DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTION

Compilation and interpretation of primary and secondary sources of information.

The integration of different sources will consolidate the write up of the report.

SOURCES OF SOURCES OF INFORMATIONINFORMATION

Primary SourcePrimary Source•Data is collected by

researcher himself

•Data is gathered through questionnaire,

interviews,observations etc.

Secondary SourceSecondary Source•Data collected,

compiled or written by other

researchers eg. books, journals, newspapers•Any reference must

be acknowledged

STEPS TO COLLECT DATASTEPS TO COLLECT DATA

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

  

    

REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATIONREVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION(Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report)

REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATIONREVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION(Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report)

PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATIONTO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION

(Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report)

PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATIONTO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION

(Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report)

DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION

METHODS USED TO COLLECT METHODS USED TO COLLECT PRIMARY SOURCE DATAPRIMARY SOURCE DATA

1. Interviews2. Questionnaires3. Survey4. Experimentation5. Case Study6. Observation

However, for a small-scale study, the most commonly used methods are interviews, survey questionnaires and observations.

Effective way of gathering information

INTERVIEW

Involves verbal and non-verbal communications

Can be conducted face to face, by telephone,

online or through mail

Steps To An Effective Steps To An Effective InterviewInterview

Prepare your interview schedule

Select your subjects/ key informants

Conduct the interview

Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview

The most common data collection instrument

SurveyQuestionnaire

Useful to collect quantitative and qualitative

information

Should contain 3 elements:1. Introduction – to explain the objectives

2. Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions

2 Basic Types of survey 2 Basic Types of survey questions:questions:

1. Open-ended Questions◦ Free-response

(Text Open End)

◦ Fill-in relevant information

2. Close-ended Questions◦ Dichotomous

question◦ Multiple-choice◦ Rank◦ Scale◦ Categorical◦ Numerical

Note: For specific examples and students’ activities on each question style, please refer to the notes on Data Collection in the e-learning.

Steps To An Effective Survey Steps To An Effective Survey QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Prepare your survey questions(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions,

make copies)

Select your respondents/samplingRandom/Selected

Administer the survey questionnaire(date, venue, time )

Analyze and interpret data collected

Tabulate data collected (Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% )

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Observe verbal & non-verbal communication, surrounding atmosphere,

culture & situation

Observations

Need to keep meticulous records of

the observations

Can be done through discussions,observations of habits, rituals,

review of documentation,experiments

Steps To An Effective Steps To An Effective ObservationObservation

Determine what needs to be observed(Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data)

Select your participantsRandom/Selected

Conduct the observation(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )

Analyze and interpret data collected

Compile data collected

1. Decide what kind of data collection instrument(s )that you want to use – refer to your proposal – any changes?

2. If you choose questionnaire – do you have the established/ ready set of questions? If not, you have to find one, or, come up with your own. (this will take some times and should be done with great detail).

3. If you choose to do interview, you need to decide on the details – how many participants, questions, where, how long, etc?

4. If you choose to do observation, detail out your process – how many, how large, where, how long, etc?

1. The reading Log It should consist of 2 forms: Reading Log & Index You may get the form from

http://uhl2332ak.wikispaces.com/ASSESSMENT+2

2. Survey questions – ready set (the ones that you found from other sources) or Proposed survey questions (the ones that you will come up with your own)

3. For those who choose to do interview, you should submit the details of your interview. (Proposed questions, how many, when , how long, etc)

4. For those who choose to do observation, you should submit the details of your observation. (Proposed venue, how many, when , how long, etc)

3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical analysis presented are:

•Frequency•Mean•Percentage

1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use

Summary sheet Checklist

2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use

Manually SPSS

It involves 2 terms:

1.Results:- presentation of data/findings (statistics)

2. Discussion:- interpretation of data/findings

Things to consider when interpreting your data:

1. Interpret findings based on the purpose and objectives of your study

2. Relate the findings to real life context3. Use persuasive language to convince your readers to

see the research from your point of view.4. Organise your interpretation to highlight the most

important findings5. Include limitations to your research.6. Use simple, clear language