Holography: The 4th-Generation Optical Storage Technology · AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting,...

AprilisAprilis THIC Meeting, Louisville CO 22-23 JUL 03

Holography: The 4th-Generation Optical Storage Technology

Daniel H. Raguin, Aprilis, Inc.5 Clock Tower Place, Suite 200, Maynard, MA, 01754-2530

Phone: 978-450-1047 FAX: 978-450-1020E-mail: [email protected]

Presented at the THIC Meeting at the STK Bldg 8 Auditorium, 1 Storage Tek Dr, Louisville CO 80027-9451

July 22 - 23, 2003


OutlineOutlineOutlineCompany Overview– History– Aprilis IP Portfolio– Business Plan

Aprilis Holographic Media– Form Factor– Shelf Life and Archivability

Page-Based Holographic Storage– Data Density

Summary


Aprilis, Inc.Company Overview

Aprilis, Inc.Aprilis, Inc.Company OverviewCompany Overview

HistoryIP PortfolioBusiness Plan & Roadmap

Our business focus is the development of media and optical drive technology for Holographic Data Storage


Aprilis, Inc. HistoryAprilis, Inc. HistoryAprilis, Inc. HistoryJune 1999 – Company operations begun• Acquired rights to Polaroid holographic technology

November 2000• Demonstrated recording at >1 Gbps in at Stanford University•• Feasibility Demonstrated: 10 Feasibility Demonstrated: 10 GbitsGbits per secper sec

October 2001• Dow Corning becomes a leading investor/strategic partner

October 2002• Initiated shipments of standard disk and card media samples

November 2002• Acquired 21 holographic storage patents (Tamarack Storage Devices)

December 2002• Demonstration of greater than 100 Gbits/in2 in Aprilis CROP photopolymer

February 2003• Acquired 14 holographic storage patents (Holoplex, Caltech)


Aprilis Intellectual Property BaseAprilis Intellectual Property BaseAprilis Intellectual Property Base3 Polaroid Patents – exclusive license

holographic method with media

13 Aprilis Patents Pending – composition of matter, drive implementations

14 Holoplex Patents – Aprilis acquisition covering basic holographic drive, servo

21 Tamarack Patents – Aprilis acquisitioncovering basic holographic drive and servo implementations

51 total as of 7/21/03

Key fundamental patents with priority dates as early as 1993


Roadmap for Optical Data Storage DevicesRoadmap for Optical Data Storage DevicesRoadmap for Optical Data Storage Devices

CD (0.7)CD (0.7)DVDDVD--5 (4.7)5 (4.7)

DVDDVD--9 (8.7)9 (8.7)

BlueBlue--ray, UDOray, UDO(23(23--30)30)

DVD BlueDVD Blue--5050(50)(50)

TimeTime

Capacity (GB)Capacity (GB)DHD DHD –– Red (15Red (15--120 GB)120 GB)

DHD DHD –– Blue (1000+ GB)Blue (1000+ GB)

DHD DHD –– Green (150Green (150--800 GB)800 GB)

1982 1995 2003 2005 2010

Holographic Storage Technology


Holographic Storage Provides Higher Capacity and PerformanceHolographic Storage Provides Higher Holographic Storage Provides Higher Capacity and PerformanceCapacity and Performance

Data Transfer Rate, MB/sec

Storage Capacity per Cartridge (GB)

HIGH

LOWDVD-RAM

M/O

DLT

IBM Tapes

LTO, S-DLT

1 10 100 1,000

1,000

100

10

1


Advantages of Holographic Data StorageAdvantages of Holographic Data StorageAdvantages of Holographic Data StorageHigh Capacity removable media• 200 GB to >1 TB per 130mm disk• Higher densities allow for compact high-capacity media

• 100 GB on a business cardHigh Performance• 100’s of MB/sec• Random access

Low-Cost Media ($0.1 to $0.01/GB)• High-quality photopolymers• Significant cost reductions over tape cartridge since only media in

cartridgeArchival Media• >50 yrs data lifetimes (Aprilis media)• Robust (can withstand mechanical shocks)• No head crashes (mm-type separations between media and optics)

Hardware Data Encryption• Ex. 256x256 bit code encryption of holographic media


Why Now?Why Now?Why Now?

