�>(;#?�t�}L9�4:0Q<B.T7*2X.(t�]P.1<O5:,Æ)_xhxhx('$e��7�xh&<& }�'���2@>�>�;#k(9�<:RP.1>/N V�'/}a'[7L;#2@W 'L}6>P;8��5O2@;#>�0�.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q,´0:K^5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^2@>P7X.1<QRh;�W�9�7@0:2@W�;�N�2X.DN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;#4D��2@0:,>(Kh2@4:;h' f$>FÕÓ��Q?PHÍCü�Ö�ÖQÞ�ö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍUÚ;#0Q�ÖC�1"��7%-"�Ø=þ@ý?P�Q���"*�$)s��#\��Ø¥�7<��kÔPþ�#�þ�#T%�ÀqÚ!ØtØmÛ Ö�ÞßÁht�IJ.TRh;#4�dh&|Ü�mhd(tzrs;#�

�3Kh<���t�rI� t�}L9�Rh9(4:0D)�xbxh&('Ehq

Page 38: data mining  Chapter 08

Eh& $½O�$ÓJ_O#§E�UFCBEDA@cM$e��9J.bxh&<& ö�'���9/.1>�R/'P��{�0:;#>�4Q2@Kh>�4�0:K´0:,�;kÕ:i$WS;_.1>�4D.17@RbKh<:2@0Q,�W�M�Kb<a5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2*>(RP7X.1<:Rb;SN�.10O.^4:;�0:4���2@0:,�5#.T0:;#RbKh<Q2j5�.173gh.17@9�;#4_'Ø;�7<��¶Ô þ#�þ�#&%���#0�nÚ;#0Q�ÖC��"��7%-" Ø�þ@ý?P�Q���"$�$)1t�F(\eFh&hE|Ü�Eb|1UJt()�xhxb&�'$ ��V�&h&<& }�' 7�'n��.T2@> .T>JN^�D'���'�VL9�k/;#4�'UÝE��%-Q��#þW<[R�ÿDýNV?Q���ùA��Zbý�<�"$�#þ#&%>Ø¥�=<>�T'���<:2@>�0:2X5O;��6.17@7$t/)�xh&b&�'$j7���7�xhx<& �v'�7�.1<Q?�I(2*4_t1��' i¢�C'��6.T>!t�.T>JN�y�'�7L9�W�.T<�'1����}�]P��������ra\�}Æ,�2@;#<B.T<B5Q,�2X5#.17�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R=.T7*RbKh<Q2*0Q,�W-9�4Q2@>�R6N�?�>J.1W[2X5W[K�N�;#7@2@>�RJ'=ù'ÃvÔ7ÕAÂUåoÒÄæ6t�EhF(\ mb&�Ü�qhd�t/)�xbxhx('$j7�r6xhq<& �s'�7L>�Kb<:<�.1>JNP�C'JrsRJ'3}l9�>(2� /;�N^>�Kb0:2@Kh>^K1M�Kb9�0:7@2@;#<:4_\���<:KbIJ;#<Q0:2@;#4D.1>/NP5OKhW[I�9�0O.10:2@Kb>!'�f$>WÕÓ��Q?PHÍÓþ8�S�¿ö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍÚ;#0Q�ÖC��"��7%-"nØ=þ@ý?P�Q���"*�$)+��#0�oØ¥�=<>�(ÔPþ�#�þ�#&%ÀqÚ Ø=Ø7Û Ö~ä%ÁTt�I/.1Rh;�4aF�)_x�Ü�FbFhF(t rs;#��I/Kh<:0�n�;�.b5Q,!t���.17@2�M�Kh<Q>�2X.�t/}69(Rh9�4Q0)_xhxbq�'$j7�r6xh&<& �s' 7L>�Kh<Q<6.1>JN[�D'�rsRJ'�}67@RbKh<:2@0Q,�WS4�M Kh<3WS2@>�2@>�RDN�2@4:0O.1>J5O;8iukJ.T4:;�N Kh9�0Q7*2@;#<Q4�2@>S7X.1<QRh;=N(.10B.T4:;#0Q4�'of$>Õv�SQ7POÍ�ü�Ö�ÖQÞ¬ö$#&<:Í

