D4_Zahler
Transcript of D4_Zahler
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Concentrating Collectors for Process Heat Applications
Dipl.-Phys. Christian Zahler
PSE GmbH
consulting engineers for renewable energies
www.pse.de
15 June
Local Renewables 2007
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Two Axis trackingoperating temperature < 1200 °C Solar Tower: plant capacity ~ 10 MWel, Dish Stirling: unit capacity ~ 10-25 kWel,
One axis trackingoperating temperature < 550°C Parabolic trough, linear Fresnel:
plant capacity ~ 0.1-100 MWth/el,
Stationaryoperating temperature < 150°C Vacuum tube CPC:
unit capacity ~ 1 kWth,
Collector: Key Component for Conversion of Solar Radiation to Heat
conc
entr
atio
n ra
tio
Market available technology
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Solitem GmbH, DLR, SIJ: PTC1800, PTC 1000 Button Energy, AEE Intec: Parasol Ciemat-PSA: Fasol Lotus Solar, NREA PSE GmbH: linear Fresnel Aosol Energias Renováveis Lda. Solarfocus Finsun Energy, Vattenvall Utveckling AB: MARECO
Developments: Concentrating Process Heat Collectors
Source: IEA-SHIP
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Installed Capacity and Produced Energy - Worldwide (2005)
Difficult: electric / thermal capacity, rated / max. power
Source: IEA-SHC
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Lighting190
Mechanical energy3655
Process heat1864
Hot water489
Space heating3098
9297 PJ
Industry
Commerce & Service
Private homes
Traffic
28%
4%
6%
16%
3%
23%
2%
3%
2%
2% 8%
Final Energy Consumptionexample: Germany
Source: ARGE Energiebilanzen, VDE - Projektgruppe Nutzenergiebilanzen, Data from 2003
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Source: Neubarth, Kaltschmitt, 2000
Temperature distribution of Process Heat Demandexample: Austria
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Solar Cooling!
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month
ly lo
ad, k
Wh/m
2
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
colle
ctor ra
dia
tion, k
Wh/m
2
heating
cooling
solarOffice building
in southern Europe
(e.g. Madrid)
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
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Solar Cooling
Obvious:High cooling demand corresponds with high solar irradiation no seasonal storage necessary
not so obvious: need for off peak (night time) operation shift (storage) for several hours may be needed
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Solar thermally driven air conditioning
Thermally drivencooling processheat
chilled water
conditioned air
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
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When can solar AC be applied?
Overview
Cen tra lizedven t i lat io n system ;
d u ct systemto b u ild ing
Conditio ned air
Cen tra lizedch ille r;
co ld w ate r n e t-w o rk in b u ild ing
Chilled w ater
Cen tra lized ch il leran d ven t i lat io n;
p ip e and d u ctn etw o rk in b u ild ing
A ir-w ater
D ecen tral izedsystem s
(ro o m a irco n d it io n ers)
Refrigeran t
A ir co n d itio n ingtech niq u es
Variety of technical solutions for centralised systems available No technical solution available for decentralised room air-
conditioning (split systems)Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
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Absorption chillers - today‘s systems
single-effect absorption
double-effect absorption
many products > 100 kW; few products <100 kW; water/LiBr, Tdrive 75°C...110°Cammonia/water, Tdrive > 160°CCOP0.7;
several manufacturers; often direct fired; no products <100 kW; in most cases water/LiBr; COP1.1; Tdrive 140°C...180°C
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
Absorption Technology
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Typical figures
Absorption Technology
Single effect
H2O/LiBr
Double effect
H2O/LiBr
Single effect
NH3/H2O
Temperature lift (max)
25 K 25 K 55 K
Temperature of Cold
5-20°C 5-20°C -20°-20°C
Driving temperature
70-90°C 140-180°C 160-180°C
Max. COP 0,7-0,8 1,1-1,4 0,6-0,7
high COP
dry cooling
low temperature
&advantages
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H2O/LiBrTrane, Carrier, Yazaki, York, Broad, EAW, Phoenix, Ebara, LG Machinery, Sanyo Mc Quay, Sulzer-Escher Wyss, Entropie, Century
NH3/H2ORobur, Colibri, AWT, Mattes, ABB, Solarfrost
Chiller Producers
Absorption Technology
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Produktionshallen in GriechenlandSolar cooling plants
Hotel air-conditioning parabolic trough collector produces heat at
180°C: 180 m2 aperture area