CMOS Sensors

Lasers

Liquid Crystal Displays

••Holographic Storage Enabled by Consumer TechnologiesHolographic Storage Enabled by Consumer Technologies


High Capacity Storage:Target Entry MarketsHigh Capacity Storage:High Capacity Storage:Target Entry MarketsTarget Entry Markets

Medical Archives• Image databases• Pattern analysis: genomics,

proteomics, pharmaceuticals• Medical records Enterprise Archives

Commerce data warehousesInvestment analysisInternet (e-commerce)

Document ManagementUtilities/telecomHealth careGovernment recordsInsurance/banking


Aprilis Holographic LibraryAprilis Holographic LibraryAprilis Holographic Library

Multi 10-100’s of TByte library

Multiple drives

Near on line data delivery

Lower storage management overhead• Holographic media per GB takes up ~ ½

volume of tape

⇒ Lower total cost of ownership• Lower media cost• Longer media lifetime• Random access


Holography - BasicsHolography Holography -- BasicsBasics


HolographicHolographic RecordingRecording for Digital Data for Digital Data StorageStorage

Laser Source

SLM

Media

Data RecordingV/λ3 via Multiplexing

θi

z

x

y

θφφj

Data Readout

Media

Laser Source

Detectorθi

φj

•Change θi and φj to co-locationally multiplex each new data page


Aprilis Holographic Recording TechnologyAprilis Holographic Recording TechnologyAprilis Holographic Recording Technology

Photopolymer Comprising of:Cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) monomers

•Low shrinkage (ring opening compensates for shrinkage induced by polymerization)

Polynuclear aromatic photosensitizing dyes•Designed to sensitize media to a particular laser wavelength

•Ex. 655 nm, 532 nm, 405 nm


Aprilis Media FormatAprilis Media FormatAprilis Media FormatDisks or Coupons• Equipment for automated assembly of both formats• Dow-Corning as strategic partner to mass produce chemicals required

Glass or plastic substrates sandwiching Aprilis photopolymer

Disks: 120 mm, 130 mm ODCoupons: 30 to 50 mm squares

Thickness of Aprilis photopolymer determines storage capacity• Higher Bragg selectivity – smaller ∆θ required to address new data page• Demonstrated 100 Gb/in2 in only 400 µm thick layer


Plane Wave Test BedPlane Wave Test BedPlane Wave Test Bed

Laser, λ1

Shutter

Rotary λ/2 waveplate

P-polarizationS-polarization

Rotary λ/2 waveplate

Collimating Lens

Objective Lens

Spatial Filter

S-polarization

Polarization Beamsplitter

M1

M2

M3

M4

Rotary stage (angle multiplexing)

Rotary stage (peristrophic multiplexing)

Aprilis photopolymer media

Detector, D1

Monitor beam, λ2

Detector, D0Detector, D2

Shutter

Media testing (M/#, shrinkage, sensitivity, etc.)Record typically 300-2000 co-locational plane-wave holograms


Co-locational Multiplexed Plane Wave Recording

CoCo--locationallocational Multiplexed Plane Multiplexed Plane Wave RecordingWave Recording

Recording Sensitivity (cm/mJ) and Grating Strength versus Cumulative Recording Fluence (mJ/cm2) for Type C Formulation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Cumulative Fluence

Sens

itivi

ty

Sensitivity Grating Strength

Media processed for <0.1% shrinkage


Aprilis Media PerformanceAprilis Media PerformanceAprilis Media Performance

No post-processing of media required• Dry chemistry

Low absorbance after recording (media “bleaches”)• αL < 0.005

Lowest scatter of any holographic media (as measured by IBM during PRISM program)• < 7·10-7 srad-1 µm -1

High ∆n• Up to 0.001

High recording sensitivityLow shrinkage (<0.1%)


Media Shelf-LifeMedia ShelfMedia Shelf--LifeLifeMedia stored 0-7 months before recording holograms

Recording Sensitivity (cm/mJ) and Grating Stength versus Cumulative Recording Fluence (mJ/cm2) for ULSH-500- 7A [200 micron thickness ] at 0, 4, and 7 Months After Initial

Preconditioning Treatment for Co-locationally Multiplexed Plane-wave Holograms

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Cumulative Fluence (mJ/cm2)

Sens

itivi

ty (c

m/m

J)

Sensitivity-0 months Sensitivity-4 months Sensitivity-7 monthsGrating Str.- 0 months Grating Str.-4 months Grating Str.-7 months

[storage under dry conditions at ambient temperature]

Gra

ting

Stre

ngth

Σ η

0.5


Media LifetimeMedia LifetimeMedia Lifetime360 co-locationally recorded holograms70°C Oven test for up to 390 hrs

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

Left Satellite Left 1s t Null Peak Right 1s t Null Right Satellite

Diff

ract

ion

Effic

ienc

y (%

)

0H

60H

150H

222H

390H


Media LifetimeMedia LifetimeMedia Lifetime

Archivability• Aging study at 60, 70 and 80 ºC with short excursions to room

temperature every 24-48 hours. Type C material

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

1/T(1000)

Tim

e, h

ours

Projected 50 years

Test ongoing80°C

70°C 60°C


Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Storage System Test Bed

Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Aprilis Holographic Optical Data Storage System Test BedStorage System Test Bed