ùÓQ�#$VOÍ;÷\"$�$)fáN���:%-"�Ø¥�7<�� ¾ �_ý?"8ý#t�IJ.TRh;#46EbxhF�Ü�U�|bE�t�r�;#� �ZKh<���t�r�� t(}69�Rb9�4:0D)_xhxb&�'$j7LKh,J&bFD& GD'=7LKh,(Kh>�;#>�'l��;#7�MXi$Kh<QR�.1>(2*~�;�N M�Kh<QW�.10Q2@Kh>ÆK1M�0:KhI/Kh7@KbRh2X5#.17@7@?Æ5OKh<Q<:;�5O0 M�;�.10Q9�<:; W�.1I(4�' ¾ þ[Q���Q¦% þ[P�����ùA)-'�"$�*#0"�<$þ[P8ý#tU�E�\edhx|Ü�mbx�t�)_xh&hF('$j7��6xh|<& �o'[7=.T9�M�W^.1>�.T>JNP��'��J'��sKh9�4Q4:;#;#9��D'£ú�þ�#0�1þ#&%VC�SQ�Z7.�ýaþ�#�Ø¥�=<>��ç���#�ö$#&<:�SQ7��Z�P¦<uþ Q�#�<�Q¸ùA��ZbýS<�"*�=ÝE#0����)_ý#þ@ý#'=�hKb,�>+Á2*7@;#?�è���Kh>(4�t!)_xhxb|�'$e�!.T9Jxhd<& ��' �o'J��.19�<Q2*0Q~#;#>!'LG�,�;a�o]�.17@RhKb<:2@0:,(WM�Kh<LRh<O.1I�,�2X5#.T7z.T4:4:K�5O2X.T0:2@Kh>^WSK�N�;�7*4���2@0Q,�W[2@4:4:2@>�R�N�.T0B.�'�ùÓQ1ÿ/.0Z8<>�=<uþ Q�#0���Çi<>�=<uþ@ý�<$þ[P8ý¿��#0��Ø;�7<���ÝE#0����)_ý8þjý8t�)_x�\@)�x()ßÜ�Fh|�)bt�)�xhxbd�'$e]P.h5�mhqD& �/'�]P.h5#¡L9�;�;#>!'c��KbWS;^WS;#0Q,�K�N�4�M Kh<�587j.T4:4Q2� �5#.10Q2*Kb>w.1>/N-.1>J.T7@?�4Q2@4�K1MaW�9�7@0Q2*gh.T<:2X._0:;[Khk�4Q;#<:gh.T0:2@Kh>(4�'éÕÓ�SQ7POÍfã�< R¾ "*��Õ�"*��"*)¬Ç0)1ÿ/.�Í�Ôs�=<[R�Í�Ç�<��7<$þ@ý�<[¯,ÕÓ��Q-'HÍXt�)h\eFh&()ßÜ�Fhxhq(t�)�xbmhq('$er6�Lx1U�& �C'JrsR�.1>/N��/'��6.1>�'��z��5O2@;#>�0=.1>/NS;¦� ;�580:2@gh;S5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�RSW[;#0:,�K�NvM�Kb<�4:IJ.T0:2X.17�N�.10O.�WS2@>�2@>�RJ'�f$>°ÕÓ�SQ7POͽü�ÖZÖ*ÿ�ö$#&<:Í

