Czajlik Bodocs the Effectiveness of AerialArchaeological Research —an Approach From the GIS...

8/12/2019 Czajlik Bodocs the Effectiveness of AerialArchaeological Research an Approach From the GIS Perspective

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MOMENTS IN TIME


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A A, G K, V K,G K and G V. S


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MOMENTS IN TIME

Papers Presented to Pl Raczkyon His 60thBirthday

E

Alexandra Anders and Gabriella Kulcsr

Gbor Kalla, Viktria Kiss and Gbor V. Szab

srgszeti rsasg / Prehistoric SocietyEtvs Lornd University

LHarmattan

B 2013


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English and German text revised by

Lszl Bartosiewicz, Alice M. Choyke, Judith A. Rasson and Magdalna Seleanu (English)Ul Morche and va Pvai (German)

Te publication of this volume was generously supported by

Etvs Lornd University, Faculty o HumanitiesDeutsches Archologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung

srgszeti rsasg / Prehistoric SocietyNra 97 Kf.Archeodata 1998 Bt.

satrs Kf.

Te Authors, 2013 LHarmattan Kiad, 2013

ISBN 978-963-236-346-2ISSN 2063-8930

ypography by

Zsolt Gembela

Cover design

Gbor Vczi and Zsolt Gembela

Printed in Hungary by Robinco Kf.

Director: Pter Kecskemthy


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CONTENTS

Editorial / A szerkesztk elszava ..................................................................................................................14

Publications o Pl Raczky .............................................................................................................................16

Walter Meier-ArendtPl Raczky zum 60. Geburtstag. Ein Vor- undGruwort ........................................................................ 27

E N F M

Krum BacvarovMalak Preslavets Revisited: Te Early Neolithic Burials ..................................................................... 29

Eszter BnffyOn Neolithic Frontiers in the Carpathian Basin .................................................................................. 35

Paolo Biagi Elisabetta StarniniPre-Balkan Platorm Flint in the Early Neolithic Siteso the Carpathian Basin: Its Occurrence and Significance ................................................................. 47

Mihael BudjaPotters and Pots in the MesolithicNeolithic ransormationin Southeastern Europe .............................................................................................................................61

Ivan GatsovLithic Assemblages rom the Area o the North-Western Ponticrom the 9th7th Millennia ........................................................................................................................ 85

M N LBK

Piroska CsengeriFigural Representations rom the Initial Phase o the Alld LinearPottery Culture rom Novajidrny (Hernd Valley, Northeast Hungary) ........................................91

Ferenc Horvth Florin DraoveanRemarks on the Connections between the Banat and the GreatHungarian Plain at the Beginning o the Middle Neolithic(SatchinezAlld Linear PotteryEsztrVina) ................................................................................113

Gbor IlonTe ransdanubian Linear Pottery Culture in County Vas:Recent Finds and Findings ......................................................................................................................133

Eva Lenneis

Beobachtungen zu rhneolithischen Schlitzgruben ..........................................................................147


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ibor MartonLBK Households in ransdanubia: A Case Study .............................................................................. 159

Zsolt Mester Jacques ixierPot lames: Te Neolithic Blade Depot rom Boldogkvralja

(Northeast Hungary) ...............................................................................................................................173

Krisztin OrossRegional raits in the LBK Architecture o ransdanubia ................................................................187

ibor PaluchMaroslele-Panaht, Legel: Data to the Middle NeolithicAnthropomorphic Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 203

Juraj Pavk Zdenk FarkaBeitrag zur Gliederung der lteren Linearkeramik ............................................................................213

Jrg PetraschStandardisierung versus Individualitt?Das Wesen der jungsteinzeitlichen Bestattungssitten ........................................................................ 237

Katalin Sebkwo Ceramic-Covered Burials rom the Middle Neolithico the Carpathian Basin .......................................................................................................................... 249

Peter Stadler Nadezdha KotovaTe Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wololz (56705100 BC):

Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants rom theStarevo erritory? .............................. 259

Gerhard rnkaEin bemerkenswerter Klingenkern aus Szentgl-Radiolarit

von Gro-Schollach im westlichen Niedersterreich ........................................................................ 277