Custom Read LensSLM

Custom Write Lens

∆θ

Reference Beam 1

Reference Beam N

Detector

Aprilis Photopolymer

4F Configuration that images SLM array onto Detector Array


22

21

12

σσ +

−=

mmSNR

•• M=50 Data Page of M=75 CoM=50 Data Page of M=75 Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed in T= 400 Multiplexed in T= 400 µµmm

512 x 512 data pages

Pixel error rate = 3.7·10-3

Histogram of detector pixel readings

Error Map

Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/µm2 (~50 Gb/in2)Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/Data Page Recording at ~75 Bits/µµmm22 (~50 Gb/in(~50 Gb/in22))

Threshold Algorithm 1 and modulation, no equalization


22

21

12

σσ +

−=

mmSNR

•• M=60 Data Page of M=100 CoM=60 Data Page of M=100 Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed in T= 400 Multiplexed in T= 400 µµmm

Pixel error rate = 4.9·10-3 Threshold Algorithm 1

and modulation, no equalization

Histogram of detector pixel readings

Error Map


512 x 512 data pages


0.00E+00

5.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.50E-07

2.00E-07

2.50E-07

3.00E-07

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

Theta Mechanical (º)

Diff

ract

ed P

ower

(W)

Areal Density ~ 150 bits/µm2

M=8 M=24 M=40 M=56

M=20M=90

M=72

M=110M=130


• Diffracted Power vs Theta Scan showing Bragg selectivity• M=155 co-locationally multiplexed 512 x 512 data pages

•Angle (θ) and peristrophic (φ) multiplexing• Raw Pixel Error rate = 5.6·10-3 (threshold algorithm 1 & modulation, no equalization)


(Pixel Error Rate)-1 vs Domain Size(Pixel Error Rate)(Pixel Error Rate)--11 vsvs Domain SizeDomain Size

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

1/Areal Density (µm2/bit)

1/R

aw B

ER

300 microns 400 microns 300 microns:Thresholded 400 microns:Thresholded

Acceptable Raw Pixel Error for Holographic System (G. Burr, IBM)

Holoplex 1999

HDSS on rotating disk; 2000

1/R

aw P

ixel

Err

or R

ate

••Aprilis Attains 150 bit/mm2 in Aprilis Attains 150 bit/mm2 in only 400 only 400 µµmm ThicknessThickness

No equalization or ECC applied


Raw Pixel Error RateRaw Pixel Error RateRaw Pixel Error Rate

Planar-angle and Azimuthal Multiplexed Data PagesNo temperature Control; x,y alignment of CCD Detector

I Ref ~ 30 mW/cm2

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

0 20 40 60 80 100Sequential Hologram Number

Raw

BER

400 micron thickness; M =100 300 micron thickness; M=100

400 micron thickness; M=75 300 micron thickness; M=75

400 micron thickness; M=100, Thresholded

••Sequentially Recorded CoSequentially Recorded Co--locationallylocationally Multiplexed 512 x 512 Data PagesMultiplexed 512 x 512 Data Pages••Raw Pixel error rate before equalization or ECC appliedRaw Pixel error rate before equalization or ECC applied

Raw Pixel Error rate for different holographic data storage densities

Threshold Algorithm 2

Raw

Pix

el E

rror

Rat

e




Summary (1)Summary (1)Summary (1)Holography viable solution for 4th Generation Optical Storage Product

• Random access, removable storage• Volume storage rather than surface storage as with DVD• 200 GB to >1 TB in removable 130 mm format• Data rates of 100’s of MB/sec

Photopolymers ideal materials for Holographic Storage• Low-cost material ($0.1 to $0.01/GB)• Various form factors (disk, card, etc.)

Aprilis media• Low Scatter: < 7·10-7 srad-1 µm -1• Low Absorbance After Recording: αL < 0.005 (bleaching)• High recording sensitivity with low shrinkage (<0.1%) • Demonstration of 100 Gb/in2 in only 400 µm thick media

• Highest density demonstrated in photopolymer of any thickness• Material composition tuned to wavelength of operation• Media Stability

• Pre-recorded Shelf Life >1 year • Archivability: Accelerated aging ~50 years


Summary (2)Summary (2)Summary (2)Basic Manufacturing infrastructure in place• Leverage off of existing products• Miniaturized optical pickups and servos – DVD and CD drives• LC Displays – Computer and Digital cameras• CCD arrays – Digital cameras and machine vision products

Aprilis VulcanTM Drive program• Fundamental IP for Holographic

Process & Architecture• 5 ¼” full-height drive• 5 ¼” media cartridges (200 GB

Capacity)• 75 MB/sec in 1st Gen.• 2005 – Product for Enterprise Storage• 2008 to 2010 – Product for Consumer

Market

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