ùÓQ�#$VOÍ;÷\"$�$)fáN���:%-"�Ø¥�7<�� ¾ �_ý?"8ý#t�IJ.TRh;#4D)�UhUQÜ�)�dbd�t���.1>�0:2X.TRhKJt��3,�2@7@;ht���;#I(0:;#W�k/;#<D)�xbx1U/'$e��}=] xh&D& ��' �(.1<B._��.1Rb2$t��D'�}6Rb<B._��.17$tJ.T>JN^rD'�]^;#Rb2XN�N�KJ'�VL2@4B5OK1gb;#<:?bi:N�<:2@gb;#>P;O{�I�7@Kh<O.10Q2*Kb>^K1MZ����}=�ÁN�.10O.S5O9�k/;#4_'6f$>EÕv�SQ7POÍö*#&<:Í=ùÓQ�#$VHÍÓQ:V/ÒA,7<>"*#0�Tþ�#&%@Ø¥�=<>�8'��_ý?"7åg"SP¦R3#\Q���Q¦%�)�À:ÒâØ ¾ å Û ÖQÞ�ÁTt(IJ.1Rb;#4D)�mb&�Ü�)�&hF(thy3.17@;#>J5O2X.(t���I/.12@>!t�]P.T<B5Q,�)�xbxh&('$e���=ö�xh&<& �v'!��,�;#21��,�Kb7*;�4:7X.1W[2ut/��'��3,J.10Q0:;#<@�O;#;ht�.T>JN }a'�ö/,J.T>�RJ'�+�._gb;��37@9�4:0Q;#<�\L}cW�9�7@0:2�i$<:;#4QKh7@9�0Q2*Kb>�5O7@9�4Q0:;#<Q2@>�R .1I(I�<:K�.h5Q,M Kh<6gb;#<:? 7j.T<:Rb;a4QIJ.10Q2j.T7zN�.T0B.TkJ.14Q;#4�'Cf$>EÕÓ�SQ7PHÍÓü�ÖZÖQÞ�ö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍY÷0"*�$)�áN���>%�"fØ;�7<�� ¾ � ý?"Oý#t�IJ.TRh;#4�U�Fh&�Ü�U�Ebx�tJrs;#�

�3Kh<���t�rI� t�}L9�Rh9(4:0D)�xbxh&('$ +ä��] xhqD&l+�'�+�.1>�R/t8�J'-��.1>�R/tZ.1>/Nò�C'�]^9�>�0:~b'-��G�f:r6��\^}�4Q0B.T0:2@4:0Q2j5�.1762@>�M Kh<:W^.10Q2*Kb> Rb<:2XN�.TI�I�<QK�.h5Q, 0:KÆ4QIJ.10Q2X.176N�.T0B.W[2@>�2@>�RJ'�f$>WÕÓ��Q?PHÍ�ü�Ö�Ö~äEö$#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VHÍ;÷0"*�$)>áN���>%�"�Ø¥�=<>� ¾ � ý?"Oý#t�I/.1Rh;�4D)�&hm|Ü )_xhd�tb}�0:,(;#>�4�t/��<:;�;�5O;ht/}69(RJ'!)_xhxbq�'$jö��6��xhmD& GD'[ö/,J.T>�RJt��C'J�6.TW�.���<Q2@4:,�>J.T>!t�.1>/NP]Æ'���2@g�>�?�'�nof:�����D\6.T>P;O��5O2@;#>�0=N(.10B.[5O7@9�4:0Q;#<:2@>�R^W[;#0:,�K�NvM�Kb<6gh;�<:?P7X.1<QRh;N(.10B.TkJ.14Q;#4�'ùf$>FÕv�SQ7POÍEü�Ö�ÖZ×�Ý�ù�Ô]X:Ç&öQVvÔEÃ¹Ø ö*#&<:Í�ùÓQ�#$VOÍ5Ôk��#0�7%-"�ÿº"*#&<]Q:V�Ø;�7<��1t�I/.1Rh;�4P)�|hE|Ü )b)#UJt�]^Kb>�0Q<:;�.T7$t��.T>J.hN(.�tn�h9(>�;S)�xbxhm('