Zsuzsanna M. VirgOn the Anthropomorphic Representations o LPC in Connectionwith Some Recent Finds rom Budapest (Figurines and Vessels with FacialRepresentations) ...................................................................................................................................... 289

L N P-C I W

Judit P. BarnaA Miniature Anthropomorphic Vessel rom the Early Lengyel CultureSite at Sorms-rk-ldek in Southwestern Hungary......................................................................311

John ChapmanFrom Varna to Brittany via Csszhalom Was Tere a Varna Effect? ..................................... 323

Alice M. Choyke Zsuzsanna th

Practice Makes Perect: Quartered Metapodial Awlsin the Late Neolithic o Hungary .......................................................................................................... 337

Contents

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Magorzata Kaczanowska Janusz K. KozowskiTe ransition rom the Neolithic to the Copper Age Lithic Industriesin the Northern Carpathian Basin ........................................................................................................ 353

Nndor Kalicz

Siedlungsstruktur und Bestattungen mit Prestigeobjektendes Fundplatzes p-Leb (sdliches Teigebiet, Ungarn) ........................................................... 365

Katalin KovcsLate Neolithic Exchange Networks in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 385

Kitti KhlerErgebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen zweiersptneolithischer Bestattungen in Alsnyk ....................................................................................... 401

Johannes Mller Robert Hofmann Nils Mller-Scheeel Knut Rassmann

Neolithische Arbeitsteilung: Spezialisierung in einem ell um 4900 v. Chr. ................................. 407

Zsuzsanna Siklsiraces o Social Inequality and Ritual in the Late Neolithico the Great Hungarian Plain ................................................................................................................ 421

Krisztina Somogyi Zsolt GallinaBesonderes anthropomorphes Ge der Lengyel-Kultur mit doppelterGesichts- und Menschendarstellung in Alsnyk (SW-Ungarn) ..................................................... 437

Alasdair Whittle

Enclosures in the Making: Knowledge, Creativity and emporality ............................................... 457

Istvn Zalai-Galotenhaltung als Indikator relativer Chronologieim transdanubischen Sptneolithikum? .............................................................................................. 467

N S L

Lszl DomborczkiNeolithic Cult Objects and Teir Symbolism ..................................................................................... 487

Gheorghe Lazarovici Cornelia-Magda LazaroviciSacred house and Teir Importance or the Reconstructiono Architecture, Inner Furnishings and Spiritual Lie ....................................................................... 503

E C A B C

Attila Gyucha William A. ParkinsonArchaeological Cultures and the Study o Social Interaction:Te Emergence o the Early Copper Age iszapolgr Culture ..........................................................521

Contents

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Svend HansenFigurinen aus Stein und Bein in der sdosteuropischen Kuperzeit ............................................. 539

Judit RegenyeSurviving Neolithic Te Early Copper Age in ransdanubia,

North o Lake Balaton ............................................................................................................................ 557

Wolfram SchierAn Antiquarians Grave? Early iszapolgr Burialsin the Late Vina ell Site o Uivar (Romania) .................................................................................. 569

M C A A

Attila Lszl Sndor Jzsef SztncsujVessels with Handles with Discoid Attachments Discovered

in the AriudCucuteni Area and Some Problems in the Development andChronology o the Ariud (Ersd) Culture in Southeastern ransylvania ..................................... 579

Ildik SzathmriKuperhammeraxt mit Spuren eines Holzschafrestes

vom Donauuer bei Szentendre ............................................................................................................ 595

F L C A B B A T

Mria Bondr

Utilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? Te Possible Functiono an Enigmatic Arteact ....................................................................................................................... 605

Szilvia FbinA Preliminary Analysis o Intrasite Patterns at Balatonkeresztr-Rti-dl,a Late Copper Age Site on the Southern Shore o Lake Balaton in Hungary ..................................613

Lszl GyrgyLate Copper Age Animal Burials in the Carpathian Basin .............................................................. 627

Gabriella Kulcsr

Glimpses o the Tird Millenium BC in the Carpathian Basin ....................................................... 643

Vajk SzevernyiTe Earliest Copper Shaf-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin:Interaction, Chronology and ransormations o Meaning ............................................................ 661

