Cut and Fill Presentation

8/12/2019 Cut and Fill Presentation

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CUT AND FILL PRESENTATION

Group members :

ADI HASSAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN

JACKLINE MEDANSYAMIM ADILA BT ZAIDI

WALVIRUS JOSEPH

WAN MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN WAN AZMI

ALVIN DAVID

NOR ZALINA BT ZAKARIA

ZAHIRALI JOOMUN

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OBJECTIVES OF TACHEOMETRY

Is a branch of surveying works which is used to

determine for example the area, volume and

etc. of soil.

To make surveying works easier (elimination

of chains or tapes).

To gain knowledge on how to use theodolite in

tacheometric.

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DEFINITION OF CUT AND FILL

Basically, cut and fill is a condition where theamount of material (in terms of volume) from

cuts roughly matches the amount of fill

needed. The material from cuts will be used to fill the

void to minimizing amount of construction

labor.

This was done until we have suitable area to

build buildings, roadways and etc.

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CUT

A "Cut" volume is defined as the volume ofmaterial which is excavated below existing site

levels.

FILL

"Fill" volume is the volume of material which is

mounded above existing site levels. Cut andfill volumes are expressed in metres cubed

(m).

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Example of project that use cut & fill

Major Roadwork and Bridgeworks

Rail infrastructure

Urban Landscaping

Wetland Construction

Waterway Remediation Service Infrastructure and Relocations

Wastewater treatment facilities

Land remediation

Access roads and ramps Road safety construction (noise walls, wire rope)

Traffic Management

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The importance of land

preparations

Leveling the field surface is as important to the

surface system.

Process to ensure that the depths anddischarge variations over the field are relatively

uniform.

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There are two land leveling philosophies: to provide a slope which fits a water supply

to level the field to its best condition with minimal

earth movement and then vary the water supplyfor the field condition.

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CALCULATION OFAREA

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Chain survey/simple triangle

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Coordinates

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CALCULATION OF VOLUME

PYRAMID FRUSTUM FORMULACROSS-SECTION METHOD

BORROW-PIT METHOD

CONTOUR AREA METHOD

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Pyramid frustum formula

#PF formula is more accurate because thevolumes formed in the transition areas arefrustum.


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Cross Section Method

The cross section method is employed almost

exclusively for computing volumes on linear

construction projects such as highways,

railroads, and canals.

Cut slopes of 1:1 ( 1 horizontal to 1 vertical )and fill slope of 1-1/2:1 satisfactory for ordinary

loam soil.

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VOLUME MEASUREMENT

The volume between two stations then

equal to :

Ve= (A1+A2)L

2

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whereVe = volume

A1= area of one baseA2 = area of the other base

L = the perpendiculardistance between bases


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CALCULATING VOLUMESUnit area/Borrow-pit method

The Grid Method (also known as the Borrow Pit Method) extends DAM to an excavation of

varying depths. Borrow-pit levelling calculates the excavation volume by applying a grid to the

excavation area. The grids can be staked to squares of 10, 20, 50, 100, or more feet depending on

the project size and the accuracy desired. For each grid square, final elevations are established

for each corner of every grid square. These are subtracted from the existing elevations at the

same location to determine the depth of cut or height of fill at each corner. For each grid squarean average of the depths/heights of the four corners is multiplied by the area of the square to

determine the volume of earthwork associated with the grid area. The total earthwork volume

for the project is calculated by adding the volumes of each grid square in the excavation area.

Volumes are calculated as follows:

V = ((D1 + D2 + D3 + D4) / 4) * A * (1/27)

Where,

V = volume (cubic yards)

A = area of the grid square (square feet)

D = depth of cut/fill at each grid corner (feet)


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The Contour Area Method (CAM)

The Contour Area Method (CAM) uses the area of the excavation elevation contour lines to

determine volumes. From a topographic map of the site, the areas enclosed by regular contour

intervals are measured. This area measurement can be done by hand with a planimeter,

electronically by a digitizer, or directly with a CADD program. If the horizontal areas

enclosed by each contour line are large relative to the elevation difference between the two

contour elevations, averaging the two areas and multiplying the average by the height

difference can determine volumes. However, for relatively small earthworks (like spoil pilesand borrow areas), volumes can be calculated based on the formula for the volume of a

truncated pyramid:

V = (h / 3) * (B1 + B2 + sqrt[B1* B2] ) * (1/27)

Where,

V = volume (cubic yards)

B1, B2 = areas of the contour elevation lines (square feet)

H = elevation difference between the contour elevations (feet)


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THATS ALL..

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Cut and Fill Presentation

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