double effect absorption chiller (cooling capacity 116 kW, 4 bar saturated steam; COP > 1.2)
air-conditioning of a hotel and steam supply for the hotel laundry
LPG-fired back-up steam boiler
site: Dalaman (mediterranean coast Turkey)
first system with double effect chiller
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
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fancoils
absorpt.chiller
icestorage
drycooling
Solar cooling
Office building (demonstration plant) in Italy
Fresnel collector: 132 m2
2 NH3/H2O Absorption Chillers (each 15 kW)
First system with a fresnel type collector
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Realised Projects in Europe
Solar Cooling with process heat collectors
approx. 100 plants in Europe
(as at 2006)
average collector area per cooling capacity
3 m2/kW for water chillers 10 m2 per 1000 m3/h for
desiccant systems
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
39.1%
8.7%
27.5%
4.3%
4.3%2.9%
5.8%
1.4% 2.9%1.4%
1.4%
DeutschlandGriechenlandSpanienPortugalItalienÖsterreichFrankreichHollandIsraelTürkeiSerbien (Kosovo)
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Cooling Demand
Solar Cooling with process heat collectors
Cooling demand for air-conditioning in Germanyup to 32.000 GWh/a
Cooling demand for production, distribution and storage of food in Germany
up to 19.000 GWh/a
Source: Winter, Fraunhofer IUSE, Februar 2006
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Market Opportunities
Drivers Environmental problems of conventional refrigerants Cost of conventional energy Shortages in electricity supply Environmental concerns; marketing of green image
Potential promising market niches “Solar combi-plus systems” (DHW and heating plus cooling): residential, small-
commercial Applications with other added values beside energy saving: green thinking,
environmentally sound behaviour: e.g. hotels in sunny, tourist areas
Source: Henning, Fraunhofer ISE
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Conclusions
Differents types of chillers are available
Different types of collectors for different chillers are available
Development of heat driven systems to replace decentralized room air conditioners (e.g. split systems) remains a high challenge
Solar cooling is interesting for for Suppliers: it’s a small but growing market for Utilities: summer peak load can be reduced for Consumers: less pollution, less noise, green label
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Linear concentrating Fresnel-Collector
Solar Radiation
Secondary Reflector
Fresnel Reflector
Absorber Tube
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First Prototype by Giovanni Francia
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Present activities on linear Fresnel collectors
SHP Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd, Australien Ausra Inc., Palo Alto, CA
SPG Solar Power Group GmbH in cooperation with MAN Ferrostaal Power Industry GmbH
NOVATEC Biosol AG PSE GmbH
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Idea: downscaling of the collector by a factor 2 compared to power plant collectors
»Fresnel advantages« are still valid Stationary Receiver Low Wind load Flat glass mirrors High ground coverage
New: Rooftop Installation
PSE: Why not process heat?
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
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Fresnel Collector for Solar Cooling
Project co-funded by »Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt«
Construction and Evaluation of a prototype in Freiburg
Installation and Monitoring of a demonstration system in Bergamo / Italy
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1st PrototypeFreiburg
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
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2nd PrototypeBergamo
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
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Gross Heat Production
Linear Fresnel Process Heat Collector
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Summary + Next steps
Two prototypes of the PSE linear Fresnel process heat collector (88m² Freiburg, 132m² Bergamo) are being operated and monitored
Next project: 350m² Fresnel Collector in Sevilla - Solar Cooling
Commercialization is planned for 2008
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Conclusions
A wide variety of concentrating solar technologies are market available
Concentrating solar collectors are able to provide process heat
at high temperatures reliably at large scale
Research demand for concentrating systems materials components system integration