E B A R N A

Jnos Dani Viktria KisjuhszBestattungen der Mak-Kultur in Berettyjalu, Nagy Bcs-dl ................................................ 671

Contents

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Anna EndrdiRecent Data on the Settlement History and Contact System o the BellBeakerCsepel group .............................................................................................................................. 693

M B A MMarietta Csnyi Judit rnokiA Dinner Set rom a Bronze Age Housein Level 2 o the rkeve-erehalom Settlement ................................................................................ 707

Klra P. Fischl Lszl RemnyiInterpretation Possibilites o the Bronze Age ell Sitesin the Carpathian Basin ......................................................................................................................... 725

Szilvia Honti Viktria Kiss

Te Bronze Hoard rom Zalaszabar. New Data on the Studyo the olnanmedi Horizon Part 2 ................................................................................................... 739

Magdolna ViczeMiddle Bronze Age Households at Szzhalombatta-Fldvr ............................................................ 757

L B A R P

Judit KosSptbronzezeitliche Grube mit besonderer Bestimmung

aus Oszlr-Nyraszg (Nordostungarn) ............................................................................................. 771

Gbor V. SzabLate Bronze Age Stolen. New Data on the Illegal Acquisitionand rade o Bronze Age Arteacts in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 793

Gbor VcziBurial o the Late umulusEarly Urnfield Periodrom the Vicinity o Nadap, Hungary ...................................................................................................817

I A E (P)Istvn FodorA Scythian Mirror rom Hajdnns, Hungary ..................................................................................831

Mikls SzabLivre celte de la puszta hongroise ........................................................................................................ 839

Contents

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I A

Lszl Bartosiewicz Erika Gl Zsfia Eszter KovcsDomesticating Mathematics: axonomic Diversityin Archaeozoological Assemblages ....................................................................................................... 853

Katalin . BirMore on How Much? ........................................................................................................................... 863Zoltn Czajlik Andrs BdcsTe Effectiveness o Aerial Archaeological Research An Approach rom the GIS Perspective ............................................................................................... 873

Ferenc GyulaiArchaeobotanical Research o the Neolithic Sites in the Polgr Area ............................................. 885

Pl Smegi Sndor Gulys Gerg PersaitsTe Geoarchaeological Evolution o the Loess-Covered Alluvial Islando Polgr and Its Role in Shaping Human Settlement Strategies ...................................................... 901

Zsuzsanna K. ZoffmannSignificant Biostatistical Connections between Late NeolithicEthnic Groups rom the Carpathian Basin and Bronze Age Populationsrom erritories beyond the Carpathians .............................................................................................913

Contents

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The Effectiveness of Aerial

Archaeological Research

An Approach from the GIS Perspective

Etvs Lornd UniversityInstitute o Archaeological SciencesH-1088 Budapest, Mzeum krt 4/[email protected]

Zoltn Czajlik

MOMENTSINTIME BUDAPEST2013

We made an effort in order to demonstrate the possibilities that are based on the utilization o the ullydigitalized and identified image data in a GIS system. Te project is based on the collection o the Aerial Ar-chaeological Archive o the Institute or Archaeological Sciences o the Etvs Lornd University. In order tomaintain the archive, the identification and the registry up-to-date, there is a constant need or the supporto the GIS. It is also inevitable or the comparison with other topographical data and the the documentationo the field control work. Te quantity (more, than 40,000 photos) and the quality (more, than 1700 sites omostly complex eatures) allows a ull-scale evaluation using other data available in the GIS (soil quality, soil

humidity). Even the development o the predicative models became possible. According to the latter, there is aclear correspondence between the quality and thickness o the soil and the position o the aerial archaeologi-cal sites. Our analysis has proven that the correspondence o soil humidity and the suitability o the sites oraerial archaeological photography is true.

Our results comply with the earlier international experience, but the use o GIS is a novelty. Due to this,the newest data can be integrated into our registries ast and easily. Te results are the more and more precisemodels that provide a great help or improving the efficiency o the topographical research.

