Curriculum leadership chapter 1 powerpoint presentations

Glatthorn, Boschee, Whitehead, Boschee, Curriculum Leadership, 3rd Edition© 2012 SAGE Publications

Chapter 1:Nature of Curriculum

Curriculum is the total learning experience for students and should focus on both the

curriculum and the instruction.

Glatthorn, Boschee, Whitehead, Boschee, Curriculum Leadership, 3rd Edition© 2012 SAGE PublicationsGlatthorn, Boschee, Whitehead, Boschee, Curriculum Leadership, 3rd Edition© 2012 SAGE Publications

Prescriptive v. Descriptive Curriculum Curriculum is both prescriptive and descriptive

PRESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE

The design of the curriculum A glimpse of the

curriculum in action


Curriculum Prescriptivism

Perspective curriculum includes the plans made for learning and the actual learning experiences provided. Components include:

What is plannedWhat is intendedWhat should be studied


1902 – John Dewey – curriculum is continuous reconstruction as a result of experiences.

1918 – Franklin Bobbit – curriculum is all experiences (directed and undirected) unfold the abilities of the learner.

1927 – Harold Rugg – curriculum is a succession of experiences and enterprises providing development for life.

1935 – Hollis Caswell – curriculum is the experiences provided by teachers enhance the learning.

Prescriptive Curriculum Definitions


1957 – Ralph Tyler – All experiences in a school are curriculum

1970 – James Popham – Curriculum is all planned learning outcomes and the instruction delivered by the teacher.

1997 – McBrien/Brandt – curriculum is the written plan of what is taught in courses plus materials & processes to attain outcomes.

Prescriptive Curriculum Definitions


1935 – Caswell & Campbell – curriculum is all experiences under the guidance of teachers

1941 – Thomas Hopkins – curriculum is the learnings children select, accept and incorporate into self to act on in subsequent experiences.

1960 – WB Ragan – curriculum is all experiences where school accepts responsibility.

1987 – glen Hass – Curriculum is a set of actual experience & perceptions of learners in terms of the program of education.

Descriptive Curriculum Definitions: Experiences in Classrooms


1995 – Daniel & Laurel Tanner – Learner exercises intelligent control of knowledge & experiences.

2006 – DF Brown – Curriculum is all school experiences related to improvement of skills and strategies.

2009 – E. Silva – Curriculum should emphasize 21st century skills.

Descriptive Curriculum Definitions: Experiences in Classrooms


Intentional CurriculumRecommended curriculumWritten curriculumSupported curriculumTaught curriculumTested curriculum

Hidden CurriculumLearned curriculum

Types of Curricula


Recommended Curriculum

Recommended Curriculum encompasses the curriculum requirements of policy-making groups with skills and concepts that ought to be emphasized, according to the perception and value systems of the sources (National Associations, CCSSP, NGA, Common Core Standards).


Recommended curricula are typically formulated at a rather high level of generality; they are most often presented as policy recommendations, lists of goals, suggested graduation requirements, and general recommendations about content and sequence of a field of study such as math.

Recommended Curriculum


Written curriculum is the plan to ensure educational goals of the system are accomplished. It often has goals to be accomplished, objectives to be mastered, sequence of objectives, and kinds of learning activities to be used.

Written Curriculum (1st Component of Intentional Curriculum)


Functions: mediating between recommended curriculum and realities of classroom. Standardizes expectations for all, & controls what is taught.

Generic curricula are written for various settings.

Site Specific are influences by legislation (ex: PL94-142)

Written Curriculum (1st Component of Intentional Curriculum)


Supported curriculum is reflected in and shaped by the resources allocated to support and deliver the curriculum.

Influences:States allocate the amount of time for subjects.States often have curriculum guidelines and texts.Local boards adopt policies that outline guidelines.Teacher influence how long a concept is taught.Text quality provide aspects of support.Parallel curriculums have an influence.

Supported Curriculum(2nd Component of Intentional Curriculum)


The taught curriculum is the delivered curriculum.

This is the curriculum that an observer sees in action as the teacher teaches.

Taught Curriculum(3rd Component of Intentional Curriculum)


The tested curriculum is that set of learnings that are assessed in teacher-made classroom tests, in district developed curriculum-referenced tests, and in standardized tests.

In 1984, David Berliner pointed out that achievement was lower in schools where there was not a close fit between what was taught and what was tested.

Tested Curriculum(4th Component of Intentional Curriculum)


The learned curriculum is all the changes in values, perceptions, and behavior that occur as a result of school experiences.

It is what the student understands, learns, and retains from both the intentional curriculum and the hidden curriculum.

Learned Curriculum(Hidden Curriculum)


Curriculum Policies – Rules, criteria, and guidelines to control curriculum.

Curriculum Goals – The general, long-term educational outcomes.

Fields of Study – The organized set of learning experiences offered over a multiyear period.

Programs of Study – Total set of learning experiences offered by a school for a particular group over multiple years.

Components of Curriculum


Course of Study - A subset of a program with organized learning experiences (a year, semester or quarter).

Units of Study – A subset of a course, organized into related learning experiences delivered between 1 and 3 weeks.

Lessons – A set or related experiences typically lasting 20 to 90 minutes.

Components of Curriculum


Mastery Curriculum – The basic, structured learning that are essential for all students.

Organic Curriculum – Those things that are basic but do not require structuring.

Enrichment Curriculum – Those knowledge and skills that are interesting and enriching, but are not considered essential – “nice to know”.

Mastery, Organic, and Enrichment Curriculum


Those aspects of schooling, other than the intentional curriculum that produce changes in student values, perceptions, and behaviors. Hidden curriculum might be seen as aspects of the learned curriculum that lie outside the boundaries of the school’s intentional efforts.

Hidden Curriculum


The ideology of the larger society include classroom: power, methods of learning, movement in the classroom, and the flow of discourse.

Constants of Hidden Curriculum


Organizational Variables: How teachers are assigned, how students are grouped, team teaching, promotion and retention policies, ability grouping, & curriculum tracking.

Social System Variables: Climate & culture, teacher/student interactions, social & economic programs, and involvement of parents and community.

Culture Variables: Reaching students from various backgrounds.

Variable of Hidden Curriculum

Curriculum leadership chapter 1 powerpoint presentations

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