Daniel Malacara Optical Testing
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Transcript of Daniel Malacara Optical Testing
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OPTICAL TESTING
, . .
eptem er,
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TESTING OPTICAL ELEMENTS
¾Plane surfaces
¾Spherical surfaces
•Concave
•Convex
¾Aspherical surfaces
•Concave•Convex
¾Lenses and prisms
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can be made only asgoo as you can es
Modern Instruments require
complicated shapes and deviations
of the wavelength of light
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OPTICAL TESTING METHODS
•
Newton and Fizeau• wyman- reen
•Lateral Shearing
•
er ear ng•Multiple Beam
lass cal eometr c ests•Foucault•Ronchi
•Wire
•
Hartmann•Optical and Mechanical Profilometry
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Newton and Fizeau
Interferometers
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Tested and Reference
Interfering Wavefronts
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Field due to interference between a
a) Wavefront under test and a
b) Reference flat wavefront
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Irradiance in an interference pattern
a) Wavefront under test and a
b Reference flat wavefront
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Newton Interferometer
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Fizeau Interferometer
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Optical Path Differencein a Fizeau Interferometer
t = Physical path difference
=
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Testin Concave Surfaces
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Lon itudinal Modes in a Laser with Cavity Length L
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Visibilit in an Interferometer vs. OPD
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Tw man-Green
Interferometer Twyman (1918)
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Twyman-Green Interferometer
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in a Twyman-Green
t = Physical path difference
=
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Coherence in a Twyman-Green Interferometer
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in a Twyman-Green Interferometer
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in a Twyman-Green Interferometer
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-
Interferograms
of
r mary
Aberrations
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a era ear
Other Shear
Interferometers
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Wavefronts in Shear Interferometers
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Interferometer
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Optical Path Difference
in a Lateral Shear
t = Physical path difference
=
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For a small shear S
the optical path difference is
Hence radial shear interferometers
Measure the wavefront tilt in the shear direction
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Wavefront Evaluation in Lateral Shear
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Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer
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Testing Concave Surfaces in
Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer
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Interferograms
of
Aberrations
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Foucault TestFoucault (1858)
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Foucault or Knife Edge Test
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Pattern
of anAs herical
Wavefront
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Shape of Aspheric Wavefront
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Ronchi Testonc
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Ronchi Test
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Ronchi Test
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Ronchigram of Aspherical Surface
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Hartmann TestHartmann (1900)
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Hartmann Test
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pattern of a
mirror
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Wavefront Slope and Ray Tranverse Aberration
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Relation between the wavefront slopes and the
ray transverse aberrations TA
= s ance rom wave ron o
measuring plane
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Calculation of wavefront deformations from
ay ransverse a erra ons or
wavefront slopes
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Newton Interferometer
Twyman-Green interferometer
Tests that measure wavefront slope
Lateral Shear interferometer
Ronchi Test
Hartmann test
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Increasing PrecisionMultiple Beam
Interferometry
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Two beam interferogram Multiple beam interferogram
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Increasing Precision
Phase Shifting
Interferometry
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Phase Shifting Interferometry
with a Twyman-Green Interferometer
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rra ance vs. ase erence
in Phase Shifting Interferometry
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Interferograms in Phase Shifting Interferometry
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Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm
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Phase Shifting Interferometry Mathematics
Phase
equa on:
amp ng
functions:
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Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm
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Wrapped Phase Obtained in
Phase Shifting Interferometry
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Unwrapped Phase from
Phase Shifting Interferometry
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TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES
Autocompensating Configurations
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Autocollimating Configurations
For Conic Surfaces
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Testing of Aspherical Convex Surface
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Testing of Convex Hyperboloids
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TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES
Null Compensators with
Lenses
Diffracting Elements
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Interferograms of As herical Wavefronts
-
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Dall Compensator
For Parabolic Mirrors
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Lens Offner Compensator
for Parabolic Mirrors
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Mirror Offner Compensator
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Wyant Hologram Compensator
for Aspherical Surfaces
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TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES
Non-Null Tests
Phase Shifting Interferometry
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d
Interferogram
(Nyquist limit
Exceeded)
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with three different reference
spheres
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Aspherical wavefront slopes
with three different reference spheres
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For different
focus settings
(Different
spheres)
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with a
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Without linear carrier With linear carrier
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TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES
Non-Null Tests
Infrared Interferometry
White Light Interferometry
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Group formed by two waves
with different wavelengths
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Group Length formed by two waves
with two different wavelengths
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Conclusion:
Optical testing is an old but exciting field
of a tremendous practical importance.
many new developments are expected andur entl needed.
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