Cikknk clja az ELE Rgszettudomnyi Intzetnek Lgiot Archvumra alapozva azon lehetsgek be-mutatsa, amelyek a teljes mrtkben digitalizlt s azonostott kpanyag GIS-ben val kezelsbl addnak.gy mindenekeltt GIS htteret ignyel az archivls, az azonosts s a nyilvntarts napraksz vezetse,

illetve a klnle topogrfiai adatgyjtsekkel val sszevets, valamint a terepi kontroll-tevkenysg doku-mentlsa. Az adatok mennyisge (40 000-nl tbb elvtel) s minsge (1700-nl tbb, sok esetben komplexlelhely) azonban ms, GIS-ben elrhet adatokkal (talajminsg, talajnedvessg) a komplex rtelmezst, sta prediktv modellek kiejlesztst is lehetv teszi. Utbbiak alapjn egyrtelm kapcsolat van a talajminsgs -vastagsg, illetve a lgiot-lelhelyek elhelyezkedse kztt, s elemzseink igazoltk a talajnedvessg s algiotzsra alkalmas terletek kztti sszeggseket is.

Eredmnyeink egybevgnak a korbbi nemzetkzi tapasztalatokkal, jszersgket a GIS alkalmazsajelenti. Ennek ksznheten az jabb s jabb adatok gyorsan, egyszeren integrlhatk, gy egyre pon-tosabb modellek hozhatk ltre, segtve a topogrfiai kutatsok hatkonysgnak nvelst.

Etvs Lornd UniversityInstitute o Archaeological SciencesH-1088 Budapest, Mzeum krt 4/B

[email protected]

Andrs Bdcs

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Zoltn Czajlik Andrs Bdcs

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INTRODUCTION

Te Institute o Archaeological Sciences o EtvsLornd University was re-named and its inra-structure underwent significant changes in 1993.

One o the first projects o the institute was thecreation o the GIS (Geograpraphical InormationSystem) Laboratory. On the initiative o Pl Racz-ky, this unit served not only the rescue excavationso the Hajd-Bihar county section o the M3 mo-torway, but other scientific projects as well (C-MH 1997; R . 1997). Itplayed an important role in the HungarianFrenchaerial archaeological research programme startedby Mikls Szab in 1993 (G 1995; 1997;2000; GS 1995). Te GIS and the aer-

ial archaeological research was supplemented withtopographical research rom 1996, mainly to buildup a registry o tell settlements, kurgans, and pre-historic ortified settlements. Te aerial archaeo-logical research o Ren Goguey ended in 2000and we continued his work with a combination oaerial photography and registry compilation. Weprocessed the images taken by Ren Goguey be-tween 1993 and 2000 (more than 4000 aerial viewso 432 archaeological sites).

Nowadays our method enables us to discover

at least 200 new archaeological sites a year romthe air and our experience has proved to be use-ul in similar topographic programmes in Roma-nia. Aerial archaeological research has resultedin the discovery o more than 1700 new archae-ological sites in different parts o Hungary inthe last 19 years. We have tried to make a com-prehensive study o them on an empirical basis(C 2007). Te possibilities o finding andstudying archaeological sites rom the air and ina wider sense the effectiveness o this research

depends on many actors. Te relationship o theactors is not easy to understand; long (as long as1015 years) and intensive (at least 3050 hours ayear o aerial reconaissance) research periods areneeded or success. Since it is possible to recordthe geographical locations o the main actors(soil structure, precipitation, vegetation) as wellas the aerial photos and the archaeological top-ographical data, we have made our studies us-ing a GIS system according to the mission o ourlaboratory.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF GIS

Tere have been many experiments and develop-ments in the last years concerning the evaluationmethods o aerial archaeology using not only the

results o international GIS research, but the thepossibilities provided by the data available in Hun-gary. We have to mention here that we have usedGPS technology rom the beginnings o our re-search (1993) even though the possibilities werelimited at first which helped us a great deal inthe indentification o the sites (GC2003).

Te continuous development o GIS sofwareand hardware and their decreasing prices aswell make it possible to process very detailed

data like the 1:10,000 scale Hungarian EORtopographical maps. Tis statement may seemsurprising, because the use o maps is evidentin the conventional archaeological ieldwork.But detailed and computer-aided GIS dataprocessing would have been a hard or even im-possible task without the proper technological de-velopments or studying large regions (like coun-ties or even the whole surace o the country). Atthis point archaeological topography supportedby GIS methods is not the equivalent o tradi-

tional topographical methods, but it has many ad-vantages. One o the gains is that the sites local-ized on detailed maps do not have to be markedon large-scale maps because the system is able todeal with the whole area at once. Another impor-tant eature is that conventional (manual) identi-fication was unable to keep pace with the annualgrowth in the number o the sites identified. Teuse o GIS methods and constant data upload-ing (e.g., processing the data rom topographicalmaps) is more and more inevitable. A continuous-

ly updated registry covering the whole surace oHungary was created in 2007.As the situation stands now, when the position

o an aerial archaeological site is being recordedit is possible to record a description and study othe topographical environment at the same timeusing the proper digital GIS and photogrammetrytechnologies. Our laboratory is up-to-date con-cerning the results o aerial photo activity; sitesare identified and recorded in the registry in ashort time.


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The Effectiveness of Aerial Archaeological Research An Approach from the GIS Perspective

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PREPARATION, DOCUMENTARY

BACKGROUND AND THE ROLE OFARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA

Tere are two main strategies or the prepara-tion o aerial photo campaigns. Te first has theaim o researching sites that are already known,which means checking the archaeological data;the timing o the flights is set to the weather con-ditions. Te primary aim o the second methodis reconaissance, thus the timing o the flightsdepends on changes in the vegetation. Both o

the methods were used in the 1990s; Zsolt Visy(1995) and Zsuzsa Mikls (2007b) conducted re-search in the knowledge o preliminary archaeo-logical data and they studied already-known sitesmany times. Ren Goguey (GS 1995,1314) and Otto Braasch (B 2003, 4145;2005, 4263), however, used a method similar tothe strafing method o British fighter pilots andthey research areas with avourable vegetationconditions in the early summer period.

Since 2000 we have tried to combine the two

methods in our research. Besides the documen-tation o kurgans, tell settlements, and earthwork

ortifications, we are able to do more and more re-

search in the early summer period. One can see asimilar tendency in the work o Zsuzsa Mikls inrecent years (M 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007a). Tisdouble goal has had many important results: the dis-covery and identification o the outer ortificationlines o already known earthworks (CH2003), the observation o traces o destroyed tumuliat well-known tumulus fields (C 2008), andthe exploration o the settlement nuclei o tells (e. g.,at csd-Kovshalom: Fig. 1).

Repeated research at an important site and the

discovery o its surroundings can reveal many newresults. A good example is the earthwork ortifica-tion o Perkta and the nearby tumuli identifiedby Ren Goguey. In this zone we have been ableto find a number o important settlements andtumulus fields since 1998 as a result o systematicresearch (R in press). According to our ex-perience, the preliminary data collection and reg-ular evaluation o the ormer aerial photo activi-ties provide an evaluation o the effectivess o theresearch.

We have conducted systematic field surveyssince 2006, particularly in Fejr, olna, Heves and

Fig. 1.csd-Kovshalom tell settlement (Photo: Z. Czajlik, 29 tho April, 2008)


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Gyr-Moson-Sopron counties, with the principal

aim o testing the aerial archaeological data. Adetailed evaluation has not been done yet, but itseems clear that the field control provided a greathelp in the improvement o the efficiency. It hasprimarily been useul in the filtering o traces omodern and early modern age arms, mainly inthe southern part o Heves county.

Where the research has been less intensive, therole o sites more or less localized by using medi-eval charters is increased, e.g., in the case o me-dieval churches. In 20082009 we cooperated in

a joint project with Andrs K. Nmeth in olnacounty. It proved to be a great help that the po-sition o the medieval villages was known to us.Tus it was ofen possible to identiy the remainso very small churches (approximately 1015 m)rom a low altitude, despite the undulating ea-tures o the landscape. he preliminary datacollection extended to the survey o the actualagricultural status o the region, allowing us to re-search the zones where crop marks were expected(Fig. 2).

Foreign researchers working in Hungary in the1990s ormed the objective opinion that the middle

part o the Carpathian Basin has a good situation

or aerial archaeological research. Tis observationhas been proven by Hungarian research in the lastdecades; good crop marks are visible over largeareas (Northern and Eastern ransdanubia, theregion between the Danube and the isza) exceptin very humid years. With the proper preparations,every region o Hungary can be researched with achance o success. Tere are no borders or the goodsituations; research in Eastern Austria has alsobeen ruitul as seen in the well-known activity oMichael Doneus (www.univie.ac.at/lufbildarchiv),

as well as in southwest Slovakia, as shown by IvanKuzma (K 2007). Published sources (S1999; HSW 2008) andour experiences in the year 2009 show that westernRomania (the eastern part o the Great HungarianPlain reerred as the Partium) is suitable or aerialarchaeological research, too. o the south, theeatures o the Danubeisza region may also becharacteristic or the Serbian Bcska region aswas envisaged by O. Braasch (B 2003, 45).In the Slovenian region o the Mura River the use

o the method is demonstrated by the photos oBranko Kerman (K 2002).

Fig. 2.Kajdacs traces o the medieval church (Photo: Z. Czajlik, 18tho May, 2009)


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We plan to show the effects o soil eatures andthe influence o precipitation. Research into theseactors in larger regions as ar as we know has had little attention yet, with the exception oGreat Britain (JE 1975). Te connec-

tion between soil eatures and crop marks hasbeen studied at specific sites lately (SF- 1996).

EXAMINING THE ROLE OF THE SOIL

CHARACTERISTICS A PREDICTIVE

MODEL

One o the significant advantages o a regularlyupdated aerial photographical site registry is the

opportunity to carry out a GIS analysis with thedata. A main goal is to build predictive models inorder to be able to find more and more geographi-cal areas which can be researched with success.Due to the attribute o a GIS that the geographicalor projection coordinates can serve as the low-est common denominator o various scientificbranches, we compared the the distribution o ar-chaeological sites with the soil eatures o Hungar-ian agricultural production sites.

Te Research Institute or Soil Science and Ag-

ricultural Chemistry o the Hungarian Academyo Sciences (www.taki.hu) finished the agrotopo-graphical map o Hungary in 1979. Te map shows9 different types o soil characteristics and codenumbers o soil values which are derived romthe charactersitics (FJ 2005, 23). Tebasis o the map was provided by the so calledKreybig maps o soil recognition (scale 1:25,000)and the 1:100,000 scaled agrotopographical mapwas created by generalizing and using analogprocessing (www.taki.hu). In the mid-1980s the

map was adjusted to the unified Hungarian pro-jection (EOV) and topographical system (EOR),and the inormation was rendered to the agroeco-nomical units. Te map sections were publishedin printed ormat as a series o maps. Te AGRO-OPO is a computer database created on the basiso the agrotopographical maps. It uses the EORstandard with a scale o 1:100,000 and containsnationwide data. Te solid agroeconomical unitsare linked to the different main soil parametersat a given resolution (www.taki.hu). Te field o

the database shows the ollowing parameters: ge-

netic soil type classification, soil parent material,physical soil type, clay mineral compound, watermanagement properties, acidity and lime content,organic material content, topsoil thickness, soilvalue indicator.

We have linked the coordinates o the archae-ological sites discovered rom the air (definedaccording to the EOV system) with the AGRO-OPO database. When making a query in orderto map the distribution o the sites, a new data-base map can be generated with all the inorma-tion o the two databases. Te data contents o thedistribution map are easy to process in datasheetsand statistics; the final results can be displayed ingraphs.

Tis method, however, is not truly precise; the

data have certain imperections. Tus, our modelis an approximate model only. Some o the prob-lems come rom the generalization and reductiono the maps when the 1:25,000-scale sections weretranserred to 1:100,000 scale. Te scale itsel de-fines the maximum precision due to the transermethods used. Te precision o the coordinatesread rom these maps can be defined as the scale 0.1 mm (because o the printing technologysreliability: B 1993). According to the lat-ter, the maximum precision o the 1:100,000 scale

map is 100,0000,1 mm = 10 m. For a comparisonwe have to remark that the precision o the digitalOAB maps (nationwide GIS database) created onthe basis o the EOR map sections is+40 metres,which comes rom the addition o the digitizingsimprecisions and other collateral errors.

As a consequence o the above, the pedologicalareas surveyed by us (in the digital GIS environ-ment they appear as poligonal shapes) do not ex-actly correspond to the real soil surace; smalleranomalies and details are not indicated. Tere-

ore, the soil types which appear locally have tobe identified in uture studies with increased pre-cision. Te AGROOPO database has anothershortcoming; when the basic agrotopographicalmap was compiled the degree o soil erosion wasnot indicated nor taken into consideration. Ac-cording to this, the soil eatures at the agricul-tural production sites (genetic soil types) are un-certain over larger areas (FJ 2005, 6).Nevertheless, predictive modelling has broughtnumerous new results, as shown in the ollowing

section.


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Fig. 3. Correlation between the geological conditions and archaeological sites seen rom the air. Red (value 1 on chart):pleistocene sediment (gravel and sand), green (value 2 on chart): loess residua. (map source: AGROOPO) Chart: maingeological structures/number o archaeological sites discovered rom the air

Fig. 4. Correlation between soil thickness and archaeological sites visible aerially. Yellow (value 5 chart): soil thickness ismore than 100 cm. (map source: AGROOPO) Chart: soil thickness/number o archaeological sites identified rom the air


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EXAMINING THE ROLE OF SOIL

FEATURES THE RESULTS OF THE

PREDICTIVE MODEL

When analysing the soil characteristics one has to

mention the role o the geological structures, too(Fig. 3). According to international experience, al-luvial plains banked with gravel silt ensure the bestconditions. Te southern part o Bavaria (C-B 1990, 3337, Abb. 18, Abb. 2021)and the environment o Zrich (LN1991, 67) correspond to this as well as what wehave ound south o Budapest and in the Kisalld(the northwestern part o ransdanubia). Statisticaldata rom Britain show that ewer crop marks haveto be expected where the clay content o the soil is

high, but this might correspond to the less intenseoccupation o those areas; smaller populations lefewer marks (M 2003).

Analysis o the undulating landscape o Fe-jr and olna counties (in eastern ransdanubia)shows that the development o crop marks is notonly strong on gravel deposits, but also on loess al-luvia. Te agrotopographical data correspond tothis revelation, especially in the ransdanubianregion. One can also see the effect o glacial, allu-

vial, and loess residua in the Danubeisza regionand in the northern part o the Great HungarianPlain.

Te most significant result o the GIS analysiso soil eatures (Fig. 4)is that in 2008 about 1000

aerially identified archaeological sites out o the1151 sites in our registry were ound in areas cov-ered with a soil more than 100 cm thick; most othe rest were also covered by a soil-layer between70 and 100 cm thick. Afer recognizing this pat-tern we surveyed some areas in 2009 which hadbeen less studied beore. Our predictive modelproved to be correct in two cases (the eastern halo Somogy county and Bks county), but alongthe Drva river despite Branko Kermans suc-cessul research mentioned above we had no

significant results. Te impact o the two main soiltypes is clear: the newly identified sites come romareas characterized by chernozem and solonetzsoils, although the soil subtypes show a somewhatdiversified situation (Fig. 5).

Johanna Dressler had similar results when mak-ing a GIS analysis o archaeological sites seen romthe air in Hessen (Germany). Although she doesnot reer to the thickness o the soils nor to thesoil types she encountered, most o the sites can be

Fig. 5. Correlation between soil type and archaeological sites seen rom the air. Red (value 50 on chart): chernozem andsolonetz soils. (map source: AGROOPO) Chart: soil types/number o archaeological sites discovered rom the air


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linked to areas covered by medio-cre and good quality soils accord-ing to the five-grade classificationo the Soil Management Author-ity o Hessen (D 2009,

2023).Tere is a controversy con-

cerning the role o the retain-ing soil layers. We have alreadymentioned that gravel layers helpto enhance the eects o cropmarks, but although we havemany new sites rom areas withlow water-retention soil char-acteristics, the number o thesites with expressly good water-

retaining soils seems to be moresignificant. Tat means we haveto conduct urther research inorder to obtain more detaileddata, particularly concerning hy-draulic conductivity.

THE ROLE OF

PRECIPITATION

ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC

CONDUCTIVITY

It is well known in archaeologi-cal research that the develop-ment o crop marks is greatly in-fluenced by the seasonal changesin precipitation. A drought in thewinter and spring period usu-ally causes intensive crop marksand the precipitation conditionso the early summer are decisive

or the length o the crop-mark phase (i the ear-ly summer period is dry, the intensive crop-markphase might disappear within hours). I the pre-cipitation is abundant, crop marks may not appearat all or their intensity is very low. Significant ear-ly summer rainall is able to make the crop marksdisappear. In order to avoid very complex stud-ies, German scientists have avoured studying thewater balance. Te data or such research is avail-able in Hungary too, even i the opportunities aresomewhat limited.

In 20022003 the data were available on theinternet or ree and O. Braasch used them in his

research (B 2003, 61). Using the same in-ternet data, we explored the intensive crop markso the kz region in 2003 (C 2004). Un-ortunately, the hydrological data no longer avail-able or ree, which prevents us rom studying thecomplete sequence o 17 years. We have analyseddata rom the Hungarian Meteorological Agencyor June 20062007. Te soil moisture was checkedon the all available meteorological stations (see thenumbers on the maps: Figs 69) and the agencycreated a map using spline interpolation.

For a better comparison, we have obtained thedata rom 1 and 14 June o 20062007. We used

Fig. 6. Correlation between precipitation and aerial archaeological sites. Soil

moisture on 1th June 2006 (map source: Hungarian Meteorological Agency) andthe recorded aerial archaeological sites rom this period

Fig. 7. Correlation between precipitation and aerial archaeological sites. Soilmoisture on 14thJune 2006 (map source: Hungarian Meteorological Agency) andthe recorded aerial archaeological sites rom this period


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Fig. 9. Correlation between precipitation and aerial archaeological sites. Soilmoisture on 14thJune 2007 (map source: Hungarian Meteorological Agency) andthe recorded aerial archaeological sites rom this period

Fig. 8. Correlation between precipitation and aerial archaeological sites. Soilmoisture on 1th June 2007 (map source: Hungarian Meteorological Agency) andthe recorded aerial archaeological sites rom this period

the data applied to the 2050 cm layer o the soil,because the most common crop mark, grain, rootsminimally at 35 cm. In 2006 we noted a high valueo precipitation and even i we spent more hourswith aerial research than ever (36 fly hours), weound no more than 18 new sites in June 2006 (Figs67). In 2007 the soil moisture was definitely less;on 1 June it was about 20 mm or less in the easternransdanubia, in the Dunaisza region, and inthe northern part o the Great Plain. Te tendencydid not change in the next 2 weeks: even the re-

gion o the Kisalld (in the northwestern part oransdanubia) became dry (Figs 89). Te low soil

moisture value resulted in high-er efficiency compared to 2006;we were able to find 85 new ar-chaeological sites aerially in thisearly summer period. We have to

remark that in the Kisalld re-gion we had success only in thesecond hal o June as a result othe soil moisture values.

SYNTHESIS

Te main goal o this study wasthe investigation o the role osoil and moisture in aerial ar-

chaeological research with GISmethods. We did not study therole o the vegetation, which isthe subject o uture research.Te geological eatures seem tobe the most decisive; Pleistocenegravel alluvia and loess subsoilprovide very avourable condi-tions or the development o thecrop marks.

Tere is a direct connection

between precipitation and soilmoisture, the latter had demon-strable influence on the results oarchaeological aerial photogra-phy in both o the years studied(2006, 2007).

I we evaluate the two ac-tors the soil eatures and soilmoisture together, we canassess that the best crop marksusually appear in the Duna-i-

sza region to the south o Budapest, where a Pleis-tocene gravel layer is present with a low soil mois-ture in the early summer period. Te addition othe effect o the two actors as well as the highpercentage and surace o the indicator vegetation(autumn-crop grain) give an adequate explana-tion or the intensive crop marks observed in thatzone.

A

Tis research was supported by the Hungarian Re-search Found (OKA), project id.: 43762, 68824.


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Czajlik Bodocs the Effectiveness of AerialArchaeological Research —an Approach From the GIS...

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